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PROJECT ID NO. 1099991 – IWRM STUDY AND PLAN – BACKGROUND PAPER -

Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized

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Consulting Services for SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ID NO. 1099991

MONTENEGRO – IWRM STUDY AND PLAN – BACKGROUND PAPER - VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT

June 2016

PROJECT NO. A038803

DOCUMENT NO. 2

VERSION B

DATE OF ISSUE June 2016

PREPARED DAH and others

CHECKED RSS

APPROVED RSS

Consulting Services for SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ID NO. 1099991

This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Western Joint Fund under the Western Balkans Investment Framework. The views expressed herein are those of authors and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the Contributors to the European Western Balkans Joint Fund or the EBRD and the EIB, as co‐managers of the European Western Balkans Joint Fund.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin i

Table of Contents Page No

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...... x Executive Summary ...... xvi 1 Introduction ...... 1-1 1.1 Scope of Work and TOR ...... 1-1 1.2 Layout of the Report ...... 1-2 2 Physical Characteristics of the Drina Basin ...... 2-1 2.1 Main properties of the Drina River Basin ...... 2-1 2.2 Morphology and Topography ...... 2-2 2.3 Hydrography ...... 2-4 2.4 Climate ...... 2-11 2.5 Geology and Soil ...... 2-15 2.6 Seismic Conditions...... 2-22 2.7 Land Use ...... 2-23 2.8 ...... 2-26 2.9 Protected Areas ...... 2-36 3 Social and Economic Characteristics of the Drina Basin ...... 3-1 3.1 Natural Resources ...... 3-1 3.2 Cultural Heritage ...... 3-8 3.3 Demographics ...... 3-9 3.4 Human Health ...... 3-11 3.5 Education and Illiteracy ...... 3-14 3.6 Employment, unemployment and living standards ...... 3-15 3.7 Crime ...... 3-15 4 Surface Water Hydrology ...... 4-1 4.1 Meteorological data ...... 4-1 4.2 Hydrological data ...... 4-9 4.3 Hydrological model ...... 4-13 4.4 Hydrological Analyses - Calculation of Medium, Low and Flood Discharges ...... 4-16 4.5 Adopted Hydrological Statistical Parameters ...... 4-40 5 ...... 5-1 5.1 Geological characteristics in the Drina River Basin ...... 5-1 5.2 Geotectonic composition of the Drina River Basin ...... 5-1 5.3 Hydrogeological characteristics in the Drina River Basin ...... 5-1 5.4 Porosity of the Drina River Basin ...... 5-2 5.5 Main and their availability ...... 5-4

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin ii

5.6 Main direction of groundwater flow and sinkholes ...... 5-8 5.7 Condition of groundwater protection ...... 5-10 5.8 Groundwater Hydrochemistry of Drina Basin in Montenegro ...... 5-10 5.9 Delineation of Groundwater Bodies ...... 5-16 5.10 Water Balance for Groundwater Bodies ...... 5-18 5.11 Assessment of groundwater vulnerability ...... 5-18 5.12 Groundwater use in ...... 5-18 6 Water Quality ...... 6-1 6.1 Classification of water quality In Montenegro ...... 6-1 6.2 Water quality in the Drina River Basin after 1995 ...... 6-1 6.3 Hotspots ...... 6-5 7 Water Use ...... 7-1 7.1 Water management regions in the Drina River Basin ...... 7-1 7.2 Water demands in the Drina River Basin ...... 7-2 7.3 Water management regional demand ...... 7-8 7.4 Environmental flow ...... 7-10 7.5 Identification of Key Drivers ...... 7-15 8 Hydropower...... 8-1 8.1 Introduction ...... 8-1 8.2 Electricity generation and consumption structure ...... 8-1 8.3 Existing hydropower plants in the basin ...... 8-6 8.4 Management of hydropower plants () ...... 8-7 8.5 Planned hydropower plants ...... 8-11 8.6 Analysed HPPs along River ...... 8-16 8.7 Analysed HPPs along River (without water transfer) ...... 8-22 8.8 Analysed HPPs along Piva River and Komarnica River (with water transfer) ...... 8-25 8.9 Analysed HPPs along the River ...... 8-28 8.10 Analysed HPPs along the Ćehotina River ...... 8-28 8.11 Small HPP on Ćehotina River ...... 8-33 8.12 Computation methodology ...... 8-36 8.13 Small hydropower plants in the Drina River Basin ...... 8-39 9 Flood Hazards and Risks ...... 9-1 9.1 Flood prone areas in the Drina River Basin ...... 9-1 9.2 Flood protection infrastructure and measures ...... 9-2 9.3 Hydraulic modelling of the flood prone areas ...... 9-2 9.4 Current flood hazards and risk assessment ...... 9-2 10 Climate Change ...... 10-1 10.1 Climate change projections under the IPCC SRES scenarios ...... 10-1 10.2 Ensemble climate change projections under the RCP scenarios ...... 10-1

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin iii

10.3 Impact of climate change on the hydrological regime ...... 10-3 11 Monitoring ...... 11-1 11.1 Monitoring infrastructure ...... 11-1 11.2 Organization of Monitoring ...... 11-6 11.3 Data Exchange ...... 11-8 11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 11-12 12 Legislative Set Up and Framework ...... 12-1 12.1 Introduction ...... 12-1 12.2 National Regulations Governing Water Management ...... 12-1 12.3 Environmental legislation ...... 12-5 12.4 Energy Sector ...... 12-9 12.5 Tourism ...... 12-9 12.6 Construction and Spatial Planning ...... 12-9 12.7 and Irrigation / Drainage ...... 12-10 12.8 Water Transportation and Marine Environment Protection ...... 12-10 12.9 Utility Services ...... 12-10 12.10 Business Law and Investments ...... 12-10 12.11 Status of Scientific Research Organizations ...... 12-11 12.12 Harmonization of National Regulation with EU Regulations ...... 12-11 12.13 International Agreements in the Field of WRM ...... 12-14 12.14 Other Forms of International / Regional Cooperation - regions ...... 12-16 12.15 Strategic Documents ...... 12-16 12.16 Identification of Main Issues in the Field of Legal Framework in WRM ...... 12-17 12.17 Perspectives in Future Development of Regulations in Water Management ...... 12-18 12.18 Recommendations ...... 12-19 13 Institutional Assessment of Water Management Sector ...... 13-1 13.1 Introduction ...... 13-1 13.2 Identification of the Water Management System ...... 13-1 13.3 Public Administration Institutions ...... 13-2 13.4 Role of Other Entities ...... 13-14 13.5 Significant Issues for institutional assessment of WRM in Montenegro ...... 13-19 13.6 Future Institutional Framework ...... 13-20 13.7 Recommendations ...... 13-21 14 Conclusions and Recommendations ...... 14-1 14.1 Conclusions ...... 14-1 14.2 Recommendations ...... 14-5 15 References ...... 15-1

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin iv

List of Figures Page No Figure 1-1 Montenegro position in the GCI ...... 1-1 Figure 1-2: Main Deliverables and Project Timeline ...... 1-2 Figure 2-1: The overall extent of the Drina River Basin ...... 2-1 Figure 2-2: Geomorphological map of Drina Basin ...... 2-3 Figure 2-3: Hydrographic map of the DRB ...... 2-5 Figure 2-4: The Piva River ...... 2-6 Figure 2-5: The ...... 2-7 Figure 2-6: Tara River ...... 2-8 Figure 2-7: Piva River Canyon downstream of Piva HPP ...... 2-8 Figure 2-8: Biogradsko Lake ...... 2-9 Figure 2-9: Crno (Big and Small) Lake ...... 2-9 Figure 2-10: DRB in Montenegro showing SWB ...... 2-10 Figure 2-11: Precipitation in the DRB in Montenegro ...... 2-12 Figure 2-12: Air quality monitoring in Montenegro ...... 2-13 Figure 2-13: Geotectonic position of central Balkan peninsula, between Moesia plate and ...... 2-16 Figure 2-14: Geologic Map of Drina River Basin on territory of Montenegro (M.Mirković et al. 1985) ...... 2-17 Figure 2-15: Seismic Zones of Montenegro ...... 2-23 Figure 2-16: CORINE Land Cover in the Montenegrin part of the DRB ...... 2-24 Figure 2-17: Land Use in the Montenegrin part of DRB ...... 2-25 Figure 2-18: Detailed Breakdown of Municipal Land Use in the Montenegrin part of DRB ...... 2-25 Figure 2-19: Ecological status of in the DRB based on fish species ...... 2-31 Figure 2-20 Map of Both Existing and Planned PAs in DRB ...... 2-37 Figure 2-21: Network of national and regional protected areas in Montenegro ...... 2-38 Figure 2-22: Map of the Emerald network in Montenegro ...... 2-42 Figure 3-1: Average Annual Timber Production (2009-2013) ...... 3-2 Figure 3-2: Use of cut forestry (2009-2013) ...... 3-2 Figure 3-3: Land utilisation in comprising DRB ...... 3-3 Figure 3-4: Arable Land in the DRB ...... 3-4 Figure 3-5: Population in the DRB for the period from 1948 to 2011 ...... 3-10 Figure 3-6: Population Structure in the DRB in-2011 ...... 3-11 Figure 3-7: Top 10 causes of death in Montenegro, 2012 ...... 3-12 Figure 4-1: Percentage of daily rainfall sum data completeness along the segment of the DRB in Montenegro ...... 4-3 Figure 4-2: Percentage mean daily air temperature data completeness along the segment of the DRB in Montenegro 4-4 Figure 4-3: Isohyet map of the DRB in Montenegro ...... 4-6 Figure 4-4: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Lim River for the period 1970 to 1984 ...... 4-7 Figure 4-5: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Piva River for the period 1970 to 1984 ...... 4-7 Figure 4-6: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Tara River for the period 1970 to 1984 ...... 4-8 Figure 4-7: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Ćehotina River for the period 1970 to 1984 ...... 4-8 Figure 4-8: Selected rainfall stations in the DRB in Montenegro used for definition of intra-annual rainfall distribution 4-9 Figure 4-9: Available data (Q and H water level) from hydrological stations in the DRB (Montenegro) ...... 4-11 Figure 4-10: Hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro ...... 4-12 Figure 4-11: Mean annual discharges on hydrological profiles 1970 to 1984 ...... 4-13 Figure 4-12: Mean monthly values of weekly discharges(calibration period) ...... 4-15 Figure 4-13: Minimum monthly values of weekly discharges (calibration period) ...... 4-16 Figure 4-14: Maximum monthly values of weekly discharges (calibration period) ...... 4-16 Figure 4-15: Analysed hydrological stations in the DRB together with hydrographic grid and republic borders ...... 4-18

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin v

Figure 4-16: Map of isolines of specific water yield q (l/km2/s) in the DRB ...... 4-20 Figure 4-17: Intra-annual distribution of discharges in the DRB presented by means of module coefficients of the monthly discharges K on analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro ...... 4-21 Figure 4-18: "" HS on the Lim River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c) ...... 4-22 Figure 4-19: "Plav" HS on the Lim River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c) ...... 4-22 Figure 4-20: "Šćepan Polje" HS on the Tara River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c) ...... 4-22 Figure 4-21: "Đurđevića Tara" HS on the Tara River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c) ...... 4-23 Figure 4-22: "Šćepan Polje" HS on the Piva River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c) ...... 4-23

Figure 4-23: Statistics test Zs of Mann-Kendall test of mean annual discharges at the analysed station at significance thresholds α=0.05, α=0.10, α=0.20 and α=0.50 for the period from 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-26 Figure 4-24: Normalized spectrum s(f)of mean annual discharges according to B-T method from 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-27 Figure 4-25: Annual discharges and smoothed annual discharge as per (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) method on analysed stations for the period from 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-28 Figure 4-26: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1)) .. 4-32 Figure 4-27: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1)) ...... 4-33 Figure 4-28: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1)) . 4-34 Figure 4-29: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1)) ...... 4-35 Figure 4-30: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River ...... 4-36 Figure 4-31: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on representative stations Ćehotina River ...... 4-37 Figure 4-32: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Lim River ...... 4-38 Figure 4-33: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Lim River ...... 4-39 Figure 5-1: Types of Porosity in the DRB (after Meinzer) ...... 5-3 Figure 5-2: Hydrogeological map for Montenegro ...... 5-4 Figure 5-3: Hydrogeological map for DRB in Montenegro ...... 5-5 Figure 5-4: Location of sinkholes and tracer tests and direction of groundwater flow ...... 5-9 Figure 5-5: Mole ratio Ca/Mg of raw water in major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro ...... 5-12 Figure 5-6: Trilinear (piper) diagram of chemical composition of major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro ...... 5-13 Figure 5-7: Schoeller diagram of chemical composition of major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro ...... 5-13 Figure 5-8: Mole ratio Ca/Mg - Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim river basins ...... 5-14 Figure 5-9: Average chemical composition of groundwater in river sub basins in DRB - Montenegro ...... 5-14 Figure 5-10: Defined Groundwater Bodies in DRB - Montenegro ...... 5-16 Figure 6-1 Monitoring stations for water quality based on biological parameters (DRB shown in red) ...... 6-2 Figure 6-2: Pollution Sources for Montenegrin Part of the DRB from REC Report covering WEA, WED and PUC ...... 6-7 Figure 7-1: Proposed Water Management Regions ...... 7-1 Figure 8-1: Structure of average electricity generation for the period 2005-2013 ...... 8-2 Figure 8-2: Structure of average final electricity consumption for period 2000-2010 ...... 8-3 Figure 8-3: Electrical power system of Montenegro – main features present state ...... 8-4 Figure 8-4: Structure of average final electricity consumption – forecast until 2030 ...... 8-5 Figure 8-5: Piva dam and ...... 8-7 Figure 8-6: Existing HPPs in DRB ...... 8-9 Figure 8-7: Existing HPPs in DRB – longitudinal profile ...... 8-10

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin vi

Figure 8-8: Planned HPPs of the DRB ...... 8-13 Figure 8-9: Planned HPPs on the DRB – longitudinal profile ...... 8-14 Figure 8-10: Wide location area ...... 8-17 Figure 8-11: Narrow location area ...... 8-18 Figure 8-12: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-18 Figure 8-13: Wide location area ...... 8-20 Figure 8-14: Narrow location area ...... 8-20 Figure 8-15: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-21 Figure 8-16: Wide location area ...... 8-22 Figure 8-17: Narrow location area ...... 8-23 Figure 8-18: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-23 Figure 8-19: Wide location area ...... 8-25 Figure 8-20: Narrow location area ...... 8-26 Figure 8-21: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-26 Figure 8-22: Wide location area ...... 8-29 Figure 8-23: Narrow location area ...... 8-29 Figure 8-24: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-30 Figure 8-25: Wide location area ...... 8-31 Figure 8-26: Narrow location area ...... 8-32 Figure 8-27: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-32 Figure 8-28: Wide location area ...... 8-34 Figure 8-29: Narrow location area ...... 8-34 Figure 8-30: Satellite image of HPP location ...... 8-35 Figure 8-31: Flow duration curve at the "Komarnica" HPP profile (average flow 20.1 m3/s) ...... 8-36 Figure 11-1: Webpage of the IHMS of Montenegro ...... 11-9 Figure 13-1: Organisation of the Water Sector in Montenegro ...... 13-2

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin vii

List of Tables Page No

Table 2-1: Runoff characteristics of the Drina River and its main ...... 2-4 Table 2-2: Selected natural and artificial lakes in Montenegro ...... 2-8 Table 2-3: Surface Water Bodies in Montenegro ...... 2-9 Table 2-4: Air pollutants measured in the DRB, status 2012 ...... 2-14 Table 2-5: CORINE Land Cover percentages in Montenegrin part of the DRB ...... 2-23 Table 2-6: Ecological status of surface water based on Fish fauna ...... 2-30 Table 2-7: Proposition of the main biodiversity objectives of protection ...... 2-36 Table 2-8: Protected Areas of Montenegro in the DRB ...... 2-37 Table 2-9: Emerald site in DRB in Montenegro ...... 2-41 Table 3-1: Forestry in the Municipalities of the DRB ...... 3-1 Table 3-2: Trends in Annual Timber Production in Montenegro (2009-2013) ...... 3-1 Table 3-3: Breakdown of Agricultural Land in Municipalities of the DRB ...... 3-3 Table 3-4: Breakdown of Arable Land in Municipalities of the DRB ...... 3-4 Table 3-5: Breakdown of Irrigated Land in Municipalities of the DRB ...... 3-5 Table 3-6: Breakdown of Crops grown in the DRB ...... 3-5 Table 3-7: Trout Farms in the Drina Basin ...... 3-6 Table 3-8: Summary of Montenegrin Cultural Heritage Sites within Municipalities of the DRB ...... 3-8 Table 3-9: Summary of Montenegrin Municipalities and population density within the DRB ...... 3-9 Table 3-10: Physicians, dentists and pharmacists in public health service, 2012 ...... 3-13 Table 3-11: Number beds, hospital days of discharged patients + percentage of bed usage by institution, 2012 ...... 3-13 Table 3-12: Social welfare beneficiaries, 2013 ...... 3-14 Table 4-1: Meteorological station in the DRB in Montenegro...... 4-2 Table 4-2: Hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro ...... 4-10 Table 4-3: Calibration efficiency assessment on the hydro-profiles of respective sectors ...... 4-14 Table 4-4: Overview of observed and modelled values of weekly discharges (calibration) ...... 4-15 Table 4-5: Available monthly discharge from analysed hydrological stations in DRB in Montenegro 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-17 Table 4-6: Analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB: ...... 4-19 Table 4-7: Intra-annual distribution of discharges presented by mean monthly discharges on analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB ...... 4-21 Table 4-8: Mean annual discharge trend analysis for analyzed hydrological stations by means of Mann-Kendall test for the period from 1946 to 2012: S - sum rank series, Zs – statistics test, p - probability of trend occurrence ...... 4-25 Table 4-9: First six significant periods of normalized spectrum s(f) of annual discharge on stations 1946 to 2012: ...... 4-27 Table 4-10: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1)) ... 4-31 Table 4-11: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1)) ...... 4-32 Table 4-12: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1))... 4-33 Table 4-13: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1)) ...... 4-34 Table 4-14: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River ...... 4-35 Table 4-15: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River ...... 4-36 Table 4-16: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Lim River ...... 4-37 Table 4-17: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on representative stations along the Lim River ...... 4-38 Table 4-18: Low discharge-Tennant method,- % of annual discharge Q - wet + dry seasons with narrative discharge descriptor ...... 4-39

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin viii

Table 4-19: Probability p of occurrence of minimum monthly discharges on profiles of analysed hydrological stations 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-40 Table 4-20: Percentage of mean annual discharge Q on analysed hydrological stations for period 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-40 Table 4-21: Average annual discharge + low discharges on profiles of analysed hydrological stationsfor the period 1946 to 2012:...... 4-41 Table 4-22: Mean annual discharge duration curves on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB for the period from 1946 to 2012 ...... 4-41 Table 4-23: Flood discharges of different return periods T on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB (m3/s) ...... 4-41 Table 5-1: Springs used for municipal in Montenegrin part of DRB ...... 5-6 Table 5-2: Physical-chemical parameters Ca/Mg mole ratio from groundwater sources for Montenegrin part of DRB 5-11 Table 5-3: Average value of chemical indicators for bottled water factories in Montenegrin part of DRB ...... 5-15 Table 5-4: List of defined GWB in Montenegrin part of DRB ...... 5-17 Table 5-5: Water Balance of Groundwater Bodies in DRB in Montenegro ...... 5-18 Table 6-1: Classification of water quality in Montenegro ...... 6-1 Table 6-2: Saprobity class of different waterbodies in the DRB from 2010 to 2013 ...... 6-4 Table 6-3: Biological parameters of the Plavsko Lake in summer 2007 ...... 6-5 Table 6-4: Biological parameters of the Crna Lake in summer 2007 ...... 6-5 Table 7-1: Domestic water use in DRB by ...... 7-2 Table 7-2: Domestic water use in DRB by WMR ...... 7-3 Table 7-3: Details on households with water, sanitary, electric connection for DRB Municipalities ...... 7-4 Table 7-4: Household Services Connection rates for DRB Municipalities ...... 7-4 Table 7-5: Industrial Water Consumption for Montenegro 2008-2013 ...... 7-5 Table 7-6: Bottled Water Companies in Operation and Concessions Granted ...... 7-5 Table 7-7: Annual Industrial Water Consumption for DRB in Montenegro ...... 7-6 Table 7-8: Irrigated Water Consumption for Montenegro 2008-2013 ...... 7-6 Table 7-9: Largest fish farms in DRB ...... 7-7 Table 7-10: Summary of Water Use – Municipalities in DRB ...... 7-8 Table 7-11: Allocation of Water Demand in the Water Management Regions of DRB ...... 7-9 Table 7-12: Net Water Use in the Water Management Regions of DRB ...... 7-9 Table 7-13: Environmental flow definition from legislation of Montenegro ...... 7-10 Table 7-14: Main hydrologic characteristics for the EF calculation based on hydrological measurements (in brackets, the name of the hydrological station) ...... 7-12 Table 7-15: Estimation of the EF in the Montenegrin part of DRB according to MNE method (monthly variation of the EF) ...... 7-12 Table 7-16: Estimation of the EF in the Montenegrin part of DRB according to different methods ...... 7-12 Table 7-17: Minimum environmental flow for existing and planned dams for Montenegro ...... 7-13 Table 7-18: Minimum EF values over a mean year for DRB River Sub Basins ...... 7-14 Table 7-19: Future Total Water Use Projections in the DRB ...... 7-15 Table 7-20: Future Water Returns in the DRB ...... 7-15 Table 7-21: Future Net Water Use Projections in the DRB ...... 7-15 Table 8-1: Final electricity consumption - realization (GWh) ...... 8-2 Table 8-2: Electricity balance for the period 2011-2014 (GWh) ...... 8-3 Table 8-3: Electricity balance for the period 2015-2030 - estimated (GWh) ...... 8-4 Table 8-4: Unit prices for civil works () ...... 8-37 Table 8-5: Unit prices for structures relocations and expropriation ...... 8-38 Table 8-6: Updated investment costs for planned HPPs based on actual quantities of works and equipment and current unit prices (Mil Euros) ...... 8-38 Table 10-1: Ensemble median seasonal temperature and precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB under the RCP 4.5 scenario...... 10-2

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin ix

Table 10-2: Ensemble median seasonal temperature and precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB under the RCP 8.5 scenario...... 10-3 Table 11-1: Hydrological stations with historic data ...... 11-5 Table 11-2: Previously Operational Hydrological stations with historic data ...... 11-5 Table 11-3: Most important institutions concerned with monitoring in the DRB ...... 11-7 Table 12-1: EU WFD Articles Being Transposed with Montenegrin legislation ...... 12-12 Table 12-2: EU WFD Articles Not Transposed with Montenegrin legislation and deadline ...... 12-13 Table 13-1: Institutional Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire responses - Montenegro ...... 13-1 Table 13-2: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in institutions ...... 13-4 Table 13-3: Education, age gender of employees in Montenegrin institutions (WRM and Environmental Protection) . 13-5 Table 13-4: General Assessment of capacities of the MARD and IHMS ...... 13-5 Table 13-5: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in energy sector in Montenegrin institutions ...... 13-10 Table 13-6: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in Public + Other Business Enterprises for WRM in MNE ...... 13-14 Table 13-7: Educational, age and gender structure of Public + Other business Enterprises for WRM in MNE ...... 13-15 Table 13-8: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in EPCG ...... 13-17 Table 13-9: Current capacity needs and main barriers of EPCG ...... 13-17 Table 13-10: Educational, age and gender structure of Employees in EPCG...... 13-17

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin x

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADN Agreement International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways ADR Age Dependency Ratio AGN Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance AIA Administration for Inspection Affairs AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Art. Artificial ASCI Areas of Special Conservation Interest BCG Bacillus Calmette–Guérin - Vaccine against tuberculosis BGR German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources BiH and Herzegovina oC Degrees Celsius Ca CO3 Calcium Carbonate ca Approximately Ca/Mg Calcium – Magnesium Mole Ratio CBMT Central Bosnian terrane CDM Cleaner Development Mechanism CETR Centre for Eco toxicological Research in Montenegro CG Crna Gore (Montenegro) CH Matthey Method of environmental flow CH4 Methane CIS Common Implementation Strategy CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CMNI Convention on Contract for Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway CO Carbon Monoxide CO₂ Carbon Dioxide CORINE Coordinated Information on the European Environment CW Civil Works DC Direct Current DDPWMRS Draft Development Plan of the Water Management Republic of Srpska DHCT Dalmatian-Herzegovinian composite terrane DIKTAS Dinaric Aquifer System DIV Diversion (Hydropower Type) DJF Winter season (December, Januray, February) DLASLW Draft Law on Amendments and Supplements to the Law on Waters DOP Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt DRB Drina River Basin E Endangered EBDT-IBDB East Bosnian- terrane EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EBU-POM Eta University – Princeton Ocean Model EE Electrical Mechanical Equipment EEA European Environmental Agency EEC European Economic Community EF Environmental Flow Eh Oxidation reduction potential (redox) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment El Elevation EN Endemic

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin xi

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS EPA Environmental Protection Agency EPAM Environmental Protection Agency Montenegro EPCG Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (Montenegro) EPR Environmental Performance Review EPS Elektroprivreda ER Endemic Relict species ERA Energy Regulatory Agency EU EUR Euro FASRB Framework Agreement on River Basin FBiH Federation of FHMS Federal Hydro meteorological Service FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia GCI Global Competitive Index GCOS Global Climate Observing System GDP Gross Domestic Product GEP Guaranteed Environmental Flow method GHG Green House Gas GIS Geographical Information System GSS Geological Survey Service Montenegro GW Groundwater GWB Groundwater Body GWh Gigawatt hours H Height (water level) Ha Hectare HBV Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning – Swedish HBV Model HDI Human Development Index HDWG Hydrology Domain Working Group HEAL Health and Environmental Alliance (Belgium pressure group) HEC-RAS Hydrologic Engineering Centre – River Analysis System HIS Hydrological Information System HME Hydro-mechanical Engineering HMSS Hydro-Meteorological Service of Serbia HMWB Heavily Modified Water Body HMZ Hydro-meteorological Institute HPP Hydropower Plant HS Hydrological Station IAWD International Association of Waterworks in the Catchment Area IBA Important Bird Areas ICPDR International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River IHMS Institute Hydro-Meteorological and Seismologic Service of Montenegro IMO International Meteorological Organization Inst Installed INP Institute for Nature Protection IPA Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (EU) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change IPF Investment Prioritisation Framework IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ISRBC International Sava River Basin Commission

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management JCI Jaroslav Černi Institute JJA Summer season (June, July, August) JV Joint Venture KAP Kombinat Aluminijuma Aluminium smelter km kilometres Km2 Square kilometres kV Kilovolt kW Kilowatt KWh Kilowatt hour LC Least Concern l/c/d Litres per capita per day LE Law on Environment LLC Limited Liability Company LN Log Normal LNP Law on Nature Protection LP Log Pearson l/s Litres per second l/s/km2 Litres per second per square kilometre LW Montenegro Law on Waters m Metres m³/s Cubic metres per second m³/year Cubic metres per year MAEP Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental Protection - Serbia MAFWRM Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources Management – FBiH MAM season (March, April, May) MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development - Montenegro MAWRMF Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources Management and Forestry – RS BiH m.a.s.l. Metres above sea level ME Mechanical Equipment mg/l Milligrams per litre MH Ministry of Health mm Millimetres Mm3 Millions of cubic metres Mm³/yr Million cubic metres per year mm/a Millimetres per annum MMR Measles Mumps Rubella MNE Montenegro MNM Memorial Nature Monument MOFTER Ministry of Free Trade and Economic Relations (BiH) MoN Monument of Nature MONSTAT Statistical Office of Montenegro MoU Memorandum of Understanding MQ Mean Monthly Flow MS Meteorological Station MSDT Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism of Montenegro Mt Mountain mV Milli volts

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS MVA Mega Volt Ampere (apparent power) MW Megawatt Nat. Natural NB Nota bene – Note well NDIV Non Diversion (Hydropower Type) NE Not Endangered NE North East NGO Non-Government Organisation NH3 Ammonia NMVOC Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds NO2 Nitrous Oxide NOx Mono- oxides NP Nature Park NRW Non-Revenue Water NT Near Threatened NW North west O3 Ozone O&M Operation and Maintenance 0dH German degrees of hardness OEL Operation Elevation Level OG Official Gazette OGC Open Geospatial Consortium p Probability PA Protected Areas PCW Preparatory Construction Works PE Public Enterprise pH A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution PHI Public Health Institute PM Particulate Matter (PM10 PM2.5) POP Persistent Organic Pollutants PRTR Pollutant Release and Transfer Register PUC Public Utility Company PWC Public Water Company Q Discharge RBMP River Basin Management Plan RCP Representative Concentration Pathways RCM Regional Climate Model RNP Regional Nature Park RP Regional Park RS (BiH) SAA Stabilisation and Association Agreement SE South East SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEI Stockholm Environment Institute SFRY Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia SHPP Small (mini) Hydropower Plant SMCT Serbian-Macedonian composite terrane SNC Second National Communication SNR Special Nature Reserve

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS SO2 Sulphur Dioxide SOx Sulphur Oxides SOE State of Environment SON Autumn season (September, October, November) SRB Sava River Basin SRES Special Report Emission Scenarios SW Surface Water SW South West SWB Surface Water Body T Threatened TDA Drina Rapid Transboundary Diagnostic Scan and Analysis TPP Thermal Power Plant TOR Terms of Reference UMM Union of Municipalities of Montenegro UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Program UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNESCO-IHE UNESCO – Institute for Water Education UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change USA United States of America UTC Coordinated Universal Time UTM Universal Trans Mercator VZCT Vardar Zone composite terrane VF Vascular Flora VNC Multiple Non-Linear Regression Model VU Vulnerable WATCAP Water and Climate Adaptation Plan WB World Bank WD Water Directorate WEA Water Endangering Activities WEAP Water Evaluation and Planning System by SEI WED Water Endangering Deposition WFD Water Framework Directive WHO World Health Organisation WHYCOS World Hydrological Cycle Observing System WISKI Water Information Systems KISTERS WMA Water Management Administration WMO World Meteorological Organisation WMMP Water Management Master Plan WMMPCG Water Management Master Plan of Montenegro WMMPRS Water Management Master Plan of the Republic of Serbia WMR Water Management Region WRMP Water Resources Master Plan for Montenegro WWII World War Two WWF World Wildlife Fund WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plan % Percentage

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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS µg/l Milligrams per litre µS/cm Micro Siemens per centimetre µm Micro metres

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Joint Venture (JV) Consultant comprising COWI AS of Norway as together with JV partners Stucky Limited from Switzerland and Jaroslav Černi Institute (JCI) from Serbia have entered into a contract (Contract No 8005176) with the World Bank to provide support to the Water Resources Management of the Drina River Basin (DRB). COWI are also supported by the Sub Consultants, CeS COWI of Belgrade and the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the University of Belgrade.

The Contract for the assignment was signed 2nd October 2014 and the Inception period ended with the approval of the Inception Report by World Bank and the Steering Committee in March 2015. This report in hand represents the Integrated Water Resources Management Country Report for the Montenegrin part of the DRB.

Physical Characteristics of the Basin The DRB in Montenegro is predominantly mountainous with an average elevation of 1,050 m.a.s.l but with peaks extending to 2,500 m.a.s.l. The DRB in Montenegro covers 6,219km2 and represents about one third of the entire basin, but provides more than 52.9% of the mean annual river flow. The Basin is characterised by rocks of the south-eastern Dinarides that exhibit complex tectonic structure with the Durmitor tectonic unit dominant. The main rock type is karst that has been weathered providing favourable conditions for groundwater storage. Soil development in the Basin is generally poor due to the topography and underlying geology. Three main soil types are present; Dystric Cambisol – Dystric Leptosols – acid brown soils; Eutric Cambisol – Mollic Leptosols on Limestone and Planosols – Luvisols – confined to the Ćehotina and Lim valleys.

In this mountain scenery, the principal tributaries of the Drina Basin are the Tara and Piva Source Rivers and the Lim and Ćehotina rivers.

The DRB experiences a "continental" type climate, with relatively cool and humid summers and long and harsh winters with some 50cm of snow cover prevailing for more than 70 days a year in higher areas (e.g. Zabljak). The hottest months are July and August, and the coldest is January. Average annual temperatures range from about 15.8°C in the coastal areas (outside of Drina Basin) to only 4.6°C in Zabljak. Precipitation is variable and averages about 800 mm/year in the Basin.

A total of nine surface water and 14 groundwater bodies have been delineated and proposed. These follow the ISRBC concept for SWB and the methodology advised in the EU WFD for the GWB. Montenegro proposes to catalogue all water bodies according to the EU system. The DRB has four main natural lakes the largest being Lake Plav and Black Lake. There are two manmade heavily modified water bodies (HMWB), the reservoirs of Piva Lake and Otilovići Reservoir.

Air pollution can indirectly affect water resources in the basin, through acid rain causing tree die back, leading to deforestation that in turn can erosion and acidification of lakes. Air monitoring is limited to two monitoring station at (location of Thermal Power Plant - TPP) and Zabljak (location of Durmitor National Park). Results indicate that air quality within the Basin is very good except for the area around Pljevlja TPP. The major cause for concern is the presence of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in the air where monitoring 3 shows a worsening trend. In 2013, European annual limits (40µg/m ) of PM10 at Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje were exceeded; there is urgent need to reduce these emission sources.

The DRB has 44% of land area covered by forest and 36% by agriculture; the remaining areas comprise other land (19%) and settlements (1%). There is substantial variation in land use throughout the basin; Šavnik Municipality has greatest percentage of agriculture, while Kolašin Municipality has the largest percentage of forest. For agriculture, the general trend is that uncultivated land is increasing at the expense of arable land over the past 15 years, principally caused by an ageing population and migration out of the area. Meanwhile, forestry has been increasing over the past 15 years.

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The DRB has a rich biodiversity with a large variety of natural habitats and altitudes that contribute to a large selection of fauna and flora species. This is particularly evident in the limestone of the Piva and Tara rivers, which show high endemism within flora species. Riparian vegetation is important for river and riparian ecosystems that enable riverbank protection from erosion and provide shelter for aquatic fauna. Furthermore, groundwater dependent ecosystems represent an important component of the biodiversity in the DRB.

There is also a rich variety of fauna, especially icthiofauna (fish) with the Danube Salmon being the most important and one of the most endangered species on the IUCN Red list and endemic to Danube drainage. The Lim River is also an important habitat for Grayling and Brown Trout. The Tara and the upstream section of the Piva and the Lim rivers have a “high ecological status” of water based fish fauna (as defined in Annex V of the WFD). Invasive species such as Rainbow Trout and Arctic Char have been widely introduced into Montenegrin glacial lakes, which feed upon newts. An endemic subspecies of Alpine Newt, Triturus alpestris found only on the locality of Zminjicko Lake in Montenegro between the Sinjajevina and Durmitor Mountains might become extinct due to the introduction of these fish species.

No current inventory exists in the Montenegrin part of the DRB for benthos fauna, implying that it is not possible to assess the quality of this aquatic fauna. More than 35 species of amphibians and are present within the basin, whilst there are more than 230 species of bird, with the area of Durmitor having more than 172 of these species recorded. No distinctive migratory corridors exist for birds in the basin, but there are occasional sightings of raptors of the genera Circus (Harrier) which have been observed with up to 100 individuals on a daily passage.

Birds of the forest include various species of owl, woodpecker and flycatcher and all of them are good indicators of forest quality. The Black Grouse is subject to disturbance and hunting. There are some species of bird directly related to the water resources of the DB. Some of the water birds, like the Cormorants come into conflict with local anglers gathering on lakes (Piva Lake and Otilovići Reservoir) who see them as pests feeding on fish stocks.

In the upper catchments, charismatic mammals such as the brown bear, wolf, chamois, wildcat and otter live, but they are rare and endangered. There are also more common species of fox, marten, badger, wild boar, deer and rabbit. Bats are well represented, with more than 30 species present, some of them very rare, with the Drina providing a migration corridor. Biodiversity of Lepidoptera is high; for other insects, there are high numbers of endemic subspecies present in the DRB. Invasive insect species occur in the DRB but they are not well recorded.

Population trends for flora and fauna are difficult to assess due to lack of past and present data, however it can be assumed from IUCN that many species are declining in recent years. For endangered endemic species such as the Danube Salmon (fish), the Serbian Spruce (tree) or bird species like the Rock partridge and rare Woodpeckers such as the Three-toed and the White-backed Woodpecker, data are sufficient to say that populations are declining. Observation have also shown that some raptors are no longer breeding in Durmitor NP due to tourist pressures.

The main threats for habitats and species within the Montenegrin part of the DRB are both environmental and human. The most prominent environmental factor is drought, whose occurrence is likely to increase in the future due to climate change. The most affected watercourses by drought are the smaller tributaries that can be left without water. Floods are also a threat but mainly to riverbanks that can destroy riparian habitats. Human pressure from building dams, fish farms, solid waste, and industrial pollution, gravel extraction, introduction of non-native fish species, hunting, tourism and forestry exploitations are also a threat to biodiversity.

There are presently three national parks in Montenegro (, Durmitor and Prokletije) and two regional parks more are planned for protection in the near future (Komovi and Piva). The existing legal and institutional framework does not provide a sufficient level of biodiversity protection in the protected area.

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Socio-economic pressures from intense and unbalanced tourism development, increased urbanisation, increases in illegal construction and development in and around the protected areas, outflow and pollution from intensive agricultural activities, wastewater and solid waste pollution, illegal deforestation, gravel extraction from rivers and over fishing are all contributing to the detriment of the protected areas.

The Emerald network was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1979, under the Bern Convention, in order to conserve wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats. A pilot project was launched in 2005 to start to implement the Emerald network in Montenegro and came into force in 1982. Montenegro was a party to this convention and 32 locations were identified for protection, of which 14 are lying within the Montenegrin part of the DRB. They have not been adopted yet. In addition to Emerald, Montenegro aims to become part of EU and hence it needs to implement the Natura 2000 network according to the EU Habitat Directive and EU Bird Directive. The Emerald Network is set to the ecological principles of Natura 2000 sites.

Social and Economic Characteristics of the Basin In terms of natural resources, timber represents a significant product for Montenegro, coniferous forestry accounting for 60% of production, with being the largest producer. The main products are sawn wood for construction and building industry. There is only about 18.6km2 of agricultural land in the DRB. The largest area is located in Bijelo Polje municipality followed by Pljevlja, Plužine, and . More than 97% of the agricultural land is in permanent meadows and pastures; indicating the limitations that exist in terms of good soils for crop production. Around 1% of the utilised agricultural land is used for arable farming. There are no vineyards in the Basin and very limited holding of orchards and nurseries. An analysis of the small amount of arable land use reveals that cereals (maize in dominant) are the main crop grown by farms, representing 44% of the total, followed by fodder plants with 31% and then by potatoes with 19%. A very small portion of vegetables, flowers and industrial crops and aromatic plants are grown. Irrigation of arable land is less than 0.5% of the utilised agricultural land available. 67% of the water is from rivers and only 10% from groundwater. Around 4.6Mm3/year of water is consumed each year on irrigation, the largest consumers being in the Lim River catchment.

Eleven of the 23 fish farms in Montenegro are located within the DRB; three being situated on lakes using a cage system. In general, the farms are small and produce between 5 and 30 tonnes per year, however the four larger farms produce between 40 and 30 tonnes per year. One of the main issues facing is the seasonal shortage of water during summer and this is curtailing increased production.

In terms of mining and quarrying, there are important coalmines at Pljevlja and Berane and lead and mining within Pljevlja municipality. Sand and gravel is extracted from riverbeds, especially on the Lim and Ćehotina rivers, but it is poorly controlled and if left unchecked can lead to increased flood risk.

There are 38 cultural monuments (Class I (7), Class II (14) and Class III (17) in the northern region of Montenegro. This includes , the building needing re-siting and reconstruction, following the construction of the Mratinje Dam and Piva Lake.

The Montenegrin part of the DRB is home to around 152,000 people (2011 census). The population has declined significantly in recent years and is predicted to decline even further in the next 30 to 50 years. There appears to be a general decline in all municipalities and is due to net migrations out of the area to urban centres or even abroad. Hence, the population is getting older and will require increasingly more social services to assist the elderly population. The gender balance is more or less equal with a slight advantage of males over females in most municipalities with the exception of Pljevlja and Zabljak.

Around 23% of the population of the DRB are children of pre-school to secondary school age (0-19 years). Illiteracy rates in the DRB are greater than the national average (2.2% compared with 1.5%) and is more pronounced in women.

In terms of health, infant death rates have decreased dramatically from the 1960's. Overall, medical facilities and medical services have improved. Heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the adult population

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followed by stroke and various cancers. This is representative of past lifestyles with smoking and alcoholism being the main causes. Deaths in the male population from these causes are greater than in females.

In terms of employment, around 38% of the population of the DRB are in employment whilst 34% are unemployed. More women are unemployed than men. The average gross and net wages in the basin are Euro 581 and Euro 380 respectively. Plužine municipality has the highest average wages, whilst Bijelo Polje municipality has the lowest wages in the basin. The average age dependency ratio (the number of persons who are not economically active (people younger than 15 or older than 64) for every 100 economically active persons (aged 15-64) in that population) in the DRB was 51.5.

Crime rates in the basin are in decline 18% less criminal acts in 2013 as opposed to 2012.

Surface Water Hydrology Data from a total of 27 meteorological stations and 32 hydrological stations were used in the assessment. A substantial amount of gap filling was required for all data series to enable the hydrological modelling to be prepared. The model needed to review the complete basin and therefore needed all three countries data included. The model calibration was conducted between October 1971 and September 1977 (a period which contained reliable data), which equates to the start of the hydrological year when soils are dry and rains generally start. The hydrological model provided a good match between the observed and modelled series. The work enabled a spatial distribution of the water resources of the basin to be mapped by isolines of specific water yield. The most water abundant segments of the basin are the Tara River, Piva River and River, followed by the southern basin segments of the Lim River. This generally follows the trend in spatial distribution of precipitation (including snow) with largest flows during the spring due to snowmelt.

Principal characteristics of water regimes in a basin area are annual discharges, low discharges and flood discharges. Hydrological stations in the DRB were analysed with data from the “Drina” HIS database for the years 1946 to 2012. The gaps of mean monthly discharges on analysed hydrological stations were filled in accordance with the presented methodology. This is how monthly discharge time series were formed for the synchronous period from 1946 to 2012.

Annual discharge trends suggests that long-term changes are taking place on all hydrological stations in the DRB, and that they exert significant influence on the estimation of average discharges. Average annual discharges registered in the period from 1946 to 2012 are lower than the ones from previous analyses covering different processing periods that could be conceived to indicate a changing climate.

Groundwater Carbonate rocks predominate in the DRB and are suitable for karst processes, which are a significant hydrogeological feature. The terrain in northern Montenegro is very suited for karst processes, tectonic movements have created, and old karst plateau, which is, incised with deep canyons such as the Piva, Komarnica and Tara rivers. Karstification can range from a few meters to >2,000 metres. These karstic features are numerous and characterized by surface and underground forms including cracks, gorges, dry valleys, sinkholes, caves, potholes and ponors.

Hence, porosity is a defining feature in aquifers in the DRB in Montenegro. The following units occur in Montenegro:

• Karst-fissure aquifer, with good permeability, • Karstic-fissure aquifer, with moderate permeability, • Fissured aquifer, • Intergranular aquifer with good permeability, • Intergranular aquifer with moderate permeability, • Aquitard with poor permeability

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There are more than ten springs in the Montenegrin part of the DRB with a minimum yield in excess of 1m3/s. Fifteen spring locations are used for supply to ten municipalities. Groundwater accounts for up to 97% of domestic supply in Montenegro, although some references do not correlate this.

Current knowledge of the flow regime of the karst and granular aquifers is inadequate and limited systematic long term monitoring has occurred. Spring flow varies considerably due to climatic conditions with the largest flows generally observed in the late autumn and early winter and the minimum flows between Aug-Sept. The ratio between the maximum and minimum flows is difficult to quantify due to lack of data, but is 1:100 or even more. The minimum flow of some springs has been observed to be 2,000 l/s in the DRB; the Ljutica spring near Sinjajevina Mountain that flows into the Tara River is an example, see the link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nn9IwFiNtKU

More than 100 tracing tests from the 1930's to the present day have been carried out in Montenegro. The tests have confirmed that the groundwater flow in general mirrors the surface water flow. Hence, groundwater in the Adriatic basin flows to the South and South West, whilst the groundwater regime in the Basin flows to the North and North West. However, there are some exceptions, the results indicate that the groundwater divides do not follow the hydrological drainage boundaries in all cases and consequently there are transboundary aquifers. For example, there are flows to the south west in the Ćehotina basin capturing groundwater from Serbian territory. Furthermore, there are flows to the west within the Piva basin capturing groundwater from BiH territory and there is evidence of flow from Serbia into the Lim basin.

Although there is adequate groundwater protection legislation in place in Montenegro; and the fundamental principles, objectives and measures from the EU Groundwater Directive have been included in the national legislation; often monitoring, enforcement and correct implementation is often lacking due to lack of staff and training. This issue can seriously undermine and threaten groundwater quality at source, which is important, as groundwater is the main source of domestic consumption in Montenegro. Aquifers are particularly at risk near the main settlements, such as Pljevlja, Berane, Kolašin and Bijelo Polje. It is also important to keep the bottled water factory sources free from risk of contamination.

Limited hydrochemical analysis from 14 different spring sources in DRB has shown that the Ca/Mg mole ratio is affected by sources of pollution such as high nutrients from agriculture, untreated wastewater and sewage from settlements and some industrial discharge. Notwithstanding, the share of industrial output appears to be decreasing over the last decade due to the global economic downturn which implies a reduction in potential pollutants. Based on the origin (i.e. the aquifer), the place of circulation and time of interaction with the environment, the groundwater of DRB in Montenegro can be classified as the HCO3-Ca-Mg type of waters.

Some 14 GWB have been delineated with those in the Piva and Tara being the most productive. A water balance on the GWB indicates that there are around 22% of losses in the sib basins with the exception of Ćehotina.

Use of groundwater for irrigation is very limited in the basin and was estimated to be 4.6Mm3/year in 2010. The most recent UNECE EPR indicates that irrigation water use has decreased by 76% between 2005 and 2011.

Water Quality Water quality monitoring is performed by the EPA in Montenegro. Furthermore, water quality reports based on biological parameters are being published annually by the Institute for Hydrometeorology and Seismology of Montenegro. Waters are classified according to Montenegrin decree OG of CG 2/07 into three categories I (class A1, S, and K1), II (class A2, K2 and C) and III (class ).

There are 22 monitoring sites for water quality; eight on the Lim and tributaries, six on the Tara and tributaries, five on the Ćehotina and tributaries and one on the Piva. In addition, there are two monitoring points on the glacial lakes (Lake Plav and Black Lake). Monitoring is performed twice a year in early summer

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when rivers are full and then in late summer/autumn when the river levels are low. The monitoring is aimed to measure saprobity index

Results of water quality analysis have indicated that the Ćehotina Sub Basin together with its , the Veţišnica, is the most polluted in Montenegro. This is principally caused by industrial activity, the presence of Pljevlja TPP, the Pljevlja Coal Mine and the Suplja stijena lead and zinc mine. The wastewater outfalls and sewage from Pljevlja city are also causing excessive contamination.

The Lim Sub Basin is the next most polluted, although there have been some improvements in recent years especially upstream of Berane. The water quality is influenced by the agricultural and industrial activities located in Berane and Bijelo Polje. The Kutska tributary of the Lim is the cleanest river in that sub basin. The Tara shows signs of pollution around Kolašin due to a communal solid waste deposit site and within municipality due to wastewater from sawmills. Elevated values of phosphates are the main cause for concern.

The Piva Sub Basin is the cleanest within Montenegro because there are very few settlements along the river. Water quality measurements have remained in their prescribed class in 97% of all cases.

For the glacial lakes, Plav is in general of poorer water quality due to the close proximity of settlements, whilst Black Lake has overall good water quality, which has been relatively stable since 1970 when it was first monitored.

No updated pollution inventory of the pollution hotspots has occurred in Montenegro. The results of the inventory indicated that only 65% of urban areas are covered by sewage collection systems and only Mojkovac currently has a WWTP with all other wastewater discharged into rivers with no pre-treatment. Further, there is inadequate waste disposal resulting in significant adverse impacts. There is no sanitary landfill in any of the municipalities and waste is often disposed of illegally on the banks of the river.

The inventory results show the biggest polluters in Montenegro are municipalities and inadequate or poorly maintained landfills. In general, there are no significant industrial facilities, except in the Pljevlja region, where the TPP and coal, zinc and lead mines pose a significant threat to human health and the environment.

Water Use In terms of assessing water use in the DRB, the region has four, water management regions (WMR) comprising the different Sub Basins namely, Piva including the Komarnica, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim. All four water management regions have individual exit points from Montenegro flowing north - northwest to BiH in the case of Piva, Tara and Ćehotina and into Serbia for the River Lim.

Water demands comprise domestic consumption, industrial consumption, irrigation, fish farming and hydropower. The latter two in general do not consume water, they just to use it before it passes back into the system through gravity.

Data on water consumption is not reliable and unavailable at DRB level in Montenegro, hence to obtain a figure on water use it is necessary to calculate from different sources including MONSTAT and UNECE. Per capita consumption for domestic water supply was set at 229 l/c/d in consultation with Montenegrin stakeholders. These are high values compared to many European countries and reflect the water losses that are occurring in the water systems in the country.

Population estimates for the people living in the DRB were from the 2011 census, which is available at municipal level. The estimated domestic water consumption in the DRB is 12.8 Mm³/year. At sub basin level the Lim River (WMR IV) has the most demand and the Piva (WMR I) the least demand.

Electricity connections vary between 95 and 99% for the households in the basin, whilst water connections (pipe and pump connection) vary between 49% for Šavnik municipality and 91% for . Sewer

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connections vary but are generally lower with around 12% of households connected in Andrijevica and Kolašin municipalities to around 55% within Pljevlja Municipality.

Industrial water consumption has fallen considerably since 2012 due to closure of KAP and reduced operations at Nikšić steel factory. The main industrial consumers in the DRB are the Pljevlja TPP and the accompanying coalmines as well as a nearby lead and zinc mine. There are six bottled water plants in the DRB located in Kolašin, Šavnik and Bijelo Polje. A further four concessions have recently been granted.

Data on industrial consumption at municipal level is not available, but MONSTAT provides an indication of the dwellings that are in industrial use in each municipality. Some 417 dwellings were associated with industrial use, around 1% of the total number of dwellings located within the DRB. Industrial water use is 1.87 Mm³/year within the DRB, with the largest consumer being Pljevlja municipality (associated with the TPP) and next Bijelo Polje municipality.

The agricultural census from Montenegro 2009-10 is the most reliable source of information on irrigation water use at municipal level. The estimated amount of water used for irrigation in the DRB was 4.32 Mm³/year, predominantly taken from groundwater sources, based on the assumption the season is 5 months each year (May to September). The Lim sub basin accounts for 93% of the irrigated water use in the DRB.

Other more recent national census (2011) and subsequent yearbooks assess the irrigation at national level only. There is substantial differences between the two consumption estimates; some 10 times more water estimated in the agricultural census. The national data however do show a sharp upturn in 2013 (increase of 3 times the previous year). Based on earlier work of the Consultant, the consumption estimates from the agricultural census are considered a more accurate assessment of the situation. Notwithstanding, irrigation use in the Montenegrin part of the DRB is very small, only 0.5% of the available utilised agricultural land in the basin is irrigated. Indicated national water losses from irrigation are better than most agro-systems of other European countries.

There is inadequate monitoring of industrial and irrigation use at municipal level. It therefore follows that pollution prevention is not adequate in Montenegro and remains a significant issue (e.g. Veţišnica River a tributary of Ćehotina River catchment). Furthermore, groundwater pollution is a cause for concern due to the vulnerability of the karst aquifers.

There are 11 fish farms in the DRB, primarily rearing rainbow trout. Substantial amounts of free flowing water are required which are diverted from rivers and streams, but then returned to the system. The Consultant has assumed there are no water losses in the DRB from fish farming. The largest fish farm in the DRB is on Lake Piva where cages are used. There are concerns from excessive nutrients entering the system from fish farms.

All water used in hydropower production is assumed to be returned to the rivers, with the exception of evaporation, there are no losses.

Overall water demand within the basin is estimated to be about 19 Mm³/year, with the Lim Sub basin (WMR IV) accounting for 64% of this amount (12.2 Mm³/year). The demand from Piva sub basin (WMR I) only accounts for 3% of the water use within the DRB. Certain assumptions regarding returns to the system have been made for domestic (80%), Industry, irrigation (20% each) and fish farming and hydropower (100% each). Net water use therefore is 7.5 Mm³/year for the DRB in Montenegro with Lim Sub Basin (WMR IV) accounting for 68%, hence the Lim is the most stressed of the sub basins of the DRB in Montenegro. The demand has not taken into consideration NRW, which is about 60% in Montenegro.

An environmental flow, i.e., a minimal quantity of water, must be required in the basin to maintain the healthy natural ecosystems (habitats, fauna and flora) and the water quality.

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Environmental flow is defined in Montenegrin legislation and the method for calculation of its minimal value is described in the article 1 of the addendum of the rulebook “on the manner of determining environmental flow for surface water (OG n°2/16) that has been recently adopted. Consequently, the Consultant applied this method based on hydrological measurements of the Tara, Piva, Lim and Cehotina rivers and compared it with the methods of the 2 riparian countries in the Drina River Basin. Holistic methods cannot be applied at this scale of the basin characterisation.

Minimum EF were also taken from concession and technical documentation of existing and planned dams in Montenegro.

Finally, the adopted EF in Montenegro is a compromise between the guarantee of maintaining ecological river function (quality and quantity of the water) and the socio economic use of the water resources (domestic use, irrigation, hydropower, etc.).

Due to the high environmental and esoteric value of the aquatic systems in Montenegro and the excellent biodiversity witnessed by the number of existing endemic species, the Consultant has provided a range of minimum EF values that should be maintained in each of the four WMR.

In the WMR, the minmal value over a mean year varies between 1.3 and 2.1 m³/s for Ćehotina River and between 1.1 and 13.7 m³/sec for the other three rivers (Piva, Tara and Lim). Subsequent modelling to be undertaken later in the Project will be able to fine-tune these estimates. By far the greatest stress is on the Lim Basin (WMR IV) which has the largest demand.

Future demand requirements for 30 years (2044) and 50 years (2064) have been estimated based upon three scenarios after consultation with stakeholders, namely high growth, flat growth and "real" declining growth. The evidence suggests that the demands for domestic consumption in the basin will decline compared with today due to the continual migration of people from the basin. Overall the Consultant is of the opinion that the actual water use within the DRB will be somewhere between the Flat Growth and Real Growth Scenarios, with overall water use varying between 18-19 Mm³/year at present day, to 15-19 Mm³/year in 2044 and 13-19 Mm³/year in 2064. Taking into consideration the returns in the system then the net future water use for the Montenegrin part of the basin over the 30 and 50-year timeframe varies from 8.59 Mm³/year to 6.69 Mm³/Year in 2044 to between 9.45 Mm³/year and 6.33 Mm³/year in 2064. NRW also needs consideration, although it is likely this will steadily improve in the future.

Identified key drivers are:

• Water supply for the population, • Flood security for the population, • Water supply for agriculture(irrigation), • Water supply for industry, • Hydropower production, • Environmental conservation, • Recreation and tourism, and • Fisheries.

Prioritisation of these drivers will occur in the next stage of the project (Investment Prioritisation Framework), but it is clear that the most severe pollution loads are appearing in the Ćehotina River (from Pljevlja) and the Lim (urban settlements such as Bijelo Polje, etc.).

Hydropower A single power plant is located in the Montenegrin part of the DRB, with a generation capacity of 342 MW. Its annual energy production is 800 GWh (million kWh). It is located on the Piva River. The very high dam

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defines a large reservoir, which allows the generation of peak power. The power plant is located in the immediate vicinity of the dam. No fish ladder is provided.

The potential for new hydropower schemes is high in Montenegro. However, severe environmental dispositions have reduced considerably the portfolio of implementable projects. Out of the many imagined new HPPs in Montenegro, only six have reasonable chances of being implemented. Three are located along the Ćehotina River, two on the Lim River and one on the Piva/Komarnica River (with inter-basin water transfer). The total additional generation capacity would amount to 284 MW, for a total expected energy production of 571 GWh. Three scheme are of the non-diversion type (HPP in immediate dam vicinity), three of the diversion type (with conduits up to 6.2 km).

The total investment to activate for the realization of these six projects would reach 565 million Euros.

Flood Hazards and Risks The need for flood protection measures in the Montenegrin part of the DRB is quite limited within the basin Most of the constructed drainage systems are not in operation, principally due to insufficient maintenance. Wherever flood protection and mitigation measures have been introduced these have involved straightening rivers and constructing artificial channels.

Climate Change Montenegro participates in UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol and submitted the Initial National Communication in 2010, whilst the Second National Communication is under preparation. A CDM project registered in the DRB for a HPP at Otilovići in Pljevlja was delayed due to financing problems. Another project for a windfarm at Možura near Bar (outside DRB) was also registered, but no financing is currently available.

Montenegro has not yet defined any national targets for GHG mitigation or limitation. The energy sector, comprising energy supply and consumption in the transport, residential and service sectors, has the highest share in GHG emissions, accounting for 68% of the total emissions in 2011. This was followed by the industry (20 %, almost all from KAP, which is now closed), agriculture (10 %) and waste (2 %) sectors.

Some effort has been made to integrate climate change adaptation into sectoral policies, mainly in the forestry sector and a climate change adaptation strategy for the health sector is under development. Other sectors are less advanced, especially agriculture and water.

Monitoring Networks Various stakeholders are responsible for monitoring, including MARD, EPCG, IHMS etc. Presently there are 12 active hydrological stations and in 45 active meteorological stations in Montenegro. IHMS undertaken monitoring of these stations.

There is room for improvement regarding monitoring and data exchange through joint investments and harmonization of development programs. One of the possible development directions is establishment of contemporary hydrological and meteorological monitoring (information) forecast system. Furthermore, analyses performed within the preparation of this report have also clearly indicated a need for updating and improving the DRB monitoring network and data exchange practice. This is likely to involve a considerable cost. The main deficiencies identified in organization of monitoring and data exchange in WRM in Montenegro are lack of organization, the condition of equipment and infrastructure, lack of finances and human resources, as well as the lack of standard platforms and procedures of data management.

The EPA has taken control and oversight over most of the monitoring activities and made efforts to strengthen the various monitoring networks and to organize them in accordance with the latest international practice. However, the legal framework requires amendments to improve the functioning of these networks.

Further, the monitoring budget has been decreasing from year to year since 2009 and there is a lack of adequate equipment for some monitoring activities. The first indicator based monitoring report was provided

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in 2013, based on 36 out of 55 adopted indicators, the others could not be calculated due to lack of available data. Plans for the developments of an information system (combining water, air and environment into one) are not working satisfactorily, only parts have been developed and a fully automated system is still not under preparation.

Legislative Framework Montenegro has significantly changed its legal and policy framework in preparation for EU Acquis. A new package of laws and corresponding secondary legislation has been adopted, and a strategic framework for environment and sustainable development has been further developed. However, the implementation of legislation lags behind the intensive efforts to improve the legal and policy framework, as mentioned above monitoring is a case in point.

Although many strategic documents are adopted to define the strategic vision in many specific sectors there are some areas, e.g. water and climate change, that are still not covered by overarching strategic documents. Further, implementation of some strategic documents, e.g. the Biodiversity Strategy, has encountered difficulties because of poor financing. The development of strategies, plans and programmes at the local level faces significant delays.

Institutional Assessment MARD is the principally responsible ministry of WRM in Montenegro. There have been significant changes to the structure and organisation of institutions in recent years. The establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 2008 allowed the separation of law and policymaking from implementation, with the former functions now vested in the Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism (MSDT) and the latter being the responsibility of the EPA. Another important change was the creation in 2012 of the Administration for Inspection Affairs as a separate institution, bringing together all inspectorates, including environment, forestry, water, housing etc. The Hydro-meteorological Institute and the Seismological Bureau were also merged into one institution in 2012.

Furthermore, the reform of the National Council for Sustainable Development in 2012–2013 strengthened the climate change dimension. The mandate of the Council, renamed the National Council for Sustainable Development and Climate Change includes monitoring NSSD implementation and provision of advice on various legal, strategic and planning documents related to sustainable development. At the local level, some efforts have been made to assign new responsibilities, but local self-government authorities are poorly staffed and trained, and face difficulties in coping with their responsibilities.

Generally, however, Montenegro has a clearly identified institutional structure for the water resources, energy and environmental protection sector, together with a clearly defined authority and scope of operations. However, the competence in handling administrative matters, such as issuing permits, approvals, opinions, etc. are suffering due to institutional capacity issues.

Indeed, lack of capacity and financial resources for the implementation of the institutional obligations is considered the basic problem in both the short and long term. There is great need to strengthen the mechanisms of horizontal and vertical cooperation between competent authorities.

Among other problems, the lack of information flow and the low level of political importance attached to these issues is particularly important. The procurement of equipment and the implementation of a water information system is considered a high priority. The provision of equipment for the sampling and analysis of water, air, and soil together with procurement of monitoring equipment, IT and modern transportation are essential for the relevant institutions to undertake their respective roles correctly.

Some of the important challenges affecting the prospects for regional cooperation over the next 10 years in IWRM in the DRB are as follows. i) lack of data relating to water; ii) the inability to rely on historical data and the lack of usability of existing data; iii) the lack of financial resources; iv) the impacts of the global

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financial crisis; v) climate change; the lack of harmonized legislation; and vi) lack of international agreement on cooperation.

Management of water resources, floods, urban issues, energy, foreign investment, environmental protection and climate change are considered as priority areas of cooperation between the countries in the DRB.

Recommendations Montenegrin stakeholders during a workshop held on 25-26 January 2016 prioritised the recommendations for this report. The high priority recommendations covering the principal sectors (e.g. environment, hydropower, institutional etc.) for the four main outcomes of the project are:

For Outcome 1 – "More effective data collection and analysis:

Environment • Show the ecological status of all the rivers in the DRB on a map using fish species as indicators (according to Annex V of the WFD) in order to have a reference for surveying the trend of aquatic ecosystems. This will enable a decision making tool related to the development of social and economic activities (implantation of dams, of gravel exploitation, of recreational activities, etc...). • Harmonization of the EF methodology is required in the whole DRB. • Undertake inventory of invasive subspecies in the basin.

HPP • Carefully perform the monitoring of the dams behaviour. As important structures bearing a high potential risk, the dams are key elements of hydropower schemes.

Institutional • Acquisition of Technical equipment for line authorities and additional equipment especially for institutions dealing with regular monitoring

Monitoring • Follow up the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) as part of the DIKTAS made suggestions for priority actions in all the transboundary aquifer areas for i) establishment of a common groundwater monitoring program, and ii) harmonisation of criteria for delineation of source protection zones. • Improved monitoring, enforcement and implementation of groundwater protection legislation in needed in the Basin. The Consultant would like to reiterate the recommendation from the DIKTAS Project on this subject, namely: a) full delineation of water source sanitary protection zones, and b) setting cost-efficient measures for groundwater protection. • Implement a monitoring program of fish ecosystem and riparian vegetation. We recommend monitoring four targeted fish species: the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), the Greyling (Thymallus thymallus), the Bull head (Cottus gobio), the Brown trout (Salmo labrax). We also recommend monitoring the state of the remaining riparian vegetation along rivers. In order to be relevant, this monitoring program should be undertaken in cooperation with the three riparian countries. • Improve data gathering for minimum and maximum spring and autumn flows. • Substantial increases in monitoring of aquifers to increase knowledge of the flow regime in the DRB.

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 2 – "Enhanced dialogue and coordination in the DRB" are:

Environment • Harmonise national regulations and foster cooperation between the three countries in the DRB in order to successfully implement biodiversity protection programs and to create common database for the Basin.

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• Reinforce the protection regime in protected areas in coherence with the requirements for nature protection and target species

Institutional • Institutional strengthening and developing strategic and normative base in flood prevention and defence; • Reform of the existing system and improvements of financing in the field of water management and environmental protection (collection of funds, level of charges; charge payer databases; mechanisms of receivables collection from legal entities in long lasting court procedures; financial management, etc • Developing long-term water sector investment plan • Raising awareness of the need to undertake significant measures in IWRM • Strengthening capacities of the public water management enterprises and efficiency improvements within public utility enterprises • Strengthening public-private partnerships and encouraging investments in all water management segments in areas with such demand • Training decision makers in the field of significance, comparative experiences and perspectives of water management in the region; • As regards to cooperation of hydro-meteorological services, it is required to upgrade the program of joint measurements, data exchange and harmonization and coordination of development programs and plans; • Provide for operation of the administrative authority de-politicization instruments; • Strengthening institutional capacity, provision of finances and developing prerequisites of joint monitoring implementations within the DRB; • Abolishing the ban on new employment for organizations exercising highly technical activities; i.e. create possibilities for new employment in authorities requiring highly skilled staff (EPA, etc.); • Establishing and improving long-term relations between state and scientific-research and educational institutions for the purpose of public administration capacity building;

Legal • Intensifying efforts to establish bilateral agreements with neighbouring states in the field of WRM and energy with Serbia and BiH.

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 3 – "Better decision-making and management in the DRB as a multi-purpose water resource", are:

Environment • Control environmental flow • Avoid and/or better regulate gravel exploitation within riverbeds • Build new sanitary landfill away from groundwater protection zones and from riverbeds • Close existing landfills and move them away from riverbanks and flood • The concept of flood protection to be coordintated • WWTP are needed at the main centres of population and for industry in order to reduce the pollution loads in the rivers • Improve fish farming process and build nutrient precipitators in fish farms in order to prevent water pollution. Modernize equipment to reduce water loss and to promote fish growth efficiency.

HPP • To devote great care to the maintenance of the existing schemes. The reliable functioning of all structures and machines is a must for an efficient use of the natural resource.

• To carefully perform the monitoring of the Piva dam. As very high structure, this dam must show at

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all times irreproachable condition and behaviour.

Legal • Strengthen regulation concerning riparian ecosystems in protected areas

Socio Economic • More consideration to drip irrigation practices as they are more efficient and provide large reductions in overall water use.

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 4 – "More effective application of EU WFD regulations and preparation of RBMP", are:

Institutional • Prepare and harmonise national regulations with EU regulations for institutional aspects of water management • Improve employment opportunities and implement policy to attract and retain younger staff.

• Strengthen capacities of stakeholder bodies in charge of water management.

Legal • Undertaking further measures aimed at harmonization of internal regulations with EU regulations • Preparation and adoption of required by-laws as per applicable laws on water;

• Develop a strategy of harmonization of internal regulation with EU regulations in the water management sector

• Improve harmonization of directives on strategic environmental impact assessment and public participation;

• Strengthen regulatory enforcement capacity in the field of industrial and hazardous waste;

• Strengthening instruments of adjustment, coordination and involvement of various tiers of government in preparation and adoption of regulations and their harmonization with EU regulations;

• The Consultant recommends strengthening regional cooperation by:

o Ratification of the Framework agreement on the Sava River Basin (SRB), the Protocol on Health and Water to the Helsinki Convention, and the PRTR Protocol

o Analysis and overview of the interests for the conclusion of the agreement on enhancing the cooperation between the states in the DRB. o Adoption of an international agreement between the three riparian countries (BiH, Montenegro and Serbia) on cooperation in the field of IWRM.

Socio Economic • Stronger coherence between strategic and planned documents and environmental objectives.

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1 Introduction The Joint Venture (JV) Consultant comprising COWI AS of Norway as lead together with JV partners Stucky Limited from Switzerland and Jaroslav Černi Institute (JCI) from Serbia have entered into a contract (Contract No 8005176) with the World Bank to provide support to the Water Resources Management of the Drina River Basin (DRB).

World Bank and JV Consultant signed the Contract for the assignment on 6th October 2014. Mobilisation began immediately thereafter and a draft Inception Report was prepared and presented at an Inception Workshop on 1st December 2014 that was held in . After small amendments, the World Bank and the Steering Committee subsequently approved the Inception Report in March 2015 and a local language version was prepared and distributed in May 2015.

This report in hand represents the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Country Report for the Montenegrin part of the DRB. The total extent of the DRB is around 20,000 km² and about 30% of the land area belongs to Montenegro.

Box 1: Montenegro's Development at a glance!

Montenegro's per capita GDP in 2013 was Euro 5,356 an increase of about 3.3% from 2012. This was primarily due to the services sector, whereas there was a decline in industry. In terms of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) transition index Montenegro scored 2.85* in 2009, which is a mid-value indicator and is 23rd/24th place out of 29 countries in transition. In terms of the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) in 2014; Montenegro occupies 67th place out of 144 countries; an improvement of 5 places from 2013. As seen by Figure 1-1 Montenegro in general follows a similar pattern to other countries in emerging and developing Europe, but having significant advantages in health and education and technological readiness, but lagging behind substantially on the size of market (affected mainly by the size of the country's population). Figure 1-1 Montenegro position in the GCI

Regarding the Human Development Index (HDI); a composite index measuring indicators such as quality of life, life expectancy, literacy, education etc.; Montenegro is ranked No 51 out of 187 countries and can be classified as "high" human development category. The HDI has been gradually increasing from 2005 with an HDI of 0.789 in 2013 placing Montenegro above the average of 0.738 for countries in Europe and Central Asia. Montenegro scores relatively well in terms of life expectancy and education, but it lags behind significantly when it comes to economic performance, its Gross National Income falling by about 16% from 1990-2013. Consequently, for HDI to improve in the future there is urgent need for acceleration of economic growth

*The transition indicators range from 1 to 4+, with 1 representing little or no change relative to a rigid centrally planned economy and 4+ 1.1 Scope of Work and TOR Following on from the inception period, the Consultant has followed the terms of reference (TOR) and focused on IWRM Country Report for the Montenegrin part of the Drina Basin. The report essentially consists of Main Tasks 2, 3, 4 and part of 5 from the TOR. Following submission of the Draft Country Report (DCR) in August 2015 (September 2015 for local language version) comments were received from stakeholders and further comments made at a stakeholder workshop held in Belgrade 25/26 Janaury 2016. Annex 1-1 provides

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a consolidated summary of these comments and theConsultant's responses. This Final Country Report (FCR) is one of four principal deliverables (there are others planned e.g. Stakeholder Consultation Report) as depicted in Figure 1-2 below. The Inception Report is completed (shaded grey) and work now focusing on the IWRM Country Report (shaded red).

INCEPTION

IWRM COUNTRY REPORT

INVESTMENT PRIORITSATION FRAMEWORK COUNTRY REPORT

DRINA ROOF (BASIN) REPORT

Oct-14 TIMELINE Feb-17

Figure 1-2: Main Deliverables and Project Timeline

1.2 Layout of the Report In order to respond to the TOR objectives and this IWRM Study, and Background Paper for Montenegro has been prepared with 15 chapters. Consequently, after this introductory chapter, Chapter 2 begins with a presentation of the physical characteristics of the Montenegrin part of the DRB focusing on the environmental aspects, followed in Chapter 3 by the socio-economic characteristics of the basin in order to establish a baseline condition.

In Chapter 4, the JV Consultant provides a description of the surface water hydrology providing a review and assessment of meteorological and hydrological data with a view to processing into the hydrological model. The chapter then proceeds to provide a hydrological analysis of the modelling results.

In Chapter 5, we provide a description of the geological characteristics of the DRB, the basin's tectonic composition and hydrogeological characteristics. The chapter then provides an indication of the main aquifers and their availability, groundwater flow and assessment and provides an indication of the current groundwater synopsis of the principal strategic studies that have taken place on the DRB in the past up to the present day. Chapter 6 contains a description of the water quality in the past and since 1995 and comments on the current hot spots and provides a general classification. Chapter 7 is devoted to water use and provides an indication of the water resources management, the present water demands in the Basin and presentation of a water management balance and provides key drivers.

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Chapter 8 focuses on the existing hydropower in the basin and makes comments on the present management of hydropower plants, the unused hydropower potential and the computation methodology. Chapter 9 focuses on flood hazards and risks, providing an insight into the flood prone areas in the DRB, the current flood protection infrastructure and measures. The Chapter continues with a review of the hydraulic modelling results of the flood prone areas and an assessment of the current flood hazards and risks.

Chapter 10 introduces Climate change scenarios to the DRB and assesses their impact on the hydrological regime.

Chapter 11 provides a description of the monitoring networks that are in operation in the DRB and those that are planned for the future.

Chapter 12 provides the legislative set up in Montenegro, and the legislation of direct relevance to the DRB from national, regional and international perspectives. Chapter 13 follows with a review of the Institutional Assessment providing a description of the roles and responsibilities of the institutions that are concerned with the DRB.

Chapter 14 provides an overview of the main conclusions and recommendations for IWRM in the Montenegrin part of the DRB and finally Chapter 15 provides a list of the references used in the preparation of the study.

A separate volume to the main report containing numerous annexes supports the various chapters.

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2 Physical Characteristics of the Drina Basin

2.1 Main properties of the Drina River Basin The Montenegrin part of the Drina River Basin is approximately a rectangular shape and comprises an area of 6,219 km² representing 32%; or about a third by area, of the total Drina Basin (total area is 19,982 km²) (Figure 2-1). The drainage of this part of the Basin is generally aligned in a southeast to northwest direction, flowing northward to the Sava and then to the Danube and the Black Sea beyond.

Figure 2-1: The overall extent of the Drina River Basin

This part of the Basin generally represents the upper reaches of the DRB and is commonly referred to in Montenegro as the Black Sea watershed, the other part of country draining to the Adriatic. The principal tributaries of the basin in Montenegro are four “source” rivers, Piva, Tara, Lim and Ćehotina, and the first three are the most water abundant tributaries of the Drina providing two thirds of the river's waters. The Drina River makes one fifth by area of the SRB, and even one third of the Sava River water volume arrives through the Drina River.

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The Drina River itself rises at the of the Tara River and Piva River near the town of Šćepan Polje outside of Montenegro. There is a substantial range in elevation in the Basin ranging between 75.4 m.a.s.l., at the confluence, and more than 2500 m.a.s.l. on the highest mountains (Prokletije Mountain 2,694 m.a.s.l., Komovi Mountain 2,487 m.a.s.l., Durmitor Mountain 2,522 m.a.s.l.).

2.2 Morphology and Topography The morphology and topography of the Drina River Basin is dominated by past glaciation and karstification in the high mountain ranges whilst karst and alluvial relief formed on the lower mountain areas. Figure 2-2 provides an overview.

2.2.1 Glacial Relief During the , were on Maglić Mountain, Bioč Mountain and Mountain, Durmitor Mountain and Sinjajevina Mountain, Mountain, Komovi Mountain, Visitor Mountain and Prokletije Mountain.

The Mountain group of Maglić (2,386 m), Bioč (2,397 m) and Volujak (2,336 m) hosted three glacial fans, forming a uniform glacial field. Today frontal moraines are best preserved near Trnovačko Lake at 1550 m.a.s.l.

The entire Durmitor Mountain (2,522 m) was then under a uniform glacial ice sheet with only the highest mountain peaks sticking through with glacial tongues stretching all around. A total area of 230 km2 was under the ice.

Evidence of significant glaciation is also indicated from alluvial-glacial terraces composed of re-deposited and cemented moraine material, found at several locations along the Tara River and Piva River Canyons. Glaciation was present on almost entire Sinjajevina Mountain (2,277 m). Kolašinski glacial, 14 km long, descended south-east from this mountain along the valley of the Plašnica River, frontal moraines of which were almost completely destroyed by construction works. Smaller centre of glaciation were located on Bjelasica Mountain (2,139 m) and Komovi Mountain (2,487 m). There were several glaciers on Bjelasica Mountain, among which Biogradski was 8 km long ending near Biogradsko Lake, while only cirque glacials were present on Komovi Mountain.

The biggest glaciation centre was located on Prokletije Mountain (2,694 m) and Visitor Mountain (2,211 m), where the glacial screen covered the area of 250 km2.

Karst Relief Most of the mountains where glaciation occurs are calcareous and hence karst formations are also present and are frequently interchangeable. Such glacial-karst cavities (sinkholes and depressions) are particularly frequent on the surface of the Lake between Durmitor Mountain and Sinjajevina Mountain, also combined with lithologic-tectonic structures. Highest segments of Durmitor Mountain and Prokletije Mountain are high mountain limestone areas with a series of specific formations such as snow and ice sinkholes created on the glacial melting spots, and then karrens.1

Durmitor Mountain is the first one in the DRB in terms of speleological explored structures. Out of 370 explored speleological structures on Durmitor Mountain, seven are deeper than 150 m (on Vjetreni Hills, on the contact of flysch and compact limestones, three deep sinkholes are located - 605 m, 464 m and 897 m). 34 shallower caves and 65 sinkholes were explored on the surface of Piva Mountain, with Todorova sinkhole 297 m deep. Eighty caves were discovered in the Tara River Canyon, with the most significant Bailovića Sinter Cave out of which and over Bigar falls 30 high and 100 wide waterfall.

1 These are small grooves cut directly into the rock surface, generally a few centimetres wide and deep. Their size remains the same or decreases downslope and usually exhibit small with typical undercut slopes and slip-off slopes

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Figure 2-2: Geomorphological map of Drina Basin

Alluvial-Denudation Relief Apart from glacial and karst erosion, the biggest impact on relief of the Drina River basin was exerted by the river and torrential erosion and denudation in broad sense (rock decomposition and soil erosion). Valleys of

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the Piva River and Tara River are located in the belt of high mountains, appearing mainly as the canyon cut in the limestone. Tara River Canyon, 78 km long and 1,350 m deep, is the deepest canyon in Europe and the second deepest in the world after the Colorado River Canyon. The Komarnica River, a source tributary of the Piva River, has created the Nevidio Canyon that was inaccessible to humans until 20 years ago. The name originates from the fact that it is so narrow that from several spots in the canyon, the sky is not visible and it was unreachable due to numerous cascades and waterfalls.

Apart from river valleys, the biggest formations of the relief are alluvial-denudation areas on mountains. They are best preserved on terrains composed of limestone and they are older than current river valleys.

The oldest is the surface of the Jezero Lake, on both sides of the Piva River, that is, on the Piva Mountain and Bučevo. It has mild curvature laying approximately at 1,400 to 1,500 m.a.s.l. Area on the edge of Pester is of similar height and spreading. Area on 1,100 to 1,300 m.a.s.l. is preserved on the Tara Mountain. Below all those high plateaus there is a series of lower areas with local spreading. Height and time correlation between these alluvial-denudation areas is not possible due to different lithological composition of terrain and the intensity of tectonic movements. Areas on limestone terrains are better preserved than those on non-limestones where stronger erosive lowering of topographic area took place. In addition, this area was subjected to sustained tectonic activity of different intensities. Based on neogenic lake sediments deposited along the bottom of Sjenička ravine, it was taken that the highest areas are from upper and that after their creation, cutting in of the valley network started in the Drina River basin, i.e. approximately 10 to 15 million years ago.

2.2.2 Topography The highest point in the basin is on the Prokletije Mountain (Jezerca top at 2,694 m.a.s.l.). The lowest point in the Drina River Basin is at 82.3 m.a.s.l. at the confluence of Drina River and Sava River near the village of Crna Bara. Average altitude of the Drina River basin is 961.6 m.a.s.l. and altitude is in the range from 75.4 m.a.s.l. at the mouth to more than 2500 m.a.s.l. on the highest mountains (Prokletije Mountain 2,694 m.a.s.l., Komovi Mountain 2,487 m.a.s.l. and Durmitor Mountain 2,522 m.a.s.l.).

2.3 Hydrography The Drina River is the biggest tributary of the Sava River in terms of the total area of the basin, the length of the watercourse and water quantity. It is created by the convergence of Tara River and Piva River near the town of Šćepan Polje at the border of Montenegro with BiH. The hydrographic map of the DRB is presented in Figure 2-3. Table 2-1: Runoff characteristics of the Drina River and its main tributaries

Contribution River Area (km2) L (km) Q (m3/s) q (l/s/km2) to total Q for DRB (%) Drina Basin Overall 19,982 322 395 19.77 100 Montenegrin Rivers2 Piva 1,567 78 70.54 45.02 18.7 Tara 2,040 141 78.1 38.28 19.5 Ćehotina 1,501 125 22 14.66 5.6 Lim 5,934 201.5 110 18.54 28.6

2 The areas shown in the table for Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim are the complete extent of the basin. The actual area of the four rivers in Montenegro combined is 6,219 km² representing 32% of the overall Drina Basin

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-5

Figure 2-3: Hydrographic map of the DRB

2.3.1 Rivers in Montenegro The Piva River The Piva River is 78 km long. Source area of the Piva River is the Tušinja River streaming towards Dinaric Mountains. North-west from the village of Boan Tušinja it enters into the limestone gorge approximately 300 m deep to merge with the Bukovica River arriving from north. Further, upstream of the town of Šavnik, the main watercourse is called Bukovica River. Downstream of the town of Šavnik, it merges with the Bijela River arriving from south-eastern direction. The name of the main course from there towards north-west and up to the merging with the Komarnica River is the Bijela River (Pridvorica River). The Bijela River merges with the Komarnica River arriving from north, from the southern piedmont of the Durmitor Mountain and the main watercourse downstream of their confluence is called Komarnica River. Before the merging with the Bijela River, the Komarnica River cut through the canyon (Pošćenje). The Komarnica River Canyon (Nevidio Canyon) is locally deep up to 600 m. After that segment, the watercourse is called the Piva River.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-6

The biggest tributary to the Piva River is the Sinjac River, rising from the biggest karst spring in Montenegro – the Piva River Eye – with the average capacity above 20 m3/s (85 m3/s measured in November 1952). Subject spring was flooded by the storage of the "Piva" HPP. The Piva River receives water from two tributaries on the left-hand side, the River and Mratinjska River. Downstream of the confluence with the Mratinjska River the dam was constructed in the canyon valley to form the storage of the "Piva" HPP with the useful volume of approximately 800 million cubic meters.

Figure 2-4: The Piva River Canyon

The Tara River At 141 km long, Tara River is the longest river in Montenegro. It rises on the sides of the Komovi Mountain at 1,530 m.a.s.l. to run between the Sinjajevina Mountain and Durmitor Mountain on the left-hand side and Bjelasica Mountain and Ljubišnja Mountain on the right-hand side. From the source up to the town of Kolašin, the Tara River runs almost straight towards north. Its riverbed within this section of the course is very wide and flat with rather steep sides, while river valley is wide and mild with rare stone and even rarer gravel terraces and dense river network. From the town of Kolašin to the town of Mojkovac, the Tara River maintains the same direction of the course with four characteristic expansions: Kolašinsko-Bakovićski, Trebaljevski, Sjerogorski and Mojkovački that are connected to three gorges: Trebaljevski Doors, Vagansko- Strelački and Gradačko-Bjelasički. Significant tributaries in this segment of the basin are the right-hand tributary Svinjača River arriving from Bjelasica Mountain and left-hand tributaries Plašnica River and Šatornica River arriving from the Sinjajevina Mountain. The Tara River changes direction from the town of Mojkovac to turn to north-west and run along all the way to the merging with the Piva River, running through the canyon valley. The most distinguishable canyon characteristics of the course are located in the section from the Dobrilovine Monastery up to the village of Bogomolje, with the canyon reaching depth of 1,550 m, whereby the height difference from the riverbed up to the start of the cutting near the town of Tepaci is approximately 1,080 m. The canyon segment of the Tara River basin is characterized by rare natural beauty. River course segment from the up to Šćepan Polje is the part of the Durmitor National Park. More important hydrographic network in this segment of the river is composed of the left tributaries: Bistrica River and Sušica River, and the right tributaries Draga River, Urva River, Ljutnica River and Šiparica River. Within the zone of the town of Šćepan Polje, near the village of Hum, on the border with the Republic of Srpska, the Tara River merges with the Piva River and creates the Drina River.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-7

Figure 2-5: The Tara River Canyon

The Ćehotina River The Ćehotina River basin is 125 km long. The Ćehotina River rises under the Stožer Mountain at 1,380 m.a.s.l. and, like the other right tributaries of the Drina River, runs in the direction south-east – north-west. It is the second biggest tributary to the Drina River, after the Lim River. Its major tributaries along the upper part of its course are the Kozička River on the right-hand side and the Maočnica River on the left-hand side. The Kozička River is made of two small streams, Kozica Stream and Brezovski Stream. Upstream of the town of Pljevlja were built "Otilovići" dam and storage, with a relatively small volume (currently used for water supply) to assist the operation of a thermal power plant. Immediately upstream of the town of Pljevlja the Ćehotina River receives water from its left tributaries the Vezičnica River and the Voloder River upstream of the town of . Several springs in the Ćehotina River bed greatly affect the water balance. The upper river course is located inside a narrow and deep valley, that downstream of the gorge expands into a spacious Pljevaljsko plain. From the town of Pljevlja to the town of Gradac, the Ćehotina River runs parallel to the asphalt road and, thus, it is accessible in this segment. Downstream of the village of up to the mouth into the Drina River near the town of Foča the Ćehotina River runs along the canyon valley.

The Lim River The Lim River is the biggest tributary to the Drina River. The Lim River is 201.6 km long, running from Plavsko Lake up to the mouth into the Drina River. The most upstream segment of the Lim River (115 km2) is on the territory of . The Lim River is the arm of Plavsko Lake. Plavsko Lake receives water from the Ljuča River, created by the mountain rivers, Vruja River and Grnčar River, arriving from the Prokletije Mountain. The course of the Lim River runs through gorges and ravines as a dependency of the terrain composition. In the area of limestone, the valleys are narrow with high valley sides, while in other segments they are broader. Ravines are the broadest in the upper segment of the course, while going downstream, they become narrower to turn to gorge in the end. The biggest ravines are Plavsko-Gusinjska, Murinska, Beranska, Zatonska and Bjelopoljska. Major tributaries of the Lim River are Đurička River, Zlorečica River, Kaludarska River, Bistrica River, Ljuboviđa River, Lješnica River, Bjelopoljska Bistrica River and River.

The lower segment of the basin, immediately downstream of the town of , is the location of the storage lake that has an (initial) volume of 44 million m3 and is used by the "Potpeć" hydropower plant. Near the village of Bistrica on the right-hand bank is the located the "Bistrica" HPP, diversion-type plant that uses the storage of "" (this is how the Uvac River water is transported into the Lim River since 1959), while "Potpeć" lake is used as a compensation (balancing) storage.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-8

The Uvac River mouths into the Lim River downstream of the town of . Further downstream, the Lim River descents with major curves up to the valley of the Drina River to mouth to the Drina River near Međeđa.

Lakes Here will be listed only major natural lakes in the Drina River basin. The majority of the glacial lakes are located in the basins of the Piva River and Tara River, and of Lim River and Sutjeska River. The most significant lakes on Durmitor Mountain are Crno Lake, Riblje Lake, Vražje Lake, Modro Lake, Pošćensko Lake, Veliko škrčko Lake, Malo škrčko Lake, Zmijinje Lake and Malo Lake. Plavsko Lake and Ridsko Lake are on Prokletije Mountains. Plavsko Lake is the biggest glacial limnology object in the Balkans. Bjelasica Mountain is beautified by Pešića Lake, two Šišak Lakes, two Ursulovačko Lakes and Biogradsko Lake. Trnovačko Lake is located on Volujak Mountain.

2.3.2 Surface Water Bodies in Montenegro The Drina basin area in Montenegro covers 45% of the country's territory and about 32% of the DRB area. In addition to Piva River and Tara River, the other most important tributaries are the Lim River and Ćehotina River, the right-hand tributaries to Drina River that originate in Montenegro. A great number of Drina River tributaries downstream flow through more than one country. To make reporting uniform at the countries level, the main features for rivers are included in reports with respect to source location.

Figure 2-6: Tara River Figure 2-7: Piva River Canyon downstream of Piva HPP

A great number of glacial lakes is located in the upper part of DRB located in Montenegro. In addition to natural lakes, selected artificial lakes are included into the country reports. In Table 2-2 characteristics for selected natural and artificial lakes in Montenegro are summarised.

Table 2-2: Selected natural and artificial lakes in Montenegro

Length Width Area Depth Elevation Lake Nat./Art.* (km) (km) (km2) (m) (m.a.s.l) Plavsko 2.16 1.49 2 9 Natural 906 Ridsko 0.3 0.16 0,05 >5 Natural 1,970 Biogradsko 0.875 0.41 0.359 12 Natural 1,049 Crno (Small and Big) 1.555 0.81 0.96 49 Natural 1,422 Pivsko 45 12.5 188 Artificial (HMWB) 850

HMWB = Heavily Modified Water Body

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-9

Figure 2-8: Biogradsko Lake Figure 2-9: Crno (Big and Small) Lake

2.3.3 Surface Water Bodies Delineation The activities related to the transposition of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) requirements into the riparian countries are ongoing. Discrepancies exist at the national level with respect to that and development of by-laws that would contribute to implementation varies from country to country. Based on available data and information it can be concluded that the by-law that would characterize surface water bodies (SWB) and groundwater bodies (GWB) in Montenegro is still pending. Given that, Table 2-3 summarizes excerpts from the Sava River Basin Management plan relevant for surface water bodies (SWB) within the DRB in Montenegro. The methodology for delineation of SWB and GWB is provided in Annex 5-2.

Depicted SWBs are delineated for tributaries with catchment areas larger than 1,000 km². Different delineation of SWB by riparian countries has been recorded for certain sections of the Drina River shared by BiH, Montenegro and Serbia. The following Figure 2-10 shows the depiction of the SWB on the map of the Montenegrin part of the DRB.

Table 2-3: Surface Water Bodies in Montenegro

Natural water HMWB River Water body code Length (km) body (Candidate) Piva ME_PIV_2 34 x x Piva ME_PIV_1 9.5 x x Tara ME_TAR_2 109.76 x Tara ME_TAR_1 24.44 x Ćehotina ME_CECH_3 27.5 x Ćehotina ME_CECH_2 10.5 x Ćehotina ME_CECH_1 55 x Lim ME_LIM_1 42 x Lim ME_LIM_2 43.5 x Note: Over 40% of Lim River and approximately 75 % of Ćehotina River course are in Montenegro.

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Figure 2-10: DRB in Montenegro showing SWB

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2.4 Climate he highest segments of the Drina River basin (source area) are under the influence of the Mediterranean climate. Subject influence, even though much weaker, is still felt in the upper segments of the Drina River basin, up to the town of Foča, wherefrom temperate continental climate is predominant, while the lower basin of the Drina River, downstream of the town of Zvornik is the area with predominantly continental climate. Durmitor Mountain is located in the source part between Piva River and Tara River, at the point of contact of the Mediterranean and continental climate. Basin of the Piva River on the southern and western sides of Durmitor Mountain is under the influence of Mediterranean climate, while its northern and eastern sides (the Tara River basin) are under the influence of the continental climate. Influence of orientation and altitude on other high mountains in the Drina River basin also determines climate features. Commonly, river valleys are characterized by temperate continental climate, up to 1,200 m.a.s.l., the climate is sub- mountainous, and above 1,200 m.a.s.l., it is mountainous. On high mountains and medium-height mountains, summers are fresh and winters are long and cold. Temperatures are negative for 3 to 4 months during the year. If high mountains in the source area of the Drina River basin are to be compared, medium-height mountains in the upper and middle segment of the river basin receive significantly less rainfall than the others. More rainfall is present in May, June and July, and the least rainfall is present in January and February, with precipitation mainly occurring in the form of snow. Ravines surrounded by mountains on all sides are characterized by specific climate. In summer, the temperature in them is higher than the one on the surrounding mountains, spring starts earlier, autumn is warmer, and annual rainfall is lower. Pljevaljska and Sjenička ravines are specific (each in its own way). The town of Pljevlja is the place of low air circulation and, thus, temperature inversion is frequent.

2.4.1 Precipitation The DRB stretches south to north from the area of high mountains under the influence of Mediterranean pluviographic regime, turns into the zone of temperate continental rainfall regime ending in the area of continental prairie rain near the confluence with Sava River. The snow regime on the high mountains (Komovi Mountain, Bjelasica Mountain, Sinjajevina Mountain, Durmitor Mountain, Volujak Mountain, Maglić Mountain and Zelengora Mountain) is very important. Large quantities of snow accumulate during winter to melt down and drain during the spring.

Average annual rainfall in the Drina River basin is approximately 1030 mm. Average multi-annual rainfall ranges between 700 mm in the east segment of the basin (-Sjenica) and 2500 to 3,000 mm in the source area of Piva on Durmitor Mountain and the Lim River on the Prokletije Mountain. Figure 2-11 indicates the areas with the highest amount of precipitation and those with the lowest in the Montenegrin part of the DRB. The area of the Ćehotina basin has the lowest amount of precipitation in Montenegro.

The south-western part of the basin overall is more abundant in rainfall than the north-western part, near to the Sava River confluence. Since the Drina River cuts through two mountain ranges of the Dinara System (Javor Mountain-Tara Mountain, Majevica Mountain-Cer Mountain), zones with reduced rainfall are located in between them. Such zone in the broad area between two mountain ranges from the town of Sjenica to the town of Višegrad (outside of Montenegro) is particularly pronounced. Most rainfall occurs during November and the least during July.

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Figure 2-11: Precipitation in the DRB in Montenegro

2.4.2 Air Temperature In the northern segment of the basin, mean annual air temperatures range between 10.5 and 11.1 °C in the lower course of the Drina River. In the southern segment of the basin in the source areas of Lim River, Piva River and Tara River, mean annual air temperatures range between 4 and 5 °C, reaching up 2 °C on

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mountaintops. Mean annual air temperature on Žabljak Mountain is 5 °C, with the highest temperature is in August, 14 °C, and the lowest in January, -5 °C.

2.4.3 Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration in Montenegro mainly ranges between the boundaries of 400 to 600 mm annually. Considering the fact that evapotranspiration in karst basins is the most complex component of hydrologic balance, and that in many cases it is determined indirectly, and due to unknown hydrogeological boundaries of the basins, the aforementioned values are estimations and should be used with caution. Low values of evapotranspiration in the basin, especially in karts, can be partially explained by the pedologic characteristics of terrain and scarce vegetation preventing evaporation. Evapotranspiration during summer months (July to August) is on average 6 times larger than during winter months.

2.4.4 Air Quality As already mentioned in the inception phase, air quality is important for IWRM because the secondary effects caused by gaseous emissions that can lead to acid rain that in turn can damage vegetation and lead to erosion. In addition, local air pollution can also affect directly the water resource (acidification of lakes). Poor air quality can also affect tourism especially in a heavily air polluted area.

Monitoring The locations of continuous monitoring of air quality using stationary automatic stations are in Figure 2-12. The Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro, in agreement with the Center of Eco-toxicological Research of Montenegro, controls these. In parallel with this network, air quality is monitoring through a network of 18 hydro-meteorological stations located in 17 towns and which measure SO2 and smoke concentrations.

Source: Environmental Protection Agency, 2014.

MNE_XX_YY: XX corresponds to zone and YY to number of the station. Drina River Basin Figure 2-12: Air quality monitoring in Montenegro

In 2010, the territory of Montenegro was divided into three zones for monitoring; the north and the south critical zones where exceedances of the Limit Values for at least one pollutant are observed; and the maintenance zone where no exceedances of many Limit Values occur for all the atmospheric pollutants (see Figure 2-12).

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As can be seen the DRB is partially in the North critical zone and in the Maintenance zone. The air pollutants measured in the stations in the DRB are described in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4: Air pollutants measured in the DRB, status 2012

Location of the station Air pollutant measured Pljevlja (North critical region) SO2, NO2, PM10, PM2.5, , , nickel, benzo(a)pyrene, Zabljak (Maintenance zone) SO2, NOx Source: [EPR-Montenegro, 2014 and EPA 2014].

This measured pollutants components permit to evaluate the impact of the air quality on the human health (SO2, NO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5, CO, O3, heavy metal) and on ecosystems (NOx, SO2, volatile organic components).

Trend Notwithstanding, the air quality of the major proportion of the Drina basin within Montenegro is very good; however there are some sources of contamination, for example the Pljevlja Coal Fired Power station. The latest trends from the State of the Environment Report, asked the following questions:3

• Is the air quality satisfactory with respect to human health? • Is there any progress in reducing air pollution by acidifying gases that adversely affect human health and ecosystems? • Is there any progress in reducing air pollution by ozone precursors that adversely affect human health and ecosystems? • Is there any progress in reducing air pollution by primary suspended particles and precursors of secondary suspended particles?

Air quality is affected the most by industrial activity and vehicle emissions. In addition to emissions, concentrations of air pollutants depend on the geographic and climatic characteristics. The major issue concerns the concentration of PM particles, where monitoring has shown a worsening annual trend; a large number of exceeded permitted daily mean concentrations, most pronounced during the winter mainly caused by heating using solid fuels (coal and wood). For the other air quality parameter, the concentration of SO2, 3 NO2 and O is within the prescribed threshold limit value, with no major concentration variations on an annual basis.

Key sources of emissions of acidifying gases are the sectors of energy, transport and agriculture. In 2010, about 90% of sulphur oxides (SOx), and 45% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were emitted by the energy sector while the road traffic and other traffic, including construction equipment, was the source of about 50% of 3 NOx emissions. Most (97%) of the total emissions of ammonia (NH ) comes from the agricultural sector. In 2010, the Thermal Power Plant Pljevlja was operating at full capacity throughout the year, which was not the case in 2009, when the plant was undergoing maintenance for almost half a year, and was out of operation. Over the previous 10 years, SOx emissions have been unstable with a tendency to increase, while NOx emissions showed a slight increase in contrast to the clear downward trend of NH3.

The key sources of ozone precursor emissions are the sectors of energy, transport, public services, institutions and households, as well as forest fires. In 2010, the energy sector was the source of 45% of the total emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and 10% of the total emissions of methane (CH4). The transport sector emitted around 50% of total NOx emissions and 20% of total emissions of carbon monoxide (CO). Industrial processes were the source of CO, with a share of about 10%, while the agricultural production emitted about 50% of CH4 emission, while the waste sector emitted about 20% of methane. The sector of public services, institutions and households emitted about 50% of the total emissions of CO, 13% of CH4

3 Indicator-based State of the Environment Report of Montenegro 2013, Environmental Protection Agency.

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and 10% of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC). In 2010, approximately 70% of the total NMVOC emissions resulted from forest fires, as well as 11% of CO emissions.

The key sources of emissions of primary suspended particles of dust particles smaller than10 µm (PM10) and powdery substances smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) are production processes, public services, institutions and households, energy production and agriculture. In 2010, 42% of the total emissions of PM10 came from the production process, 27% from the sector of public services, institutions and households, 15% from agriculture and 12% from the sector of energy production. The sector of public services, institutions and households had the largest share in the emission of PM2.5 amounting to 50%, while the production processes emitted about 30% of PM2.5.

According to the HEAL report 2014 (Promoting environmental policy that contributes to good health), in 3 cities Pljevlja and Bijelo Polje, in 2013, the European annual limit value for PM10 of 40 µg/m to protect health was exceed. Measures to reduce this suspended particles emission have to be taken. The key sources of emissions of precursors of secondary suspended particulate matter (NOx, SOx, and NH3) are the sectors of energy, transport and agriculture. In 2010, about 90% of sulphur oxides (SOx), and 45% of nitrogen oxides (NOx) were emitted from the energy sector while the road transport and other transport, including construction equipment, was the source of about 50% of NOx emissions. Most (97%) of the total emissions of ammonia (NH3) comes from the agricultural sector.

2.5 Geology and Soil

2.5.1 Geology The territory of Montenegro covered by the DRB belongs mostly to the Outer Dinarides and partly to the Inner Dinarides. Few theories about the geotectonic position of the territory of Montenegro exist. In this case the JV Consultant has used the division of the Dinarides proposed by M. Dimitrijević (1995) and Karamata et al. (2000,). According to M.Dimitrijević (1995) four geotectonic units exist in Montenegro: the East Bosnian-Durmitor Block, which is on NE part (this matches the Durmitor tectonic unit of Živaljević, 1982) and which is thrust over the Dalmatian-Hercegovinian Zone. Toward the southwest is the Budva Zone and on the farthest part is the South Adriatic zone (see Figure 2-13) . As mentioned above, a similar division was provided by Karamata et al. (2000), however in the latter author's case the difference is that all units southwest of East Bosnian-Durmitor Block thrust - nappe (IBDB) were merged and named the Dalmatian- Hercegovinian composite terrane (DHCT). Schmid et al. (2008) described a similar opinion.

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DHCT - Dalmatian-Herzegovinian composite terrane; CBMT - Central Bosnian terrane; EBDT (=IBDB) - East Bosnian-Durmitor terrane; DOBT (=DOP) - Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt terrane; DIT (=DIE) - Drina-Ivanjica terrane; JBT (=JB) - Block terrane; VZCT - Vardar Zone composite terrane; SMCT - Serbian-Macedonian composite terrane. 1. , observed and covered; 2. Thrust; 3. Tectonic boundary (Karamata et al., 2000) – Green Hatching = the outline of the Drina River Basin Figure 2-13: Geotectonic position of central Balkan peninsula, between Moesia plate and Adriatic Sea.

The DRB on Montenegro belongs to two geotectonic units: the East Bosnian-Durmitor Block and the Dalmatian-Hercegovinian Zone. Both are generally oriented as Dinarides, i.e. NW-SE. The East Bosnian- Durmitor Block covers a bigger part of the DRB. To the northeast is the border with Dinaridic Ophiolite Belt (DOP), but to the southwest it is thrust over the Dalmatian-Hercegovinian Zone. It includes mountains: Volujak, Pivska Mt., Durmitor, Ljubišnja, Kovač Mt., Sinjajevina, Lisa, Bjelasica, Komovi, Visitor, Mokra, and Žljeb. The territory comprises clastics of Palaeozoic age, also clastic, carbonate and siliceous sediments and volcanic rocks of age, and of Jurassic, Cretaceous, and sediments. A geological map covering the Montenegrin part of the DRB is shown in Figure 2-14 below.

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Figure 2-14: Geologic Map of Drina River Basin on territory of Montenegro (M.Mirković et al. 1985)

Palaeozoic Sediments of Palaeozoic age in the EBDT are relatively widely distributed and are very abundant in the eastern part of Montenegro, i.e. near to Plav, Murina, Andrijevica, Berane and Bijelo Polje. Around Pljevlja, they are less well distributed. On the basis of paleontological data there are separated sediments of Devonian-Carboniferous, Carboniferous and Permian age. The Devonian-Carboniferous sediments are the oldest in this geotectonic unit, but also in all of Montenegro. They are distributed within the vicinity of Plav, and in the area of Ljuboviđa and Grančarevska , close to Bijelo Polje. They are comprised of quartz meta-sandstones, meta-siltstones, quartz-sideritic, quartz-calcite and quartz-sericite schists, limestones and conglomerates. The quartz meta-sandstones predominate; limestones and conglomerates are rare and appear in small lenses in mentioned schists and meta-sandstones. Thickness of these sediments is around 600 m. Sediments of Carboniferous age are less dominant and appear in Lim river valley, near to Andrijevica, between Crnča and Zaton, also downstream Bijelo Polje, in village Kanjami. As well, they separated in Tara river valley, in area of village Dulovina (near Kolašin), Trebaljevo, where Štitarička flows into Tara river near to Mojkovac.

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Limestones, sandstones, schists and conglomerates represent the Carboniferous sediments. The limestones are dark coloured, massive, intersected with numerous calcite veins. They appear in lenses, irregularly distributed in sandy-schist series. Quartz-mica-schists and sericite-chlorite schists are also common. The sandstones are bedded or massive, micaceous and quarzitic whilst the conglomerates are rare. The thickness of these sediments is estimated to be around 300 m.

Sediments of Permian age are relatively widely distributed in the area of Komovi, Trešnjevik, Bjelasica and E of Berane (Ivangrad) and in source area of Vrbnička Rijeka (outside of the DRB). Small appearances are detected in the area of Bukovica and Ćehotina and in the surroundings of Pljevlja. In the Permian, there are two separated series. Firstly, the sandy-schist series made of sandstones, schists, conglomerates, quartzite, siltstones and marlstones. Sandstones are abundant, well bedded, and mostly they are micaceous, quartzitic, and conglomeratic. Also are frequent quartz-sericitic and graphitic schists. Conglomerates and quartzite in intercalations or lenses are rare.

Other series made of limestones, dolomitic limestones and dolomites are relatively common. They are very abundant in area of Bjelasica and they are present in sandy-schist series as thin intercalations, lenses, or in larger masses in the area of Bjelasica. Dolomitic limestones and dolomites can be bituminous, massive, rarely stratified, recrystallized, with calcite veins. Their thickness is about 600 m.

In the surroundings of Bijelo Polje, i.e. in Grančarevska Rijeka (Lješnica) valley, magmatic rocks from the Permian series are found: quartz-diorites, hornfelses and meta-quartz-keratophyres. Quartz-diorites appear as small intrusive bodies or in veins in carbonate rocks. Hornfelses formed in the contact zone of quartz- diorites with surrounding rocks (limestones and sandstones). Meta-quartz-keratophyres represent very altered and metamorphosed volcanites. They appear in concordant bodies or in discordant veins (less than 2.5 m in thickness) in sandstones and schists between Ljuboviđa and Grančarevska Rijeka and in .

Triassic Triassic sediments and magmatic rocks make up the largest area of this unit. They are found north of and Lake Plav, downstream Lim river, also extend from Bjelasica Mt. and continue toward the northwest in the area of Sinjajevina, Ćehotina, Durmitor, Pivska Mt., Lisa, Ljubišnja and Kovač Mt.

Sediments of Lower Triassic age are less dispersed than other, younger Triassic rocks. They lie below steep Middle Triassic limestone escarpments and usually are covered with limestones debris. They are found in the valleys of the Piva and Tara rivers, on Durmitor Mt., in the area of Sinjajevina, Bjelasica, Komovi, Visitor, Sjekirica, between Hajla and Mučnica, in the area of Stožer and Kozica, and in a wider area of Pljevlja and on Kovač Mt. In the southeastern part of this unit, Lower Triassic sediments are found in the upper part of Lim and Ibar rivers, in area of Gusinje, Visitor, Zeletin, Komovi, in Sekularska Rijeka valley, in the surroundings of Berane, in Vrbnička Rijeka (Lješnica) valley, on Turjak and in the area of Rožaje. In these aforementioned areas, Lower Triassic sediments overlay younger Palaeozoic rocks, but are below Anisian limestones. They comprise micaceous sandstones, quartz sandstones, ooidal limestones intercalated with marlstones and schist, clayey limestones at higher levels.

From the Lim- area, the Lower Triassic sediments continue towards the northwest to the region of Stožer, and Kozice, where they appear in narrow zones and in isolated pockets. Lower Triassic sediments of this area comprise: coarse-grained quartz sandstones and micro-conglomerates, micaceous sandstones in the lower part; and bedded sandy and marly limestones, ooidal and dolomitic limestones and dolomites in the upper part of the column. They are found near to Pljevlja, in the Ćehotina valley, between Drvenica and Zidovići, and in the area of the Vezišnica spring. They lie below Permian sediments, thrust over Ladinian cherty limestones and over Ophiolite melange.

Lower Triassic sediments on Durmitor Mt. are found in the Tara canyon, in Tepci, Mlinski , around Pošćenje Lake and at the Bukovica spring. They are thrust over Ladinian reef limestones from Bukovica spring to Zminje Lake. Lithologically they comprise micaceous sandstones, sandy marlstones, quartz and sandy and marly sandstones.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-19

In the area of Kovač Mt., Lower Triassic sediments predominate. Lithologically, they comprise quartz, micaceous and clayey sandstones, quartzites and marly limestones. At this location, they are thrust over Ladinian cherty limestones. In the Sinjajevina Mt. area, Lower Triassic sediments are distributed along the southwestern and eastern rim of this mountain as a belt from Tusina to the Štitarica river. In the lower part are conglomerates, sandy marlstones, micaceous sandstones, but in the upper are marly and sandy limestones with thin sandstones intercalations. Lithologically similar Lower Triassic sediments are found in the Tara valley, in Đurđevići and in Prošćenje. In the Piva valley they occur in isolated masses near Mratinje and Šćepan polje. The thickness of the Lower Triassic sediments is around 300 m.

Middle Triassic rocks are relatively widely distributed, more than the Lower and Upper Triassic rocks. They lie concordantly over the Lower Triassic sediments. They are found on Volujak, Bioče, Pivska Mt., Durmitor, Sinjajevina, Tara canyon, in a wider area of Ljubišnja, on Kovač Mt., in a wider area of Pljevlja, Kozica and Stožer, on Bjelasica, Sjekirica, Zeletin, Visitor, Kolovi, Hajla and in an area between Korita and bjelopoljska Bistrica, along state boundary. They comprise limestones, dolomitic limestones, dolomites, cherts, volcanic and intrusive rocks. Anisian sediments are concordant over Campilian limestones. They are found in a wider area of Bioče, in the Piva canyon, on Durmitor, Sinjajevina, in the Tara canyon, in a wider area of Pljevlja, in the Ćehotina basin, on Kovač Mt., in the area of Kosanica, Stožer, Kovren, Bjelasica, Komovi and Visitor, also on the eastern side of Lim river, in the direction between Bistrica, Rožaje and Sjekirica and Hajla mts. In the southeastern part of this tectonic unit, rocks of Anisian age are found near to Andrijevica, then on both sides of the Sekularska rijeka, on Planinica, Vaganica, Mokra Mt., Hajla, surrounding Berane and in the area of and Korita. For the whole area Anisian sediments have a characteristic lithological composition. They overlie mostly stratified limestones, further then are massive. In final part of this area they are bedded, reddish, clayey and brecciated, nodular limestone of the Hanbulog type. These Anisian limestone are found near to Andrijevica (Rasojevićka glavica, Jejevica, Mojanska rijeka, Božići, ), on Bjelasica (Troglav), in the surroundings of Sekulari (Brajenica, Crvena stijena), on Korita (Sipanje, Đalovići, Crni vrh, Negobratina, Osmanbegovo selo) etc. On Sinjajevina Mt., Anisian sediments are detected on the SW, E and N parts, also in the localities of Timar, , Semolj, Vučje, on eastern slopes of Jablanov vrha on Krvava greda, in the area of Brajkovača and Krša and in the Tara canyon. They are made of sandy and massive limestones (Hanbulog). In the area of Durmitor Mt. they are scarce: on Crvena greda, in Tepci, around Pešćenjsko Lake and in Bukovica they are detritic and recrystallized with lenses of reddish limestones, dolomitic limestones, dolomites and reddish, marly limestones of the Hanbulog type. In the area of Bioče and Piva river Anisian sediments are found around Trnovac Lake, between Volujak and Maglić, in Mratinje, on the north slopes of Bioče and in Kruševo, close to where the Piva river flows into Drina (close to state boundaryjust outside of the Montenegrin part of the DRB). Anisian sediments in this area comprise stratified, marly, nodular limestone, dolomitic limestones, and dolomites with lenses of reddish, marly, nodular limestones of the Hanbulog type. The thickness of the Anisian limestones is about 300 m.

At the end of the Anisian and at the start of the Ladinian, extrusive and intrusive rocks were formed due to magmatic activities. Middle Triassic extrusive rocks are present over a relatively wide area, especially on Ljubišnja Mt. (Šuplja stijena). They are also present in Mratinje, on the northern slope of Pivska Mt., on Tara Mt., Durmitor Mt., Sinjajevina Mt., in area of Kovač Mt., in Kozica, on Bjelasica, Zeletin, Visitor, Lipovica, Piševo, Sjekirica and in the surrounding of Rožaje (outside of the DRB).

These extrusive rocks are of typical submarine origin. In the end of volcanic activity were formed smaller masses of tuffs and volcanic breccias. They lie over bedded limestones with intercalations and knobs of cherts of Ladinian age. Two groups of volcanites were established: normal sub-alkaline volcanites, andesites and dacites with transitions; and alkaline volcanites, spilites, keratophyres with transitions. The extrusive rocks are followed with tuffs.

Andesites are detected on Sinjajevina (Semolj), Durmitor and Bosača, Planinica (Mratinje), Kovač Mt. and on Ljubišnja Mt. (Šuplja stijena). At some localities, they are intensively pyritized and altered. Keratophyres and quartz-keratophyres predominate. Rhyolites are rare (they occur in isolated masses on Sinjajevina, in

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-20

Timar, in Mijakovići, around the villages of Adilovići, , Erakovići, in Kozička rijeka, on Crni vrh). Intrusive rocks are detected on the north and east slopes of Visitor, in Konjuši, on the north slope of Sjekirica, in Sekularska rijeka valley and around Bijelo Polje (Grančarevska rijeka). They comprise diorites, quartz-diorites, diorite-porphyrites, quartz-diorite-porphyrites and usually appear in the form of small intrusions, often in parallel veins in sediments of and Lower-Middle Triassic, where on contacts with carbonates are formed skarns.

Sediments of Ladinian age are found in area of Lipovica (close to Gusinje), near to Andrijevica (i.e. Jerinja glava and Sjekirica), in the area of Kaluđerska rijeka, near to Berane, in Rožaje and on Korita. West of Berane are detected on Bjelasica, Sinjajevina, Pivska Mt., between Tara and Ćehotina, around Pljevlja and Kovač Mt. In the lower part of the Ladinian, in some part over the volcanites, sandy marlstones, cherts with tuff intercalations, and partly limestones are developed. In the upper part bedded marly limestones with cherty intercalations and knobs are present.

In the area of Korita, sediments of Ladinian age are widely distributed. They partly overlie reddish limestones of the Hanbulog type. They are also common on Vučevo, Vlasulja, Bioče, in the Piva canyon, on Pivska Mt. and in the area of Durmitor Mt. They comprise different kinds of limestones with lenses and intercalations of cherts and thin beds of marlstones.

Sediments of the Upper Triassic occur in the areas of Pivska Mt., on Durmitor, Sinjajevina, Ljubišnja, around Pljevlja, Rožaje and in the area of Korita. In the area of Sinjajevina, Durmitor and Pivska Mt., Upper Triassic sediments appear in limestones and dolomites. In the area surrounding Plužine, discordantly over Upper Triassic sediments lie sediments of the Durmitor flysch of Cretaceous-Paleogene age.

Jurassic For this geotectonic unit, Jurassic rocks are represented by limestone facies and rocks of Ophiolite mélange. They are found on Vlasulja, Pivska Mt., Durmitor, Sinjajevina, the area of Ljubišnja and Korijen, in a wider area around Pljevlja, on the eastern side of Lim river, around Berane, Rožaje and Korita.

In the limestone facies sediments of Lower, Middle and Upper Jurassic are separated. Sediments of Middle Jurassic occur in narrow zones, cut with numerous faults, on Pivska Mt., where they are zonal, like in the sediments of the Lower Jurassic. They comprise bedded, detritic, rare ooidal limestones with lumps and intercalations of cherts. Lower Jurassic sediments are less than 30 m thick, and thickness of Upper Jurassic limestones is around 400 m.

The Ophiolite mélange is distributed irregularly on the north slopes of Ljubišnja, NE of Pljevlja, in the area of Kosanica, Barice, Korijen and Stožer, in the NE part of Sinjajevina, around Berane and Korita. Claystones, marlstones and siltstones predominate as the main mass in which are included all other components, such as blocks of sandstones and cherts, lenses of limestones, and flows of diabases and spilites. The sandstones are very abundant everywhere in the formation, whilst serpentinites, gabbros, diabases and spilites are also present in the Ophiolite mélange.

In the Upper Jurassic, limestone facies occur in the S part of Pivska Mt., on Durmitor, Sinjajevina, in the Tara canyon, on the SE slopes of Ljubišnja Mt., on Bunetina and Lisa Mt. They comprise reefal, massive and partly organogenic, detritic, stratified, pseudo-ooidal limestones with macrofauna remnants.

Cretaceous Cretaceous sediments occur in one relatively wide belt that extends from Kuči in the SE towards BiH, outside of the Montenegrin part of the DRB where the complete Cretaceous series is developed

Sediments of Lower Cretaceous are found at Kuči, in the area of Kamenik and Prekornice, where they continue toward Maganik, Nikšić, Vojnik, Treskavac and Dobrelica, and then to BiH. At some localities they continually pass into the Upper Cretaceous, but when bauxites appear, some parts of Lower Cretaceous are missing.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-21

In the area of Vojnik, Maganik and Prekornica, the Lower Cretaceous sediments comprise bedded and thickly bedded limestones, thinly bedded marly bituminous limestones and thickly bedded and bedded limestones with rare intercalations of dolomites and dolomitic limestones.

In the farthest NW part of the Lower Cretaceous unit, sediments are developed in the area of Dobrelica and Treskavac. In the area of Treskavac, Lower Cretaceous sediments overlie Upper Cretaceous limestones, but in the base of the Durmitor flysch they are of Cretaceous-Paleogene age. South of Dobrelica these sediments are thrust over Upper Jurassic and Upper Cretaceous sediments.

The Upper Cretaceous sediments are less distributed than the sediments of Lower Cretaceous age. They occur on the slopes of Bjelopavlićka ravnica, in the direction Martinići-Rsojevići-Kupinovo-Nikšićko polje. From Vidrovana, near to Nikšić, Upper Cretaceous sediments extend toward the NW, over and farther in the direction of Lebršnik and pass into the territory of BiH. The Upper Cretaceous sediments are developed in limestone facies and flysch facies.

Sediments of Cenomanian age occur in a narrow belt from Martinići, SE, over Međeđe toward Nikšićko polje. From Vidrovan they continue toward the northwest over Golija and toward Dobrelica, where they pass into the territory of BiH.

In the area of Bjelopavlići (Martinići-Nikšićko polje) Cenomanian is represented by bedded and thickly bedded limestones, dolomites and dolomitic limestones. The Cenomanian sediments in the wider area of Golija mostly lie discordantly over Lower Cretaceous sediments and they are the roof rock of the white bauxite horizon. They comprise bedded to thickly bedded limestones intercalated with dolomites. Sediments of Turonian age are found in the same areas where sediments of Cenomanian age in the form of massive dolomites, dolomitic limestones and massive limestones occur. The Senonian is developed in limestone facies and flysch facies. Due to paleo-geographic changes at the end of Maastrichtian, sedimentation of flysch sediments started and continued into the Paleogene and rocks are named as Durmitor flysch of Cretaceous-Paleogene age. These rocks are developed in a narrow, relatively long zone that passes from Lebršnik over Pivskog Lake, Kamenica and Sušica, where they rapidly expand in the area of the upper part of the Tara river.

In literature sediments are known as Durmitor flysch, erosional-discordantly over sediments of Upper Triassic, Upper Jurassic and Lower or Upper Cretaceous. Depending on the base, the sedimentation started with coarse grained heterogenic limestones breccias and conglomerates. These are overlain by sandy-marly series as typical flysch sediments: micro-conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and marlstones. Thick-bedded limestones breccias, sandy and marly limestones are rarely present. On the surface of the sediments are numerous structures such as: flute casts, drag marks, prod casts, brush casts etc. Over the sandy-marly series lie bedded limestones breccias, thickly bedded and bedded limestones and marly limestones with lumps and intercalations of cherts and thinly bedded grey and reddish marlstones. Flysch sediments are folded, in vertical to plunging folds.

Neogene The Neogene is developed as lacustrine facies, which occur in a few smaller or larger basins, around Berane, Pljevlja and at Crkvičko polje.

Around Berane, two basins exist with freshwater Neogene sediments; these are the Berane and Police basin. They are separated, but in both lacustrine sediments are present with coal.They are made of marlstones (that are predominant), clay, sand, sandstones, rare gravels and conglomerates. In the Pljevlja area, a few small basins contain freshwater sediments and coal: (Pljevlja, Šumane, Maoče, Mataruge and Otilovići). At the base are clays, then the coal bed, and over the coal are multi-coloured marlstones, and partly friable marly limestones.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-22

Quaternary Quaternary sediments are lithologically and genetically very different. clays and sands, fluvio-glacial sediments, moraines, limno-glacial sediments, lake sediments, terrace sediments, alluvial and diluvial material.

Glaciation occurred over a wide area of Northern Montenegro, where high mountains such as Durmitor, Sinjajevina, Žurim, Bjelasica, Komovi, Žljeb and Hajla have undergone glacial processes. Large glaciers scoured these areas and deposited substantial amounts of moraine. These moraines are detected in the Sušica valley, around Šavnik and Tušina village, on the plateau of Drobnjačka Lakes, in the valley of Plašnica river, along the SW part of the foot of Prekomica, and Kamenik, in the area of Nikšićka Župa, in the lower parts of Lola and Lukavica mts., and in the area of Komovi and Bjelasica.

Alluvial sediments occur within the valleys of the larger rivers, such as Lim, Tara etc. They mostly comprise gravels, sands, silts and sandy clays that formed from the surrounding rocks, mostly of Palaeozoic rocks and Cretaceous-Paleogene Flysch.

Diluvium is present as angular fragments varying in size on all mountain slopes, usually below the steep limestone escarpments.

2.5.2 Soil There are three main soil types in the Montenegrin part of the Drina Basin:

• Dystric Cambisol – Dystric Leptosols – acid brown soils • Eutric Cambisol – Mollic Leptosols on Limestone and • Planosols – Luvisols – small section on Drina between the Ćehotina and Lim rivers

Cambisols are generally developed in regions that were under the influence of glaciation during the Pleistocene, partly because the soil's parent material is still young, but also because soil formation is comparatively slow. Cambisols are characterized by the absence of a layer of accumulated clay, humus, soluble salts, or iron and aluminium oxides. They differ from un-weathered parent material in their aggregate structure, colour, clay content, carbonate content, or other properties that give some evidence of soil-forming processes. Because of their favourable aggregate structure and high content of weathered minerals, they usually can be exploited for agriculture subject to the limitations of terrain and climate.

Leptosols generally are quite shallow soils that develop over hard rock cover that in the case of the DRB is predominantly made up of limestone. Leptosols are soils with a very shallow profile depth (indicating little influence of soil-forming processes), and they often contain large amounts of gravel. They typically remain under natural vegetation, being especially susceptible to erosion, desiccation, or waterlogging, depending on climate and topography.

Luvisols are technically characterized by a surface accumulation of humus overlying an extensively leached layer that is nearly devoid of clay and iron-bearing minerals. Below the latter lies a layer of mixed clay accumulation that has high levels of available nutrient ions comprising calcium, magnesium, sodium, or potassium.

2.6 Seismic Conditions Seismic activity is related to tectonic plate movements. At the macro level, Montenegro is near to the boundary of the Eurasian Plate and African Plate with the Adriatic and Aegean micro plates sandwiched in between. Complex movements along these plates, create seismic activity; the Adriatic micro plate being subducted by the actively overriding Aegean micro plate. Consequently, the country is prone to a high degree of earthquake activity, with the highest levels of vulnerability and risk being in the southeast coastal zone; especially the coastal areas and the Zeta-Skadar depression (outside of the DRB). However an isolated

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-23

area located in the Berane basin, within the Drina catchment, is also a significant seismic active area (Zone VIII). The remaining areas of the Drina basin are Zone VI and Zone VII. Figure 2-15 below shows earthquake zones in Montenegro.

Figure 2-15: Seismic Zones of Montenegro

2.7 Land Use The Consultant has reviewed the CORINE land cover available for Montenegro and reviewed the spatial plan and other documents covering the DRB in Montenegro. This includes the municipalities of Bijelo Polje, Šavnik, Kolašin, Plužine, Mojkovac, Pljevlja, Plav, Berane, Zabljak and Andrijevica. The majority of spatial plans are showing intended use of municipal space until 2020 and were prepared in 2012. Some such as Plav, Šavnik and Kolašin were prepared later in mid-2014. The CORINE land cover provides 12 types of land use as shown in the map on the next page (Figure 2-16 ) and listed in Table 2-5below.

Table 2-5: CORINE Land Cover percentages in Montenegrin part of the DRB

Proportion of No CORINE Land Cover Type land in the DRB 1 Arable land 0.005% 2 Forests 46.897% 3 Heterogeneous agricultural areas 15.119% 4 Industrial, commercial and transport units 0.043% 5 Inland waters 0.293% 6 Inland 0.025% 7 Mine, dump and construction sites 0.080% 8 Open spaces with little or no vegetation 4.927% 9 Pastures 2.204% 10 Permanent crops 0.026% 11 Scrub and/or herbaceous vegetation associations 30.157% 12 Urban fabric 0.230%

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-24

Source: CORINE Figure 2-16: CORINE Land Cover in the Montenegrin part of the DRB

Forested land accounts for some 47% of the land area. This equates well with other documentation which divides the data into four main categories of Land use, as follows:

• Forested Land • Agricultural land, comprising arable, meadows, orchards, vineyards etc., • Other land including scrub, wetlands, reeds, barren land etc., and • Settlements including infrastructure, roads bridges etc.

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This information indicated that the basin overall is predominantly forested with 44% of land cover and agriculture accounting for 36%. Other land and settlements make up the difference with 19% and 1% respectively. Figure 2-17 below shows this information.

Figure 2-17: Land Use in the Montenegrin part of DRB

Notwithstanding, there is substantial variation in land use throughout the basin. Kolašin is the most forested municipality with 60% cover, whilst Šavnik is the least forested with 21.5%. However, Šavnik has the highest proportion of agricultural land with 56% cover, whilst Bijelo Polje has only 11.7%. Plužine has a relatively high proportion of other land cover (32.4%) which is due in part to the presence of Lake Piva created by the Mratinje Dam. Lake Piva covers an area of 12.5km2 and extends for more than 45kms in length. Bijelo Polje Municipality and have 40.4% and 38.7% other land cover that is due to large areas of scrub and barren land on the elevated areas and tops of mountains. A breakdown of the land use within the individual municipalities in the DRB is shown in Figure 2-18 below.

Figure 2-18: Detailed Breakdown of Municipal Land Use in the Montenegrin part of DRB

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2.7.1 Agriculture Comparing agricultural land use over the last 15 years, it is noticeable that uncultivated land is permanently increasing, while the areas of pasture are stable. Meadows are increasing at the expense of cultivated/arable land, which is slowly decreasing. The drop off in arable land can be explained by, the ageing population in the rural (farming), the migration of younger people away from the area, and the downturn of the global economy.

2.7.2 Forestry The state owns about two thirds of forested land and the remaining one third is in private ownership. Montenegro has about 0.9ha/capita of forested land placing it among the highest in Europe and similar to some Scandinavian countries. Forested land can be divided into; i) High economic forest, ii) Coppice forest, iii) Shrubs and maquis4, and iv) Forest land without forests. Over the past 15 years, the amount of forested land has increased, to the detriment of agricultural land.

2.8 Biodiversity The main tributaries of the Drina River, in the Montenegro territory are the source’s rivers Tara and Piva and rivers Ćehotina and Lim.

In the upper parts of the Montenegro territory, in particular in the region of the Rivers Tara and Piva, the area harbours mountain scenery comprising limestone massifs carved by glaciers and deeply dissected by rivers, spectacular mountain ranges exceeding 2,500 meters and river canyons and underground streams, including the Tara river canyon the deepest canyon in Europe. Downstream, the Drina River forms a natural border between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and finally meets the Sava River. The Lim River alters between gorges and valleys and it has a canyon character only in the Berane region.

The Montenegrin part of the DRB covers a large variety of natural habitats and different altitudes that contribute to a large variety of fauna and flora species. In particular, the limestone canyons of the rivers Piva and Tara are characterised by a rich biodiversity. It is noteworthy that there are no expansive flood plain areas in the DRB in Montenegro. The few small flood plain areas are mostly located in the East, around Pljevlja, Berane, Bijelo Polje and Plav in the Lim and Ćehotina sub-basins.

Riparian vegetation is an important part of riparian ecosystems that protects riverbanks from erosion and flooding and creates shelters for aquatic fauna.

In addition, groundwater dependent ecosystems represent also an important component of the biodiversity of Montenegro since aquifers maintain an adequate humidity of the soil for the habitats development. In the following pages, the information presented is based on scientific local and international papers and websites as well as on the spatial planned of Montenegro until 2020. All references are listed in Chapter 15.

2.8.1 Flora The available public data on flora found at this stage concerns in particular the Piva and Tara valleys. No detailed data is available on the floristic richness of the valleys of Ćehotina and Lim Rivers. However, there is no doubt about the high value of floral communities in these sub-basins.

The incoming meetings with the key stakeholders will permit to complete this preliminary characterization of the basin. It would be of highest importance for the project to have a map of riparian forests such as described in Annex 1 of the Habitat Directive of the European Union (92/43/EEC):

4 Maquis is a French term, or macchia in Italian is a shrubland biome in the Mediterranean region, typically consisting of densely growing evergreen shrubs such as holm oak, kermes oak, tree heath, strawberry tree, sage, , buckthorn, spurge olive and myrtle.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 2-27

• Riparian mixed forests of Quercus robur, Ulmus laevis and Ulmus minor, Fraxinus excelsior or Fraxinus angustifolia, along the great rivers (Ulmenion minoris) (91F05) ; • Riparian formations on intermittent Mediterranean water courses with Rhododendron ponticum, Salix and others (92B0).

In the DRB, the valleys of Piva and Tara Rivers are characterized by a high floristic diversity.

The number of endemic6 and relict7 plants is exceptionally high in the southern part of the DRB, in the karst massifs surrounding rivers Piva and Tara, where endemic plant diversity reaches up to 96 species per one UTM 10x10 m square (Lubarda, B. et al., 2014).

Along these two main rivers of the DRB in Montenegro, flora comprises herbaceous plants, trees and shrubs, aquatic flora species, alluvial forests, and invasive flora species as follows:

Herbaceous plants Upper canyon of Tara and Piva Rivers

This area comprises mountain scenery (exceeding 2500 meters) formed of limestone massifs carved by glaciers and deeply dissected by rivers.

In this area of Piva and Tara rivers, 13 glacial relict species are recorded, namely: Saxifraga paniculata, Potentilla crantzii, Dryas octopetala, Aster alpinus, Bellidiastrum michelii, Sagina saginoides, Arabis alpina, Sedum annuum, Saxifraga paniculata, Potentilla crantzii, Vaccinium uliginosum, Pedicularis verticillata, Gymnadenianigra (Vukojičić, 2008).

Tertiary relict species are present comprising Juglans regia, Pinus nigra, Pinus heldreichii, Corylus colurna, Fraxinus ornus, carpinus orientalis, Cotinus coggigria, Quercus pubescens etc. (Bulić, 1989).

Lower canyon of Tara and Piva Rivers In the lower parts of the canyon of Tara and Piva Rivers, there are species characteristic of the plant community Carpinetum orientalis. These species comprise Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus, Acer monspessulanum, Ostrya carpinifolia, Prunus mahaleb, Cornus mas, Rhus cotinus, Viburnum lanata, Corylus avellana etc.

In this area, this flora association has differences in the floristic composition of the herbaceous plants in comparison to the different characteristics of the habitats in terms of soil content, altitude, slope and exposure. The following can be recorded:

• Numerous mezophilous herbaceous species occur on deeper and more wet soils: Anemone nemorosa, Mercurialis perennis, Aremonia agrimonioides, viola silvestris, Lathyrus vernus and Melitis melissophyllum • A large number of thermophilic species, among which Stipa calamagrostis is the most common, occur on steep slopes and dry soils, on dolomite.

In the lowest parts of the Piva Canyon and Tara Rivers plant association are mentioned, among which are herbaceous plants of which sub-Mediterranean species stand out, namely: Salvia officinalis, Artemisia camphorata and Euphorbia grabriflora (Stevanović et al., 1993).

5 Natura 2000 code in the Annex 1 of the Habitat Directive of the EU 6 Endemic plants are unique and only found in a specific region and habitat type. Therefore, endemic plants are more vulnerable and require conservation efforts. 7 Relict plants are species that were much more diverse and widespread in the past and that inhabit a much smaller area than in the past due to environmental changes. Therefore, relict plants require also conservation efforts

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Trees and Shrubs Valleys of Piva and Tara Rivers In the valleys of Piva and Tara Rivers, the highest number of trees and shrubs is recorded in the forest community Colurneto Ostryetum carpinifoliae. As an example, in this community, 32 species of trees and shrubs are represented in the valleys of Piva River.

Generally, this forest community is developed at an altitude between 1000 and 1200 m.a.s.l. In the deep depressions other species can also occur namely: Lonicera barbasiana, Vaccinium myrtillus, Luzula maxima, Cirsium erisithales, Rubus saxatilis (IPA programe, 2012; Blečić, 1958).

Rock surfaces in the valley of Piva River occupy large areas and they are predominantly karstic limestone. In this valley, coniferous forests that belong to phyllum Piceetalia are developed. The specificity of these forests are acidophilous species: Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Lycopodium selago, Luzula maxima, developed in limestone in the Canyon of Piva River (Lakušić et al., 1982).

In addition, the three species Rumex scutatus, Geranium macrorhizum and Corydalis ochroleuca are always present in notches within the Piva River valley (Lakušić et al., 1989; Blečić, 1958).

Canyons of Piva and Tara Rivers In the Canyons of the Piva and Tara Rivers, black pine (Pinus nigra) has a fragmentary distribution, since it is repressed by oak and hornbeam (Blečić, 1958).

In the Canyon of Piva River, beech (Fagus silvatica) extends from the lowest altitude of about 430m to the upper forest limit, so that the whole area can be considered a landscape of beech forests.

At an altitude of 510m, on the rocks, the following species are developed: Rhus Cotinus, Salvia officinalis, Fraxinus ornus, Leontopodium alpinum, Rumex scutatus, Stipa calamagrostis, Asperula aristata, Campanula pyramidalis, Calamintha nepeta; Sesleria tenuifolia.

Apart from these species, on the vertical rocks of the northern exposures, species Potentilla caulescens and Saxifraga rocheliana are present. The species Motkia petraea occupies the lowest position on the southern exposed rock faces, sheltered from strong winds. The aforementioned species form communities that are pioneers (Bulić, 1989; Blečić, 1958).

In the Tara River Canyon, there is a complete Montenegrin population of endemic species Adenofora lilifolia. This species is common along the entire Tara canyon. In addition, the only registered habitat of species Campanula herzegovina is located in the Tara Canyon (IPA programme, 2012).

Aquatic flora The habitats where aquatic flora is developed in the DRB are still unexplored and unstudied, there are no existing data.

Alluvial forests Valley of Piva River In the valley of the Piva River because of the terrain configuration, as well as the existence of the "Mratinje" dam and resulting reservoir (Piva Lake) a part of the Valley of Piva River where there are fragmentary floodplain forest types with species Alnus glutinosa and Salix alba as the dominant species. In floristic terms, there were differences between these forests (Lakušić et al., 1989; Blečić, 1958).

Valley of Tara River In the valley of the Tara River, the occurrence of the floodplain forest type is fragmented. This is a community dominated by the willow species (Salix elaeagnos). These species occur in the form of trees and shrubs.

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Herbaceous species are almost non-existent due to the regular floods of the Tara River that prevent these plant communities from establishing themselves. Sporadically occurring species that have deep rhizomes do exist however, such as: Petasites hybridus, Tussilago farfara, Equisetum limosum, Stachys palustris, Mentha aquatica, Mentha longifolia, Polygonum lapathifolium, Eupatorium cannabinum (Lakušić et al., 1989, Petrović et al., 2012).

Invasive flora species The most noticeable invasive plant species in the DRB are Ambrosia artemisifolia, and Reynoutria sp. (japonica). Ambrosia artemisifolia is already well established in the whole lower part of the DRB, while Reynoutria is a great threat for the riparian vegetation and is spreading in the lower part of the DRB (Anđelković et al., 2013).

The invasive species Impatiens glandulifera has been also observed in wetlands and riparian zones in Montenegro (global invasive species database of IUCN).

A great threat for the natural habitats located on steep slopes of canyons and gorges is an invasive tree species called Ailanthus altissima.

2.8.2 Fauna Because of its high variety of habitats, the DRB in Montenegro hosts a large biodiversity of fauna, including fish, amphibians, mammals, birds and insects, groups that are presented below.

Fish The upper area of the DRB is characterized by mountain streams and small water flows with clean and cold water primarily inhabited by Salmonids. The most important fish species in this region is the Danube Salmon (Hucho hucho), whose migration routes are interrupted by dams, and whose populations are showing a disrupted structure, whilst the overall population size has decreased significantly. The Danube Salmon is one of the most endangered European fish species (IUCN Red list), endemic for all the Danube drainage.

Other important Salmonid species present in this upper basin, in particular in the Lim river are the Greyling (Thymalus thymalus) and the Brown trout (Salmo labrax). In addition, there are Cyprinid species such as the Chub (Leuciscus cephalus), the Barbell (Barbus barbus), the Brook Barbell (Barbus canicus), the Nace (Chondrostoma nasus) and the Danube Roach (Rutilus pigus virgo).

Further details on the status of protection of fish species present in the Montenegrin part of the DRB is provided in Annex 2-1.

Quality of fish ecosystem As the Tara and the Lim rivers are endowed with particularly rich fish ecosystems that include the most endangered species from the Balkans and from Europe, if follows that particular attention must be given to the trend of this ecosystem to ensure that it is adequately protected.

In Annex V of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) provides with normative definitions of ecological status classifications. Table 1.2.1 of Annex V is called “Definitions for high, good and moderate ecological status in rivers” and gives definitions for different biological quality elements. In this table, fish fauna is one of the water biological quality indicators that provide information about water status in rivers as shown in Table 2-6.

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Table 2-6: Ecological status of surface water based on Fish fauna

High status Species composition and abundance correspond totally or nearly totally to undisturbed conditions. All the type- specific disturbance-sensitive species are present. The age structures of the fish communities show little sign of anthropogenic disturbance and are not indicative of a failure in the reproduction or development of any particular species.

Good status There are slight changes in species composition and abundance from the type- specific communities attributable to anthropogenic impacts on physio-chemical and hydro-morphological quality elements. The age structures of the fish communities show signs of disturbance attributable to anthropogenic impacts on physio-chemical or hydro- morphological quality elements, and, in a few instances, are indicative of a failure in the reproduction or development of a particular species, to the extent that some age classes may be missing.

Moderate status The composition and abundance of fish species differ moderately from the type- specific communities attributable to anthropogenic impacts on physio-chemical or hydro-morphological quality elements. The age structure of the fish communities shows major signs of anthropogenic disturbance, to the extent that a moderate proportion of the type specific species are absent or of very low abundance.

Source: WFD, Annex V

Based on available literature, as well as on the knowledge and field experience of the fish experts (ichthyologists) employed by the JV consultant, an indicative map of the ecological status of surface water as defined in Annex V of the WFD has been made. This shows “high”, “good” or “moderate” ecological status of different river sections in the DRB (see Table 2-6).

The map in Figure 2-19, concerns all the DRB. It shows habitats for fish of high ecological status (pale blue), of good ecological status (purple) and of moderate ecological status (orange) as well as spots (in white) for Danube salmon spawning. In red are the limits of the sections of the rivers within the Montenegro territory.

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Jadar

Drinjaca

Praca

Uvac Drina

Tara Piva

Lim

Figure 2-19: Ecological status of rivers in the DRB based on fish species

Regarding the only Montenegro sub-basin, it can be concluded that the Tara and the upstream section of the Piva and the Lim rivers have a “high ecological status” of water based on fish fauna. This water ecological status has been assessed as high even if there are some pressures in a small extent (poaching and pollution).

This section withholds the primeval characteristics of the Tara River and the upstream of the Piva River before dam construction and other alterations. The streams are fast flowing with stone and gravel bottom, cold and rich in oxygen. It is dominated mostly by salmonid species (Danube salmon, Grayling and Brown trout), but autochthonous cyprinid rheophilic species are also present here in great numbers (Chub, Nase, Danube roach, Barbel, Minnow). In these upper parts of Drina Bullhead (Cottus gobio) and loaches (Balkan loach, Golden loach and Stone loach) can also be found.

Invasive fish species In DRB, the following invasive fish species occur: the Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), the Brown Bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus) (Federal Ministry of Environment and Tourism of BiH, 2009).

A widely introduced species in Montenegro is the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from California and Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus). Both species have been introduced into the mountain glacial lakes where they have been feeding on newts: aquatic salamanders of the Pleurodelinae subfamily, leading to their extinction or significant population decrease on these sites.

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Introduction of fish to glacial lakes is a common problem in Durmitor area, although this directly violates National Park regulations. Triturus alpestris serdarus, an endemic subspecies of Alpine Newt, Triturus alpestris found only on the locality of Zminjicko Lake in Montenegro between the Sinjajevina and Durmitor Mountains might become extinct because of the introduction of fish to glacier lakes (IUCN, 2005).

Benthos fauna No inventories on the benthos fauna exist within the DRB in Montenegro. Therefore, it is not possible to know the richness of this aquatic fauna, that characterizes the quality of the river bed and water..

Amphibians and reptilians Amphibians and reptiles are present in the DRB with at least 35 species recorded, the most remarkable amphibians being the Alpine Salamander (Salamandra atra). The most remarkable reptilians are the Meadow Viper (Vipera ursinii) and the endemic Mosor Rock ( mosorensis).

Birds Birds are present in the DRB with at least 230 species, with the most important site until now being Durmitor in Montenegro with 172 recorded species. Knowledge on birds in DRB is not equal throughout the basin, and can be improved drastically in some parts of the area, especially in protected areas along country borders.

There are no distinctive migratory corridors known for birds in the DRB. At times, raptors from the genera Circus can be observed in numbers of up to a 100 individuals on a daily passage (these were observed in Lim canyon during the last decade), but such occasions are not regular and are less frequent.

High-elevation mountain birds in the DRB The main bird families in the DRB that can be indirectly affected by the water resources management, on elevations above 2000m, are the Shore lark (Eremophilla alpestris), the White-winged Snow Finch (Montifringilla nivalis), and the Alpine Accentor (Prunella collaris).

Out of the bird species that inhabit cliffs, the most important is the Griffon Vulture (Gyps fulvus). However, the birds observed in Montenegro breed in one of the three different colonies in DRB, all of them in Serbia (Trešnjica, Uvac and Mileševka), and not in Montenegro.

Forest birds The most charismatic bird species of the forests in DRB are:

• Owls: the Ural Owl (Strix uralensis), the Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium passerinum), the Tengmalm's Owl (Aegolius funereus); • Woodpeckers, the Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus), the White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotos), and • Flycatchers - the White Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) and the Red-breasted flycatcher (Ficedula parva).

All of them are indicators of forest quality.

Another species, the Black grouse (Tetrao urogallus) can be found in forest habitats but it is threatened due to disturbance and hunting.

Water birds There are some species of birds directly related to the water resources of the Basin, like the Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), which during winter months are gathering on unfrozen surfaces, being in conflict with local fishermen, who see them as a pest feeding on fish stocks.

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In Montenegro, the most abundant species connected with water habitats are Dipper (Cinclus cinclus) and Gray Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea). Both species are very abundant by flowing waters. On the lakes, the most important species is the common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula a new breeder at Plavsko Lake.

Mammals In the forests of the upper catchment of the DRB in Montenegro live charismatic mammal species, such as the Brown bear (Ursus arctos), the Eurasian wolf (Canis lupus), the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), the wild cat (Felis silvestris), and the European otter (Lutra lutra). These species are all rare and endangered, under pressure frm hunting and poaching.

There are also more common species of mammals such as the fox, marten,badger, wild boar, deer, and rabbit.

Bat species are also well represented in the Basin with approximately 30 to 32 species. The Drina River tributaries represent a corridor for the migration of bats but information on bats throughout the region is scarce. Some data is available about Durmitor NP. According to Durmitor NP’s management plan, 13 bat species have been recorded, namely: Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Rhinolophus hipposideros, Plecotus austriacus, Plecotus auritus, Myotis mystacinus, Myotis emarginatus, Myotis nattereri, Myotis myotis, Myotis blythii, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, Hypsugo savii, Eptesicus serotinus and Vespertilio murinus. However, it is likely that at least 25 species are present in Montenegro and could be found using bat detectors. Indeed, 25 species are present in Serbia in the Tara NP (Biotope 2012, Biodiv 2014). It is likely that a similar number and species composition are present throughout the region.

The DRB holds some very rare bat species for the region, such as Eptesicus nilssonii and Tadarida teniotis. Tadarida teniotis is also known from Prokletije NP (Ciechanowski, 2005). Myotis brandtii is known from Prokletije NP, and Myotis aurascens from the Stabna, near Piva River (Benda, 2004).

Insects The diversity of moth butterflies is exceptionally high. Other groups of insects are also remarkable because of the high number of endemic subspecies present in the DRB. For example, there are at least 45 endemic taxons of Carabidae (Coleopterea) and most of them are confined to the Dinarides and present in the DRB.

2.8.3 Trends of flora and fauna and main pressures Trend Population trends for fauna and flora species in the DRB are difficult to assess due to lack of past and present data. However, based on the IUCN status and trend of population of important species in the DRB (see Annex 2-2) and because of the human pressure and of the observed invasive species, we can suppose that many flora and fauna species have been decreasing over the past few years.

For the Danube Salmon (fish), the Serbian Spruce (tree) or bird species like the Rock partridge and rare Woodpeckers such as the Three-toed and the White-backed Woodpecker, data are sufficient to say that populations are declining because detailed studies have been written about them over the last few years giving population estimates.

Furthermore, some bird species that were breeding in the past in the DRB are not breeding anymore. The Common goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) is a notable example. This bird has not been breeding on the lakes of Durmitor NP for the past 50 years because of pressure from tourism.

The populations of Griffon vulture, of Black vulture and of Bearded Vulture that are all scavengers (they feed on carcasses) have been declining in the past because they have been eating carcasses of poisoned wolfs. Wolf poisoning is now forbidden and the population of Griffon vulture is now increasing. However, it

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is extremely rare to see a Black or a Bearded Vulture on passage in the DRB even though they were breeding there in the past.

Pressures The main threats for the habitats and species in DRB come from both environmental and human factors. The most prominent environmental factor is drought, which claimed a significant toll on forests that were exposed and growing on shallow soil during the summer of 2012 and 2013.

Human pressure Human pressures caused by hunting, forestry, tourism are also a threat for biodiversity. In the mountain regions, the biggest problems are tourism related activities and forestry, both of which are not planned according to the biodiversity values of the area.

Montenegro is a country with an emerging economy and undergoing social transition, which can often lead to frequent changes in nature and biodiversity protection and threats.

Dams In Montenegro, two dams have been constructed in the DRB, the Piva dam, located on the Piva River approximately 9 km upstream of Šćepan Polje, and the Otilovici dam located on the Ćehotina River, approximately 7.5 km upstream of the Pljevlja town. The Piva dam provides an environmental flow of 25 m3/s in the Piva River and the Otilivici dam, an environmental flow of 0.8 m3/s in the Ćehotina River. They are not equipped with fish ladder.

These two dams have created lakes which change the water ecosystem (fast flowing waters become stagnant waters) now mostly inhabited by untypical species for this part of DRB. Dams have also created separate sections of the river, disturbing the normal fish migration routes which are causing some species to be lowered to undetectable level, especially for the Danube Salmon.

The exploitation of the dams can also lead to fast fluctuation of the water level in the river downstream (hydro-peaking) or to significant variation of the water level of the reservoir. These water fluctuations create significant damages during breeding period, between March and May.

Birds and bats living in cliffs are threatened by the creation of new dams and subsequent canyon flooding.

Fish farms Fish farms have negative impact on the water quality of the rivers due to great amount of nutrients that they generate and also on the water quantity in some places (the drying of the small tributaries) due to water derivation without guarantee of a sufficient environmental flow.

Gravel mining Gravel mining has negative impact on the waters of the DRB. It to destruction of breeding areas of fishes in the rivers, pollution of the water resources, and destruction of natural sediment regimes and can exacerbate flooding. Gravel mining pressure concerns in particular the Lim River.

Introduced fishes Uncontrolled fish release for sport fishing purposes can cause more harm than good if the wrong species is introduced; the Rainbow Trout is a prime example.

Tourism activities People are disturbing traditional habitats and corridors for fauna. They do not respect the main paths, they make noise and they pollute the land by discarding solid waste. Indeed, the quantity of waste increases significantly during the tourism period: according to the Strategic Master Plan for waste management (2008- 2012) for Montenegro, each tourist generates 1.5 kg of waste per day instead of 0.6 kg/ /day in this region.

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Tourism leads to infrastructure development, accommodation constructions, which lead to decreasing size of areas of high environmental value.

Forestry activities Forest exploitation, which is prevalent in Montenegro, is occurring without proper sustainable management. This has a consequence by disturbing bird nest and breeding areas and can lead to a significant loss of habitats. In addition, and for economic reason, artificial forest regeneration does not use high quality species.

Solid wastes and industries pollution The pollution due to floating waste affects the aquatic ecosystems by suffocating micro-fauna and flora. Water pollution can either regionally disturb the for a short period either lower water quality in the long term. As an example, Thermal power plant, coal mine, Lead and Zinc mines impact the water quality of the Cehotina River. In general, official or non-official waste deposal sites are located to close to the rivers. Waste is carried away by water during floods.

Air pollution, in particular ozone and acid rain, can damage vegetation and harm plants and tree growth or lead to acidification of waters. The Ćehotina River is the main stream that suffers from industrial and mining pollution as well as by sewage water of the Pljevlja city.

Environmental pressure Drought The most affected watercourses by drought in the DRB are the smaller tributaries of the main rivers Drina, Lim, Tara, Piva Ćehotina and others.

During extreme droughts, which occurred in 2012 and 2013, many kilometres of salmonid streams were left without water, which led to mass migration of fish from secondary flows downstream toward main watercourses and reservoirs.

In addition to vertical migration from tributaries toward main watercourses, within each larger watercourse there was a horizontal migration - from shallow to deeper waters and from the to the whirlpools. These migrations, which can naturally occur during the winter period (with a low water level condition), appear during summer months due to droughts. These movements of fish in conditions of extreme drought result in dramatically increased concentration of fish in a small space, putting pressure on food resource for fish. It leads to overfishing at places of high fish density.

Considering this phenomenon, the most sensitive fish species are Common Nase (Chondrostoma nasus), Common Barbel (Barbus barbus) and Cactus Roach (Rutilus virgo), mostly because other species interesting for fishing Brown Trout (Salmo labrax) and Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) do not tend to concentrate in and around whirlpools.

During the period 1997-2003, due to the mild winters and low water levels in the winter, overfishing at places where fish gathered has significantly reduced the population of Common Nase, Common Barbel and Cactus Roach.

In addition, droughts can increase the negative effects of water pollution by increasing the concentration of pollutants in the water.

Floods Floods has an effect on the river bottom by rearranging the gravel distribution, creating erosion or deposition, which can damage natural habitats. This can be the cause of a local decline in a fish population in an affected area. However, contrary to human pressure, flood pressure is a specific action followed by a natural recovery. In addition, floods have an effect on riverbanks that can destroy riparian vegetation. The effects of the extreme floods that dominated the spring of 2014 are yet to be assessed (Travar, 2014).

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2.8.4 Main proposed objectives of protection The overall objective of this study is to promote more effective water resource management in the Drina river basin with a special focus on flood and drought mitigation. The key issues regarding biodiversity protection must focus on ecosystems and species that are directly or indirectly impacted by WRM changes.

The changes in water intakes and water abstractions management, in dam constructions and dams operation and in climate changes would modify hydraulic regimes (discharge, water level and stream velocity). The first ecosystems to be impacted by these changes are aquatic ecosystems in streams, rivers and lakes as well as adjacent terrestrial ecosystems that directly affect or are affected by the aquatic environment: floodplain, riparian forest and reed bed. For this reason, the objectives of protection of biodiversity that is proposed are summarized in Table 2-7:

Table 2-7: Proposition of the main biodiversity objectives of protection

Key objectives Main recommendations for management - Impose fish ladder for new dams Fish ecosystem (habitat for fishes): - Control environmental flow • The Danube salmon (Hucho hucho); - Reduce hydro-peaking during breeding period • The Grayling (Thymallus thymallus); - Regulate gravel exploitation • The Bull head (Cottus gobio); - Do not fish during drought period • The Brown trout (Salmo labrax). - Improve fish farming process

- Build adequate landfill - Concept of flood protection to be coordinated Riparian ecosystem (alluvial forests and other types of - Mitigation of drought with HPP reservoirs riparian vegetation, reed bed…) - Coordination of land use in particular agriculture - Management of protective forest

Taking into account the protection of these four fish species while managing water resources in the DRB is very important. It will also help preserve other species living in aquatic ecosystems. As these species are present in all 3 countries that share the DRB, their protection will require transboundary cooperation.

Protection of riparian ecosystems is also very important for biodiversity and for human settlements. Indeed, riparian vegetation controls the run off (mitigation of the flood peak rise) and protects against soil erosion. It also acts as filter of pollutants and of course provides habitats for many fauna species. Unfortunately, there is very little data available about riparian ecosystems and at this stage; it is not possible to locate the riparian ecosystems of high, good and moderate quality.

2.9 Protected Areas Natural protected areas have been created on sites of particularly important ecological value and of scenic beauty. Protected areas located within the whole DRB are shown in Figure 2-20. The areas are quite dispersed between the different countries.

2.9.1 Overview of protected areas Figure 2-21, focuses on protected areas located specifically in Montenegro. In the Montenegrin part of the DRB, there are three protected areas; the first one has been designated in the 1950s, during the time of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. More recently, Prokletije was formed in 2009. All of them are classified as national parks as shown in Table 2-8. Two other areas, Komovi and Piva are planned to be created in the near future. These protected areas (including the two new ones) cover about 7.3% of the territory.

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Source: Biodiv, 2014 Figure 2-20 Map of Both Existing and Planned PAs in DRB

Table 2-8: Protected Areas of Montenegro in the DRB

Name and type of Protected Area Size (km2) Date Formed Biogradska gora: NP 56.5 1952 Durmitor: NP, UNESCO world heritage site, IBA 390 1952 Prokletije: NP 166.3 2009

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Name and type of Protected Area Size (km2) Date Formed Komovi: RP, IUCN: VI 195.04 Not yet protected Piva: RP, IUCN: VI 320 Not yet protected Legend: MNM: Memorial Nature Monument; MoN: Monument of Nature; NP: Nature Park; RNP: Regional Nature Park; RP: Regional Park; SNR: Special Nature Reserve;

Source: DIKTAS 2012 Figure 2-21: Network of national and regional protected areas in Montenegro

Durmitor NP Durmitor National Park is also classified as an important bird and biodiversity area (IBA) and a UNESCO world heritage. The main fauna and flora characteristic of this site are described below: Fauna: • Invertebrates: Lepidoptera are present with 130 species, including one endemic species Coenonympha arcania ssp.philea. 5 endemic species of Coleoptera have also been observed. • Fishes: Ichtiofauna in Durmitor area is not well researched. Introduced fishes in lakes: four species of fish have been introduced to the previously fish-free mountain lakes: Salvelinus alpinus (lake trout); Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout); Salmo labrax m. fario and Phoxinus phoxinus. They are also observed in the Tara River. Endemic Species in Tara River: eight species of fish are recorded in the last decade, among them, the endemic and endangered Hucho Hucho has been observed. The main fish species in Tara River belong to the Salmonidae, Thymallidae and Cyprinidae families. • Amphibians and reptilians: The unique and richness of the herpetofauna of Durmitor area was one of the most important arguments for the inclusion of the NP "Durmitor" to the list of World Natural and Cultural Heritage by UNESCO, especially when it comes to the phenomenon of neoteny and the presence of rare, relict and endemic forms. Indeed, more than half of the representatives of the herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula are obsereved in this small area. Among them, the remarkable protected amphibians-Salamandra atra, the Alpine newt-Triturus alpestris, the Green Toad-Bufo viridis,

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the Terrapin-Emys orbicularis, the Anguis fragilis, the endemic Mosor lizard; the Common wall lizard Podarcis muralis , the Smooth snake Coronella austriaca and the Meadow Viper Vipera ursinii. • Birds: The presence of the 172 bird species in the NP"Durmitor" has been confirmed, 112 of which are or were breeding in the park. The increased presence of humans (from tourism) and timber harvesting has caused the disappearance of several species. As an example, the Bucephala clangula has not been nesting on Durmitor lakes for the last 50 years as well as the Tetrao tetrix, discovered on the rim of the canyon of Tara and Komarnica and has not been breeding on Durmitor for the last 40 years. Some species begin to be endangered like the Tetrao urogallus, Aegolius funereus, Dendrocopos leucotos and Picoides tridactylus. • Mammals: 37 species of mammals have been found in this area. Among them, the Eurasian lynx, the Grey Wolf, the Brown bear. The observed mammals that are rare, declining, endemic and endangered are species of bats, mole rat (endemic Talpa caeca, Balkan Snow Vole,) and otter (Lutra lutra).

Flora: Montenegrin endemic species: Gentiana laevicalyx, Edraianthus glisicii, Verbascum durmitoreum, Verbascum nikolai, Carum valenovsky, Viola nikolai, Daphne malayana, Valeriana braunii-blancuetti.

Balkan endemic species: Daphne blagayana, Acer heldreichii, Pinus heldreichii, Moltkea petraea, Iris bosniaca, Pancicia serbica, Phyteuma pseudoorbiculata, Potentilla montenegrina, Amphoricarpus autariatus, Crepis incurnata, Euphorbia montenegrina, Acontium toxicum, Micromeria croatica, Lilium bosniacum, Viola speciosa, Aubrietia croatica, Edraianthus jugoslovicus, Gardius ramosissimus.

Rare species: Leontopodium alpinum, Swertia perennis, Taxus baccata, Adenophora lilifolia, Gentiana laevicalyx, G. crispata, G. ciliata, G. kochiana, G. lutea ssp. synphyandra. In Barno jezero, there are also some rare plants, not very characteristic for the other parts of the country: Urticularia minor, Eleocharis autrianea, Carex curta and Sparganium minimum.

Planned protected areas Komovi and Piva These two regional parks, not yet protected are planned in the spatial plan of Montenegro until 2020. They are characterized by numerous internationally important observed species and endemic flora species which are described in Annex 2-3.

The “Spatial Plan of Montenegro until 2020”, the “National Strategy of Sustainable Development of Montenegro” and the” Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan” define the target of the expansion of the protected areas (about 10 % of Montenegro is covered by protected areas).

2.9.2 Main pressure on protected areas The existing legal and institutional framework for protected areas does not provide a sufficient level of biodiversity protection in the PAs.

Due to economic and socio development factors, these areas are threatened, by the following main pressures:

• Intense and unbalanced development of tourism • Increased urbanisation around natural lakes and increase in illegal construction and development in and around the protected areas • Outflow and swamp pollution as a result of intense agricultural activities • Wastewater and solid waste pollution • Illegal deforestation, removal of river gravel, fishing

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Consequently, it can be noticed that since the first proclamation of Biogradska gora and Durmitor PAs in 1952, only one additional PA has been proclaimed in 2009 (Prokletije) in spite of the high ecological status of other recognised areas. The expansion of existing areas or the proclamation of new PAs (e.g. Komovi and Piva) inspires conflicts with local population and strong opposition.

Other indicators of pressure on PAs are the applied decrease of the size of the protected areas, the negative migrations and the increase of illegal activities and uses of natural resources in these areas.

The report of the University of Montenegro and of the Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics on the PA (Nov. 2012) highlights the main pressures by comparing the spatial plan of the republic of Montenegro until 2020 to the map of PAs.

Durmitor Protected Area The only management institution is the national park authority. This area has already suffered a downsizing of the protection zone.

The main conflicts between the protection requirements imposed by the National park status and the development programs are:

• Illegal logging and unsustainable forestry practice ⇒ degradation of mountain forest habitats • Plans for usage of hydro energy potential of the Tara and Piva Rivers ⇒ change of flow regimes, discontinuity of aquatic habitats, of fish migration • Unsolved issue of pollution of the Tara River from Mojkovac ⇒damages of aquatic ecosystems • Tourism development (infrastructure, activities) ⇒ damages to vulnerable zone • Development of infrastructure to ensure the continuity (high electric lines, roads, corridor) ⇒ damages of sensitive ecosystems

Prokletije Protected Area This protected areas and the neighbour areas of Visitor and Zeletin (which are planned to be a proclaimed Regional Park in the Spatial plan of Montenegro) as well as Plav area have the additional difficulty to be cross border areas shared with and Albania. Therefore, there is need for more coordination/ cooperation with these countries. The main problems that can be observed are listed as follows:

• The urban expansion of Plav, tourism infrastructure development ⇒ threatening of the ecosystem balance • Attractiveness of the groundwater resource for water use ⇒ unsustainable usage, no protection management bodies ⇒ threatening of wetland ecosystems • Improvement of use of arable land potential ⇒ pollution and destruction of habitats • Commercial exploitation of forest, illegal deforestation ⇒ degradation of mountain forest habitats

Komovi planned area This area is in the process of being protected. The development of this region concerns agriculture (development of fruit, cattle breeding), commercial exploitation of forest and mountain tourism. As previously mentioned for the other areas, these developments are in conflict with the preservation of the high values of the biodiversity in this region (in particular flora) and with the diversity of the habitats.

2.9.3 Ecological network Emerald Network The Emerald Network is the first ecological network that has been implemented in Europe. This initiative was adopted in 1979 by the Council of Europe in order to conserve wild flora and fauna and their natural habitats in the countries that are party to the Bern Convention, including Serbia, Montenegro and BiH.

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The objective of the Emerald Network is to ensure the long term survival of the species and habitats of the Bern Convention requiring specific protection measures. These habitats and species are listed respectively in Resolution 4 (1996) and Resolution 6 (1998) of the Standing Committee to the Bern Convention.

A pilot Project started in 2005 intended to launch the implementation of the Emerald Network in Montenegro. After the identification of Emerald species listed in Resolution No.6 (1998) and Emerald habitats listed in Resolution No. 4 (1996) that were present in Montenegro, potential Areas of Special Conservation Interest (ASCI) were chosen, based on the criteria listed in the Recommendation No. 16 (1989).

According to the last update of the Council of Europe, in December 2014, the Emerald sites in Montenegro have been officially nominated (candidate site), but have not yet been adopted. Therefore, they still are not considered Emerald sites.

The implementation of the Emerald Network in the DRB might push governments to protect more effectively the species requiring specific protection measures according to the Bern Convention. In addition, the Emerald Network is set to the ecological principles of Natura 2000 sites.

In the context of the protected areas system reform and increase of area under protection; Montenegro implemented the project “Establishing the Emerald network in Montenegro” that identified 32 locations of international importance for protection, (DIKTAS, 2012). This is shown in Figure 2-22, with 14 sites that have been proposed in the DRB (see Table 2-9), principally related to Piva, Lim, Ćehotina rivers and to .

Table 2-9: Emerald site in DRB in Montenegro

Emerald site Type of site Ref No 15 Cave in Đalovića Gorge 19 Komarnica 20 Part of Piva Canyon 22 Komovi 23 Durmitor 24 Bjelasica 25 Visitor I Zeletin 26 Prokletije 28 Sinjajevina 29 Bioč, Maglić and Volujak 30 Ljubišnja 31 Ćehotina Valley 32 Lim Valley Note: Ref No – refers to map - Figure 2-22

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Source: Info centar Natura 2000, 2001 Figure 2-22: Map of the Emerald network in Montenegro

In addition to the Emerald network, since Montenegro is aiming to become part of the European Union, the country would have to implement the Natura 2000 network according to the Habitat Directive (92/43/EEC) and to the Bird Directive (79/409/EEC)

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3 Social and Economic Characteristics of the Drina Basin

3.1 Natural Resources

3.1.1 Wood and Timber Production The objective of the timber industry is to achieve maximum and sustainable production of timber and other forest products: such as forest fruits, herbs, mushrooms and others, whilst preserving the stability and productivity of other forest habitats.

Protected forests serve a very important function: the protection of the land from erosion and degradation, whilst protecting water sources, water supply, and flood protection.

According to the National Forest and Forest Land Administration Policy of Montenegro, the distribution of conifers and broadleaved trees wood mass in commercial forests is equal, at 50% each. A review of spatial plans and other documents for Montenegro provides details on the amount of commercial forests available in the municipalities that make up the DRB (see Table 3-1).

Table 3-1: Forestry in the Municipalities of the DRB

Estimated Special/ Average Average Annual Commercial Total Commercial Protected Commercial Commercial Municipality Timber volume Forest (ha) Forest (Ha) Forest areas Timber volume Timber Growth (Wood mass) (ha) (m³/ha) (m³/ha) (Mm³) Andrijevica 13,913 8,107 5,896 2.725 352 4.92 Plav 22,967 15,178 7,789 5.397 250 6.7 Zabljak 16,420 8,364 8,056 Plužine 35,851 21,836 14,015 Mojkovac 18,005 12,668 5,337 2.318 146 3.0 Bijelo Polje 36,620 31,019 5,601 3.226 251 4.23 Berane 27,857 21,167 6,690 4.237 271 3.75 Kolašin 27,913 19,309 8,604 5.891 307 4.74 Šavnik 11,994 7,600 4,394 1.322 174 2.70 Pljevlja 58,000 10.615 183 4.19

A review of annual timber production over five years (2009-2013) indicates that coniferous forestry accounts for 60% of all forestry, whilst cutting of hardwoods (deciduous trees) is 40% (see Table 3-2). The portion of wood felled in state forests is 75% of the total annual production.

Table 3-2: Trends in Annual Timber Production in Montenegro (2009-2013)

TOTAL CUTTING OF TOTAL CUTTING Sawn Gross cut Of which is Of which is State Forest YEAR wood, Firewood Waste volume Deciduous Coniferous proportion lumber etc. (m³) (m³) (m³) trees (m³) trees (m³) (m³) (m³) 2009 323,597 129,790 193,807 239,082 169,410 95,653 58,534 2010 342,386 135,656 206,730 255,845 189,360 97,499 55,527 2011 418,223 163,106 255,117 312,733 242,758 141,432 71,033 2012 329,041 145,671 183,370 233,514 166,599 108,533 53,909 2013 320,091 123,721 196,370 234,530 177,622 91,550 50,919 TOTAL 1,733,338 697,944 1,035,394 1,275,704 945,749 534,667 289,922 Source: statistical Yearbook of Montenegro 2014

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Analysis at municipal level indicates that Pljevlja municipality accounts for the largest portion of timber produced in the DRB. The majority of the woodland felled is coniferous trees. Kolašin and Plužine follow, however both these municipalities fell a higher proportion of hardwood trees. This is shown in Figure 3-1 below.

Figure 3-1: Average Annual Timber Production (2009-2013)

Relative to most other industries, the wood processing industry has based its production on domestic raw materials. The main activity of these small companies is sawn wood production, followed by window and door production, and production of packaging and veneer. The existence of a great numbers of small sawmills is the result of readily available raw materials (wood), but also the relatively low starting capital needed, as well as fast turnover of invested capital (compared to the production of other wood products). A review of the MONSTAT statistical yearbook for 2014 shows that 55% of the timber in the municipalities making up the DRB goes to sawmills for making timber products. Around 31% goes for firewood and the remainder is waste (see Figure 3-2 ).

Figure 3-2: Use of cut forestry (2009-2013)

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3.1.2 Land Based Agriculture The Consultant used the most recent statistical yearbook for 2014 from MONSTAT for some information. However, in order to get the analysis to DRB level (municipal level); the 2011 Agricultural census for Montenegro, based on field surveys carried out in May/June 2010, was used. This was the first agricultural census undertaken in Montenegro for 50 years and although this represents a snapshot in time, it is the most accurate data available at municipal level. Table 3-3 provides more details.

Table 3-3: Breakdown of Agricultural Land in Municipalities of the DRB

Utilised Permanent total kitchen Utilised meadows Total Total available Vineyards Orchards Nurseries Municipality gardens arable and Agricultural Unutilised agricultural (Ha) (Ha) (Ha) and/ or land (Ha) Pastures land (Ha) Land (Ha) land (Ha) gardens (Ha) (Ha) Montenegro 294,400.70 2,412.80 3,656.40 340.40 1,393.60 561.80 204,359.40 212,724.40 81,676.30 Andrijevica 10,257.00 82.10 72.40 0.00 2.10 59.50 8,494.20 8,710.30 1,546.70 Berane 25,475.80 228.30 328.10 0.00 79.00 121.00 21,114.00 21,870.40 3,605.40 Bijelo Polje 36,387.30 367.10 493.50 0.00 245.80 134.10 27,770.70 29,011.20 7,376.10 Kolašin 14,242.60 116.30 41.40 0.00 4.60 55.00 8,411.70 8,629.00 5,613.60 Mojkovac 10,144.80 44.60 29.70 0.00 7.50 12.00 7,779.50 7,873.30 2,271.50 Plav 14,122.60 75.40 141.90 0.00 4.00 4.30 10,523.40 10,749.00 3,373.60 Pljevlja 29,364.10 159.00 280.00 0.00 74.40 45.00 22,343.00 22,901.40 6,462.70 Plužine 26,336.90 44.80 8.20 0.00 30.50 0.00 23,103.00 23,186.50 3,150.40 Šavnik 9,901.20 22.30 8.00 0.00 9.70 0.00 6,466.50 6,506.50 3,394.70 Zabljak 9,610.80 6.60 57.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7,416.90 7,480.50 2,130.30 Total DRB 185,843.10 1,146.50 1,460.20 0.00 457.60 430.90 143,422.90 146,918.10 38,925.00

Source: MONSTAT Agricultural Census 2011

Bijelo Polje municipality has the most agricultural land followed by Pljevlja, Plužine, and Berane. The municipalities of the DRB have more than 97% of the land in permanent meadows and pastures; indicating the limitations that exist in terms of good soils for crop production. Around 1% of the utilised agricultural land is used for arable farming. There are no vineyards in the Basin and very limited holding of orchards and nurseries, the majority being located in Bijelo Polje and Berane.

Around 21% of the agricultural land in most of the municipalities, representing the DRB is classified as un-utilised. However, this varies between municipalities with Kolašin having almost 40% unutilised agricultural land, whilst Plužine has 12%, followed by Berane and Andrijevica with 14% and 15% respectively (see Figure 3-3) This appears to be quite a substantial amount, but it must be remembered that some land in karst areas may be very difficult to gain access, for example Kolašin municipality has large amounts of karst and this could be one of the reasons for such high rate of un-utilisation

Figure 3-3: Land utilisation in municipalities comprising DRB

An analysis of the arable land use within the municipalities reveals that cereals are the main crop grown by farms, representing 44% of the total, followed by fodder plants with 31% and then by potatoes with 19%. A

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very small portion of vegetables, flowers and industrial crops and aromatic plants are grown. This information is shown in Figure 3-4 below.

Figure 3-4: Arable Land in the DRB

Table 3-4: Breakdown of Arable Land in Municipalities of the DRB

Utilised arable Total

Municipality land etc.) Potato Cereals ables, flowers, ables, seeds etc. Fodder PlantsFodder Industrial Industrial crops (tobacco, aromatics (tobacco, Veget Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Ha Montenegro 3,656.40 1,115.20 792.00 131.80 846.90 834.40 3,720.30 Andrijevica 72.40 35.70 7.80 0.00 28.80 0.00 72.30 Berane 328.10 127.00 43.60 2.00 140.60 15.70 328.90 Bijelo Polje 493.50 235.00 52.40 0.40 175.50 30.60 493.90 Kolašin 41.40 15.60 24.60 0.00 0.50 0.70 41.40 Mojkovac 29.70 1.80 14.70 0.00 8.40 4.70 29.60 Plav 141.90 78.40 55.40 0.00 6.50 1.60 141.90 Pljevlja 280.00 118.90 48.00 2.00 86.60 25.80 281.30 Plužine 8.20 2.00 4.60 0.00 1.50 0.20 8.30 Šavnik 8.00 5.60 0.30 0.00 2.00 0.00 7.90 Zabljak 57.00 27.20 29.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.00 Total DRB 1,460.20 647.20 281.20 4.40 450.40 79.30 1,462.50 Source: MONSTAT Agricultural Census 2011

Bijelo Polje municipality has the highest overall amount of arable land followed Berane, Pljevlja and then Plav municipalities. However, there is variation when reviewing individual crops, Plav municipality for example has the largest amount of land turned over for potatoes.

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An assessment of the cereal crops grown in the municipalities reveals that maize is dominant with around 36% of land for cereal turned over to this crop. Barley follows with 19% and then oats and wheat with around 15% each.

Irrigation Irrigated land represents a very small proportion (less than 0.5%) of the overall utilised agricultural land available. However, assuming that irrigation is mainly intended for arable crops, kitchen gardens, orchards and nurseries, then the proportion of irrigated land for the municipalities in the DRB is nearer to 19% of the overall utilised agricultural land available.

Table 3-5: Breakdown of Irrigated Land in Municipalities of the DRB Other SW Sources Surface Total No % from % from Irrigated GW from SW from Sprinkler Drop Municipality e.g. (flood) of GW SW River area sources standing rivers irrigation irrigation urban irrigation sources source source water water Ha No No No No No No No No % % Montenegro 2,880.60 4,429 1,027 4,179 3,744 7,541 4,751 1,528 13,379 33.10% 31.24% Andrijevica 42.70 23 6 561 134 538 178 4 724 3.18% 77.49% Berane 147.00 119 54 313 888 436 873 56 1,374 8.66% 22.78% Bijelo Polje 220.60 377 341 731 549 763 1,226 35 1,998 18.87% 36.59% Kolašin 22.50 11 24 70 305 69 337 3 410 2.68% 17.07% Mojkovac 29.60 33 27 75 74 60 138 15 209 15.79% 35.89% Plav 132.90 28 33 1,104 263 1,229 160 41 1,428 1.96% 77.31% Pljevlja 71.50 67 7 161 62 186 90 13 297 22.56% 54.21% Plužine 0.10 1 4 0 3 4 4 0 8 12.50% 0.00% Šavnik 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% Zabljak 3.30 1 1 0 4 0 1 3 6 16.67% 0.00% Total DRB 670.20 660.00 497.00 3,015.00 2,282.00 3,285.00 3,007.00 170.00 6,454.00 10.23% 46.72% Source: MONSTAT Agricultural Census 2011

According to the Agricultural Census, the largest number of irrigation points are from surface water, especially from rivers (67%) Groundwater sources account for 10% of the irrigation points. This is totally the reverse of other reference sources which suggest 97% of irrigated water is from groundwater (UNECE 2015). The most common method of irrigation is "flood" type where water flows along surface furrows and infiltrates; next is the overhead sprinkler type of irrigation. Drop (or drip) irrigation methods, which use substantially less amounts of water are very few and are still not widely used in the area, primarily due to the cost of installation. Plav has the largest number of surface water points; this is presumably partly due to the presence of Lake Plav, a large surface water store. Bijelo Polje has the largest number of groundwater irrigation points with more than 57% of the total.

In terms of water consumption, the municipalities making up the DRB consume about 4.6 million m³ of water for irrigation throughout the year, based upon the period from Jun 2009 to May 2010. Bijelo Polje municipality consumes the most nearly 1.9 million m³ of water per year. Berane consumes 1.5 million m³ per year and Plav 1.1 million m³ per year. The municipalities of Šavnik and Plužine have no irrigation present and Zabljak municipality has virtually nothing.

Potatoes and Maize are the two most water demanding crops accounting for 25% and 23% respectively of the total irrigated area for the municipalities in the DRB. There is virtually zero irrigation of industrial crops (e.g. tobacco), and no presence of vineyards, citrus and olive groves principally due to the inclement climate conditions.

Table 3-6: Breakdown of Crops grown in the DRB

Vol water Irrigated consumed for Municipality

area irrigation (Jun Olive Crops Crops Citrus Citrus Other Maize Maize Potato Potato Groves Groves Cereals Cereals pasture pasture Orchards Orchards Industrial Industrial Vineyards Vegetable 09 - May 10) Meadows, ha m³ ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha

Montenegro 2,880.60 22,058,229 108.1 293.3 33.4 680.4 525.3 250.6 150.3 178.4 233.5 224.7 202.5

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Vol water Irrigated consumed for Municipality

area irrigation (Jun Olive Crops Crops Citrus Citrus Other Maize Maize Potato Potato Groves Groves Cereals Cereals pasture pasture Orchards Orchards Industrial Industrial Vineyards Vegetable 09 - May 10) Meadows, ha m³ ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha

Andrijevica 42.70 31,736 0 28.6 0 0 7.3 0 0 0 0 4.9 1.9 Berane 147.00 1,512,032 4.3 17.9 0.8 11.1 35.1 0 0 0 13.4 53.2 11.1 Bijelo Polje 220.60 1,883,598 41.9 36.6 0.2 23.6 36.3 0 0 0 23.6 30.8 27.4 Kolašin 22.50 22,152 0.4 3 0 0 12 0 0 0 3.7 3.3 0.1 Mojkovac 29.60 26,606 0.2 0.1 0 2.8 8.1 0 0 0 4.1 14.1 0.2 Plav 132.90 1,059,633 0.2 68.7 0 1.2 54.2 0 0 0 1.5 0.1 6.9 Pljevlja 71.50 68,349 3.2 0 1 15.8 15.4 0 0 0 27.4 1 7.6 Plužine 0.10 310 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Šavnik 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Zabljak 3.30 1,612 3.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total DRB 670.20 4,606,028 53 155 2 55 169 0 0 0 74 107 55

3.1.3 Fish Farming The majority of the large operations within the fishing sector are marine based or concentrated outside of the DRB, along the coast, on and Lake Krupac (near Nikšić). The only exception is Piva Lake in Plužine municipality described below. The main freshwater species produced is Rainbow trout. There are about 100 people working in the rainbow trout sector, but this is countrywide and not just in the DRB.

Given the ecology of the Rainbow trout as a species, all the fish farms are located near or on water bodies providing a clear, cold, abundant and constant supply of water. The trout farms are all generally situated in the central and northern parts of the country (the latter region predominantly the location of the DRB), on rivers or on the lakes, but there is no precise data on the surface areas that they occupy.

In all of Montenegro, there are 23 fish farms using concrete raceways (ponds) (11 in DRB) and three situated on the lakes using a cage system of farming (one of these is on Piva Lake in the DRB mentioned above). All fish farms are mostly small, family owned concerns (or owned by small enterprises), producing 5–20 tonnes per year with the exception of four larger farms (two within the DRB) that produce 40–130 tonnes per year, run by private companies. This information is summarised in Table 3-7 below and is provided in more detail in Annex 3-1.

Table 3-7: Trout Farms in the Drina Basin Production (tonnes/year) Name of farm Location Area (m2) Capacity Actual Rabrenović (Owner) Andrijevica Buče Berane 6,000 200 40 Bistrica Bijelo Polje 550 20 15 Bistrica Bijelo Polje 500 20 15 Trebaljevo Kolašin 600 30 10 Radenko (Owner) Mojkovac Novaković (Owner) Mojkovac Rabrenović (Owner) Mojkovac Vukojičić (Owner) Pljevlja Aqua d’Or Plužine 1,000 (22 cages) 250 130 Šavnik Šavnik 10 Marić (Owner) Žabljak Source: Sustainable Management of Marine Fishery; Ref. No: Europe Aid/128947/C/SER/ME; Report 34 Fishery Sector Study for the IPARD Programme; October 2011

Some interest has recently been shown in the farming of other freshwater species such as Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii), Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), hybrid “baster” (Acipenser ruthenus and Huso huso),

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 3-7 but they are all at the stage of pilot projects and no significant production has yet been achieved. Some pilot projects are in progress into farming certain indigenous freshwater species for restocking the natural habitats.

The main issue facing fish farming is seasonal shortage of water during the summer months. It is extremely likely that there are many other suitable sites in DRB; and some farms possess the potential to increase their current capacity as long as water resources are available. Lakes and reservoirs present an option for appropriately located cage operations (such as Piva Lake) that would not have issues with continuous water supply.

However, as shown in Section 2.8.3, fish farms can have negative impact on aquatic ecosystems through water pollution due to high amounts of nutrients and through the introduction of invasive fish. In addition, as mentioned in the Montenegro’s Fisheries Development Strategy and Capacity Building for Implementation of the EU Common Fisheries Policy, 2006, improvements of the fisheries management is necessary in order to reduce the impact of this activity. Indeed, the equipment needs to modernize in order to reduce the water losses and the water pollution. The practice should be improved in order to be more efficient (reduction of the period of growing, adapted spawning period, quality of the feeding regimes, increase of the varieties of the brood stock)

3.1.4 Mining and Quarrying Economic reserves in Pljevlja Municipality concerning lead and zinc: Šuplja stijena are 18.4 million tonnes, whilst potential reserves are 10 to 40 million tons. Between 1954 and 2000, some 4.2 million tonnes of ore was excavated by open pit and underground methods, producing 78,662 tonnes of lead concentrate and 304,242 tonnes of zinc concentrate. In 2011, new facilities for processing a further 300,000 tonnes of ore have been opened

In Bjelasica in , the second important area of lead and zinc ore, which is well known by Brskovo mine (which dates from the 13th century), was opened in 1976 and operated for only twenty years. In the area of this mine, lead and zinc ore occur at the following localities: Zuta prla, Razvrsje, Visnjica, Igrista, Brskovo and Gradina.

Economic reserves at Brskovo mine are 16 million tonnes of ore and from 1976 to 1991, 2.85 million tonnes of ore were processed producing 32,588tonnes of lead concentrate, 89,263 tonnes of zinc concentrate, and 133,910 tonnes of pyrite (FeS2) concentrate.

Deposits of sand and gravel (also used in concrete production) occur in alluvial sediments in the riverbeds in the form of fluvio-glacial- sediments and other karst fields. Exploitation in the riverbeds is by concession to regulate the riverbeds and is under the jurisdiction of the Water Directorate. Unfortunately, gravel extraction is poorly controlled and a number of unlicensed operations exist, especially in river channels. Left unchecked, this could lead to increased flood risk at these operations.

The most significant deposits of brick clay are identified in the area of Pljevlja (Maljevac and Maoče) comprising 6.4 million tons of proven reserves and a further indicative reserve in Maoče of over 500 million tons. Exploitation and processing of clay into brick products in the second half of the 20th century was sometimes undertaken in Pljevlja, Berane, Tivat, Spuz, Kolašin, Bijelo Polje, Virpazar, and Šavnik, etc. In recent years, there are no active clay mines or clay industry for building materials in Montenegro.

The most important cement lime deposits amounting to 90 million tonnes of proven reserves are in the area of near Pljevlja (where coal occurs). Cement production in Montenegro only took place in Pljevlja, between 1976 and 1988 and over this 13 years, the cement plant produced 1.66 million tons of cement.

Around 400,000 tonnes of barite reserves are proven in the area of Kovac Mountain, near Pljevlja,but this has not been used since 1956.

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Bentonite deposits occur in Bijelo Polje near and in near Šavnik. A total combined proven reserves of 2.4 million tons and indicative reserves of around 1.4 million tonnes have been recorded. Further details on mining and quarrying activity in the DRB are described in Annex 3-2.

3.2 Cultural Heritage According to the current legislation, cultural heritage within the municipalities comprising the DRB contains 38 archaeological, historical, architectural, artistic, construction, ethnological and technical monuments (Table 3-8). The cultural heritage is split according to three categories, which can be viewed as a scale of value; Category I being the highest value and category III the lowest value.

Category I – monuments of exceptional importance including those on UNESCO World Heritage List, Category II – monuments of great importance, and Category III – monuments of local importance.

Table 3-8: Summary of Montenegrin Cultural Heritage Sites within Municipalities of the DRB

Category Types of Cultural Monuments

Municipality I II III Total. Sacral Sacral Urban Urban Secular Secular complex Old townOld Technical Technical Memorial Memorial Etnological monument monument monument monument monument monument Fortification Fortification monumment Archeological Archeological

Andrijevica ------Berane 1 2 2 - - 3 1 0 1 - - - 5 Bijelo Polje 2 3 1 - - 6 ------6 Zabljak - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1

Kolašin 1+ - 2+ - - 1 - 1 - - 1 3

Mojkovac - 1 - - - 1 ------1 Plav - 2 4 - 4 2 - - - - - 6

Pljevlja 2 4 - - - 5 - - 1 - - 6

Plužine 1 1 1 - - 3 ------3 Šavnik - 1 6 - 5 1 1 7

TOTAL 7 14 17 0 0 29 3 1 2 0 2 1 38 + Outside of the Drina Basin

In the cultural and historical sense, Berane is known for its monastery, (Djurdjevi stupovi - Monastery of the tracts of St. George), which is a centre of cultural life in this area, and it is a UNESCO site. Also, the Roman Castrum-Dolac, which is the source of the rich archaeological findings from the era of Roman rule in the region, is a monument of special interest.

In Bijelo Polje there is one of the oldest buildings that represent Balkans church architecture - the Church of St. Peter. The Church of St. Nicholas from the seventeenth century is also an important cultural monument of the city.

One of the finest examples of the monastery painting in the Balkans is Monastery Morača and it is located in Kolašin, but this is outside of the DRB; within the Morača River catchment. Vinica Hill is also in this municipality, it is the site of the ruins of the Turkish powder magazine, as well as bridge of Prince Danilo on , a third category profane cultural monument. However, these are outside of the DRB and in the Morača River catchment.

The oldest preserved building in Plav is Redzepagica Tower. Church of the Holy Trinity in Brezojevica and Old mosque are also monuments of significance in this city.

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In cultural and historical sense, one of the most important monuments in Pljevlja is Hussein Pasha Mosque from the XVI century, which has a minaret 42m high. Then, there is Monastery of the Holy Trinity, with a rich treasure-hiding-places with many hand written and printed books.

On the territory of the municipality Šavnik, there are several cultural and historical monuments: Podmalinsko monastery, the monastery of St. George in Bijela, a memorial park "Vuk's roots" - dedicated to Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic in , memorial house of Novica Cerovic in Tusinja.

In Pluzine, one can find Piva monastery, one of the pillars of Orthodox Christianity in Montenegro. Due to the construction of the Mratinje dam and the resulting reservoir, the Piva monastery was dismantled and rebuilt above the high water level. In Žabljak there is the Church of the Holy Transfiguration, and in Mojkovac - Monastery of St. George.

3.3 Demographics

3.3.1 General information In administrative terms, Montenegro is divided into municipalities that are, for planning and analysis purposes, divided into three regions: Northern, Central and Coastal. The area of DRB includes all or part of 13 municipalities of the Northern region. In strictest terms there are actually 15 municipalities in the DRB but two (Gusinje taking land from Plav, and Petnjica taking land from Berane) are not included in this assessment as no cadastral maps yet exist for their area.

3.3.2 Area and Population Density The calculated total area of DRB in Montenegro is 6,434 km², which is 150 km2 more than real catchment area of Drina River (6,283km2). This is due to different techniques for calculation. Table 3-9 below provides estimates of the population density within the municipalities making up the DRB.

Table 3-9: Summary of Montenegrin Municipalities and population density within the DRB

Total Municipal Density of Estimated No of Population Municipality Surface km² % Population Population in Settlements in Area km² n/km² the DRB Municipalities ANDRIJEVICA 24 283 282.96 99.99% 5,117 18.08 5,116 BERANE 66 717 668.12 93.18% 35,452 49.44 33,035 BIJELO POLJE 137 924 907.21 98.18% 46,676 50.52 45,828 KOLAŠIN 67 897 386.22 43.06% 8,420 9.39 3,625 MOJKOVAC 15 367 366.96 99.99% 8,669 23.62 8,668 PLAV 23 486 486.00 100.00% 13,549 27.88 13,549 PLJEVLJA 154 1346 1353.27 100.54% 31,060 23.08 31,228 PLUŽINE 42 854 803.07 94.04% 3,286 3.85 3,090 ŠAVNIK 27 553 512.93 92.75% 2,077 3.76 1,927 ŽABLJAK 27 445 445.40 100.09% 3,599 8.09 3,602 PODGORICA 141 1441 99.26 6.89% 30,916 21.45 2,130 NIKSIC 106 2065 106.28 5.15% 15,546 7.53 800 ROZAJE 26 432 16.38 3.79% 13,745 31.82 521 TOTAL 582 10,810 6434.06 59.52% 218,112 20.18 153,119 Source: MONSTAT

Regarding territory, the largest administrative unit is the Municipality Pljevlja with 1,353 km2, followed by the municipality Bijelo Polje with 907 km2. The smallest complete municipal area is Andrijevica, with just 283 km2. There are very small percentages of municipal land from Nikšić, Rožaje and Podgorica where only rural population was taken into consideration in the calculations, the urban centres being outside of the basin.

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The Montenegrin part of the DRB is characterized by mountain areas with a low population density of on average 20 inhabitants/km2. Extremely low population density are noted in the municipalities of Šavnik and Plužine, which is less than 4 inhabitants/km2, while Zabljak and Kolašin have less than 10 inhabitants/km2. The highest population density is in the municipality Bijelo Polje (50 inh/km2), followed by municipality Berane (49 inh/km2).

3.3.3 Population According to the calculation made, around 153,110 people live within the DRB. Birth rates are generally 10/1000 inhabitants while deaths were 11.8/1000 inhabitants, implying an overall declining population in the basin. Except for the municipalities of Berane (2 ‰) and Bijelo Polje (2 ‰), all other municipalities have a negative natural growth rate, which is most evident in the municipality Plužine (-13.7 ‰), and then in the municipalities Kolašin (-7.9 ‰) and Pljevlja (-7.1 ‰).

In the period from 1948 to 1971, the population of the municipalities in the DRB increased steadily, reaching the value of 204,000 inhabitants in 1971 (according to the Census 1971). Afterward 1971 the population decline stars and is visible until the latest Census 2011 (see Figure 3-5). The Census 2011 noted the lowest number of inhabitants in the area of DRB in Montenegro since 1948. This is a cause for concern for the long-term sustainability of the basin.

Figure 3-5: Population in the DRB for the period from 1948 to 2011

3.3.4 Distinction between rural and urban population According to the Spatial Plan of Montenegro from 2008, the total number of Montenegrin urban settlements is 40, the total number of rural communities is 1216, and their spatial dispersion is very uneven. The densest network of settlements is in Coastal region, with 15 settlements on 100 km2, while the lowest is in the Northern region with 7.8 settlements per 100 km2. Approximately 61% of total population of Montenegro lives in urban areas. Broken down by region, degree of urbanization in the Central region is 78%, in Coastal

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 3-11 region 62%, and in the Northern region 41%. The lowest level of urbanization is in municipalities of Andrijevica (18%) and Savnik (19%) which are located in DRB.

3.3.5 Gender and Age Structure The population age structure is relatively well balanced for all municipalities in DRB. The largest percentage share of the male population is within the municipality of Šavnik (51.7%) compared to females (48.3%), while the largest percentage share of female population is in the municipality of Pljevlja (50.8%), compared to the male population (49.2%). The total DRB is characterized by slightly higher share of male (50.2%) compared to female (49.8%) population.

The average age of the population in Montenegro is 37.2 years and more than 70% of the municipalities of DRB have averages ages greater than this Zabljak, Šavnik; Pljevlja and Kolašin have the greatest averages ages, some 5 years above the national average. The structure of the population in the basin is shown below in Figure 3-6. Children aged 0-19 years, represent 23.3% of the basin population. Working age population (15 to 64) represents 71.5%, while the population aged 65 and over represents 14.7%. More detailed analysis of the population in the DRB is contained in Annex 3-3.

Figure 3-6: Population Structure in the DRB in-2011

3.4 Human Health The rate of infant deaths is a very important indicator on the state of the health service and its development. In Montenegro, this rate reduced from 63.0 infant deaths/1000 live births in 1962 to 4.4/1000 in 2012.

In terms of the workforce towards health care, in 2012, the number of employees in health care institutions was 6,644 out of which 5,103 (76.80%) were health workers and associates and 1,602 (23.19%) were non- medical personnel. Out of the 5,103 health workers and associates 1,602 (31.39%) were health personnel with high education, out of which 1,276 (25%) are physicians, 29 (0.56%) dentists, 93 (1.82%) pharmacists and 72 (1.42%) were health associates with higher education. There were 209 (4.09%) health workers and associates with high education, 3287 (64.41%) with secondary school education and 5 (0.09%) with low education.

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A program of mandatory immunization for children in Montenegro was carried out in 2012 (in regard to number persons mandatory to be vaccinated received by health services responsible for carrying out immunization in municipalities) with the scope that ranged from 89.8% (Hib) to 94.7% (BCG), and revaccination with the scope ranging from 84.6% (Hib) to 97.2% (MMR).

In Montenegro in 2012, there were 8,679 reported cases of infectious diseases mandatory to be reported (influenza and AIDS not included). One cases caused by infectious disease were reported in 2012, due to infectious disease after tetanus in one case. Incidence of infectious disease, mandatory to be reported (without influenza and AIDS), was 1399.6/100000 in 2012. Mortality of infectious diseases, in 2012, was 0.32/100000. There were 28 registered epidemics of acute infectious diseases in 2012 and 5823 of affected persons. The most cases were epidemics of pandemic influenza A (N1H1) - 2704 and varicella - 2981. According to groups of infectious diseases, out of total notified cases in 2012, the most were in the group of respiratory infectious diseases (73.5%, without influenza), intestinal diseases (13.5%), parasitic diseases (10.8%) etc. The number of influenza cases oscillates from year to year, and it affects the total number of registered cases of infectious diseases. There were 3,135 cases of influenza and it is 26.5% of all registered infectious diseases in 2012.

At the municipal level, there is no data on causes of the premature death. However, according to WHO, ischaemic heart disease was the leading cause of death, killing 1,200 people in 2012 in Montenegro, followed by stroke, cardiomyopathy and myocarditis, trachea, bronchus and lung cancers, colon and rectum cancers, etc. (see Figure 3-7). The trend in the DRB is likely to be similar

Data source: World Health Organization, Country profile for Montenegro Figure 3-7: Top 10 causes of death in Montenegro, 2012

3.4.1 Health Care Institutions and Staff in the DRB Out patient health care of population in Montenegro is provided in territorial municipality entities and it is carried out by Primary Health Centres (18) and three communities have Health Stations. The Health Stations

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 3-13 in Pluzine and Savnik are territorially connected to the Primary Health Centre Niksić, whilst the Health Station in Zabljak is connected to the Primary Health Centre in Pljevlja.

The Public health institutions, Institute of Public Health and Pharmacy institution »Montefarm« have great importance in out-patient health care.

Health care is also provided through private health institutions, with most of them categorized as dental health care, but there is a number of private pharmacies too.

Hospital health care of the population in DRB is provided through:

• General Hospitals: Bijelo Polje, (Bijelo Polje and Mojkovac), Berane, (Berane, Andrijevica, Plav and Rožaje), Nikšić (Nikšić, Plužine and Šavnik), Pljevlja, (Pljevlja and Zabljak) • Four stationeries, health centres and health stations located in: Mojkovac, Plav, Plužine, Šavnik • One Clinical Centre that besides general hospital activities for Podgorica, Danilovgrad and Kolašin provides territorial health care for all Montenegro.

In total, there are 271 employed physicians in the DRB, which makes an average of 571 inhabitants per doctor. At the municipal level, the largest pressure is in the municipality of Šavnik, where in 2012 there was only one employed physician, and then in the municipality of Plužine, where one doctor is responsible for 1,623 inhabitants (see Table 3-10). Extremely high values are also apparent in Andrijevica, Kolašin and Zabljak, while the situation is somewhat better in the municipalities of Berane and Pljevlja.

Table 3-10: Physicians, dentists and pharmacists in public health service, 2012

Main Municipalities in Number of inhabitants per Physicians Dentists Pharmacists DRB physician Andrijevica 5 0 0 1014 Berane 78 0 2 436 Bijelo Polje 83 0 2 555 Kolasin 8 0 1 1048 Mojkovac 11 0 1 784 Plav 18 0 1 728 Pljevlja 62 0 3 497 Pluzine 2 0 0 1623 Savnik 1 0 0 2070 Zabljak 3 0 0 1190 DRB 271 0 10 571 Data source: Statistical Yearbook of Montenegro, MONSTAT

Table 3-11: Number beds, hospital days of discharged patients + percentage of bed usage by institution, 2012

Institution Beds Hospital days Discharged patints Precentage of bed usage Centres of Health Care Mojkovac 15 2869 457 52.4 Plav 24 2650 985 30.3 Pluzine 5 1785 184 97.8 General Hospitals Berane 181 44308 7498 67.1 Bijelo Polje 141 37204 4825 72.3 Pljevlja 93 27764 3437 81.8 Data source: Health Statistical Yearbook 2012 of Montenegro, Institute of Public Health

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3.4.2 Social Services There are 17 different institutions engaged in social and child protection in Montenegro, funded from the state budget. Within these establishments, there are six institutions for children and youth, one for care of adults and ten centres for social work. In addition, various NGOs are involved.

The centres for social work in the area of DRB are located in the municipalities of Plav, Pljevlja, Bijelo Polje and Berane. Except for the Plav Center for Social Work, all the others are inter-municipal centres and cover several municipalities. In the area of DRB, there are, also, 5 day-care centres for children and youth with disabilities, located in the municipalities of Bijelo Polje, Pljevlja, Plav, Berane and Mojkovac. In the municipality of Bijelo Polje there is also a home for the elderly, as well as the centre for children and family support.

During 2013, the responsible centres for social work in the DRB, processed 5,951 juvenile cases and 8,184 adult cases (see Table 3-12). Compared to 2012, the number of social centre beneficiaries has increased in Plav and in the centre in charge of Pljevlja and Zabljak, while in the other centres the number of users has decreased. The area of the Municipality of Kolašin belongs to the Center for social work in Podgorica, which also covers Danilovgrad and , and that implies that most users are not from the area of DRB.

Table 3-12: Social welfare beneficiaries, 2013

Center for Juvenile users Adult users social work Berane-Andrijevica 317 235 Bijelo Polje-Mojkovac 1,193 972 Niksic-Savnik-Pluzine 3,031 4,380 Plav 770 654 Pljevlja-Zabljak 640 1,943 Total 5,951 8,184 Data source: Statistical Yearbook of Montenegro, MONSTAT During 2013 in the DRB, there were 18,963 people drawing pensions, which is 12.4% of the total population of the basin. Besides this, there were 7,523 beneficiaries of child allowance.

3.5 Education and Illiteracy The education system is divided into four parts in Montenegro:

• Pre-school • Primary education • Secondary Education and • Higher education

All of the above levels are represented in the DRB but spatial distribution is uneven. In the school year 2012/13, a total of 29,482 persons participated in some form of education levels, primary education comprised 56.2%, secondary 27.6% and tertiary 16.3%.

Illiteracy within the DRB, measured within the total population over 10 years of age, is greater than the national average (2.2% compared with 1.5%). Furthermore, illiteracy in DRB is more pronounced in women (3.6% compared with 0.7% in men). Further details on education and illiteracy are provided in Annex 3-4.

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3.6 Employment, unemployment and living standards From a national perspective, about 80.5% of the active population (estimated to be 251,000 people in 2013) are in employment and 19.5% are unemployed (48,900). The general trend is of slight improvement from the previous year.

The employment rate was the highest in the municipality of Plužine (43.3%) and the lowest in the municipality of Plav (22.2%), the regional average being 37.7%. The unemployment rate was the highest in the municipality of Plav (50.4%) and the lowest in the municipality of Šavnik (22.4%), the average being 33.7%.

The highest average gross and average net monthly wage, was apparent in the municipality of Plužine (800 € and 524 €), which is above the DRB regional average (581 € and 379.8 €). The lowest average gross and average net monthly wage, was in the municipality of Bijelo Polje (609 € and 404 €), but still above the regional average.

The Age Dependence Ratio (ADR) quantifies the number of persons in a population who are not economically active (people younger than 15 or older than 64) for every 100 economically active persons (aged 15 to 64) in that population.

The highest value ADR was in the municipality of Plužine (56.1), while the lowest ADR value was in the municipality of Mojkovac (46.9). The average ADR value for all DRB municipalities was 51.5. The average ADR value is high and indicates that the economically active population and the overall economy face a greater burden to support and provide the social services needed by children and by older persons who are often economically dependent.

Further details on employment, unemployment, living standards and the ADR are contained in Annex 3-5.

3.7 Crime Nationally, there were 4,613 reported adult perpetrators of criminal acts in 2013, which is 17.8% less than in 2012. Female offenders committed 12.5% of this total number of criminal acts. The number of unknown perpetrators of criminal acts was 1,584 (25.6% of all reported cases). The number of accused persons decreased by 9.7% compared with the previous year, and number convicted decreased by 8%. Criminal acts against property were the most commonly reported crime in 2013, 24.6% out of all reported cases, 24.5% out of all accused and 24.7% out of all convicted.

In 2013, 23% of the national reported criminal offences occurred in the municipalities of the basin. The most common crimes were against property (23.9% of convicted adults) and crimes against life and body (18.1% of convicted adults).

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4 Surface Water Hydrology This chapter provides a description of the surface water hydrology for the complete Drina Basin. This is necessary in order for the hydrological model to be operated effectively. It is not possible to divide the basin into a country-by-country basis concerning hydrology. Hence, there are references to monitoring stations from other countries outside of Montenegro. The chapter should also be read in close conjunction with Chapter 11 on Monitoring.

4.1 Meteorological data In terms of available hydro-meteorological knowledge, the DRB falls into the category of well-studied basins, studied over a relatively long period. Among meteorological parameters, the present ones are related to precipitation, with 27 official rainfall stations analysed within the present study, followed by air temperature, with 15 meteorological stations analysed here, while other meteorological parameters are monitored on a significantly smaller number of stations.

Monitoring and measuring of hydro-meteorological phenomena in the DRB is officially conducted by the hydro-meteorological service. In former SFRY, observation, measuring and archiving of hydro- meteorological data was executed by republic hydro-meteorological services (Serbia, Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina). Federal Hydro-Meteorological Service (FHMS) has collected data from the republic hydro-meteorological services using data only from selected hydrological stations to publish the data in the form of the "Yearbook of the Hydro-Meteorological Service of Yugoslavia" ("Meteorological Yearbook I", "Meteorological Yearbook II" and other.). FHMS has worked on development of the "Hydrological and Meteorological Database". Partial hydro-meteorological databases were also developed within the republic hydro-meteorological services. Contents of the subject database, as well as their status and availability for potential users, are not made known to the professional audience.

After the disintegration of the former SFRY, state hydro-meteorological services took over all competencies in the field of publishing and distribution of hydro-meteorological data from their territories. As of 1991, Serbian SHMS started regular data publishing in the form of meteorological and hydrological yearbooks and the hydro-meteorological database is under development. Until 2014, data from the territories of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina were available only in the archives of the subject institutions. Situation on the territory of BiH was far more complex, as since 1991 data is in the Hydro-Meteorological Service of Republic Srpska (in Luka) and Hydro-Meteorological Service of Federation BiH (in ). For reasons of well-known war-related events on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, scope and type of available hydro-meteorological data is not known to broader professional audience. It is assumed that majority of data after 1991 does not exist at all, and data that exists can be only procured on the market; market conditions in different republics (states) are substantially different. Some data records, such as meteorological data records, can be obtained only in a very limited form.

Being involved in development of numerous hydrologic studies, projects and water master plan analyses, such as the Water Master Plan of SFRY, , "Hydrological Study of the Sava River", "Hydro-Meteorological Balance" and "Hydrological Monograph of the Danube River Basin" and the study "Formation of Weekly Hydrological Series of Unregulated Discharges between 1926 and 2012 for Predefined Profiles", the "Jaroslav Černi" Institute for the Development of Water Resources collected relevant hydro-meteorological data from the majority of official stations in the DRB for the period of the station inceptions until the end of 2012. All subject data records are either in the original form or processed, and are archived in the "Drina" Hydro-Information System ("Drina" HIS), which is constantly being populated with newly arriving data.

4.1.1 Review and assessment of the existing meteorological data Meteorological data from 27 meteorological stations in the DRB in Montenegro were analysed. These stations represented those that are active, those previously active or active during a certain period and then

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-2 those abandoned. The source of data is the "Drina" Hydro-Information System ("Drina" HIS), developed in the "Jaroslav Černi" Institute for the Development of Water Resources – Belgrade, Serbia. Analysis of available data on rainfall and air temperatures from the metrological stations in the DRB was conducted for the period from 1946 to 2012. This was then further subdivided into the two periods, from 1946 to 1990 and from 1991 to 2012; the complete period from 1946 to 2012 was also analysed. The following table presents a summary of number of records related to the mean daily air temperatures and rainfall in analysed metrological stations in the DRB (as stored in the "Drina" HIS database).

Table 4-1: Meteorological station in the DRB in Montenegro No Station H (m.a.s.l.) Established Status 1 "Andrijevica" 800 1923 Active 2 "Andrijevo *" ? ? Active 3 "Bajevo polje" 975

4 "Berane" 690 1925 Active 5 "Bijelo Polje" 560 1923 Active 6 "Bioča" 640 1946 Active 7 "Bistrica" 800 1964 Active 8 "Boan" 1000 1948 Active 9 "Bobovo" -

10 "" 1000 1927

11 "Dragovića P. *" 650 1946 Active 12 "Đurđevića Tara" 650

13 "Goransko" 920 1953 Active 14 "" 1380 1956 Active 15 "" 1300 1958 Active 16 "Gradac" 700 1956 Active 17 "Grahovo" ? ? Active 18 "Kolašin" 944 1923 Active 19 "Konjuhe" 1140 1971 Active 20 "Kosanica" 1320 1927

21 "Kovren" 1050 1946 Active 22 "" 1200

23 "" -

24 "Lijeva Rijeka" 1120 1946

25 "M.Crna Gora" 1410 1956 Active 26 "Majstorovine" 800 1948 Active 27 "Man.Morača *" 270 1934 Active 28 "Mataruge" 1050 1948 Active 29 "Mateševo" 990 1948 Active 30 "Mojkovac" 853 1937 Active 31 "Mokro" 1050 1959 Active 32 "Mratinje" 800 33 "Murina" 860 1937 Active 34 "Nikovići" 1400 1956 Active 35 "Nikšić *" 647 1927 36 "Njegovudje" 1315 1956 Active 37 "Opasanica" 1160 1949 Active 38 "Piva HPP" 685,38 2013 Active 39 "Plav" 908 Active 40 "Plužine" 750 Active 41 "Pljevlja" 784 1923 Active 42 "Podgorica *" 49 1949 43 "Pošćenje" 1020 1956 Active

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No Station H (m.a.s.l.) Established Status 44 "Prenčani" 1160 1948 Active 45 "Rožaje *" 1000 1931 Active 46 "Seoca" 750 1946 Active 47 "Stabna" 780 1927 Active 48 "Stitarica" 1050 1956 Active 49 "Stožer" 1200 1960 Active 50 "Suva Gora" 1250 1956 Active 51 "Šavnik" 870 1931 Active 52 "Šćepan Polje" 466 1927 Active 53 "Tomaševo" 970 1948 Active 54 "Trsa" 1480 1956 Active 55 "Uliće *" 600 1948 Active 56 "Velika" 1200 1937 Active 57 "Žabljak" 1450 - Active * = Station is located outside of the DRB

Rainfall Data For the purpose of monitoring and analysis of the metrological regime in the DRB, the network of meteorological stations was set up that was used in the previous period for constant or occasional observation and gauging of meteorological phenomena.

Some of the stations are not operational any more, or they were replaced by other located in the immediate vicinity of former stations. The total number of analysed rainfall stations in Montenegro was 27.

Rainfall data from the metrological stations in the "Drina" HIS are available for a long period (since 1923 until present). Rainfall data for the period from 1923 to 1940 were taken from the yearbooks of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and were available for 11 stations in Montenegro. This period is characterized by data discontinuity. None of the reviewed stations has the "full" data series for 18 years of observation. There is no data available for any of the meteorological stations for the period from 1941 to 1945 (WWII). This will be further discussed in sections related to climate change.

The period from 1946 to 1969 is characterized by no rainfall data for the basin segments in Montenegro. Data are the most complete, if one considers the entire DRB for the period from 1970 to 1984.

Data related to the start of operations of the subject stations and their altitudes were taken from the existing meteorological yearbooks. It should be noted that subject yearbooks exhibit certain differences in data taken from the same station. The following Figure 4-1 show the percentage of rainfall data completeness for the DRB in the Montenegro, for periods from 1946 to 1990; from 1991 to 2012 and from 1946 to 2012.

Figure 4-1: Percentage of daily rainfall sum data completeness along the segment of the DRB in Montenegro

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Based on the above graphs, one may notice that for the period from 1946 to 1990, in the basin segment in Montenegro, data are available for 24 out of 27 existing stations, but data completeness in terms of percentage is low. One may notice that in the basin segments in Montenegro there are 13 (out of the 27 existing) stations during the period from 1991 to 2012 with available data (percentage of data completeness is low). The "Bijelo Polje" MS has the most complete set of records.

Air Temperature Data Total number of meteorological stations in the DRB with air temperature data available analysed within this study is 16 in Montenegro. There are no data for the period before 1946 (by the end of 1945) available for any of the 15 stations analysed within the basin. For the period from 1946 to 1969 there are no air temperature data available for the basin segments in Montenegro. The best data completeness, as regards to the entire basin is for the period for 1970 to 1984 (same as for the rainfall data). Rainfall data series for the period from 1946 to 2012 are not "complete", that is, there are missing years or no data throughout the year are available.

The following Figure 4-2 show the percentage of air temperature data completeness for the DRB in Montenegro, for periods from 1946 to 1990; from 1991 to 2012 and from 1946 to 2012.

Figure 4-2: Percentage mean daily air temperature data completeness along the segment of the DRB in Montenegro

Based on the above graphs, one may notice that for the period from 1946 to 1990, in the basin segment in Montenegro, data is available for 7 out of 15 existing stations, but data completeness in terms of percentage is low. One may notice that in the basin segments in Montenegro, there are 14 (out of 15 existing) stations in the period from 1991 to 2012 with available data, but the percentage of data completeness is low.

4.1.2 Processing and gap filling of meteorological data In order to working with the hydrological model (described in Section 4.3) it was necessary to perform the task of completing daily rainfall and air temperature data from the representative meteorological stations in the DRB. Firstly, it was necessary to perform control of existing data series that may be subject to various data errors (typing errors, as well as errors in data gauging possibly identified by visual observation of data series and their plots). Evident errors identified were corrected for the model to be in position to generate correct results. Processing and control of existing data was conducted by means of common mathematical and statistical procedures, i.e. procedures implemented in the "Drina" HIS.

Model development required "complete" data series. Existing data series frequently are not "complete", and they miss data to a greater or lesser extent. Thus, it was necessary to define the method of filling-in the missing data into time series and performing their control. Commonly, missing data are gap-filled into time series by means of standard filing-in methods and, thus, data are prepared for model utilization.

Filling-in of data was conducted by means of VNC (Multiple Non-Linear Regression) model (implemented into the "Drina" HIS) developed by JCI. For a station with no data it was performed on the basis of existence of data for another one and the existence of a synchronous period (period when data are available on both

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stations). This process required relevant calculations and correction with respect to altitude and position of the respective meteorological stations.

Processing and generation, i.e. filling-in of missing data was conducted for total of 21 rainfall station, for 8 air temperature station. Rainfall and air temperature data analysis and processing period was from 1970 to 1984.

4.1.3 Analysis of precipitation regime in the basin The climate conditions in the DRB have already been described in Section 2.4. The high mountain areas (above 2,000 m.a.s.l.) receive 2,000 to 3,000 mm of rain (including snow), the medium-height mountains approximately 1,500 mm and low mountains from 800 to 1,000 mm. The quantity of atmospheric precipitation around the Drina River confluence with the Sava River, outside of Montenegro is 700 mm. Rainfall quantities, however, drop along the river course, although not regularly, as regularity is distorted by local conditions. Annual quantities grow in balanced manner up to the town of Šćepan Polje, with the driest month receiving 4.2% of the total annual rainfall quantity, up to the town of , with the higher average of 7.1%.

Drina River, Tara River and Piva River and tributaries along its upper course belong to the so-called snow- rain regime of Dinaric-Macedonian variant. This means that the highest discharges occur in May and April, except for the Piva River, with the highest discharges in December. Although the period of flood discharge in the Drina River is long-lasting, due to gradual nature of snow melting on the mountains, catastrophic floods are not frequent. High water levels may also occur in autumn, usually in November, due to more rainfall.

The present chapter includes analysis of the DRB climate characteristics and an isohyet map has been also included (see Figure 4-3).8

8 Isohyet map has been taken from the "Vodoprivreda" magazine, Belgrade, paper no. 2 –"Principal Hydrographic Characteristics of the DRB and Hydro-Meteorological Data", 2004. Isohyet map of Serbia for the same period from 1946 to 1991 is also shown in the WMMPRS ("Water Management Master Plan of the Republic of Serbia") developed in 2009.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-6

Figure 4-3: Isohyet map of the DRB in Montenegro

The present map was developed for the period from 1946 to 1991 and today it is considered representative, as since 1991 there are no rainfall data to be used for creation of a newer version of the subject map. Present chapter also includes definition of intra-annual rainfall distribution by basins for the period from 1970 to 1984, since for this period rainfall data exist for the majority of stations. Several stations from all subject basins were selected for processing.

Average annual rainfall in the DRB, for a longer period, is approximately 1,100 mm. Average multi-annual rainfall for the period from 1946 to 1991 ranges between 700 mm in the eastern segment of the basin (Badovinci-Sjenica) and 2,300 mm (Gornje Lipovo), i.e. 3,000 mm, in the source area of the Lim River on the Prokletije Mountain. South-western segment of the basin is more rainfall-abundant than the north-

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-7 western segment. Since the Drina River cuts through two mountain ranges of the Dinara System (Javor Mountain-Tara Mountain, Majevica Mountain-Cer Mountain), rainfall depressions are located in between them. Depression of rainfall in the broad area between two mountain ranges, from the town of Sjenica to the town of Višegrad, is particularly pronounced.

Rainfall regime has been analysed on the basis of available data from meteorological stations in the DRB. Intra-annual rainfall distribution for selected rainfall stations has been defined by basins for the period from 1970 to 1984 and presented in the following Figure 4-4 to Figure 4-7 inclusive.

120

100

Berane 80 Bijelo Polje

60

40

20 mean monthly precipitation monthly mean (mm)

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII month

Figure 4-4: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Lim River for the period 1970 to 1984

250

200 Plužine

150 Šavnik

Šćepan Polje

100

50 mean monthly precipitation (mm) precipitation monthly mean

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII month

Figure 4-5: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Piva River for the period 1970 to 1984

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-8

350

300

Žabljak 250 Bistrica 200 Kolašin

150 Đurđevića Tara Crkvine 100

mean monthly precipitation (mm) precipitation monthly mean 50

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII month

Figure 4-6: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Tara River for the period 1970 to 1984

120

100

Gradac 80

Pljevlja 60 Kosanica

40

mean monthly precipitation monthly mean (mm) 20

0 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII month

Figure 4-7: Intra-annual rainfall distribution on selected stations on Ćehotina River for the period 1970 to 1984

The previous charts show that minimum monthly rainfall sums occur in June-July (Piva River and Tara River) and February-March (Lim River and Ćehotina River) period, while the maximum values occur mainly early in the year (October and November), as expected.

Figure 4-8 presents selected rainfall stations used to define intra-annual rainfall distribution in the DRB in Montenegro.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-9

Figure 4-8: Selected rainfall stations in the DRB in Montenegro used for definition of intra-annual rainfall distribution

4.2 Hydrological data

4.2.1 Review and assessment of available hydrological data Hydrological data from 32 hydrological stations on the DRB in Montenegro were analysed, those that were active previously, i.e. in the history of hydrological value measurement on the rivers of the Drina River or they were active by certain point in time and then they were abolished. Majority of the stations are on the Tara River (7), Lim River (6), Piva River (2), Ćehotina River (2) and other Drina River tributaries. Period covered by present analysis is 1946 to 2012. Data sources were official hydrological yearbooks of FPR of Yugoslavia (1945 to 1962), SFRY (1963 to 1991), FR Yugoslavia (1992 to 2003), Montenegro (2012) and hydrological yearbooks for the Sava River basin (2006 to 2011). It should be noted that in addition to stations shown here, several other stations were identified which were not taken into consideration as they have never started to operate in the real sense of the word or they were insignificant, i.e. there are not enough information on their exact locations and periods of operation.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-10

The following table present analysed hydrological stations in the DRB with their basic data and the quantity of available data on mean daily discharges and water levels in the "Drina” HIS. More data on hydrological stations is found in Chapter 11.

Table 4-2: Hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro

Number of data Number of data Station name River records (Q) records (H) 1 "" Lim 17,167 4,018 2 "Bijelo Polje" Lim 2,557 5,111 3 "Zaton" Lim 25,567 5,076 4 "Berane" Lim 1,095 4,019 5 "Andrijevica" Lim 10,226 8,030 6 "Plav" Lim 2,192 6,940 7 "Gusinje" Grnčar 0 2,497 8 "Šćepan Polje" Tara 0 0 9 "Tepca" Tara 15,340 0 10 "Đurđevića Tara" Tara 0 0 11 "Bistrica" Tara 0 0 12 "Trebaljevo" Tara 5,844 0 13 "Kolašin" Tara 0 0 14 "Crna Poljana" Tara 0 0 15 "Šćepan Polje" Piva 6,940 6,940 16 "Krstac" Piva 8,766 11,322 17 "Dužki Most" Komarnica 0 0 18 "Gradac" Ćehotina 366 6,738 19 "Pljevlja" Ćehotina 11,688 2,556 20 "Bioče" Lješnica 4,749 4,600 21 " Rijeka" Ljuboviđa 1,096 1,095 22 "Bakovići" Plašnica 8,402 4,018 23 "Podbišće" Štitarica 12,232 8,742 24 "Đulići" Zlorečica 0 0 25 "D. " Grlja 0 2,956 26 "Gubavač" Bjelopoljska Bistrica 0 0 27 "Šavnik" Bijela 0 0 28 "Biogradsko jezero" Biogradsko jezero 0 1,827 29 "Šavnik" Bukovica 11,689 4,675 30 "Pošćenje" Komarnica 1,084 0 31 "Široki Profil" Pridvorica 0 0 32 "Pivski Manastir" Sinjac 0 7,190

Some 32 hydrological stations have been analysed from Montenegro assessing data on daily discharges and daily water levels. In addition to hydrological data quantified as available for the period from 1946 to 2012, "Drina" HIS includes data for earlier period (from 1926 to 1945), as well as for the period after 2012.

Availability of the number of hydrological data records (daily values of water level and discharges) is presented in Figure 4-9 and their location is shown on Figure 4-10.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-11

20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 Q N (data (data N number) 6000 H 4000 2000 0 HS PlavHS HS BiočeHS HS ĐulićiHS HS Zaton HS HS TepcaHS HS Krstac HS HS ŠavnikHS ŠavnikHS HS BeraneHS Gradac HS HS KolašinHS HS PljevljaHS HS BistricaHS HS GusinjeHS HS BakovićiHS HS Gubavač HS HS PodbišćeHS PošćenjeHS HS TrebaljevoHS HS D. Vusanje D.HS HS DobrakovoHS HS BijeloHS Polje HS AndrijevicaHS DužkiMost HS HS ŠirokiHS Profil HS Crna PoljanaCrna HS HS Ravna HS HS PivskiHS Manastir HS Đurđevića TaraHS HS Biogradskojezero HS HS ŠćepanHS Polje (Piva) HS ŠcepanHS Polje(Tara)

Figure 4-9: Available data (Q discharge and H water level) from hydrological stations in the DRB (Montenegro)

4.2.2 Processing and gap filling of hydrological data Calibrating of the hydrological model parameters required gap filling of daily discharge values for 6 hydrological profiles in the DRB. The period from 1970 to 1984 was selected because in the DRB has been identified adequate availability of both hydrological and meteorologically gauged data. Certain number of selected hydrological profiles (17) had complete data series of daily discharges (i.e. water levels):

• "Bijelo Polje" (Lim River), • "Đurđevića Tara" (Tara River), • "Trebaljevo" (Tara River), • "Šćepan Polje" (Tara River), • "Mratinje" (Piva River), • "Dužki most" (Komarnica River),

During the analysed period, there were no complete daily discharge (i.e. water level series) from the following stations (5): • "Andrijevica" (Lim River), • "Berane" (Lim River), • "Šćepan Polje" (Piva River), • "Pljevlja" (Ćehotina River) and • "Gradac" (Ćehotina River).

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-12

Figure 4-10: Hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro

The following Figure 4-11 presents mean annual discharges on the analysed hydrological profiles for the period from 1970 to 1984 with completed mean daily discharges.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-13

120 Đurđevića Tara Šćepan Polje Šćepan Polje 100 brana Mratinje Bijelo Polje Trebaljevo 80 Dužki most Pljevlja Gradac /s) 3 60 Andrijevica

Q (m Q Berane

40

20

0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Figure 4-11: Mean annual discharges on hydrological profiles 1970 to 1984

Data missing from the "Andrijevica" HS for 1970, 1978 and 1984 were gap-filled by means of VNC (Multiple Non-Linear Regression) model (implemented into the “Drina” Hydro-Information System) by means of data from the downstream station "Bijelo Polje" HS and upstream station "Plav" HS.

Data missing from the station "Berane" HS for the period from 1970 to 1978 were gap-filled by means of VNC model by means of data from the downstream station "Bijelo Polje" HS and upstream station "Plav" HS.

"Šćepan Polje" station on the Piva River included daily discharge data series for the period from 1970 to 1979. Data missing for the period from 1980 to 1984 were gap-filled by means of correlation dependence to the "Mratinje" profile ("Piva" dam):

Qšp=(QMratinje-3.4297)/0.8869, R=0.9780

Data missing from the "Pljevlja" HS for 1973, 1975, 1976, 1981, 1982, 1983 and 1984 were gap-filled by means of VNC model by means of data from the downstream stations "Gradac" HS, "Vikoč" HS and "Foča Aladža" HS.

Data missing from the "Gradac" HS for 1981 were gap-filled by means of VNC model by means of data from the downstream stations "Vikoč" HS and "Foča Aladža" HS.

Conclusion is that the majority of daily discharge data for hydrological model parameter calibration is original, i.e. measured, and that only 18.9% (25/132 years) of data were gap-filled by the means of aforementioned procedures (still a share worth having in mind).

4.3 Hydrological model Substantial efforts were invested in development of the Hydro-Information System of the Drina River ("Drina" HIS, "Jaroslav Černi" Institute, 2002 to 2011) in the previous period, with the focus on development of the forecast hydrological model. Completely calibrated and verified forecast model with daily time step was delivered in 2011 when successful inflow forecast started on major hydro-profiles in the DRB.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-14

Hydrological model development, methodology improvement, further model calibration (updating formed parameter sets) and transition to six-hour time interval of discretization were some of the activities that were continued after 2011.

So far (as demonstrated below by results), the model reliably forecasts high and medium discharges, with somewhat less reliable forecast of low discharges that is still satisfactory.

Hydrological model applied was distributed and based on the physical laws describing transformation of surface (direct) and subsurface (base) runoff. Spatial decomposition of the model implies basin area subdivision on convex elements of irregular shape, where each element is characterized by specific features (vertical filtration coefficient, porosity, characteristic wetness...) included in the calculation of the vertical water balance.

The developed model is composed of a series of hydrological system elements describing natural phenomena and processes in simple terms. Calculation of rainfall transformation into runoff on selected hydraulic profiles was conceptualized to simulate vertical water streaming and formation of subsurface and surface runoff. Input values are rainfall and meteorological parameters, while the output is subsurface and surface runoff on characteristic hydraulic profiles. Vertical water balance is calculated in distributed manner for the entire basin area.

The second segment of the hydrological model is (conditional horizontal) water streaming, i.e. transformation of computed components of vertical water balance (from the vertical segment) through the linear reservoir system. The detailed methodology applied is further described in Annex 4-1.

4.3.1 Overview of results – mean weekly discharge This section presents the results of modelling according to the methodology and procedure described in Annex 4-1. Results are shown for the hydraulic profiles on the outlet river sections of respective sectors.

Calibration Hydrological model calibration was conducted for the period from October 1st 1971 to September 29th 1977. Start and end of the simulation were assigned to the start of the hydrological year when the soil is mainly dry and autumn rains are about to begin. The following table provides calibration assessment according to criteria described in Annex 4-1. Values are related to aggregate weekly series of observed and modelled discharges.

Table 4-3: Calibration efficiency assessment on the hydro-profiles of respective sectors

Assessment of model efficiency Comment No. Hydraulic profile River NSE RSR R ( according to NSE and RSR criteria) 1 "Šćepan polje" Tara 0.855 0.381 0.926 very good 2 "Šćepan polje" Piva 0.824 0.419 0.909 very good 3 "Foča" Drina 0.850 0.387 0.927 very good 4 "Prijepolje" Lim 0.755 0.495 0.874 very good 5 "Strmica" Lim 0.753 0.497 0.874 very good 6 "Višegrad" Drina 0.839 0.401 0.926 very good 7 "Bajina Bašta" Drina 0.814 0.432 0.909 very good 8 "Zvornik" Drina 0.825 0.418 0.913 very good 9 "Mouth of the river" Drina 0.819 0.425 0.911 very good

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-15

The following table provides values of characteristic discharges for observed and modelled series on outlet profiles of respective sectors.

Table 4-4: Overview of observed and modelled values of weekly discharges (calibration)

Discharge - observed Discharge - simulated No. Hydraulic profile River (mean yearly values) (mean yearly values)

Qavg Qmin Qmax Qavg Qmin Qmax 1 "Šćepan polje" Tara 78.10 32.37 205.14 75.24 29.70 204.72 2 "Šćepan polje" Piva 67.01 25.35 179.02 68.10 24.14 164.14 3 "Foča" Drina 189.60 79.90 437.28 181.40 71.80 456.03 4 "Prijepolje" Lim 74.70 28.97 210.41 76.05 31.92 215.28 5 "Strmica" Lim 108.82 50.15 255.91 110.97 53.30 260.75 6 "Višegrad" Drina 320.17 157.24 707.08 320.58 141.89 769.15 7 "Bajina Bašta" Drina 314.99 112.18 746.60 339.45 152.38 795.12 8 "Zvornik" Drina 344.46 134.77 787.24 358.95 164.59 825.37 9 "Mouth of the river" Drina 354.51 137.73 807.72 373.85 174.71 848.25

As apparent from the previous two tables, hydrological model generates very good match between observed and modelled series. Multi-annual average (calibration period – 7 years) of mean weekly discharges generate very little deviations from the measured values. In addition, differences between average multi-annual maximum weekly discharges indicate small deviations from measured values, meaning that the flood waves and flood periods are well modelled. Somewhat bigger deviations occur with low discharges, but the values are still satisfactory. Reason for that is the methodology of the linear reservoirs system use for base runoff transformation. The following period was planned for introduction of nonlinear reservoirs system, which would improve matching of hydrograph recession branches significantly. Following charts (Figure 4-12 to Figure 4-14 inclusive) present the examples of intra-annual distribution of weekly discharges during the calibration period. More results are presented in Annex 4-2 and Annex 4-3.

Figure 4-12: Mean monthly values of weekly discharges(calibration period)

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-16

Figure 4-13: Minimum monthly values of weekly discharges (calibration period)

Figure 4-14: Maximum monthly values of weekly discharges (calibration period)

4.4 Hydrological Analyses - Calculation of Medium, Low and Flood Discharges

4.4.1 Analysis of Mean Monthly and Annual Discharges Methodology Hydrological regime determination for the DRB required gap-filling of data missing from the hydrological stations. Missing data is the characteristic of the period as of late 20th century up to present time on the stations on the territories of Montenegro. The tools integrated into the “Drina” Hydro-Information System, i.e. hydrologic model and VNC mathematical model were used for gap-filling of mean monthly discharge time series on hydrological stations in the DRB. The core of the VNC model ( which in the past was several times used in the DRB with success) is generation of correlation dependencies between standardized variables, various combinations of cause-effect relationships and different hydro-meteorological time series.

The model is developed for spatial interpolation of hydro-meteorological data on profiles where no observation and measured data exist. However, the model was also adapted to the need to gap-fill and extend interruptions in existing hydro-meteorological data series from measurement stations.

Hydrological Data Hydrological analysis of mean monthly discharges was conducted for the DRB covering total of 19,982 km2 up to the mouth into the Sava River. Average visible basin yield is q=19.8 l/km2/s. Hydrological analyses were conducted for total of 5 hydrological stations. Hydrological stations are located on the Lim River ("Bijelo Polje" HS, "Plav" HS), on the Tara River ("Šćepan Polje" HS and "Đurđevića Tara" HS) and on the

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-17

Piva River ("Šćepan Polje" HS). Position of the analysed hydrological stations in the DRB is presented in Figure 4-15 together with the hydrographic grid and state borders.

Mean monthly discharges from the analysed hydrological stations are mainly available for the period up to 1990. After that period (from 1990 to 2012), data on mean monthly discharges are available for the area of the Republic of Serbia, while data from stations in the Republic of Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina are mainly unavailable. The period from 1926 to 1945 was analysed within the comprehension of the hydrological processing period since certain station in the DRB include discharge measurements from this period. However, this is about a small number of stations in the basin that do not cover the entire basin and they are also characterized by large number of missing data records. Consequently, the period from 1946 to 2012 was selected for analysis at all hydrological stations. Available series of mean monthly discharges from the analysed hydrological stations are presented in Table 4-5.

Table 4-5: Available monthly discharge from analysed hydrological stations in DRB in Montenegro 1946 to 2012

No Hydrological station River

1 Bijelo Polje Lim 2 Plav Lim 3 Šćepan Polje Tara 4 Đurđevića Tara Tara 5 Šćepan Polje Piva Legend: Unavailable data Available data Time series of monthly discharges were gap-filled for all stations with missing data by the means of the VNC mathematical model (“Drina” Hydro-Information System). Filling-in was conducted for the upper course of the Drina River for the stations on the Tara River ("Šćepan Polje" HS and "Đurđevića Tara" HS) and the Piva River ("Šćepan Polje" HS). It was necessary to gap-fill monthly discharge series for the hydrological stations "Bijelo Polje" HS and "Plav" HS for the upper course of the Lim River in Montenegro. Filling-in of monthly discharge series in south segments of the Drina River course included use of hydrological data from the "Mratinje" storage on the Piva River, as well as data from "Višegrad" storage taken from the "Drina" Hydro-Information System.

Storage (dam) profiles required transformation of regulated monthly discharge series into unregulated to meet the requirements of the VNC model application (“Drina” Hydro-Information System). In addition to mentioned hydrological data, monthly discharge series on the Lim River from "" HS and "Prijepolje" HS were used. Monthly meteorological data were collected also, such as the rainfall and air temperature in the north of Montenegro. Meteorological data included the basins of the Lim River, Tara River and Piva River. VNC model parameters estimation was conducted for the historic period by the means of application of input hydro-meteorological series and output monthly discharge series for the hydrological station profile subject to gap filling.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-18

Figure 4-15: Analysed hydrological stations in the DRB together with hydrographic grid and republic borders

Hydrological Analysis Results Average discharges are the characteristic of the water regime pointing to the water yield of the basin area. Present study analysed characteristic water regimes in the DRB on the hydrological stations on Lim River, Tara River and Piva River (Figure 4-15). Hydrological stations were selected in line with the available data.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-19

Results of the hydrological analysis are shown in next table, showing numerical indicators of water regime for each analysed hydrological station in the DRB basin and the characteristics of the basin, such as basin area F, mean annual discharge Q, standard deviation of annual discharges σQ, mean basin yield q and skewness Cs.

Table 4-6: Analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB:

Hydrological 2 3 3 2 No. River F (km ) Q (m /s) σQ (m /s) q (l/km /s) Cs station 1 "Bijelo Polje" Lim 2,183 61.2 15.4 28.1 1.121 2 "Plav" Lim 364 18.4 4.5 50.5 1.012 3 "Šćepan Polje" Tara 2,040 75.8 15.2 37.2 0.982 4 "Đurđevića Tara" Tara 1,381 55.8 11.4 40.4 1.005 5 "Šćepan Polje" Piva 1,567 71 16.7 45.3 1.097 2 3 3 Note: F (km )-basin area, Q (m /s)- mean annual discharge, σQ(m /s)-standard deviation of annual discharges, q (l/km2/s)-mean basin yield, Cs-skewness

Spatial distribution of water resources of a basin area is presented by means of the map of isolines of specific water yield. Based on the specific water yield from analysed hydrological stations presented in Table 4-7 one cannot generate the map of isolines since it requires large number of hydrological stations. Therefore, map of isolines of specific water yield q (l/km2/s) was generated for the period from 1946 to 1991 for the entire DRB. During that period, a significantly larger number of hydrological stations were available.

Based on the map presented in Figure 4-16, one may comprehend the regime of the river runoff regime formed in the DRB, as well as the spatial distribution of available water. Southern segments of the DRB are far more water-abundant than the northern and central segments of the basin. Since southern basin segments are in the mountainous area are receiving more rainfall quantities, subject basin segment generates specific water yield of 40 to 50 l/km2/s.

Detailed analysis of the map of isolines of the specific water yield leads to the conclusion that the most water-abundant basin segments are the Tara River, Piva River and Sutjeska River, followed by the southern basin segments of the Lim River. Central segments of the DRB provide specific water yield between 10 and 20 l/km2/s, while the specific water yield in the north basin segment is less than 10 l/km2/s. One can conclude from aforementioned that water allocation in the DRB is heterogeneous in spatial terms.

For the purpose of comprehending inter-annual discharge distribution, next Figure 4-17 presented graphic indicators of the module coefficient K by months for analyzed hydrological stations. Module coefficients K (-) are calculated by means of K(i)=Qmonth(i)/Q where Qmonth(i) is the monthly discharge during the month i, and Q(i) is the mean multi-annual discharge. Additionally, for the purpose of comprehending intra-annual hydrological regime, Table 4-7 presented the values of mean monthly discharges from analyzed stations.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-20

Figure 4-16: Map of isolines of specific water yield q (l/km2/s) in the DRB

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Figure 4-17: Intra-annual distribution of discharges in the DRB presented by means of module coefficients of the monthly discharges K on analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB in Montenegro

Figure 4-17 shows the heterogeneous time distribution of discharges in the DRB. Tributaries, such as Lim River, Tara River and Piva River is characterized mainly by the snow-rain regime with abundant water in spring, due to snow melt and spring rainfall, with pronounced minimum discharges during August and September. The most abundant intra-annual period is April and May and, then, November and December.

Table 4-7: Intra-annual distribution of discharges presented by mean monthly discharges on analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB

Hydrological No. Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 Q12 Qgodišnje station 1 "Bijelo Polje" 59.9 59.3 72.9 115.9 117.7 63.3 29.9 17.7 20.6 34.9 63.2 79.5 61.2 2 "Plav" 16.6 16.4 19.8 31.0 34.4 20.7 10.8 6.7 7.9 12.5 20.6 23.1 18.4 "Šćepan Polje" (Tara 3 77.6 70.1 83.8 131.7 126.9 78.6 42.5 24.9 26.7 52.6 87.8 106.4 75.8 River) 4 "Đurđevića Tara" 55.7 50.8 60.0 100.0 96.3 55.4 29.2 18.1 20.2 37.0 67.7 79.4 55.8 "Šćepan Polje" (Piva 5 70.0 63.5 78.9 127.2 116.0 71.3 34.2 20.4 23.8 48.9 89.7 108.1 71.0 River)

For the purpose of illustration of the hydrological regime on analyzed hydrological stations in the DRB, here are presented mean, minimum and maximum annual discharge values (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharge values (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c). Aforementioned parameters are shown in Figure 4-18 to Figure 4-22 inclusive.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-22

300 300 (a) Mean annual flows 250 (b) Seasonal cycle 200 /s) 250 3 150 (m 100 Q 50 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/s) Month 3 150

(m 300

Q (c) Monthly flow duration curve 250 100 200 /s) 3 150 (m 50 Q 100 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 p (%)

Figure 4-18: "Bijelo Polje" HS on the Lim River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c)

80 80 (b) Seasonal cycle (a) Mean annual flows 60

70 /s) 3 40 (m

60 Q 20

50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/s) Month 3 40

(m 80

Q 70 (c) Monthly flow duration curve 30 60

/s) 50 20 3 40 (m 30 Q 10 20 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 p (%)

Figure 4-19: "Plav" HS on the Lim River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c)

350 400 (a) Mean annual flows (b) Seasonal cycle 300 /s)

300 3 200 (m

250 Q 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

200 10 11 12 /s) Month 3

(m 350

Q 150 300 (c) Monthly flow duration curve 250

100 /s)

3 200

(m 150 50 Q 100 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 p (%)

Figure 4-20: "Šćepan Polje" HS on the Tara River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c)

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250 250 (b) Seasonal cycle (a) Mean annual flows 200 /s)

3 150

200 (m 100 Q 50 0 150 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/s) Month 3

(m 250

Q (c) Monthly flow duration curve 100 200

/s) 150 3

50 (m 100 Q 50

0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 p (%)

Figure 4-21: "Đurđevića Tara" HS on the Tara River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c)

400 400 (b) Seasonal cycle (a) Mean annual flows 300

350 /s) 3 200 (m

300 Q 100

250 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

/s) Month 3 200

(m 400 (c) Monthly flow duration curve Q 350 150 300

/s) 250 100 3 200 (m 150 Q 50 100 50 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 1946 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 p (%)

Figure 4-22: "Šćepan Polje" HS on the Piva River: mean, minimum and maximum annual discharges (a); mean, minimum and maximum monthly discharges (b); monthly discharge duration curves (c)

4.4.2 Trends and Multi-Decadal Oscillations Methodology Mann-Kendal Trend Test Many trend analyses are base d on a well-known Mann-Kendall Trend Test. Subject test is non-parametric and is based on member ranking in time series. Time series members are ranked to compare each time series member to data sequence in time. Statistics test is computed as follows: n−1 n = S∑ ∑ sign( Qi -Q j ), i=1 j = i + 1

where Q is the mean annual discharge in time step i and j, sign(Qi−Qj) is equal to +1 if Qi large than Qj and −1 vice verse. If it turns out that S>0 than the time series is under downtrend, and for S<0 we have an uptrend. Mathematical expectation and variance for test statistics S are as follows: ES( )= 0, − + =n( n 1)(2 n 5) =σ 2 Var() S . 18

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Eliminating the effect of serial correlation required use of variance correction for test statistics S. This approach means that the series with autocorrelation contains N members, and that the effective number of members that are not correlated is less than N. For a time series of annual discharges, standardized variable Zs is calculated by means of the Mann-Kendall test as follows:  S − 1 , S > 0  σ   + =  S 1 < ZSs  , 0  σ  = 0, S 0  where Zs follows standard normal distribution. If Zs is above 1.96, corresponding to significance threshold α=0.05, hypothesis H0 that significant trend in the annual discharge time series exists is adopted. Otherwise, hypothesis H0 that the trend is statistically significant is rejected and alternative hypothesis H1 is adopted.

Multi-Decadal Oscillations by Application of Continuous Spectrum Continuous spectrum provides an answer to the question of the character of periodicity intensity change under the conditions of continuous values of frequency f. Subject issue is very important, since defining periodical components of random process in practice is very difficult and setting their periods a priori, that is, their frequency, is also very difficult. Spectrum S(f) can be sued to identify and estimate sinusoidal components of unknown frequencies. Comparing to pediograph –discrete spectrum, the spectrum is more suitable for practical application as it can discover all components for any value of the frequency, i.e. periodicity.

Spectral function S(f) is estimated as follows:  N −1  S()()() f=2 C 0 + 2∑ C τ cos(2 πτ f );0 ≤ f ≤ 0.5,  τ =1  where C(τ) is the covariance function for time shift τ, f is the value of subject frequency, while N is the total number of time series members.

For the spectrum S(f) to be easily interpreted, it would be necessary to correct its function resulting from the previous function, i.e. to correct the value of covariance function C(τ). Blackman-Tukey method, or in short B-T method, was used to estimate the spectrum S(f) of mean annual discharges. Under this method, it is necessary to weight the covariance function C(τ) by certain number of steps, where calculation does not include all N-1 time shifts τ, but only the first, i.e. higher values of covariance function (M values) are used, as shown in the following function: М ˆ   S()() f=2 C 0 + 2∑ λ ( τ − 1)C () τ cos(2 πf τ ),0 ≤ f ≤ 0.5  τ =1  where λ(τ) is the weight coefficient of covariance function, while M(

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2 Since the spectrum S(f) area is equal to variance σQ of the annual discharge time series within the frequency f domain of 0 to 0.5, normalized spectrum is determined as follows: Sˆ ( f ) sˆ = , σ 2 ˆ Q ˆ( ) σ2 where S f is the spectrum function estimated by means of B-T method, and ˆQ is the sample variance of annual discharge series.

Results Analysis of the long-term time series changes was conducted for 16 hydrological stations in the DRB as shown in Table 4-8. Research of long-term discharge changes was conducted by means of trend analysis and periodicity analysis. Annual discharge trend was analyzed on analyzed stations by means of Mann-Kendall test with variance correction of statistics test, as a consequence of serial correlation of annual discharges. Annual discharge trend testing was conducted for the period from 1946 to 2012. The table below shows mean annual discharge trend testing results, where S is the sum rank series, Zs is statistics test and p is the probability of trend occurrence in the time series.

Table 4-8: Mean annual discharge trend analysis for analyzed hydrological stations by means of Mann-Kendall test for the period from 1946 to 2012: S - sum rank series, Zs – statistics test, p - probability of trend occurrence

Hydrological "Bijelo Polje" "Plav" "Šćepan Polje" "Đurđevića" "Šćepan Polje" station River Lim Lim Tara Tara Piva S: 524 474 371 424 428 Zs: 2.292 1.974 1.671 1.918 1.882 p(%): 97.8 95.2 90.5 94.3 93.8

Results from Table 4-8 above show that annual discharges on all stations in the DRB have a downward trend. The largest trend intensity has been recorded in the upper course of the Lim River on "Bijelo Polje" HS and "Plav" HS. Subject stations showed significant discharge downward trend at the significance threshold of α=0.05. Other stations recorded no statistically significant annual discharge downtrend, but statistics test values are close to significance threshold on "Đurđevića Tara" HS and "Šćepan Polje" HS (Piva River).

Graphic interpretation of statistics test Zs of Mann-Kendall test for annual discharges on analysed hydrological stations is shown Figure 4-23. Apart from statistics test value Zs, critical values of statistics test for confidence thresholds α=0.05, α=0.10, α=0.20 and α=0.50 were presented.

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2.5

2.0

1.5 Zs

s α=0.05 Z 1.0 α=0.10 α=0.20 0.5 α=0.50

0.0 h.s. Plav (r. Lim) (r. Plav h.s. h.s. Đurđevića (r. Tara) (r. Đurđevića h.s. h.s. Bijelo Polje (r. Polje Lim) Bijelo h.s. h.s. Šćepan Polje Piva) (r. Polje Šćepan h.s. h.s. Šćepan Polje Tara) Polje (r. Šćepan h.s. Figure 4-23: Statistics test Zs of Mann-Kendall test of mean annual discharges at the analysed station at significance thresholds α=0.05, α=0.10, α=0.20 and α=0.50 for the period from 1946 to 2012

Results shown in Figure 4-23 indicate that all stations have recorded a downward trend in annual discharge. Significant trend was recorded on 2 out of 5 stations at significance threshold α=0.05. At significance threshold α=0.10, discharge downward trend was recorded at 5 out of 5 stations.

In addition to a trend analysis on annual discharge changes a periodicity analysis is used to determine cyclical internal structure of time series. Annual discharge cyclicality is reflected in spectral function S(f) jump at significant frequencies. Cumulative pediograph, as per B-T method, was used to determine the spectrum S(f) of annual discharges. For the purpose of easier interpretation of spectral function, covariance function C(τ) was condensed and weighted. Condensing covariance function is performed on the basis of M=N/3, while the weighting of the subject function is performed by means of the Blackman-Tukey window. Results of periodicity analysis presented through normalized spectrum s(f) of annual discharges on the analysed hydrological stations (see Figure 4-24 below).

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h.s. Plav, river Lim h.s. Bijelo Polje, river Lim 6 6

5 5

4 4

3

3 s(f) s(f)

2 2

1 1

0 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 f f

h.s. Šćepan Polje, river Tara h.s. Đurđevića Tara, river Tara 6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3 s(f) s(f)

2 2

1 1

0 0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 f f

h.s. Šćepan Polje, river Piva 6

5

4

3 s(f)

2

1

0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 f Figure 4-24: Normalized spectrum s(f)of mean annual discharges according to B-T method from 1946 to 2012

Results of the annual discharge periodicity analysis shown in Figure 4-24 above indicate that there are significant periods in the low and high frequencies domain, i.e. high and low periods. Such time series of annual discharge are characterized by cyclical structure in different time scales, such as the multi-decadal and time scale of several years. The first six significant periods of annual discharges from the normalized spectrum s(f) are shown in Table 4-9 below.

Table 4-9: First six significant periods of normalized spectrum s(f) of annual discharge on stations 1946 to 2012: Hydrological 1st 2nd 3st 4st 5st 6st River: Spectar: station: period period period period period period Bijelo Polje f 0.012 0.119 0.273 0.383 0.045 0.414 T 83.3 8.4 3.7 2.6 22.2 2.4 Lim s(f) 5.106 1.915 1.676 1.332 1.147 1.144 Plav f 0.014 0.11 0.273 0.381 0.048 0.413 T 71.4 9.1 3.7 2.6 20.8 2.4 s(f) 5.130 2.230 1.676 1.365 1.218 1.111 Šćepan Polje f 0.015 0.116 0.273 0.381 0.499 0.412 T 66.7 8.6 3.7 2.6 2.0 2.4 Tara s(f) 5.079 2.176 1.676 1.365 1.100 1.071 Đurđevića Tara f 0.013 0.119 0.274 0.381 0.499 0.226 T 76.9 8.4 3.6 2.6 2.0 4.4 s(f) 5.139 1.915 1.653 1.365 1.100 1.043

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Hydrological 1st 2nd 3st 4st 5st 6st River: Spectar: station: period period period period period period Šćepan Polje f 0.014 0.113 0.272 0.381 0.414 0.499 Piva T 71.4 8.8 3.7 2.6 2.4 2.0 s(f) 5.130 2.290 1.685 1.365 1.144 1.100 Note: f – significant frequency, T – significant period, s(f) normalized spectrum

From the results shown in Table 4-9 above it can be concluded that the annual discharges in the DRB on analysed stations have similar periodicity. Periods from this table can be also classified into six groups with mean values and standard deviations in years: 71.1±13.1, 21.2±1.2, 8.7±0.2, 3.5±0.4, 2.6±0.1, 2.3±0.2. In order to illustrate the multi-annual periodicity of annual discharges on analysed stations, time series were smoothed by application of the local regression method loess (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) with 12 step window width. Annual discharges and smoothed annual discharges are shown in Figure 4-25 150

100 /s) h.s. Bijelo 3 Polje

Q (m Q 50 h.s. Bijelo Polje loess 0 40 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 30

/s) h.s. Plav 3 20 h.s. Plav Q (m Q 10 loess

0 150 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 h.s. Šćepan 100 /s) Polje - Tara 3 h.s. Šćepan

Q (m Q 50 Polje - Tara loess 0 100

80 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 h.s. Đurđevića /s)

3 60 Tara 40 h.s.

Q (m Q Đurđevića 20 Tara loess 0 150

1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 h.s. Šćepan

/s) 100 Polje - Piva 3

Q (m Q 50 h.s. Šćepan Polje - Piva loess 0

1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 Figure 4-25: Annual discharges and smoothed annual discharge as per loess (locally weighted scatterplot smoothing) method on analysed stations for the period from 1946 to 2012

Figure 4-25 above indicates that smoothed time series have harmonized multi-decadal oscillation on all analysed stations in the DRB. Change between multi-annual periods with more or less water is taking place in synchronous manner in the DRB.

4.4.3 Analysis of Flood Discharges Flood Discharges Calculation Settings Flood discharge analysis in the DRB was conducted for the purpose of present design on representative hydrological stations in the most significant tributaries: Piva River, Tara River, Ćehotina River and Lim River.

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Subject activities required collecting relevant available data on maximum discharges in every year (maximum daily discharge, Qmax,day and absolute, i.e. current maximum discharge, Qabs,max) from the hydrological station profiles. Data were collected and analysed, and corrections were made. Missing data were gap-filled by means of generating respective correlation relationships.

The following step was calculation of probabilities. The following distributions were used: log-Pearson 3, Pearson 3, Gumbel and log-Normal distribution. After the theoretical distributions have been defined, theoretical and empirical distributions were compared by means of Nω2, χ2 and Kolmogorov tests. Periods of the data used and calculations were related included available data up to 2012 to include flood waves data from 2013 and 2014.

In addition to analyses of the two aforementioned periods, analyses and defining of flood discharges with the upper confidence interval limit of 95% were conducted for period (1) since these values of flood discharges were used in designing earlier for the hydro-technical facilities in the DRB.

Gap Filling-of Calculation Input Data Three representative hydrological stations were analysed in the Piva River, "Dužki Most" HS (52.2 km from the confluence), "Mratinje" HS (9.6 km) and "Šćepan Polje" HS (0.8 km).

The most complete data set is from the "Dužki Most" HS where 15/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. In a number of years (2) there was Qabs,max=

Qabs,max=1.1294·Qmax,day+25.12, R=0.971

”Mratinje” HS (i.e. somewhat more upstream ”Krstac” HS) had available 10/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were gap-filled by the means of generating correlation:

Qabs,max=1.1585·Qmax,day+41.22, R=0.901

Data from the subject hydrological are natural continuous, i.e. without any influence of the "Piva" storage and hydropower plant.

"Šćepan Polje" HS on the Piva River had no available data on absolute maximum discharges, i.e. the yearbooks indicate identical values of Qabs,max and Qmax,day. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis were available. Missing data for the period after 1976 were gap-filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max(Šćep.Polje)=Qmax,day(Šćep.Polje)·(k·Qabs,max(Mratinje)/ Qmax,day (Mratinje)) with the value of k=0,85 and for the period before 1976 by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max(Šćep.Polje)=0.8987·Qabs,max(Mratinje)+9.3325, R=0.9561

After commissioning of the "Piva" HPP in 1975, data from the subject hydrological station are unnatural, i.e. major floods are mainly alleviated, or at least reduced.

As opposed to the hydrological stations on the Drina River, the Piva River upstream from the "Mratinje" dam has no negative trend of absolute maximum discharges since these are the natural continuous discharges. "Šćepan Polje" HS is characterized by distinguishable discontinuity of flood discharges as of 1975, i.e. since the construction of the "Mratinje" dam and storage.

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Four representative hydrological stations along the Tara River were analysed: "Crna Poljana" HS (123.8 km from the confluence), "Trebaljevo" HS (109 km), "Đurđevića Tara" HS (55.7 km) and "Šćepan Polje" HS (0.3 km).

The most complete data set is from the "Trebaljevo" HS where 19/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. In a number of years (2) there was Qabs,max=

Qabs,max=1.0682·Qmax,day+39.53, R=0.9613

"Crna Poljana" HS had available 17/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were gap- filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max=1.12666·Qmax,day-1.9357, R=0.9213

"Šćepan Polje" HS on the Tara River had no available data on absolute maximum discharges, i.e. the yearbooks indicate identical values of Qabs,max and Qmax,day. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis were available. Missing data were gap-filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max (Šćep.Polje)=Qmax,day(Bastasi)·k(Bastasi) - Qmax,day (ŠćepanPoljePiva)·k(ŠćepanPoljePiva), where k is the ratio of Qabs,max and Qdn,max for the subject year.

"Đurđevića Tara" HS had available 12/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were gap- filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max=k (Đurđevića Tara)·Qmax,day where k was generated by means of averaging relevant values of the downstream "Šćepan Polje" HS and upstream "Trebaljevo" HS.

Two representative hydrological stations were analysed in the Ćehotina River, "Pljevlja" HS (85.7 km from the confluence) and "Gradac" HS (58.3 km).

"Gradac" HS had available only 6/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were filed in by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max (Gradac)=0.5415·Qabs,max(Vikoč)-0.3559, R=0.9033

"Pljevlja" HS had available only 5/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were gap- filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max (Pljevlja)=0.2182·Qabs,max(Vikoč)+14.771, R=0.9177

Analyzed upstream stations along the Ćehotina River ("Pljevlja" HS and "Gradac" HS) show no distinguishable trend of change of absolute maximum discharges, while "Vikoč" HS show moderate upward trend.

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Three representative hydrological stations were analysed in the Lim River: "Bijelo Polje" HS (128.2 km), "Andrijevica" HS (1,777.9 km) and "Plav” HS (201.6 km).

"Bijelo Polje" HS had available only 17/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. In a number of years (6) there was Qabs,max=

Qabs,max=1.1337·Qmax,day-7.1474, R=0.951

"Andrijevica" HS had available only 15/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. In a number of years (4) there was Qabs,max=

Qabs,max=1.2801·Qmax,day-24.287, R=0.835

"Plav" HS had available only 18/89 data records on absolute maximum discharges were available, i.e. 89/89 data records of maximum daily discharges for every year subject to analysis. Missing data were gap-filled by the means of the generating correlation:

Qabs,max=k (Andrijevica)·0.975·Qmax,day where k is the ratio of Qabs,max and Qmax,day from the downstream "Andrijevica" HS.

Analyzed hydrological stations on the Lim River show no distinguishable trend of absolute maximum discharge changes, as expected, since most of the basin is natural (no built-up storages). When the Uvac River waters were transported to the Lim River basin in (construction of the "Bistrica" HPP), mean and low discharge changes occurred both on the Uvac River and the Lim River downstream of the "Potpeć" HPP, however, flood discharge changes on "Priboj" HS and "Strmica" HS were not identified.

The Piva River Calculation Results Flood discharge probability calculations were conducted on 3 representative hydrological stations on the Piva River: "Dužki most" HS, "Mratinje" (dam profile) HS and "Šćepan Polje" HS. The following theoretical distributions were defined: log-Pearson 3, Pearson 3, Gumbel and log-Normal distribution. Log- Pearson 3 distribution had the best match to the empirical distribution on all analysed profiles.

Table 4-10: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1))

Hydrological station "Dužki most” HS "Mratinje” HS "Šćepan Polje” HS Chainage (km) 52.2 9.6 0.8 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 1,048 1,275 1,398 500 914 1,200 1,288 200 752 1,091 1,133 100 640 1,002 1,015 50 544 919 907 20 430 809 768 10 354 722 663 5 283 629 557 2 193 485 402

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1600

1400

1200

1000 1000 500 /s) 3 200 800 100 50

Qmax (m Qmax 600 20 10

400 5 2

200

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 L (km) Figure 4-26: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1))

Table 4-10 and Figure 4-26 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability grow from the "Dužki most” HS towards the confluence with the Drina River. Certain deviation from the "Mratinje" (the dam) profile up to the confluence with the Drina River is present due to the fact that after the commissioning of the large storage, most of the flood waves were alleviated. Average flood discharge peaks on the "Šćepan Polje” HS profile for period from 1976 to 2014 are 338 m3/s, and 512 m3/s for the period from 1926 to 1975.

Table 4-11: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1))

Hydrological station "Dužki most” HS "Mratinje” HS "Šćepan Polje” HS Chainage (km) 52.2 9.6 0.8 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 1,358 1,490 1,706 500 1,163 1,391 1,554 200 931 1,249 1,344 100 776 1,134 1,187 50 645 1,030 1,046 20 497 892 869 10 400 787 739 5 314 678 611 2 211 517 435

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1800

1600

1400

1200 1000 500 /s)

3 1000 200 100 800 50 Qmax (m Qmax 600 20 10 400 5 2 200

0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 L (km) Figure 4-27: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Piva River (processing period (1))

Table 4-11 and Figure 4-27 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability follow the same trends as in case of the probabilities without confidence intervals, with somewhat more distinguishable values on the "Šćepan Polje” HS profile.

The Tara River Calculation Results Flood discharge probability calculations were conducted on 4 representative hydrological stations along the Tara River:”Crna Poljana” HS, ”Trebaljevo” HS, ”Đurđevića Tara” HS and ”Šćepan Polje” HS. The following theoretical distributions were defined: log-Pearson 3, Pearson 3, Gumbel and log-Normal distribution. Log-Pearson 3 distribution had the best match to the empirical distribution on all analysed profiles.

Table 4-12: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1)) Hydrological station "Crna Poljana” HS "Trebaljevo” HS "Đurđevića Tara” HS "Šćepan Polje” HS Chainage (km) 123.8 109 55.7 0.3 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 724 1,214 1,652 2,050 500 618 1,076 1,491 1,892 200 489 905 1,311 1,696 100 403 786 1,183 1,526 50 334 680 1,054 1,372 20 256 553 889 1,168 10 206 465 767 1,011 5 163 382 645 847 2 110 272 469 601

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2500

2000

1000

1500 500 /s) 3 200 100 50 1000 Qmax (m Qmax 20 10 5 500 2

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 L (km)

Figure 4-28: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1))

Table 4-12 and Figure 4-28 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability grow from "Crna Poljana" HS towards the confluence with the Drina River. As expected, results are logical and harmonized since the Tara River has no dams and storages to hinder natural water flow regime.

Table 4-13: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1))

Hydrological station "Crna Poljana” HS "Trebaljevo” HS "Đurđevića Tara” HS "Šćepan Polje” HS Chainage (km) 123.8 109 55.7 0.3 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 961 1,526 2,014 2,504 500 801 1,331 1,793 2,286 200 615 1,093 1,549 2,020 100 494 932 1,379 1,794 50 399 792 1,211 1,592 20 296 628 1,002 1,330 10 233 518 851 1,134 5 180 418 704 936 2 121 294 506 655

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3000

2500

2000 1000 500 /s) 3 200 1500 100 50 Qmax (m Qmax 1000 20 10 5 500 2

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 L (km)

Figure 4-29: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Tara River (processing period (1))

Table 4-13 and Figure 4-29 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability follow the same trends as in case of the probabilities without confidence intervals, with somewhat higher values.

The Ćehotina River Calculation Results Flood discharge probability calculations were conducted on 3 representative hydrological station on the Ćehotina River, "Pljevlja" HS, "Gradac" HS and "Vikoč" HS. Theoretical distributions were defined: log- Pearson 3, Pearson 3, Gumbel and log-Normal distribution. Log-Pearson 3 distribution had the best match to the empirical distribution on the first two stations, while the last two stations had the best match with the Gumbel distribution.

Table 4-14: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River

Hydrological station "Pljevlja" HS "Gradac" HS "Vikoč" HS Chainage (km) 85.7 58.3 25.3 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 222 300 494 500 199 281 462 200 171 256 418 100 150 236 386 50 132 216 353 20 110 189 309 10 94 167 275 5 79 144 239 2 59 107 186

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600

500

400 1000 500 /s)

3 200 300 100 50

Qmax (m Qmax 20 200 10 5 2 100

0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 L (km)

Figure 4-30: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River

Table 4-14 and Figure 4-30 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability increase from the "Pljevlja" HS towards the "Vikoč" HS. As expected, results are logical and harmonized. It should be noted that "Otilovići" dam and storage do not hinder the natural water flow regime to any significant extent.

Table 4-15: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Ćehotina River

Hydrological station "Pljevlja" HS "Gradac" HS "Vikoč" HS Chainage (km) 85.7 58.3 25.3 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 271 356 579 500 240 330 536 200 201 298 479 100 174 271 437 50 151 245 395 20 123 211 341 10 104 184 300 5 86 157 258 2 63 115 199

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700

600

500

1000 500 /s) 400 3 200 100 300 50 Qmax (m Qmax 20 200 10 5 2 100

0 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 L (km)

Figure 4-31: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on representative stations Ćehotina River

Table 4-15 and Figure 4-31 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability follow the same trends as in case of the probabilities without confidence intervals, with somewhat higher values.

The Lim River Calculation Results Flood discharge probability calculations were conducted on 4 representative hydrological station on the Lim River, "Brodarevo" HS, "Bijelo Polje" HS, "Andrijevica" HS and "Plav" HS. The following theoretical distributions were defined: log-Pearson 3, Pearson 3, Gumbel and log-Normal distribution. Log-Pearson 3 distribution had the best match to the empirical distribution.

Table 4-16: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Lim River

Hydrological station “Brodarevo” HS “Bijelo Polje” HS “Andrijevica” HS “Plav” HS Chainage (km) 98 128 177,9 201,6 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1000 1362 1323 705 401 500 1268 1208 640 375 200 1135 1073 554 344 100 1026 978 497 317 50 927 882 441 290 20 797 757 371 253 10 696 663 319 223 5 591 567 268 190 2 432 427 197 137

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1400

1200

1000 1000 500 200 /s) 800 3 100 50 600 20 Qmax (m Qmax 10 400 5 2 State Border: Serbia-Montenegro 200

0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 L (km)

Figure 4-32: Maximum flood discharges on the representative stations along the Lim River

Table 4-16 and Figure 4-32 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability grow from the "Plav" HS towards the “Brodarevo” HS. As expected, results are logical and synchronous.

Table 4-17: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on representative stations along the Lim River

Hydrological station “Brodarevo” HS “Bijelo Polje” HS “Andrijevica” HS “Plav” HS Chainage (km) 98 128 177,9 201,6 Return period (years) Qmax (m3/s) 1,000 1,600 1,582 860 481 500 1,475 1,426 770 446 200 1,313 1,248 655 404 100 1,177 1,124 579 369 50 1,054 1,000 506 334 20 894 843 417 287 10 773 728 353 249 5 650 615 293 209 2 471 457 212 149

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1800

1600

1400

1200 1000 500 /s)

3 1000 200 100 800 50

Qmax (m Qmax 20 600 10 5 400 2 State Border: Serbia-Montenegro 200

0 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 L (km) Figure 4-33: Maximum flood discharges with 95% confidence intervals – upper limit, on the representative stations along the Lim River

Table 4-17 and Figure 4-33 above indicate that flood discharges of certain probability follow the same trends as in case of the probabilities without confidence intervals, with somewhat higher values. Probabilities of flood discharge occurrence on analysed hydrological stations are presented in Annex 4-4.

4.4.4 Low Discharges Methodology Studying low discharges of the river course is of particular importance for all branches of water management and of special importance for river course quality protection.

Applicable low discharges are determined as a percentage share of the mean multi-annual discharge by means of application of the Tennant method. Additionally, low discharges are defined as 95% guaranteed minimum monthly discharges. Table 4-18 presents the procedure for determination of low discharge in a river according to Tennant method as a percentage share of annual discharge in wet and dry seasons.

Table 4-18: Low discharge-Tennant method,- % of annual discharge Q - wet + dry seasons with narrative discharge descriptor Wet Dry Discharge narrative description: season: season: Outstanding 40%·Q 60% Q Excellent 30%·Q 50%·Q Good 20%·Q 40% Q Fair 10% Q 30% Q Poor or Minimum 10% Q 10% Q

Determination of low discharge requires application of cumulative empirical distribution of minimum monthly discharges according to the Alexeyev method. Empirical distribution is compared to the set of theoretical distributions, such as Pearson 3, log-Pearson 3, Log-Normal, Weibull and Gumbel. Theoretical probability with the best match according to χ2 test and Kolmogorov test, at significance threshold α=0.05,

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 4-40 is adopted. Low discharges are determined as 95% guaranteed minimum monthly discharges. Subject methodological framework was used for determination of low discharges in the basin area of the Drina River within the studies, such as the Water Management Master Plans of Montenegro and Serbia (WMMPCG, 2001; WMMPSRB, 2009).

Results In order to better assess low discharges it is necessary to use time series as long as possible, because that reduces the uncertainty of their assessment. River discharge consists not only out of annual oscillations or seasonal cycles, but also from the multi-annual variation of water regime that defines the alteration of arid and water-abundant multi-annual episodes. The selection of the processing period from 1946 to 2012 allows for the inclusion of multi-annual periodic changes. It is necessary to point out that for low discharges assessment have been used monthly series of non-regulated discharges at the considered river profiles.

Based on the minimum monthly discharge series from each station, cumulative probability was determined by means of the Alexeyev method. In addition to empirical probability, several theoretical probabilities, such as Pearson 3 (P3), log-Pearson 3 (LP3), log-Normal (LN), Weibull and Gumbel were used (only P3, LP3 and Gumbel were adopted). Analysis of the match between the theoretical and empirical distribution functions, in most cases, resulted with the best match for LP3 probability. Respective values of theoretical distributions for different cumulative probabilities p of minimum monthly discharges are shown in Table 4-19.

Table 4-19: Probability p of occurrence of minimum monthly discharges on profiles of analysed hydrological stations 1946 to 2012 Hydrological p – (probability of minimal monthly flows) No. River Distribution station 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.98 0.99 1 "Bijelo Polje" Lim P3 12.2 11.2 10.4 9.8 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.1 9.1 2 "Plav" Lim LP3 4.4 4.1 3.7 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.4 3 "Šćepan Polje" Tara LP3 17.1 15.7 14.3 12.7 10.7 9.2 8.0 7.7 6.8 "Đurđevića 4 Tara LP3 13.2 12.0 10.8 9.6 8.0 7.0 6.1 5.9 5.2 Tara" 5 "Šćepan Polje" Piva Gumbel 14.9 13.8 12.6 11.3 9.8 8.7 7.8 7.5 6.8

Apart from the probabilistic characteristics of minimum monthly discharges, low discharges of the river course can also be defined as percentages of multi-annual discharges in accordance with the Tennant method. Table 4-20 presents different percentage shares of mean annual discharge Q on analysed hydrological stations in line with Table 4-19.

Table 4-20: Percentage of mean annual discharge Q on analysed hydrological stations for period 1946 to 2012 No. Hydrological station River 0.60·Q 0.50·Q 0.40·Q 0.30·Q 0.20·Q 0.10·Q 1 "Bijelo Polje" Lim 36.7 30.6 24.5 18.4 12.2 6.1 2 "Plav" Lim 11.0 9.2 7.4 5.5 3.7 1.8 3 "Šćepan polje" Tara 45.5 37.9 30.3 22.7 15.2 7.6 4 "Đurđevića Tara" Tara 33.5 27.9 22.3 16.7 11.2 5.6 5 "Šćepan Polje" Piva 42.6 35.5 28.4 21.3 14.2 7.1

4.5 Adopted Hydrological Statistical Parameters Principal characteristics of water regimes in a basin area are annual discharges, low discharges and flood discharges. Hydrological stations in the DRB were analysed with data from the “Drina” HIS database for the years 1946 to 2012. The gaps of mean monthly discharges on analysed hydrological stations were filled in accordance with the presented methodology. This is how monthly discharge time series were formed for the synchronous period from 1946 to 2012.

It should be noted that annual discharge trend and periodicity analysis suggests that long-term changes are taking place on all hydrological stations in the DRB, and that they exert significant influence on estimation of average discharges. Discharge downtrends were registered on all stations for the period from 1946 to

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2012, and statistically significant trend at significance threshold α= 0.05 was registered in the upper course of the Drina River and Lim River. The majority of hydrological stations registered annual discharge trend close to the confidence threshold α= 0.05. Negative annual discharge trends in the basins of South-East Europe were presented in numerous studies and papers.

Effect of long-term annual discharge changes, in the form of gradual discharge change as demonstrated through annual discharge trend and cyclical discharge change through multi-decadal discharge oscillation, has reflected on estimation of average annual discharges on analysed hydrological stations. Average annual discharges registered in the period from 1946 to 2012 are lower than the ones from previous analyses covering different processing periods.

Average discharges Q and low discharges on low discharges on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB were determined on the basis of hydrological analyses for the period from 1946 to 2012. Average discharges are presented as the mean annual value Q and specific yield q on hydrological station. Low discharges are shown by means of 95% guaranteed minimum monthly discharge and Tennant method for wet and dry period given as 10% of mean annual discharge value on selected stations (Table 4-21).

Table 4-21: Average annual discharge + low discharges on profiles of analysed hydrological stationsfor the period 1946 to 2012:

Tennant model Average flows 95% min. Qmonth No. Hydrological station River (Wet /Dry) Q q Distribution Q0.95% Q10% 1 "Bijelo Polje" Lim 61.2 28.1 P3 9.2 6.1 2 "Plav" Lim 18.4 50.5 LP3 2.8 1.8 3 "Šćepan Polje" Tara 75.8 37.8 Gumbel 9.2 7.6 4 "Đurđevića Tara" Tara 55.8 40.4 LN 7.0 5.6 5 "Šćepan Polje" Piva 71 39.8 Gumbel 8.7 7.1 Note: - Q-mean multi-annual discharge, q-specific yield of the basin, Q95%-95% guaranteed minimum monthly discharge, Q10%- 10% mean annual discharge value

Mean annual discharge duration curves are presented by means of numerical values in the following Table 4-22 for analysed hydrological stations in the DRB for the period from 1946 to 2012.

Table 4-22: Mean annual discharge duration curves on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB for the period from 1946 to 2012 Monthly flow duration 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 curve (%) "Bijelo Polje" HS 6.1 11.9 14.5 19.6 28.1 38.1 51.2 61.9 76.6 98.2 130 279 "Plav" HS 2.4 3.9 4.8 6.9 9.3 11.8 15.6 18.8 23.3 28.6 36.8 70.4 "Šćepan Polje (Tara)" HS 8.3 15.4 19.1 29.9 44.3 53.5 68.2 80.3 95.4 115.6 146 295 "Đurđevića Tara" HS 5.5 11.8 14.8 21.7 30.5 38.2 48.2 58.4 70.0 85.3 110 218 "Šćepan Polje" HS (Piva) 6.5 13.6 17.4 25.1 32.9 46.2 60.1 72.1 90.0 113 146 358

Flood discharges in the DRB were determined independently of average discharges and low discharges. Analysis was conducted for 14 hydrological stations in the Tara River, Piva River, Ćehotina River and Lim River. Data on maximum daily and absolute annual maximum discharges on hydrological stations were used in calculations. The following table shows the values of flood discharge peaks of different return periods T on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB.

Table 4-23: Flood discharges of different return periods T on analysed hydrological stations in the DRB (m3/s) Hydrological T - return period (years) River station 1000 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 2 "Dužki most" Piva 1,048 914 752 640 544 430 354 283 193 "Mratinje" Piva 1,275 1,200 1,091 1,002 919 809 722 629 485

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Hydrological T - return period (years) River station 1000 500 200 100 50 20 10 5 2 "Šćepan Polje" Piva 1,398 1,288 1,133 1,015 907 768 663 557 402 "Crna Poljana" Tara 724 618 489 403 334 256 206 163 110 "Trebaljevo" Tara 1,214 1,076 905 786 680 553 465 382 272 "Đurđevića Tara" Tara 1,652 1,491 1,311 1,183 1,054 889 767 645 469 "Šćepan Polje" Tara 2,050 1,892 1,696 1,526 1,372 1,168 1,011 847 601 "Pljevlja" Ćehotina 222 199 171 150 132 110 94 79 59 "Gradac" Ćehotina 300 281 256 236 216 189 167 144 107 "Vikoč" Ćehotina 494 462 418 386 353 309 275 239 186 "Brodarevo" Lim 1,362 1,268 1,135 1,026 927 797 696 591 432 "Bijelo Polje" Lim 1,323 1,208 1,073 978 882 757 663 567 427 "Andrijevica" Lim 705 640 554 497 441 371 319 268 197 "Plav" Lim 401 375 344 317 290 253 223 190 137

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5 Groundwater

5.1 Geological characteristics in the Drina River Basin As mentioned in Section 2.5, the geological characteristic of the DRB comprise igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of Devonian age (Palaeozoic) extending through the and Tertiary to the present. Substantial tectonic movement has occurred creating numerous anticlines and synclines and deformation due to faulting processes. The initial relief of the country formed with tectonic movements from the end of Lower Cretaceous up to the present, and then with intensive marine, fluvial, glacial, karstic and other exogenic processes.9

5.2 Geotectonic composition of the Drina River Basin The Durmitor tectonic unit dominates the geology of the DRB and is one of four that cover the entire country, the others being to the south west outside the DRB. The Durmitor tectonic unit includes the areas of Volujak, Piva mountain, Durmitor Ljubisnja, Kovac Mountain, Sinjavina, Lisa mountains, Bjelasica, Komovi, Visitor, Čakor, Sjekirica and Hajla. On the south-western side, the Durmitor unit, it is thrust over the Durmitor flysch of the Kučka tectonic units; whose overthrust route extends from the south-western slopes of Volujak (in the northwest of Montenegro) through Plužine, the south-western slopes of Durmitor, Boan, Crkvina and the south-western slopes of Komovi. It then gradually bends along the river Vrmoša and Grncar, where it suddenly turns to the south into Albania.

According to geological data, the over-thrusting plain of the Durmitor unit is relatively steep, stretching from Volujak, in the North West on the border with BiH, to Durmitor, and from there to the southeast. The amplitude of over-thrusting increases, as evidenced by tectonic patches of Planinica and Karimani and tectonic "holes" of flysch sediments in the River Trokuska near Andrijevica, in the area of Salevic village etc. The internal structure of Durmitor unit is very complex. The best-known tectonic patches are Planinica, Korimana, – Trojan, Kukića bora, Planinice near Mateševo and tectonic patches on Bjelasica Mountain.

5.3 Hydrogeological characteristics in the Drina River Basin As mentioned above, carbonate rocks predominate in the DRB and they are very suitable for the development of karst processes that are a significant hydrogeological feature. The term karst represents terrains with complex geological features and specific hydrogeological characteristics. The karst terrines are composed of soluble rocks, including limestone, dolomite, gypsum, halite, and conglomerates. As a result of rock solubility and various geological processes operating during geological time, a number of phenomena and landscapes were formed that gave the unique, specific characteristics to the terrain defined by this term. The chemical reaction describing limestone dissolution is:

CaCO3 + CO 2 + H2O = Ca 2+ + 2HCO3 –

Analogous to term karst, karstification involves complex geologic processes, forming a specific surface morphology, and specific type of underground porosity, or specific hydrogeological conditions. Karstification (rock corrosion) is a chemical dissolution process by the water in soluble rocks - limestone and similar carbonate rocks e.g. dolomite, marble, calcareous marls, though karstification occurs within the formations of gypsum and salt. Within the karst of this geotectonic unit exist syncline regions build up of impermeable flycsh beds. In the process of karstification water has a fundamental role, primarily as a result of duality between the kinetics of chemical reactions and velocity water circulation.

The intensity and depth of karstification process depend upon many factors. According to Dragišić (1998) the intensity depends upon: i) presence of the soluble rocks, ii) fissuring, permeability and porosity of rocks

9 Exogenic processes include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth’s surface. They are genetically related to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, and therefore to processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, denudation etc.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 5-2 where air and surface water can circulate, iii) a geological-structural setting and contemporary climate that can accelerate or slow down the karstification process and iv) crustal movements that can determine acceleration or deceleration of the karstification process.

Most intensive karstification processes occur in fissures or fault zones. The solution effect from the groundwater depends upon the content of carbonic acid in the groundwater. The terrain in northern Montenegro is very suited to the development of the karst process. Tectonic movements during the Paleogene, Neogene and later during the Quaternary, created an old karst plateau, incised by deep canyons of the Piva, Komarnica, Susica and Tara rivers. The karstification depth in Montenegro ranges from a few meters to over 2,000 meters.

Karstic features are numerous and characterized by surface and underground forms including cracks, gorges, dry valleys, sinkholes, caves and potholes.

5.3.1 Surface features Evidence of karst terrain is expresses by:

• Micro features such as typical limestone pavements with karren runnels and karren sculpturing, (mostly <1 m deep, produced by dissolution fretting of bare rock), grykes, pinnacles and cutters and inherited subsoil rundkarren; and • Macro-features – such as dry valleys, dolines (sinkholes), poljes, cones and towers, all landforms on a large (kilometre) scale that are elements within different types of karst.10 Sinkholes - can be classified into several groups: i) those that form along the rift zones, ii) those by contact with permeable and impermeable rocks, iii) those formed along the riverbed of permanent and seasonal watercourse, and iv) those that open in paleo-relief beneath the Quaternary deposit.

5.3.2 Underground features Underground karst features are:

• Potholes and Ponors11 - the deepest examined pothole in Montenegro is on Vjeterna hills, (southern slopes of Durmitor), which is formed in carbonate rocks of Durmitor flysch. The tested depth of this pothole, where groundwater occurred on many levels is 897m. The other tested potholes in the area of Durmitor with greatest depths are: Todor’s cave (316m), Skala (128m), Boljska pothole (164m), Pecaklina potholes in Dubrovsko (186 m), Sniježna pothole (101 m) etc. • Caves - the longest surveyed cave in Montenegro is above Vrazji Firovi (Cave over Devil's Whirlpools) near to Bijelo Polje (10,550 m).12 Other notable caves in the DRB are; at Surutka - a series of caves with the most important one at Vjetrena Hills, 897 m deep and 4,528 m long. Others include; Jama u Malom Lomnom dolu, which is 605 metres deep and 1,870 metres long; Fliš 1,672 metres long and 582m deep, cave in Mokro near Savnik (678m long) , Zelenovirska cave in Durmitor has a length of 440 m, and 180 m deep, Obrucine Cave System 464m deep etc.

5.4 Porosity of the Drina River Basin Porosity is the limiting factor in defining aquifers in the Montenegrin part of the DRB. There are essentially two types of porosity; primary and secondary. Primary porosity was created when the rocks were formed and secondary porosity includes pore spaces, cracks and voids created after the lithification processes.

10 Poljes are large, flat-floored depressions within karst limestone, where a long axis develops in parallel with major structural trends and can become several kilometres long. 11 Whereas a sinkhole is a depression (doline) of surface topography with a pit or cavity directly underneath, a ponor is kind of a portal where a surface stream or lake flows either partially or completely underground into a karst groundwater system. Steady water erosion may have formed or enlarged the portal in (mainly limestone) rock, in a conglomerate, or in looser materials. 12 The cave is actually 11.75 kms in length but the surveyed section is 10.55kms

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Many rocks are characterized by the presence of both primary and secondary porosity (porosity of composite type).The following types of porosity are presented in Figure 5-1.

A - well-sorted alluvial material; B - badly sorted alluvial material, low porosity, C - well sorted pebbles of porous material, very high porosity, D - well sorted material, but the porosity decreased due to cementing; E - rocks with cavernous porosity; F - fractured rocks with porosity; A, B, C, D - primary porosity, E, F - secondary porosity (According to Meinzer) Figure 5-1: Types of Aquifer Porosity in the DRB (after Meinzer)

Taking this approach, the hydrogeological units shown on the hydrogeological map of Montenegro (see Figure 5-2) can be identified:

• Karst-fissure aquifer, with good permeability, • Karstic-fissure aquifer, with moderate permeability, • Fissured aquifer, • Inter-granular aquifer with good permeability, • Inter-granular aquifer with moderate permeability, • Aquitard with poor permeability

The karstic aquifers with good permeability dominate the DRB and have fissure-cavernous porosity with substantial groundwater accumulations in them, and are the most significant water-bearing rocks in Montenegro comprising great thicknesses of several thousands of meters. Significant porosity of these water-bearing formations is a result of intensive karst processes that have greatly increased the dimensions of syngenetic and tectonic fissure porosity. At Pljevlja and Maoče, these rocks have overlying Neogene sediments containing coal; and these aquifers can be artesian or sub-artesian in places.

The inter-granular aquifers comprising sands and gravels (river alluvium) follow the main river channels and are primarily present in the Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim catchments.

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Source: DIKTAS Country Report for Montenegro 2012 Figure 5-2: Hydrogeological map for Montenegro

5.5 Main aquifers and their availability Knowledge on the flow regime of the karst and granular aquifers within the DRB is inadequate, as it is with all of Montenegro. Limited systematic long-term monitoring of individual elements of the regime have been performed and only for certain karst areas (generally outside of the DRB in Nikšić and Cetinje), as well as for a certain number of capped karst springs, which are connected to water supply systems for larger settlements.

As mentioned earlier in the chapter, DRB belongs to frontal parts of Durmitor overthrust, sinclinorium of Tusinje and Vrbnica and to anticlinorium of Ziovo, Prekornica and Vojnik mountains. From the information available it is possible to compile a hydrogeological map of the DRB indicating the spatial extent of the different types of aquifers and showing the minimum spring yields, based on licenced abstractions as sources of water supply for the municipalities in the basin (see Figure 5-3).

Springs with highest yields occur on the point of contact of permeable and impermeable rocks. The flows of the springs in the DRB vary due to the climatic conditions (through precipitation) and the largest flows are measured in the late autumn and early winter, with the minimum flows observed in the summer months (primarily August and September). The ratio between the minimum and maximum flow (Q min and Q max) rate for the springs is difficult to quantify, due to lack of data, but it is quite likely that the ratio could be 1:100 or even more.

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There are more than ten springs in the DRB with minimum yield in excess of 1m3/sec. A full list of the spring sources is contained in Annex 5-1. Table 5-1 below provides indications of the springs that are licenced for municipal water supply requirements.

Figure 5-3: Hydrogeological map for DRB in Montenegro

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Table 5-1: Springs used for municipal water supply in Montenegrin part of DRB

River Spring Type of Minimum No. Municipality Basin name aquifer yield (l/s) 1 Piva Plužine Sutulija Karstic 50-60 2 Piva Šavnik Šavnička Head Karstic 100 3 Piva Žabljak Bukovičko Karstic <100 4 Tara Kolašin Mušovića Karstic 170 5 Tara Mojkovac Gojakovića Karstic 30 6 Ćehotina Pljevlja (Bezdan) Karstic 20-25 7 Ćehotina Pljevlja Jugoštica Karstic 15 8 Ćehotina Pljevlja Zmajevac Karstic 34 9 Ćehotina Pljevlja Mandovac Karstic 13 10 Lim Bijelo Polje Bistričko spring Karstic 300 11 Lim Berane Merića spring Karstic 200 12 Lim Berane Đurđevi Stupovi spring Karstic 100 13 Lim Berane Dapsićka spring Karstic 40-50 14 Lim Andrijevica Krkori spring Karstic 100 15 Lim Plav/Gusinje Bajrovića spring Karstic 20

Municipality Plužine Sutulija spring is main source of water for water supplying of Plužine. Spring is source of River Vrbnica, and it is located on elevation around 960 m.a.s.l. Sutulija spring lies in predominantly stratified and banked limestone, flysch facies of Cretaceous- Paleogene age. The spring has been captured as a water supply for Plužine since 1983/1984 and has a minimum yield Qmin = 50-60 l/s (Radulovic , V. 1996).

Municipality Šavnik The water supply to Šavnik is from the karst spring Šavnička Head, which is located at an elevation of 850 m.a.s.l., directly above the town with a minimum yield of about 100 l/s.

Municipality Žabljak This municipal water supply is secured from Bukovičko Spring and other exploitation wells (boreholes) sunk into alluvium of the Mlinski stream. An inter-granular aquifer under the Mlinski stream is formed from the alluvial sediments (clay, gravel and sand). The thickness of these Quaternary sediments with inter- granular porosity is between 15-30m. Abstraction of groundwater is secured from two boreholes (dia. 320mm and depth of 20m) constructed in 1987. During times of unfavourable hydrological conditions (e.g. droughts), these boreholes can provide up to 20 l/s.

Municipality Kolašin The water supply for Kolašin is secured from a group of karst springs located in the Mušovica River. The first spring from the group is located most upstream and was capped in 1947. The spring is located on the left side (upstream) of Mušovica River at an elevation between 1605and 1070 m.a.s.l., and water flows directly from the Middle Triassic limestones As a typical karst source Mušovica river has significant variations in quantity. According to tests undertaken in 1980 and the knowledge gathered since then, the minimum spring discharge is estimated at Qmin = 170l/s.

There is a potential pollution concern at this location as the existing wastewater network for Kolašin municipality discharges directly into the adjacent lagoon - north of area. The Tara River (as the ultimate recipient) is located about 25 meters from the lagoon. A WWTP is planned to be constructed in the municipality in the near future.

Municipality Mojkovac Water supplying the municipality of Mojkovac is provided from the Gojakovića springs. These are karstic springs located downstream and have been used as a source since about 1963/64. This karstic spring is

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 5-7 located approximately 9 km northwest of the Mojkovac. The karstic spring lies at the contact of Middle Triassic limestones and impermeable zone built by sandstone and shale. The estimated minimum yield of the spring is around 30 l/s.

Municipality Pljevlja The springs Jugoštica and Breznica are used for the purposes of Pljevlja water supply, but due to further demand for water, municipality started using waters from the area of Potpeć (Odzak) from springs Zmajevac, and Mandovac. This was followed by the abstraction of water from Otilovići reservoir for the needs of Plevlja TPP – by means of a branch pipeline providing a main water supply to Podpliješa.

The Mandovac spring is located in the Mandovačka River basin, about 5km southwest of Pljevlja, and outcrops at an elevation of about 914 m.a.s.l, at the foothill of Mandovca mountain . The minimum spring discharge is about 13 l/s, with a maximum around 270l/s ( Radulovic , M. 1997) .

Zmajevac Spring is located in the basin of River Ćehotina, at the foothill of mountain, at an elevation of about 900 m.a.s.l. The catchment area for the spring is the mountain area of Borovac , Borja, Kosaničkog field and Bitinsko field which is predominantly composed of massive and very karstified limestone of Triassic age . The spring source was capped in 1978 and has a minimum spring discharge is 34.10 l/s ( Kotlaja et al., 2005) .

Vrelo Spring is located approximately 12km from Pljevlja, in village Trkači at an elevation of about 889 m.a.s.l. The catchment area of the spring is located in area of Korijena and Pljiješa mountains, which is built by massive limestone, dolomitic limestone with cherts of Triassic age. The spring source was capped in 1978 with a minimum discharge of about 20 l/s (Kotlaja et al., 2005).

Jugoštica Spring is located approximately 4km northwest of Pljevlja in the area of Donje , with an elevation about 939 m.a.s.l.. The catchment area of the spring is placed in a hilly area of Milunovića and V. Visa, which is predominantly composed of massive and very karstified limestone of Triassic age. The spring Jugoštica was capped in 1898 but reconstructed in 1985 and has a minimum yield of 15 l/s ( Radulovic , M. 1997).

Breznica (Bezdan) Spring is located approximately 1 km northeast from the Pljevlja in the Breznica valley, at an elevation of about 812 m.a.s.l. Run-off place is related to tectonic and fractured limestones of Triassic age. Minimum spring discharge is about 20-25 l/s ( Radulovic , M. 1997; Kotlaja et al., 2005) .

The Otilovići reservoir provides 18 Mm³ capacity for cooling water for the Pljevlja TPP. This is about 8km from the TPP. The water from Otilovići reservoir are:

• TPP Pljevlja - Q = 640 l/s = 0,64 m3/s = 20.2 Mm³/year • Cement plant and coal mine Pljevlja - Q = 110l / s = 0,11 m3/s = 3.5 Mm3/year • Water supply of Pljevlja - Q = 50-170 l/s = 1.6 – 5.4 Mm³/year

Municipality Bijelo Polje Bijelo Polje municipality obtains all its water supply from Bistrica spring located south of village in the bed of Bistrica River, at an elevation of 715 m.a.s.l. Previous hydrogeological investigations of the karst aquifer of Bistrica spring indicated that the water income inflow is from "Pester fields " surface and from parts of Gijevo mountain. The Bistrica basin belongs to the Boroštica watercourse, which is partly an underground stream (gorge 140 metres long). A reconstructing of the evolution of the Boroštica river leads to the assumption that underground piracy (river capture) has occurred in the past and changed the basin flow toward the River Bistrica in the Black Sea Basin.

The Bistričko spring is formed within karst limestone of Middle Triassic age which are tectonically fractured and intensively karstified. The spring outcrop zone is on contact with Palaeozoic sediments, marl

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 5-8 sandstones, shales and limestones. The minimum yield of Bistričko spring (spring from wich is formed river Bistrica) is around 300 l/s, while the current needs of the settlement amounts to about 150 l/s.

Municipality Berane The main sources of water supply to Berane are:

• Merića Spring • Monastery Spring (Đurđevi stupovi) • Dapsići Spring

Merića spring is located below the village of Lubnica in the Bistrica valley at an elevation of 960.5m.a.s.l. Discharge point of spring is placed in fissured karst. The spring outcrops along the boundary of limestone layers of Triassic age that abut against younger diabase-chert formation. The minimum discharge of the spring is around 200 l/s.

Đurđevi Stupovi spring is located in the western part of Berane below the Djurdjevi Stupovi Monastery, with the spring outcrop elevation point at 682.5m.a.s.l. The catchment area for Djurdjevi Stupovi spring comprises terrains west of Berane, Rasova, Džupanije, Glavice, Strana and Straže. Here Triassic carbonate sediments and limestone are thrust over the diabase-chert formations and Neogene sediments. On the basis of observations carried out in 1989 average discharge of Djurdjevi Stupovi spring is in the range from 40 to 258 l/s. With this spring is taken 80 l/s for Berane water supply, which is insufficient to cover the water supply needs of Berane.

Dapsićko spring is located approximately 7 km east of Berane, in the bed of the Dapsić River. The site of the spring outcrop is located at the contact of diabase - chert formations and layered limestone at an elevation 916m.a.s.l. Water is abstracted from a large diameter well (depth of about 3m, 4m diameter ), while the lateral wall of the well protects the structure from the river that flows nearby. The minimum yield of this source is Qmin = 40-50 l/s.

Municipality Andrijevica Andrijevica's water supply is entirely provided from the Krkori Spring. Catchment area sources Krkori , covers significant parts of the Kutska river basin. The spring source is fed from the karst-fractured aquifers comprising carbonate and volcanic rocks of Middle Triassic age, which are represented in the wider area of Kutska Head and Lipovice. The point of outcrop of the spring is at the point of contact of impermeable flysch sediments of Lower Triasic age and carbonate rocks of Middle Triassic age. The minimum spring discharge is estimated on 100 l/s (Radulovic , V. 1996).

Municipality Plav/Gusinje Water supplying of this municipality is secured from the Bajrovica spring. Average discharge of this spring is about 20l/s. Spring is predominantly karstic. The recharge of these karst aquifers are from precipitation, running into underground rivers and by water infiltrating in some sections of perennial rivers. The highest rate of aquifer recharge are in the region of the Durmitor mountains.

5.6 Main direction of groundwater flow and sinkholes More than 100 separate tracing tests carried out between the mid-1930s and the early 1990's using the synthetic organic compound, Sodium Fluorescein have shown predominantly that the groundwater flow regime mirrors the surface water flow. Consequently, groundwater in the Adriatic basin flows to the South and South West, whilst the groundwater regime in the Black Sea Basin flows to the North and North West. However, there are exceptions where other trends and directions of movement occur. For example, the deep canyons of Piva, Tara and Ćehotina intersect karst aquifers and extensive faults can act as conduits for groundwater flow creating different directions of flow.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 5-9

The results of the above-mentioned tracer tests are used to indicate the direction of groundwater flow. Some tests showed underground movements of more than 30kms from sinkhole (ponor) to spring. The hypothetical calculated speed of flow for the tracer tests varied considerably from 0.02cm/sec to almost 32cm/s.

Figure 5-4 below shows the different locations of sinkholes (ponors) where the tracer was applied and the spring where the tracer reappears. The results indicate that the groundwater divides do not follow the hydrological drainage boundaries in all cases and therefore there are transboundary aquifers. For example, there are flows to the south west in the Ćehotina basin capturing groundwater from Serbian territory (see "A"). Furthermore, there are flows to the west within the Piva basin capturing groundwater from BiH territory (see "B"), and there is evidence of flow from Serbia into the Lim basin (see "C"). Consequently, there are transboundary aquifers present as indicated on Figure 5-4.

A

C B

Source: DIKTAS Country Report for Montenegro 2012 Figure 5-4: Location of sinkholes and tracer tests and direction of groundwater flow

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5.7 Condition of groundwater protection Maintaining a robust groundwater protection is challenging for Montenegro as a whole and the DRB is no exception. Montenegro has the necessary groundwater protection legislation in place, but enforcement and correct implementation is often lacking that can threaten the good groundwater quality at the source. This is especially important, since most water for human consumption relies upon groundwater from karstic aquifers and some 90% of domestic consumption comes from groundwater basins in the country.

As mentioned above, groundwater is used as the main drinking water source in the DRB, and the quality is good, but the actual monitoring is often sparse and irregular. In spite of a general abundance of water in the basin, some areas face severe shortages in water supply and availability during dry seasons where demand increases substantially during the summer months (although this concern is more relevant to the tourism at the coastal region, outside of the DRB).

The DIKTAS project (2012) noted that there is no common legal framework nor common criteria existing in the Dinaric Karst region in the West Balkans for groundwater regulation and made two recommendations for enhanced groundwater protection: a) the delineation of water source sanitary protection zones, and b) setting cost-efficient measures for groundwater protection. Furthermore, the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) as part of the DIKTAS made suggestions for priority actions in all the transboundary aquifer areas for i) establishment of a common groundwater monitoring program, and ii) harmonisation of criteria for delineation of source protection zones.

Nonetheless, Montenegro is active and making efforts to include the fundamental principles, objectives and measures from the EU Groundwater Directive in their national legislation as part of the transposition process. Institutional weaknesses are also a debilitating factor due to lack of staff and training.

5.8 Groundwater Hydrochemistry of Drina Basin in Montenegro Rocks made of carbonates, such as limestones and dolomites, are often aquifers that have a high productivity and offer favourable conditions for groundwater extraction. The main minerals in these rocks are calcium (Ca-) and magnesium (Mg-) carbonates which react easily with groundwater and give water its ‘hard’ character.

The composition of soil, water and groundwater will depend on the rock type through which water flows. For example, ultrabasic rocks are rich in olivines and pyroxenes and Mg2+ will be the dominant cation in soil and groundwater. Likewise, Ca2+ is the dominant cation in the soil moisture of calcareous soils, and when Ca2+ and Mg2+ are present in about equal concentrations in soil or groundwater, they are probably derived 2 from dolomite Ca Mg (CO3) .

Water hardness depends on salt content of several elements in the water, like Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, Al3+ etc. Other ions in underground waters, except Ca2+ and Mg2+ occur in small quantities, so the water hardness is based on the relationship of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Water hardness can be general, temporary and permanent. The unit of water hardness is measured in German degrees (0dH) in Montenegro.

Geochemical conditions of environment can estimate, based on the size of redox potential (Eh). Negative amounts of Eh indicate on reducing conditions, and vice versa. Underground waters with an Eh values from 100 to 300 mV indicate intermediate redox conditions.

Water mineralization can also determines dry residue and can be used to determine contents of mineral and partly organic substances in the water that are not volatile. The pH value indicates the activity or concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. pH value ranges in the boundary between 1-14. Hydrogen ions concentration keeps acid or base water reaction. When the pH value is 7 reaction of water is neutral; when the pH value is less than 7 reaction is acid; and when the pH value is more than 7 pH reaction is base.

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5.8.1 Previous Hydro-chemical Analysis There has been limited research undertaken on groundwater in the DRB. The following Table 5-2 of physio- chemical parameters is based on measurements made at 14 locations within the DRB in Montenegro (Devic 2013).

Table 5-2: Physical-chemical parameters Ca/Mg mole ratio from groundwater sources for Montenegrin part of DRB

Measurement Location Parameter/ Label 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Temperature 0C 8.2 8.0 6.0 9.0 8.0 9.0 8.0 7.5 6.0 7.5 11.0 8.6 8.0 5.0 pH 7.60 7.70 7.43 7.91 8.08 7.66 7.74 7.50 7.83 6.57 6.88 7.56 7.53 7.67 Conductivity (µS/cm) 265 345 375 460 455 186 470 255 SO 105oC (mg/l) 155 134 175 183 236 221 120 136 131 156 223 134 Total Hardness (odH) 8.40 6.72 6.50 9.41 10.42 12.77 11.87 8.95 6.50 7.73 7.50 8.62 12.43 6.27 Mineralisation (mg/l) 179 211 202 276 292 373 349 277 191 214 208 244 351 201 Cl (mg/l) 3.00 7.00 11.00 4.90 3.50 5.60 5.80 7.00 6.10 7.00 6.40 6.40 5.40 3.90 SO4 (mg/l) 8.0 4.0 4.4 4.6 4.6 2.6 2.2 4.0 2.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 10.5 12.2 HCO3 (mg/l) 122.0 146.0 134.2 201.3 219.6 274.5 256.2 195.0 140.3 156.2 153.1 176.3 256.2 134.2 Na (mg/l) 4.16 6.23 7.14 3.00 2.47 3.50 4.10 11.23 0.60 1.00 1.14 0.57 3.85 6.90 K (mg/l) 0.16 0.23 0.23 0.23 Ca (mg/l) 36.0 44.0 42.4 25.8 43.2 80.8 74.4 50.0 33.6 30.4 27.2 49.6 53.6 42.4 Mg (mg/l) 3.00 2.00 2.43 8.75 18.95 6.32 6.32 6.00 7.78 15.07 16.04 7.29 21.38 1.46 Al (µg/l) 23 27 26 As (µg/l) 2 2 2 B (µg/l) 100 200 200 Ba (µg/l) 4 1 4 Br (mg/l) 0.05 0.05 0.15 F (mg/l) 0.1 0.05 0.05 Fe (mg/l) 0 0 0 J (mg/l) 0.01 0.005 0.03 Co (µg/l) 1 1 1 Cr (µg/l) Cu (µg/l) 2 2 2 Li (µg/l) 1 1 1 Mn (µg/l) 1 1 1 Mo (µg/l) 1 1 1 Ni (µg/l) 1 1 1 Pb (µg/l) 1 1 1 Sr (µg/l) 74 64 17 Zn (µg/l) 5 5 5 Ca/Mg Ratio 7.27 13.33 10.57 1.79 1.38 7.75 7.14 5.05 2.62 1.22 1.03 4.12 1.52 17.62 LEGEND Municipality Ref No and Spring Name Municipality Ref No and Spring Name Kolašin 1.Mušovića spring Šavnik 8.Šavnička head Mojkovac 2.Gojakovića springs Andrijevica 9. Krkor Plužine 3.Sutulija 10.Merića spring 4.Mandovac Berane 11.Đurđevi stupovi 5.Zmajevac 12.Dapsića spring Pljevlja 6.Jugoštica Bijelo Polje 13.Bistrica 7.Bezdan/Breznica Plav / Gusinje 14.Bajrovića spring

Values of the Ca/Mg mole ratio can indicate the impact on groundwater from other sources (e.g. agricultural activities, waste, etc.). The characteristic value for karst waters is 3 (Langumir, 1971) (Devic, 2013). The following Figure 5-5 shows the mole ratio for the 14 different springs in the DRB in Montenegro.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 5-12

Note: red line represents the characteristic mole ratio of 3 for karst Figure 5-5: Mole ratio Ca/Mg of raw water in major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro

The temperature of waters in the springs is in range of 5.0-11.0°C. The average temperature of the waters in basins that are observed is 7.67oC. Furthermore, the pH value varied in the range of from 6.57 to 8.08, depending from spring to spring.

The data obtained indicate a significant range of values for Ca2+ and Mg2+, which is reflected in the range of values for total hardness of water.

The content of alkaline elements (Na+ and K+) in the water on most of the springs was <2 mg/l, and in some springs value for Sodium reaches a value of 11.23 mg/l (source Šavnička head). The result of an increase in the content of alkaline elements in water sources of some of these ingredients are consistent with inland catchment area. Also in the case of the anion, depending on the source location, the variation in the water are very marked. Thus, for example, fortified content in the water of some sources vary significantly , the range of the extreme values indicates the potential penetration of nutrients from agricultural production , which in those waters, maintained and typical values of mole ratio Ca/Mg from 1.03-17.62 . The largest degree of deterioration of natural water properties is at the spring Bajrović in Plav/ (mole ratio of 17.62 ).

Existing differences in type and origin of the hydro-chemical characteristics of water of springs are presented in the trilinear (Piper) diagram (Figure 5-6), and Schoeller plot (Figure 5-7). These are appropriate for presenting a large number of chemical analysis on one graph. The points on the diagrams indicating the identity of the chemical composition of groundwater, i.e. they belong to HCO3 - Ca - Mg type which is typical for groundwaters in karstic terrain (Aljtovski, 1973; Dimitrijević, 1988).

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Source: Devic 2013 Figure 5-6: Trilinear (piper) diagram of chemical composition of major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro

Source: Devic 2013 Figure 5-7: Schoeller diagram of chemical composition of major capped springs in DRB in Montenegro

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The chemical analysis of the springs indicates the impact of different sources of pollution. Differences in values of mole ratio Ca/Mg provide a clear indication of the water status in basin.

When viewing the results it is clear that the maximum Ca/Mg mole ratios are recorded in Ćehotina river basin, which is indicative of the highest anthropogenic impact.

The high variability of mole ratio within the four basins are indicators of unsustainable land use (e.g. high nutrients from agriculture, industrial pollution, wastewater and sewage discharge etc.).

Source: Devic 2013 Figure 5-8: Mole ratio Ca/Mg - Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim river basins

Analysis of the chemical characteristics of springs in DRB show that subtle differences exists in the sub- basins, the chemical composition of groundwater for Tara basin being different to that in the Ćehotina basin (see Figure 5-9).

Piva Sub Basin Tara Sub Basin

Ćehotina Sub Basin Lim Sub Basin Figure 5-9: Average chemical composition of groundwater in river sub basins in DRB - Montenegro

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Macro-components make up the basic composition of groundwater and the "type"depends upon this. Groundwater consists of significant amounts of two or more anions or cations and are considered as waters of complex ions composition (for example HCO3-Na,Ca).

Based on the origin (i.e. the aquifer), the place of circulation and time of interaction with the environment, the groundwater of DRB in Montenegro can be classified as the HCO3-Ca-Mg type of waters.

Calcium belongs to Group IIa of Periodic Table of the elements and it is in the group of alkali-earth metals. It is 5th most abundant element in the Earth crust with 3%, and reacts with water and it is essential constituent of bones and teeth. Calcium is mostly in compounds like: limestone (CaCO3), gypsum 2 2 (CaSO4x2H2O), fluorite (CaF2), calcium-carbide (CaC ), chloride (CaCl2), cyan-amide (CaCN ), 3 hypochlorite(Ca(ClO)2), nitrate (Ca(NO )2) and sulphide (CaS). In use is mostly calcium-oxide CaO. Calcium-carbonate is indissoluble in water, but it reacts with acids. Calcium-hydroxide is little soluble in water, and it uses for water treatment. Hypochlorite uses for water disinfection.

Calcium is a widely dispersed element in nature. Because of that, calcium is located in all natural waters. Calcium usually occurs in low-mineralized natural waters as prevalent cation Ca2+ and concentration is about 1 g/l. Calcium originates from sedimentary rocks, like calcium-carbonate, calcium-sulphate (limestone, dolomite, gypsum, anhydrite..). The origin of this ion can also be from igneous rocks, due to silicate decay ( e.g. pyroxenes, amphiboles, olivine etc.)

Hydrocarbon is usually present in low-mineralized underground waters, where hydrocarbon occurs as product of decay of carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite), marls, sandstone, breccias, conglomerates and similar rocks with carbonate in presence as carbon acid. This ion is present in mineral waters, but usually can be replaced with other simple or complex ion, depending on the environment of groundwater formation. The content of this anion is limited with content of macro components cations from first two groups of Periodic table of the elements (Na, Ca and Mg).

5.8.2 Hydro-chemistry of bottled water factories in DRB in Montenegro Further work was undertaken on samples of bottles water collected from five localities within the DRB representing a uniform regional presence (Dević and Filipovic, 2014). They were analysed in Montenegrin laboratories and, for the purpose of comparison of accuracy, in the laboratory of the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) in Berlin. The results are in Table 5-3 below.

Table 5-3: Average value of chemical indicators for bottled water factories in Montenegrin part of DRB

Sample of bottled water /Water EC Contents mg/l pH Ca/Mg 2+ 2+ + + - - bottling factories in DRB µS/cm Ca Mg Na K Cl SO42- HCO3 Aqua Bianca 7.65 127 18.4 3.93 1.8 0.4 0.97 5.51 70.7 2.84 Gorska 8.1 193 36.8 1.9 1.2 0.3 0.89 3.52 114 11.74 Suza 8.05 202 38.8 2.32 0.9 0.3 0.9 2.45 123 10.14 Rada 5.9 2010 202 44.3 244 7.9 46.0 276 1069 2.76 Aqua Monta 8.1 174 32.9 0.925 2.6 0.3 0.58 2.47 108 21.56 Source: Dević and Filipovic, 2014

The table above shows the value of electric conductivity in the water is within the limits of 127 to 2,010 µS/cm and mineralisation is in the range from 82.55 to 1306.5 mg/l. The source of low-mineralized waters with mineralisation to <1,000 mg/l are usually representative of carbonate or dolomite rocks, but waters with mineralisation >1,000 mg/l e.g. "Rada“are from Bijelo Polje are from Palaeozoic shale.

Therefore, from the health point of view, in accordance with Djordjevic (1994) utilization of karst spring water in terms of quality is much better compared to waters of other types and aquifers. It is therefore extremely important that they are protected to the greatest extent possible.

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5.9 Delineation of Groundwater Bodies The application of the term groundwater body (GWB) is defined in Article 2 and Article 7 of the WFD. The specific methodology for defining GWB is contained in Annex 5-2. A total of 14 GWB have been delineated in the Montenegrin part of the DRB and these are shown in Figure 5-10 and listed in Table 5-4 below.

Figure 5-10: Defined Groundwater Bodies in DRB - Montenegro

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Table 5-4: List of defined GWB in Montenegrin part of DRB

No Description of Groundwater body Code of GWB 1 Karstic aquifer upstream of Piva accumulation ME_PIV_1_GW 2 Karstic aquifer in basin of Piva accumulation ME_PIV_2_GW 3 Complex of Durmitor flysch in Tara Basin ME_TAR_1_GW 4 Karstic massive of mountains in Tara basin ME_TAR_2_GW 5 Karstic aquifer in Ćehotina basin ME_CECH_1_GW 6 Aquifer with complex lithology ME_CECH_2_GW 7 Karstic aquifer ME_CECH_3_GW 8 Complex of flysch sediments in Lim Basin ME_LIM_1_GW 9 Inter-granular porosity aquifer ME_LIM_2_GW 10 Karstic aquifer ME_LIM_3_GW 11 Karstic aquifer ME_LIM_4_GW 12 Complex of Durmitor flysch in Lim Basin ME_LIM_5_GW 13 Karstic aquifer ME_LIM_6_GW 14 Karstic aquifer ME_LIM_7_GW

5.9.1 Hydrogeological characteristics of Piva river basin groundwater bodies The main aquifer is represented by karstified limestones of Maglic, Volujak, Golija, Vojnik, Lola, and Piva mountains. The discharge zone is located in the flooded part of land by Piva accumulation and upstream of Piva accumulation in the basin of river Komarnica and other tributaries. It is very important to mention the springs with the highest discharge: Sinjac (Qmin = 500 - 1000 l/s), Rastioci (Qmin = 100 l/s) and many others.

5.9.2 Hydrogeological characteristics of Tara river basin groundwater bodies This aquifer is located in the spacious karstic massive of the mountain area of Durmitor, Sinjajevina, part of Piva mountain, part of Bjelasica, parts of Rastovo and Ljubisnja. The Triassic and Jurassic karstified limestones (main aquifer), have strong links to surface water systems. The aquifer discharges through numerous permanent and periodic springs. It is very important to mention springs with the highest discharge: Ljutica (Qmin = 1000 l/s), Bjelovac (Qmin = 500 l/s) and many others.

5.9.3 Hydrogeological characteristics of Ćehotina river basin groundwater bodies The discharge zone is located in karstic part of Ćehotina canyon. The aquifer of Ćehotina has a complex lithological composition and belongs to the karst of inner Dinarides. Aquifer discharges are through springs. The springs in the area Potpeć (e.g. Mandovac, Zmajevac ) have a minimum average yield of Qmin = 35 l/s.

5.9.4 Hydrogeological characteristics of Lim river basin groundwater bodies The main aquifer of this GWB is the Triassic karstic limestone and dolomite covered by mostly impermeable diabase chert formation. There is a limited fissured aquifer in the peridotites and in the Triassic clastic rocks, Quaternary alluvium, with a medium connection to surface water. The relative groundwater flow direction is equally shared in both countries (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), perpendicular to the Lim valley in the karstic aquifer, and parallel to the stream in the alluvium.

For the karstic-fissured section, the recharge in the mountains and drainage along the foothill or on local impermeable barriers. For the porous section, recharge is from precipitation and rivers, drainage into rivers. The covering layer constitutes a thin soil in the mountain hilly areas, and thick and fertile soil in the Lim valley. The depth to groundwater levels are >100 m in the karstic aquifers and at 2-10 m in the alluvium.

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5.10 Water Balance for Groundwater Bodies The water balance for the GWB in the DRB is shown in Table 5-5 below. Water losses are around 22% for each of the sub basins with the exception of the Ćehotina, whch has losses of around 30%. The transmissive nature of the Piva and Tara aquifers if more than two times that of the Ćehotina basin

Table 5-5: Water Balance of Groundwater Bodies in DRB in Montenegro

Surface area Spring Water losses Module of Precipitation Water Balance Region in Sub Basin discharge Qsr+E+Qgr groundwater (106m3/year) in km² (106m3/year) (106m3/year) flow (l/s/km2) Aquifer of Piva river basin 1,456 2,413 1,882 531 43 Aquifer of Tara river basin 1,721 3,134 2,445 689 43 Aquifer of Ćehotina river basin 1,024 990 693 297 20 Aquifer of Lim river basin 2,232 3,123 2,441 682 30 Qsr – Surface out-flow, Qgr – Groundwater out- flow, E – Evapotranspiration

5.11 Assessment of groundwater vulnerability The Dinaric Karst Aquifer System that occurs in Montenegro extends to the north through and BiH and to the south to Albania. These transboundary aquifers are particularly vulnerable to groundwater pollution and the karst can act as conduits bringing contaminants from long distances and can spoil water supplies. As mentioned above, groundwater is the main water source for domestic consumption and industry and agriculture represents a threat in the water supply context. Aquifers are particularly at risk near major settlements, such as Pljevlja, Berane, Kolašin and Bijelo Polje.

The share of industrial and particularly mining in terms of economic activity/output appears to be decreasing over the last 10 years that implies a reduction in the level of threat to groundwater pollution and indicating a relative decrease of potential pollutants.

5.12 Groundwater use in irrigation Use of groundwater for irrigation within the Montenegrin part of the DRB is quite limited as shown in Table 3.5 of Chapter 3. Chapter 7 on water use indicates that the overall estimated quantity of water used for irrigation in 2010 was 4.6 Mm³/yr. The most recent EPR for Montenegro (2015) indicates that irrigation water use nationally has decreased by 72.6% between 2005 and 2011.

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6 Water Quality The primary water quality legislation in Montenegro within the water management sector is the Water Law (Official Gazette of Montenegro (OG), 16/95). Most specifically, Article 28, the Ordinance on water classification and water body categorization (OG 15/96 and with amendments 19/96 and 15/97) that provides the outline for surface, groundwater and coastal water quality classes and water body categories in Montenegro. Further description of the relevant laws and the responsible institutions to uphold the laws are described in respective Chapters 12 and 13 of this report

Water quality monitoring based on physio-chemical parameters in Montenegro and based on parameters in line with EU requirements is reported by the Environmental Protection Agency. Parameters used to determine water quality are the dissolved oxygen, suspended matters and .

The Institute for Hydrometeorology and Seismology publishes annual reports on the analysis of water quality based on biological parameters; the reports from 2006 to 2013 are available on line.

Biological parameters used to determine water quality are total coliform bacteria, the total number of faecal bacteria and faecal streptococci in 1 ml of water, the aerobic mesophilic bacteria in 100 ml of water, saprobity degree by Liebman, saprobity index by Pantle-Buck.

The methodology defines the final result for each parameter as an average value of the two worst observed values for each sampling site. Based on these final results, rivers and lakes, as well as sampling points are categorized into quality classes.

6.1 Classification of water quality In Montenegro Water quality is determined by comparing the values of the relevant parameters, with the limit values of the Decree on classification and categorization of waters (OG 2/07). This Decree categorises water into classes according to the permissible limit values of certain groups of parameters, depending on the purpose of the water usage. In this sense, water may be used for drinking, used for beverages and ; fish and shell farms; bathing and swimming. The definition of the classification is given in Table 6-1.

Table 6-1: Classification of water quality in Montenegro

Classification Definition A, A1, A2, A3 Water that can be used for drinking and food production S, W and C Water for fish and shell production K1 and K2 Bathing waters

The regulation defines the manner and dynamics of sampling, analytical methodology and assessment requirements of water quality. Further, the regulation gives precise categorization of water, by which the waters are classified into 3 categories:

• I :class A1, S, K1; • II :class A2, K2 and C • III : class A3.

6.2 Water quality in the Drina River Basin after 1995

6.2.1 Monitoring sites The location of the sampling points for water quality analysis is shown in the Figure 6-1.

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Figure 6-1 Monitoring stations for water quality based on biological parameters (DRB shown in red)

There are:

• 6 stations in the Lim River, • 6 stations in the Tara River, • 4 stations in the Cehotina River, • 1 station in the Piva River, • 1 station in Grincar, Kutska, two tributaries of the Lim River • 1 station in Vezisnica, a tributary of Cehotina • 1 station on the Plavsko lake and 1 station on the Crno Jezero lake

Hydro-biological sampling of the water is performed twice: first in late June - early July, when the water streams had more water and ecological niches were formed, and second sampling in mid-August, when the water level is low. This monitoring shows the saprobity index to assess organic pollution.

6.2.2 Analysis of Water Quality Results Rivers in the Montenegrin part of DRB Ćehotina Ćehotina water should belong to A1, S, K1 class upstream from Pljevlja (Rabitlja) and A2, C, K2 downstream the town and downstream the river mouth of the Vezišnica (Gradac). This watercourse is one of the most polluted in Montenegro with its tributary, the Vezisnica River. Data from 2013 confirms this fact.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 6-3

Even parts of the river upstream from Pljevlja have considerable pollution, and only nitrite content was out of classification system but 40% of parameters were out of the required class.

The principal activity, affecting the water quality of Ćehotina, is discharge from the thermal power plant, the coalmine and the Suplja stijena lead and zinc mine in Pljevlja.

The worst situation is observed downstream from the city, where over half of the parameters are out of classification system. These data also show that Ćehotina River is further threatened by sewage water of the city and water from Vezišnica River.

Downstream, the water quality is improving to the sampling point Gradac, where only phosphates and nitrates, are out of classification system. At this sampling point, Ćehotina still looks bad and smells, while a large amount of waste is visible.

Vezišnica River (tributary of Ćehotina) The Vezišnica River sampling station is upstream from the confluence with the Ćehotina River. Water at this sampling point should belong to classes A1, S, K1. The actual water quality is the most polluted in Montenegro for 2013. This water quality is under the influence of wastewater from the Pljevlja TPP.

Lim River Lim water, upstream from Berane, should belong to A1, S, K1 class (Plav and Andrijevica) and downstream from Berane, to A2, C, K2 class (Skakavci, Zaton, Bijelo Polje and Dobrakovo). Water quality of the Lim River has improved since 2012. As the upper part of the Lim River belongs to the required Class A1, towards the middle part of the flow these parameters shift to A2, while the middle part of the flow belongs to the A2 category, but the content of nitrite and phosphate in these parts of the flow are out of the classification system.

It is also important to note that microbiology shows that this part is of satisfactory class.

From upstream to downstream, the Lim water quality is under the influence of the agro-industrial activities of Zora (Berane) and Mesopromet (in Bijelo Polje), cellulose and paper production site (Celuloza) and under deposition sites (municipal communal waste dump, landfill sawdust and off-cuts of wood).

Grnčar River (tributary of the Lim River) Grnčar River is sampled at one site in the town of Gusinje and the water should belong to A1, S, K1. A good natural quality is threatened during the low-water regime in the summer, so there is plenty of parameter that come out of the A1 class, while microbiology in the A2 class during this season.

Kutska River (tributary of Lim River) Kutska River (Zlorečica) is sampled at one place under the bridge in Andrijevica upstream the river mouth to Lim, and water should belong to A1, S, K1. This is a very cold river, and generally proves to be very clean. No parameter has stepped out of classification system and into A3 class.

Tara River Tara water should belong to A1, S, K1 class. However, realistically, such a situation is difficult to maintain. Looking at the whole watercourse, 33.8% determined classes are moved from the required class, mainly in the A2 class. Poor condition is especially visible through the content of phosphate, which is at all sites in the A3 class, and in Kolašin even out of classification.

Regarding the microbiological parameters, faecal bacteria at all measurement locations showed the A2 class, while the total number of bacteria is in the appropriate class A1.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 6-4

The greatest activity which influence the water quality of Tara River are the communal waste deposit site in the municipality of Kolašin and one site within the Municipality of Mojkovac as well as the wastewater from the Trudbenik company which produces wood sawdust (biomass) for Pljevlja TPP.

Piva River Piva is sampled at one place (Šćepan Polje) and its waters, as well as the overflow waters of Lake Piva, should belong to A2, C, K2. In 96.6% of the cases that is determined as appropriate with several samples stepping into the A and A1 class. Water in all measurements does not exceed 10 °C and can be interpreted as a river with the best quality of water in Montenegro in 2013.

Particular case of Sapro-biological characteristic in rivers Water flows upstream the urban areas are within the (first) class I, except for the upper flow of Ćehotina River.

In general, for the concerned rivers in the basin, upper parts of the flow are characterized by rocky – gravel riverbed, and the water is clear and fast. The middle and lower flow of the rivers receive waste and industrial water, which leads to their water quality crossing in the II class and up to the lower limits of the II class. Tara along its course belongs to oligosaprobic zone while Lim downstream from Berane and Ćehotina downstream from Berane belong to β – mesosaprobic zone.

Per saprobiological and microbiological quality indicators, Ćehotina beneath the bridge, Lim - Bijelo Polje near the bridge and Dobrakovo demonstrate an extreme β- mezosaprobic zone. Table 6-2 shows the saprobity class of the monitored rivers in the DRB from 2010 to 2013.

Table 6-2: Saprobity class of different waterbodies in the DRB from 2010 to 2013

Saprobity class by Pantle-Buck Waterbody Sampling point 2010 2011 2012 2013 Rabitlja II II II II Ćehotina Pljevlja II II II II Gradac II II II II Grnčar Gusinje I I I I Kutska River Andrijevica I Plav I-II I-II I-II I-II Andrijevica I I I I II II II II Lim Zaton II II II II Bijelo Polje II II II II Dobrakovo II II II II Kolašin I I I I Trebaljevo I I I I Tara Mojkovac I-II I I I-II Đurđevića Tara I I I I

Lakes in the DRB (Rakocevic 2012)

Plavsko Mountain Lake Plavsko Lake is sampled at one point, close to the raft, and the water should belong to A1, S, K1 class. The water temperature in the top layer ranged from 10.4 to 15.4 °C. Clarity (visibility) is good, ranging between 3 to 5 m, indicating small biomass production. The water from a chemical point of view does not match the required classes, because phosphates are out of classification and the content of ammonia, nitrites, and Ca/Mg ion ratio is in the Class A2. Microbiological parameters shows the prescribed class and the water is suitable for swimming.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 6-5

Phytoplankton and chlorophyll-A were analysed in this lake during summer season like a bio-indicator of the water quality of the lake. The result of the analysis undertaken in summer 2007 are summarised in Table 6-3.

Table 6-3: Biological parameters of the Plavsko Lake in summer 2007

Phytoplankton Diversity Saprobity Trophic Trophic taxa Evenness Chl. A (µµµg/l) index index state index state identified 1.75 51.70 2.0 6.67 49.18 (Range 1.75 – (Range 51.7 – (Range 1.3 – (Range 0.43 – (Range 14.27 – 26 3.9 for all the 89.3 for all the 2.4 for all the 10.24 for all the 53.39 for all the Mesotrophy Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin lakes) lakes) lakes) lakes lakes)

The comparison of total phytoplankton abundance measured punctually in summer season between 1970 and 1985 and measured in summer 2007 shows that the trophic status of the Plavsko Lake has significantly increased in time.

Crno Jezero Lake Crno Jezero Lake is sampled at one place and the water should belong to A1, S, K1 class. The water temperature in the surface layer ranged from 12.2 to 18.0 °C and clarity (visibility) is good. Observed parameters show a shift from the prescribed class, especially for the contents of phosphate and ammonia that show the A3 class. The reason for this most likely lies in the fact that the sample is taken from the shallow part, which is often covered with grass. Microbiological indicators show the A class, and the water is from that point very clear.

Phytoplankton and chlorophyll-A were also analysed in this lake during summer season like a bio-indicator of the water quality of the lake. The result of the analysis undertaken in summer 2007 are summarised in Table 6-4.

Table 6-4: Biological parameters of the Crna Lake in summer 2007

Phytoplankton Diversity Saprobity Trophic Trophic taxa Evenness Chl. A (µµµg/l) index index state index state identified 3.89 82.8 1.7 1.3 31.50 (Range 1.75 – (Range 51.7 – (Range 1.3 – 2.4 (Range 0.43 – (Range 14.27 – 22 3.9 for all the 89.3 for all the for all the 10.24 for all the 53.39 for all the Oligotrophy Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin Montenegrin lakes) lakes) lakes) lakes lakes)

The comparison of total phytoplankton abundance measured punctually in summer season between 1970 and 1985 and measured in summer 2007 shows that the ologotrophic characteristic of the Crno Lake has not changed in time.

The Consultant has also reviewed other sources of information including regional and municipal spatial plans to ascertain separate information.

6.3 Hotspots The TOR for the project required an assessment of the hotspots for potential sources of pollution. This section provides a general classification of hotspots and then reviews the pollution inventory prepared for the Montenegrin part of the DRB undertaken by REC in 2011.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 6-6

6.3.1 General classification of Hotspots Hotspots are the most important sources of environmental pollution within the Montenegrin part of the DRB. These can be summarised as follows:

• Industrial waste, especially from mining operations • Agricultural runoff • Municipal solid waste (especially indiscriminate fly tipping) and the limited number of sanitary landfills, • Urban wastewater, due to the lack of adequate treatment, and • To a lesser extent, air pollution from Pljevlja TPP and other industrial operations in the DRB.

In 2011, REC undertook the pollution inventory according to methodology developed within the framework of the ICPDR. The methodology and assessment procedure required: i) the identification and registration of potential sources of pollution based on existing data; and ii) a risk assessment and classification; sites with no significant threat, sites where immediate measures can be applied to remove hazards, and sites suspected to be sources of pollution and where further oriented investigation is needed.

The inventory obtained an overview of all potential water-endangering activities (WEA) and water- endangering deposition sites (WED) in the DRB. Due to lack of data on wastewater quality and quantity, the public utility companies (PUC) that were responsible for the wastewater hotspots were separated. The known location of these sites (WEA, WED and PUC) are shown on the Figure 6-2 below and more details are provided in Annex 6-1.

6.3.2 Inventory Results The results of the inventory indicated that only 65% of urban areas are covered by sewage collection systems and only Mojkovac has a WWTP with all other wastewater discharged into rivers with no pre-treatment. Further, there is inadequate waste disposal which results in significant adverse impacts. There is no sanitary landfill in any of the municipalities and waste is often disposed of illegally on the banks of the river.

The inventory results show the biggest polluters in Montenegro are municipalities and inadequate or poorly maintained landfills. In general, there are no significant industrial facilities, except in the Pljevlja region, where the TPP and coal, zinc and lead mines pose a significant threat to human health and the environment.

The Consultant has also reviewed other sources of information including regional and municipal spatial plans to ascertain separate information.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 6-7

Source: REC 2011 Figure 6-2: Pollution Sources for Montenegrin Part of the DRB from REC Report covering WEA, WED and PUC

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-1

7 Water Use

7.1 Water management regions in the Drina River Basin The northern region essentially covers the four main river systems making up the DRB in Montenegro. These are the Piva, the Tara, the Ćehotina and the Lim (see Figure 7-1).

Region III

Region I Region IV

Region II

Figure 7-1: Proposed Water Management Regions

The DRB takes the shape of a rectangle aligned Northwest-Southeast. The only other river basin in the north region that is part of the Black Sea Basin, but not the DRB is the Ibar, which mostly comprises Rožaje municipality. Therefore, the adopted water management regions seen in Figure 7-1 are the actual sub basins of the Drina as follows:

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-2

• Region I shaded purple: representing the River Piva and tributaries, , • Region II shaded green: representing the Tara River and tributaries, • Region III shaded light green, representing Ćehotina River and tributaries: and • Region IV shaded brown: representing the Lim River and tributaries.

All four of these water management regions have individual exit points from Montenegro flowing north and northwest to BiH in the case of Piva, Tara and Ćehotina and into Serbia for the River Lim.

7.2 Water demands in the Drina River Basin Water demands for the Montenegrin part of the DRB fall into the following categories:

• Domestic consumption • Industrial consumption • Irrigation • Fish farms and • Hydropower

7.2.1 Public (domestic) water consumption There are no reliable records of domestic water consumption available at DRB level in Montenegro. The documentation used is from a combination of sources including MONSTAT and UNECE. For consumption norms covering domestic supply, an average per capita consumption estimate for Montenegro is 229 litres/capita /day (l/c/d).13 The actual contrast in demand however is higher at the coast; 260 l/c/d compared to 225 l/c/d for inland municipalities. A comparative program indicates a per capita consumption of 237 l/c/d (World Bank IAWD 2015).

When considering typical European principles for domestic water consumption, these are extremely high values and reveal the major issues on water loss that are present in Montenegro. Indeed, average water losses (non revenue water - NRW) in Montenegro are at 60%, (in 2011 they indicated 55%) substantially higher than many European countries, where 10-25% is the norm and in Germany, they are as low as 7%.14

Population estimates for the DRB are from data contained in the 2011 census, which provides data at municipality level. The four sub basins of the DRB in Montenegro were drawn onto a map of municipalities (see Figure 7-1) and percentage calculations of the land area for each municipality falling into each sub basin performed. Based on these percentages a population for each municipality was calculated. For the municipalities where urban centres were outside of the basin, only the rural population was included (e.g. Nikšić, Podgorica and Rožaje – shaded green in the table below). Based on these calculations the estimated domestic water consumption in the DRB, using per capita estimates of 229 l/c/d, equates to 12.8 Mm³/year (see Table 7-1 ). Taking into consideration NRW, this could amount to 20.5 Mm³/year.

Table 7-1: Domestic water use in DRB by Municipality

% land Total Municipal Land Density of Estimated Domestic Use falling Population in No Municipality Surface falling in Population Population in in DRB within Municipalities Area km² DRB km² n/km² the DRB (Mm³/year) DRB (2011) 1 ANDRIJEVICA 283 282.96 99.99% 5,117 18.08 5,116 0.43 2 BERANE 717 668.12 93.18% 35,452 49.44 33,035 2.76 3 BIJELO POLJE 924 907.21 98.18% 46,676 50.52 45,828 3.83 4 KOLAŠIN 897 386.22 43.06% 8,420 9.39 3,625 0.30 5 MOJKOVAC 367 366.96 99.99% 8,669 23.62 8,668 0.72

13 Montenegro, Environmental Performance Review 2014 UNECE. 14 UNESCO-IHE Water Losses in the Distribution System

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-3

% land Total Municipal Land Density of Estimated Domestic Use falling Population in No Municipality Surface falling in Population Population in in DRB within Municipalities Area km² DRB km² n/km² the DRB (Mm³/year) DRB (2011) 6 PLAV 486 486.00 100.00% 13,549 27.88 13,549 1.13 7 PLJEVLJA 1346 1353.27 100.54% 31,060 23.08 31,228 2.61 8 PLUŽINE 854 803.07 94.04% 3,286 3.85 3,090 0.26 9 ŠAVNIK 553 512.93 92.75% 2,077 3.76 1,927 0.16 10 ŽABLJAK 445 445.40 100.09% 3,599 8.09 3,602 0.30 11 PODGORICA 1441 99.26 6.89% 30,916 21.45 2,130 0.18 12 NIKSIC 2065 106.28 5.15% 15,546 7.53 800 0.07 13 ROZAJE 432 16.38 3.79% 13,745 31.82 521 0.04 TOTAL 10,810 6434.06 59.52% 218,112 20.18 153,119 12.80

When breaking down the above information into Water Management Regions (WMR) as shown on Table 7-2, it can be seen that the Lim Sub Basin (Water Management Region IV) has the most demand (7.75 Mm³/ year) with Piva Sub Basin (WMR I) the least demand (0.56 Mm³/year) .

Table 7-2: Domestic water use in DRB by WMR

Calculated Surface Surface Density of River Total Municipal Domestic WM area in area in Population System / Municipality Municipal Population Use in DRB Region Sub Basin Sub Basin in DRB Sub Basin Population in Sub (Mm³/year) in km² in % n/km² Basin PLUŽINE 703.25 82.35% 3,286 2,706 3.85 0.23 KOLAŠIN 14.98 1.67% 8,420 141 9.39 0.01 NIKSIC 106.28 5.15% 15,546 800 7.53 0.07 I Piva MOJKOVAC 7.07 1.93% 8,669 167 23.62 0.01 ŠAVNIK 503.32 91.02% 2,077 1,890 3.76 0.16 ZABLJAK 121.26 27.25% 3,599 981 8.09 0.08 Sub total 1456.16 28.11% 41,597 6,685 4.59 0.56 KOLAŠIN 370.04 41.25% 8,420 3,474 9.39 0.29 MOJKOVAC 339.92 92.62% 8,669 8,029 23.62 0.67 ŽABLJAK 324.14 72.84% 3,599 2,622 8.09 0.22 PODGORICA 99.26 6.89% 30,916 2,130 21.45 0.18 PLJEVLJA 360.63 26.79% 31,060 8,322 23.08 0.70 II Tara BERANE 18.02 2.51% 35,452 891 49.44 0.07 BIJELO POLJE 38.85 4.20% 46,676 1,963 50.52 0.16 SAVNIK 9.61 1.74% 2,077 36 3.76 0.00 PLUZINE 99.82 11.69% 3,286 384 3.85 0.03 ANDRIJEVICA 61.11 21.59% 5,117 1,105 18.08 0.09 Sub total 1721.40 21.99% 175,272 28,954 16.82 2.42 PLJEVLJA 985.31 73.20% 31,060 22,737 23.08 1.90 III Cehotina BIJELO POLJE 39.13 4.23% 46,676 1,977 50.52 0.17 Sub total 1024.44 45.13% 77,736 24,713 24.12 2.07 ANDRIJEVICA 221.85 78.39% 5,117 4,011 18.08 0.34 BERANE 650.10 90.67% 35,452 32,144 49.44 2.69 BIJELO POLJE 829.23 89.74% 46,676 41,889 50.52 3.50 PLAV 486.00 100.00% 13,549 13,549 27.88 1.13 IV Lim PLJEVLJA 7.33 0.54% 31,060 169 23.08 0.01 ROZAJE 16.38 3.79% 13,745 521 31.82 0.04 MOJKOVAC 19.97 5.44% 8,669 472 23.62 0.04 KOLAŠIN 1.20 0.13% 8,420 11 9.39 0.00 Sub total 2232.06 40.94% 162,688 92,766 41.56 7.75 TOTAL 6434.06 31.04% 457,293 153,119 23.80 12.80

* = estimated NB: Only rural populations used for Municipalities of Podgorica, Nikšić and Rožaje

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-4

Table 7-3 and Table 7-4 below contains details of the household connections for people living within the municipalities associated with the DRB. This covers water supply, sewage and electricity. Almost all households in the DRB have an electricity connection (between 95%-99%). Sewage connection rates vary from 12% (Andrijevica and Kolašin) to 55% (Pljevlja). Combined water supply (piped and through pump or other means) connection rates vary from 49% for Šavnik to 91% for Plav15. Many of the smaller municipalities, Šavnik for example, are more remotely located implying more challenges in connecting household services.

Table 7-3: Details on households with water, sanitary, electric connection for DRB Municipalities

Population Public Sewage Electrical Pump or Municipality 2011 Total water connection Septic Tank connection similar (B) Census supply (A) (C ) (D) Name People Households Households Households Households Households Households Andrijevica 5,117 2,463 1,157 688 306 1,252 2,390 Berane 35,452 12,438 8,922 2,111 5,012 3,705 12,328 Bijelo Polje 46,676 16,458 8,227 5,168 5,251 2,425 16,234 Kolašin 8,420 3,455 1,836 865 421 2,177 3,404 Mojkovac 8,669 3,458 2,048 892 1,044 1,696 3,370 Plav 13,549 4,933 2,640 1,847 2,113 1,949 4,833 Pljevlja 31,060 12,855 7,971 2,631 7,134 2,128 12,628 Plužine 3,286 1,555 678 240 535 348 1,524 Šavnik 2,077 1,294 380 254 192 405 1,234 Zabljak 3,599 1,666 1,226 98 432 884 1,646 Podgorica 187,085 68,346 58,832 7,038 32,511 33,298 68,070 Nikšić 72,824 24,613 20,997 1,123 9,357 12,702 24,346 Rožaje 23,312 6,190 3,323 2,306 2,570 869 6,083 Total 441,126 159,724 118,237 25,261 66,878 63,838 158,090

Table 7-4: Household Services Connection rates for DRB Municipalities

Population No Connected No Connected No Connected No Connected Total in Municipality Census for piped water for water for Sewage for Electricity Use 2011 supply (A) only supply (A+B) (C) only (D) only No Households % % % %

Andrijevica 5,117 2,463 47% 75% 12% 97% Berane 35,452 12,438 72% 89% 40% 99% Bijelo Polje 46,676 16,458 50% 81% 32% 99% Kolašin 8,420 3,455 53% 78% 12% 99% Mojkovac 8,669 3,458 59% 85% 30% 97% Plav 13,549 4,933 54% 91% 43% 98% Pljevlja 31,060 12,855 62% 82% 55% 98% Plužine 3,286 1,555 44% 59% 34% 98% Šavnik 2,077 1,294 29% 49% 15% 95% Zabljak 3,599 1,666 74% 79% 26% 99% Podgorica 68,346 65,870 86% 96% 48% 100% Niksic 24,613 22,120 85% 90% 38% 99% Rozaje 6,190 5,629 54% 91% 42% 98% Total DRB 441,126 159,724 74% 90% 42% 99%

15 Water connection rates are also above 90% for Podgorica, Nikšić and Rožaje, but the urban centres are not in the DRB.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-5

7.2.2 Industrial water consumption Calculating Industrial demand for the DRB is more complex. The Annual Yearbook for Montenegro 2014 provides an indication of the overall water consumption from Industry. The main industrial water consumers in Montenegro are the manufacturing, mining and thermo-energy sectors. Up until recently, these were the aluminium smelter factory (KAP) in Podgorica, the steel factory in Nikšić and the thermal power plant (TPP) Pljevlja, as well as many small industries. Out of these large consumers, only Pljevlja TPP and associated mines lie within the DRB. In 2013, the national water consumption statistics point to a considerable decrease in water use for the industrial sectors, as shown in Table 7-5 below.16 This is due to the cessation of operation of the KAP factory and the reduced operation of the steel factory at Nikšić that is awaiting new privatisation.

Table 7-5: Industrial Water Consumption for Montenegro 2008-2013 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Industry* Consumption in Mm³/year 55.046 44.069 18.650 26.276 22.129 7.636 * Running water excluded (e.g. for hydropower).

Bottled water has become an important product in the basin in recent years; the northern region’s rivers are characterised by their pureness. Until 2009, six factories for natural spring water (still water) were operational for commercial purposes. The hydrochemical properties of the mineral water have been elaborated in Chapter 5. However, only one of them was used for mineral water; the water from the springs at Bijelo Polje; but the recent 2010 Concession Law brought more interest and bottled water and concessions have been granted at four locations. Despite this, the overall consumptive use of bottled water plants is relatively low in the basin (see Table 7-6 ).

Table 7-6: Bottled Water Companies in Operation and Concessions Granted OPERATING COMPANIES Municipality Type of Water Factory and Company Capacity (m³/year) Bijelo Polje Mineral Rada 30,000 Kolašin Still Aqua Bianca, Aqua Bianca doo 31,536 Kolašin Still Aqua Monta, Fin Invest doo 50,000 Kolašin Still Suza, water Group doo 63,072 Kolašin Still Gorska voda, Gorska doo 157,680 Šavnik Still Gorska voda, Gorska doo 3,208 RECENTLY GRANTED CONCESSIONS Abstraction amount Municipality Type of Water Concession agreed (l/s) Andrijevica Bradavac 5 Mojkovac Vrelo 1 Kolašin Drijenak 5 Kolašin Sjerogoste 10

The Statistical Yearbook for 2014 provides an indication of the number of dwellings associated with Industry at municipal level, but it does not show the amount of water use. Dwellings are either for industrial use only or a combination of housing and industry combined. A review of this data indicates that 417 dwellings (Nikšić, Podgorica and Rožaje excluded) were associated with industry or industry/housing that is much less than 1% of all the dwellings in the municipalities making up the DRB (see Table 7-7).

As mentioned above, the decrease in national water consumption for industry mainly follows the decline in aluminium production in the KAP plant in Podgorica and problems with reprivatisation of the steel factory at Nikšić (both not in the DRB). However, it has to be assumed that some proportion of the water consumed nationally (7.6 Mm³/year – see Table 7-5) is accounted for by Pljevlja TPP (taken from the accumulation of "Otilovici"). For the purpose of this report, an amount of 1.87 Mm³/year has been assumed as being used by

16 Statistical Yearbook of Montenegro for 2014 - MONSTAT

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-6 industry within the DRB. This is divided in unequal amounts, the majority being assigned to Pljevlja (due to the presence of the TPP), and the next largest amount being assigned to Bijelo Polje.

Table 7-7: Annual Industrial Water Consumption for DRB in Montenegro

Dwelling only Dwelling with Total Estimated Total no of Municipality for House and Combined Industry Industrial Use Dwellings Industry Industry Dwellings (m³/yr)* ANDRIJEVICA 1 9 10 2,463 20,000 BERANE 4 38 42 12,438 70,000 BIJELO POLJE 20 119 139 16,458 290,000 KOLAŠIN 13 35 48 3,455 30,000 MOJKOVAC 8 21 29 3,458 50,000 PLAV 1 27 28 4,933 80,000 PLJEVLJA 5 61 66 12,855 1,260,000 PLUŽINE 1 2 3 1,555 20,000 ŠAVNIK 2 6 8 1,294 20,000 ŽABLJAK 13 31 44 1,666 30,000 PODGORICA (256) (269) (525) (68,346) 0 NIKSIC (32) (81) (113) (24,613) 0 ROZAJE (2) (25) (27) (6,190) 0 TOTAL 68 349 417 60,575 1,870,000 Source: MONSTAT * Estimated, ( ) It is believed that there is very little industrial consumption in these municipalities as most of the area is outside the DRB

7.2.3 Water supply for irrigation The Agricultural Census undertaken between May 2009 and June 201017 provided an indication by municipality of the amount of water used for irrigation. This amounted to 4.32 Mm³/year for the DRB (covering the 13 municipalities) out of 22.1 Mm³/year for all of Montenegro. Irrigation water is usually only applied during the summer months that represents the main growing season (comprising 5 months May to September).

In contrast, the 2014 Statistical Yearbook18 provides data for irrigation use nationally as shown in Table 7-8 below. Comparing the amount of water used from the 2010 Agricultural Census with the statistical yearbook there is a discrepancy by a factor of 10.

Table 7-8: Irrigated Water Consumption for Montenegro 2008-2013 Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Irrigation Consumption in Mm³/year - Statistical Yearbook 2014 1.676 1.722 1.703 1.721 1.971 6.905 Area irrigated in hectares 2,211 2,414 2,412 2,445 2,364 2,353 Irrigation Consumption in Mm³/year – Agriculture Census 2010 22.058 Area irrigated in hectares 2,881

The national data indicate that the total volume of water used for agricultural production through irrigation has increased very steadily over recent years until 2012. In 2012, 1.97 Mm3 of water is used to irrigate 2,364 ha of land, 97% abstracted from groundwater sources. However, in 2013 there is a sudden increase of more than 3.5 times the volume of water consumed to irrigate essentially the same amount of land, with 99% abstracted from groundwater.

Even comparing the overall water use in 2013 (6.9 Mm³/year) with the 2010 agricultural census (22 Mm³/year) there is a substantial difference of up to 3 times. These discrepancies need further investigation,

17 MONSTAT 2010 18 Statistical Yearbook of Montenegro for 2014 - MONSTAT

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-7 but the Consultant believes that overall the 2010 Agricultural Census would appear to indicate a more realistic estimate based on actual water use in Montenegro albeit on the high side.

Work undertaken by the Consultant on basin (RS BiH) and work from the World Bank on WATCAP for the Sava Basin provided estimates of up to 2,800 to 4,800 m³/ha/year for irrigating crops ranging from maize to potatoes to sugar beet and taking into consideration losses to the system of around 30%. Applying these irrigation rates to Montenegro provide estimates for total irrigation water closer to the 2010 agricultural census, compared to the national figures from 2014 yearbook.

Notwithstanding, irrigated land represents a very small proportion (less than 0.5%) of the overall utilised agricultural land available in the DRB. The most common method of irrigation is "flood" type where water flows along surface furrows and infiltrates; next is the overhead sprinkler type of irrigation. Drop (or drip) irrigation methods, which use substantially less amounts of water are very few and are still not widely used in the area, primarily due to the cost of installation. Plav has the largest number of surface water irrigations points; this is presumably partly due to the presence of Lake Plav, a large natural surface water lake. Bijelo Polje has the largest number of groundwater irrigation points with more than 57% of the total.

Indicated national water losses for irrigation were around 19% for 2012 and 6% for 2013, which are much better than most agro-systems of European countries (25–50 per cent).

7.2.4 Fish farms As shown in section 3.1.3, out of the 23 fish farms in Montenegro, 11 are located in the DRB. The main issue facing fish farming is seasonal shortage of water during the summer months. The favoured fish for farming is trout. The World Bank Rapid Diagnostic Study indicated that the four largest fish farms are as shown in Table 7-9 below with indications of their daily water requirements, which are substantial.

Table 7-9: Largest fish farms in DRB

Production Water Requirement Location Water Sources Surface (m²) Capacity (kg) (m³/24h) Šavnik "Šavnik“ Savnicka Rijeka 1,100 35,000 18.500 Plužine “Vrbnica” Vrbnica 1,700 30,000 28.500 Berane “Buce” Lim 10,000 250,000 168.000

The fish farms generally use free-flowing water diverted from rivers and streams, hence even though Table 7-9 above shows substantial water use, the abstracted volumes return to the rivers and lakes, while the water needs for the fish themselves need to be included as part of the environmental flow. The large fish farm on Lake Piva uses cages in the lake, so there is no water losses.

7.2.5 Hydropower Unlike irrigation, hydropower does not retrieve water from a river stream. Water is at most diverted from the river on a limited, stretch, between the water intake and the power plant.

Depending on the type of hydropower scheme (run-of-river or storage), the discharge regime of the river may be marginally (run-of-river) to strongly modified (seasonal water transfer). The total annual water volume released after the power plant (water volume processed by the HPP plus water volume spilled in the river at the dam site, if any) is however not affected.

Under warmer latitudes, evaporation from a reservoir may reduce the amount of water of the river; however this difference is small. At most up to 2% of the natural discharge may be lost – less than the accuracy of the discharge gauging stations.

The only case where the water regime of a river is durably modified is that of a diversion from one valley into another. The water discharge is strongly reduced in the river from which the water is diverted; but the

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-8 diverted volume is added to the river discharge where the power plant stands (with or without seasonal transfer, depending on the hydropower type). The total annual discharge of both valleys remains unchanged. Specifically, the situation is as follows for the few power plants that are not run-of-river schemes :

• Gradac HPP and Mekote HPP (Ćehotina River): they are of diversion type with a diversion length of 4 km and 6.2 km, respectively. Since very limited data are available about these HPPs, we assumed that environmental guaranteed flows will be released downstream of the dams. • Otilovici SHPP (Ćehotina River): it is of diversion type, with a very short diversion (ca. 105 m). No water will be released at the dam site. As the power house is located close to the end of the stilling basin, no negative environmental incidence is expected on this stretch of river. • Only the reservoir for Komarnica HPP (Piva River) has a possibility for seasonal regulation. This HPP is not of diversion type and its operation regime is defined in order to satisfy all environmental and other requirements.

Further details on hydropower are provided in Chapter 8.

7.3 Water management regional demand

7.3.1 Summary of water use A summary of the water use from the different sectors in the municipalities making up the DRB is presented in Table 7-10. This estimates that about 19 Mm³/yr of water is necessary to cover consumption for the domestic, industrial and irrigation sectors making up the municipalities in the DRB. This amount does not consider NRW and with that added then the water use will be nearer 27 Mm3/year

Table 7-10: Summary of Water Use – Municipalities in DRB

Domestic Industrial Irrigation Fish Municipal Total Municipal % of Use in Use in DRB Use in DRB Farming Hydropower Surface Use Municipality Area in Municipality DRB part of part of Use Use Area (Mm³/ DRB km² in DRB (Mm³/yea Municipality Municipality (Mm³/ (Mm³/year) km² year) r) (Mm³/year)* (Mm³/year) year) Iin river ANDRIJEVICA 283 282.96 99.99% 0.43 0.02 0.03 Iin river flow 0.484 flow Iin river BERANE 717 668.12 93.18% 2.76 0.07 1.31 Iin river flow 4.144 flow Iin river BIJELO POLJE 924 907.21 98.18% 3.83 0.29 1.82 Iin river flow 5.941 flow Iin river KOLAŠIN 897 386.22 43.06% 0.30 0.03 0.00 Iin river flow 0.333 flow Iin river MOJKOVAC 367 366.96 99.99% 0.72 0.05 0.03 Iin river flow 0.801 flow Iin river PLAV 486 486.00 100.00% 1.13 0.08 1.06 Iin river flow 2.267 flow Iin river PLJEVLJA 1346 1353.27 100.54% 2.61 1.26 0.07 Iin river flow 3.936 flow Iin river PLUŽINE 854 803.07 94.04% 0.26 0.02 0.00 Iin river flow 0.282 flow Iin river ŠAVNIK 553 512.93 92.75% 0.16 0.02 0.00 Iin river flow 0.184 flow Iin river ŽABLJAK 445 445.40 100.09% 0.30 0.03 0.00 Iin river flow 0.328 flow Iin river PODGORICA 1441 99.26 6.89% 0.18 0.00 0.00 Iin river flow 0.182 flow Iin river NIKSIC 2065 106.28 5.15% 0.07 0.00 0.00 Iin river flow 0.070 flow Iin river ROZAJE 432 16.38 3.79% 0.04 0.00 0.00 Iin river flow 0.044 flow TOTAL 10,810 6434.06 59.52% 12.80 1.87 4.32 0 0 18.996 Source: MONSTAT

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-9

When allocating the water demand to the four different water management regions (WMR) shown in Figure 7-1; it is clear that WMR IV for Lim has substantially more demand. WMR IV requires 12.2 Mm³/year of water compared to only 3 Mm³/year for WRM II - Tara and 3.1 Mm3/year for WRMIII - Ćehotina 0.6 Mm³/year for WRM I for Piva. This information is in the summary Table 7-11 below.

Table 7-11: Allocation of Water Demand in the Water Management Regions of DRB

Surface Estimated Domestic Industrial Irrigation Total Use in WM River area in Sub Basin Total Use in DRB Use in DRB Use in DRB DRB Region System Sub Basin % of DRB Population (Mm³/yr) (Mm³/yr)* (Mm³/yr) (Mm³/yr) in km² in DRB I Piva 1,456.16 22.63% 6,685 0.56 0.05 0.00 0.61 II Tara 1,721.40 26.75% 28,954 2.42 0.46 0.16 3.04 III Cehotina 1,024.44 15.92% 24,713 2.07 0.93 0.13 3.13 IV Lim 2,232.06 34.69% 92,766 7.75 0.43 4.03 12.21 Total 6,434.06 100.00% 153,119 12.80 1.87 4.32 18.99

7.3.2 Key assumptions The Consultant has also made certain assumption regarding water returns to the basin (through surface water or to the groundwater). These are as follows:

• Some 80% of domestic water use is returned to the system as wastewater • Some 20% of industrial water use is returned to the system as wastewater • Some 20% of irrigation water is returned to the system but only for 5 months of the year, from May to September. • 100% of water for fish farming is returned to the system • 100% of water for hydropower use is returned to the system

The Consultant has then assessed the flow required in each of the rivers to cater for the demand based on the following assumptions: When assessing the minimum flow for each of the rivers in the WMR it is assumed that: • Domestic demand must be delivered for 24 hours of the day for 365 days of the year • Industrial demand must be delivered for 24 hours of the day for 365 days of the year • Irrigation demand must be delivered for 24 hours of the day for 150 days (5 months) of the year • Minimum Environmental Flow must be available, which includes requirements for fish farming • Requirement for hydropower

7.3.3 Net water use Taking into consideration the water returns to the system, the net water use within the four WMR of Montenegro is shown in Table 7-12. Estimated net water use in the DRB is around 7.5 Mm³/yr. With the application of NRW this amount is around 12 Mm³/year.

Table 7-12: Net Water Use in the Water Management Regions of DRB

Estimated Total Total Gross Total WM River Surface area in Sub Basin % Net Water Use Population in Water Use Water Returns Region System Sub Basin in km² of DRB (Mm³/yr) DRB (Mm³/yr) (Mm³/yr) I Piva 1,456.16 22.63% 6,685 0.61 0.46 0.15 II Tara 1,721.40 26.75% 28,954 3.04 2.06 0.98 III Cehotina 1,024.44 15.92% 24,713 3.13 1.86 1.26 IV Lim 2,232.06 34.69% 92,766 12.21 7.09 5.12 Total 6,434.06 100.00% 153,119 18.99 11.48 7.51

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-10

7.4 Environmental flow Environmental flow (EF) is considered as the minimal quantity of water necessary in a river for maintaining healthy, natural ecosystems then the minimal flow required for habitats, migration and water quality factors.

The World Bank describes the environmental flow as “the quality, quantity, and timing of water flows required to maintain the components, functions, processes, and resilience of aquatic ecosystems which provide goods and services to people”.

The EU WFD does not use explicitly the term of “environmental flows”. It requires the states of the community to guarantee a good ecological status in surface and underground water bodies.

There is no universal definition of the environmental flow and more than hundred formulas can be found in the scientific papers to calculate the value of the EF. Some of them are based on hydrological statistical values characterizing the flow discharge (hydrological method); some are based on the hydraulic characteristics of the river like depth, velocity, wetted perimeter (Hydraulic rating methods) and others on aquatic ecosystem characteristics (Habitat simulation method and Holistic methodologies).

7.4.1 Legal environmental flow If we focus on the Drina river basin, the following table contains a summary of the minimal environmental flow defined from legislation for Montenegro. Definition and consideration of a minimum water flow is provided only in the Water law (2007).

Table 7-13: Environmental flow definition from legislation of Montenegro

Legislation Text of reference legislation “32) Guaranteed minimum flow means the flow downstream from a structure ensuring the survival and development of downstream habitats and species. The Water Law, Podgorica, 33) Minimum water flow means the flow downstream from a structure or a dam which December 2007, article 5 must not be under the projected value ensuring the survival and development of (Definitions) downstream habitats and species, preservation of the water flow quality in accordance with the regulations, and meeting the rational needs of the downstream users.” “In the course of the surface waters abstraction, the guaranteed minimum flow must The Water Law, Podgorica, be ensured downstream from the point of intake in a river. December 2007, article 54 The Ministry shall adopt a more detailed regulation on the procedures for specifying (Ensuring of the the guaranteed minimum flow, considering needs for providing a good status of Guaranteed Minimum Flow) water." The Water Law, Podgorica, “3) it fails to secure the guaranteed minimum downstream the surface water intake December 2007, article 164 site as laid down by the Article 54 paragraph 2 of this Law (Article 54 paragraph 1);” (Penalty provisions) This rulebook describes the conditions of application of the EF and it proposes a methodology for determining the EF (article 8). Calculation is based on natural Rulebook, OG of the hydrological flow data, ideally on daily discharges, for a minimal period of Republic of Montenegro measurements of 10 years. A report should justify the determination of the EF n°2/16 (assessment study) with hydrological and biological descriptions, in particular in protected areas and wetland ecosystems. This new rulebook changes the formula of determining the environmental flow for Addendum of the rulebook, surface water (Official gazette MNE No 2/16 article 8) that included an error. The rest OG n°2/16 of the methodology of the rulebook is unchanged.

The rulebook on the manner of determining environmental flow for surface water (OG n°2/16) and the addendum defines the condition of application, the method for the determination of the environmental flow as well as the specific assessment of the EF. Article 1 of the addendum provides the calculation for the

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-11 minimal environmental flow based on natural hydrological flow data (on mean minimal, mean monthly discharge over a minimal period of 10 years). For protected areas and wetland ecosystems, an ecological study has to be provided in order to improve the minimal EF calculated according to article 6 to take into account the high environmental characteristics of these special areas. This rulebook has been adopted on the basis on the Water Law and is now in force.

7.4.2 Environmental flow based on hydrological characteristics In order to have an order of magnitude of the environmental flow of the Tara and Piva rivers and the main tributaries of the Drina River in the basin, we focus on the definition of the minimal EF in the rulebook of MNE. These values will be integrated in the water balance model for the future scenarios of the water management. We compare the results with the values that would be obtained by applying the definitions of EF in Serbia, in RS-BiH and FBiH and with other common formula. All calculations are based on hydrological method. At this stage of the study, the hydraulic and ecologic characteristics of the rivers in the DRB are not known enough to test other types of methodologies.

1) MNE rulebook method (article 1 of the addendum) This method compares, for each month, the mean annual minimal flow mQmin (average of minimal annual discharge over a minimal period of 10 years) with the mean monthly flow mQM(j) (average of the mean monthly discharge over a minimal period of 10 years). When the ratio mQM(j)/ mQmin is lower than 10, the EF th for the j month is equal to mQmin, when EF=mQmin. If the ration is higher or equal to 10, the EF= 20 % of mQM(j).

2) FBiH rulebook method (official gazette of FBiH n°4/13, article 11) This method compares the average discharge MQ (average of the mean annual discharge over a minimal period of 10 years) with the mean minimal discharge mQmin (average of minimal annual discharge over a minimal period of 10 years) and average decade discharge (average of the mean annual decade discharge over a minimal period of 10 years) if available. If no daily data to calculate the decade discharge are available, then the EF is equal to 10 % of the MQ for May to October and equal to 15% of MQ for November to April.

3) RS-BiH method EF=Q95% which is the mean monthly flow that happens with a 95 % probability (Vucijak N. et al., 2007)

4) Serbia method EF=10% of the average flow (MQ)

5) USA method Recommended minimal value of EF= 10 % of MQ in Autumn-Winter seasons and 30 % of MQ for spring and summer seasons, (World Bank 2003)

6) Guaranteed environmental flow method (GEP): It is calculated for two periods, from October to March and from April to September and which depends on the value of Q95%, Q80% (mean monthly flow that happens with an 80% probability) and of MQ (WWF 2009). At this stage of the study, the hydraulic and ecologic characteristics of the rivers in the DRB are not known enough to test more type of methodologies.

The hydrological characteristics of the rivers (Table 7-14) are extracted from the chapter 4 (for Q95% and Q80 % values) and from the daily measurements provided by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. A period of the most recent 15 years daily data has been retained.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-12

Table 7-14: Main hydrologic characteristics for the EF calculation based on hydrological measurements (in brackets, the name of the hydrological station)

MQ Q95% Q Q (j) Rivers (m3/s m min m M (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) )

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Upper Piva 15.3 0.96 1.82 10.4 13.6 16.3 29.0 30.2 12.0 3.87 4.66 6.95 15.5 24.1 16.5 (Duški most) Lower Piva 146. 151. 77.5 8.70 12.7 68.2 71.8 79.5 83.9 36.6 26.3 34.2 44.2 95.5 92.3 (Šćepan Polje) 2 2 Upper Tara 10.9 0.90 1.10 11.6 9.38 15.8 25.0 15.2 5.54 2.27 1.55 2.79 7.70 14.8 18.6 (Crna Poljana) Lower Tara 143. 161. 79.9 9.20 13.7 62.6 69.9 77.4 83.2 39.6 24.4 32.3 72.3 97.0 95.6 (Šćepan Polje) 8 1 Upper Lim 18.0 2.8 3.57 13.4 13.4 15.0 29.4 40.8 28.7 13.9 6.9 6.2 13.4 16.5 18.3 (Plav) Lower Lim 126. 101. 57.3 10.1 10.4 61.7 50.2 86.1 49.9 20.8 12.7 14.7 27.3 56.0 80.5 (Bijelo Polje) 0 5 Upper Cehotina 5.70 0.60 1.27 7.59 5.19 10.5 11.6 5.37 3.76 2.01 1.76 2.37 3.97 5.99 8.31 (Pljevlja) Lower Cehotina* 11.5 2.5 2.12 16.4 17.6 17.4 21.4 13.1 10.1 6.1 3.98 3.91 5.24 11.1 11.3 (Gradac) *: Only 5 years of measurements

Results of obtained values of environmental flows using the aforementioned methods are summary in the following Table 7-15and Table 7-16.

Table 7-15: Estimation of the EF in the Montenegrin part of DRB according to MNE method (monthly variation of the EF)

Monthly variable EF Values Rivers 3 (m /s) for MNE (1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Piva (WRM I) Upstream 1.82 1.82 1.82 5.80 6.04 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.82 4.82 1.82 Downstream 12.7 12.7 12.7 29.2 30.2 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 12.7 Tara (WRM II) Upstream 2.33 1.10 3.17 5.01 3.05 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 2.96 3.73 Dowstream 13.7 13.7 13.7 28.8 32.2 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 13.7 Cehotina (WRM

III) 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27 Upstream 2.12 2.12 2.12 4.28 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 2.12 Downstream Lim (WRM IV) Upstream 3.57 3.576 3.57 3.57 8.15 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 3.57 Dowstream 10.4 10.4 10.4 25.2 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4

Table 7-16: Estimation of the EF in the Montenegrin part of DRB according to different methods

EF values (m3/s) Rivers 1) MNE 2) FBiH 3) RS-BiH 4) Serbia 5) USA 6) GEP Piva (WRM I) Upstream 1.8 to 6.04 1.5a / 2.3b 0.96 1.5 1.5c / 4.6d 1.5e / 2.3f Downstream 12.7 to 30.2 7.8 / 11.6 8.70 7.8 7.8 / 23.2 8.7 / 11.3 Tara (WRM II) Upstream 1.1 to 5.0 1.1 / 1.6 0.90 1.1 1.1 / 3.3 1.1 / 1.6 Downstream 13.7 to 32.2 8.0 /12.0 9.20 8.0 8.0 / 24.0 9.2 / 12.7

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-13

EF values (m3/s) Rivers 1) MNE 2) FBiH 3) RS-BiH 4) Serbia 5) USA 6) GEP Ćehotina (WRM III) Upstream 1.3 0.6 / 0.8 0.60 0.6 0.6 / 1.7 0.6 / 1.0 Downstream 2.1 to 4.3 1.2 / 1.7 2.50 1.2 1.2 / 3.5 2.5 / 3.3 Lim (WRM IV) Upstream 3.6 to 8.1 1.8 / 2.7 2.80 1.8 1.8 / 5.4 2.8 / 3.4 Downstream 10.4 to 25.2 5.7 / 8.6 10.1 5.7 5.7 / 17.2 10.1 / 11.8 a: FBiH Method: May to Oct b: FBiH Method: Nov to April April c: USA Method: Autumn-Winter season: d: USA Method: Spring-Summer season e:GEP method – Oct. to March f: GEP method – Apr. to Sept.

It appears that EF for the MNE method (1) is in general slightly higher than EF calculated with the other methods. It is reminded that these values are minimal since they are based only on hydrological methodology.

7.4.3 Environmental flow downstream of dams Each structure or dams has a duty to release a minimum water flow downstream which is defined case by case in the concession of the dam or in the technical documentation of the planned dams. Chapter 8 provides the existing and planned dams in Montenegro.

As shown above, there is no legal definition of the environmental flow quantity from legislation. Table 7-17 below provides for each dams the minimal environmental flow proposed in the hydroelectric schemes.

Table 7-17: Minimum environmental flow for existing and planned dams for Montenegro

WRM Dams Existing Planned River EF (m3/s) Region 25 Mratinje (Piva) X I Piva (>mQmin) Komarnica X I Piva NK Milovci Reservoir X II Tara NK Tepca X II Tara 20 (>mQmin) Ljutica X II Tara 20) (>mQmin) Mojkovac X II Tara NK Trebaljevo X II Tara NK Bakovica X II Tara NK Zuti Krs (low and high) X II Tara NK Matesevo HPP X II Tara NK Opasanica X II Tara NK 0.80 Otilovici HPP X III Ćehotina (< mQmin) Reservoir Dam Mekote X III Ćehotina NK Reservoir dam Gradac X III Ćehotina NK 0.80 Otilovici SHPP X III Ćehotina (< mQmin) Lukin Vir X IV Lim NK Andrijevica X IV Lim NK Plav X IV Lim NK

The given environmental flows for these dams are not corresponding to the values obtained with the five above methods. Since EF estimated values are specific to a local section of the River, in this first approach we do not consider these values for dams to be integrated into the water resources balance.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-14

7.4.4 Critical ecological water quantity There is no official environmental flow regulation required in the statutes covering protected areas. Some studies give the following ecologically critical parameter related to fish habitat (Vucijak et al 2007):

• Minimum flow speed of 0.3 m/s • Minimum mean flow depth of 0.2 m

Hydraulic modelling of the Drina River and its main tributaries is required to estimate the environmental flow value to guarantee the above minimal velocity and depth of the flow.

7.4.5 Adopted environmental flow for Montenegro The methodology to calculate the environmental flow of the tributaries of the Drina River for Montenegro must be a compromise between the guarantee of maintaining the ecological function and components of the rivers (quality and quantity of the water) and the socio-economic use of the water resources.

The summary of the minimal values of EF values over a mean year at the upstream and downstream locations for each WRM is provided in Table 7-18.

Table 7-18: Minimum EF values over a mean year for DRB River Sub Basins

WMR River Sub Basin Minimum EF values (m³/sec)

I Piva 1.8A – 12.7B II Tara 1.1 – 13.7 III Ćehotina 1.3 – 2.1 IV Lim 3.6 – 10.4 A= Upstream value B = Downstream value

7.4.6 Future demand 30 years and 50 years After discussion with Montenegrin stakeholders, three future demand scenarios for water use were made. These were:

• High Growth Scenario, taking the population growth experienced in the DRB from 1948 to 1971. This equated to a compounded annual growth rate of +1.07%. So this growth rate was projected forward from 2011 (date of last census) for 30 years (2044) and for 50 years (2064). Industrial growth and irrigation growth remain constant. • Flat Growth Scenario, taking the population in the DRB from the 2011census and keeping this constant for 30 years (2044) and for 50 years (2064). Industrial growth and irrigation growth remain constant. • Real Growth Scenario, taking the population growth experienced in the DRB over the past 20 years from 1991 to 2011 to 1971. This equated to a compounded negative annual growth rate of -1.16%. So this negative growth rate was projected forward from 2011 (date of last census) for 30 years (2044) and for 50 years (2064). Industrial growth and irrigation growth remain constant.

This information is summarised in Table 7-19 below but does not take into consideration NRW, which is assumed to improve in the future. The declining population in the DRB is a tangible issue, evidenced by the increasing number of abandoned dwellings in more remote villages. There is no evidence to suggest that this decline will change. Industrial demand also appears to be flat and there is no sign of any upturn in industrial activity in the basin. Demand from irrigation could increase, but there is no data to suggest this and the amount of agricultural land suitable for irrigation is also extremely limited. Climate change could have an impact on the future demand aith longer periods of drought and this scenario will be further considered later in the project (through modelling). There could be small increases in demand from tourism, but this is not

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-15 expected to be significant. Hydropower could also influence water use, but the water is likely to be retained within the river system.

The Consultant is therefore of the opinion that the actual water use within the DRB will be somewhere between the Flat Growth and Real Growth Scenarios, with overall water use varying between 18-19 Mm³/year at present day, to 15-19 Mm³/year in 2044 and 13-19 Mm³/year in 2064.

Table 7-19: Future Total Water Use Projections in the DRB

DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL IRRIGATION TOTAL WATER USE SCENARIO Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 HIGH GROWTH (+1.07%) 13.36 18.18 22.50 1.87 1.87 1.87 4.32 4.32 4.32 19.54 24.37 28.69 FLAT GROWTH (0%) 12.80 12.80 12.80 1.87 1.87 1.87 4.32 4.32 4.32 18.99 18.99 18.99 REAL GROWTH (-1.16%) 12.21 8.71 6.90 1.87 1.87 1.87 4.32 4.32 4.32 18.40 14.90 13.08

In terms of water returns to the system for domestic, industrial and irrigation the same assumptions as shown earlier in this chapter (Section 7.3.2) apply. A summary of this information is shown in Table 7-20.

Table 7-20: Future Water Returns in the DRB

DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL IRRIGATION TOTAL WATER RETURNS SCENARIO Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 HIGH GROWTH (+1.07%) 10.68 14.55 18.00 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.86 0.86 0.86 11.92 15.79 19.24 FLAT GROWTH (0%) 10.24 10.24 10.24 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.86 0.86 0.86 11.48 11.48 11.48 REAL GROWTH (-1.16%) 9.77 6.97 5.52 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.86 0.86 0.86 11.01 8.20 6.75

Taking future total water use and subtracting future water returns, the net future water use for the Montenegrin part of the basin is shown in Table 7-21 below. Total net water use over the 30 and 50 year timeframe varies from 8.59 Mm³/year to 6.69 Mm³/Year in 2044 to between 9.45 Mm³/year and 6.33 Mm³/year in 2064.

Table 7-21: Future Net Water Use Projections in the DRB

DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL IRRIGATION TOTAL NET WATER USE SCENARIO Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr Mm³/yr 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 2015 2044 2064 HIGH GROWTH (+1.07%) 2.67 3.64 4.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 3.45 3.45 3.45 7.62 8.59 9.45 FLAT GROWTH (0%) 2.56 2.56 2.56 1.50 1.50 1.50 3.45 3.45 3.45 7.51 7.51 7.51 REAL GROWTH (-1.16%) 2.44 1.74 1.38 1.50 1.50 1.50 3.45 3.45 3.45 7.39 6.69 6.33

7.5 Identification of Key Drivers The JV Consultant made a first attempt at identifying the key drivers and key issues related to IWRM for the Montenegrin part of the DRB, specifically relating to the Water Management Regions I, II, II and IV representing the Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim Rivers respectively.

The key drivers are listed below, but their prioritisation (with the exception of population) cannot be achieved at this stage; this will be done during the preparation of the Investment Prioritisation Framework (IPF) when optimal and selected developments for the DRB have been agreed.

Socio-economic development has a strong influence on future water availability and sectoral water demand in the four WMR, but especially in the Ćehotina and Lim basins that have the majority of the residing population. In general therefore, the key drivers of change are:

• Water supply for the population, • Flood security for the population

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-16

• Water supply for agriculture(irrigation) • Water supply for industry • Hydropower production • Environmental conservation • Recreation and tourism • Fisheries

7.5.1 Water supply for population The water supply for the population should have the highest priority. From a quantity viewpoint, this can be satisfied for all users in all WMRs and can come from groundwater and surface water resources. However, from a quality perspective this is another issue, (see section on Water quality). The most severe pollution loads are appearing in the Ćehotina River (from Pljevlja) and the Lim (urban settlements such as Bijelo Polje etc.). The only solution would be the construction of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) (only one small plant exists at Mojkovac) and the implementation of adapted landfills far from the riverbanks and the flood plains.

7.5.2 Flood safety Recent floods that occurred in 2010 and then in 2014 (although the latter did not affect Montenegro substantially) caused significant damage to property in the DRB. This again highlights the ideals regarding the options for flood protection mitigation through the construction of multipurpose reservoirs and design of flood reserve volumes (to prevent flood surges), the creation of flood retention basins and the expansion and strengthening of the flood levees system. Furthermore, a restrictive policy of housing construction permitting procedures needs enforcement to prevent construction of housing on floodplains not protected from floods.

7.5.3 Water supply for agriculture Water supply for irrigation is generally flat as there are no new irrigation areas considered in the Montenegrin part of the DRB. The major part of the water supply is from groundwater resources. However, the water volumes to be withdrawn in the WMR in the DRB for Montenegro are not significant and do not affect the water management balance. More water saving irrigation techniques (e.g. drip irrigation) need consideration however for most optimal results. Sanitary protection around licenced spring sources should also be considered to protect aquifers and groundwater supplies.

7.5.4 Water supply for industry The water supply for industry is not a significant issue for the WMR in the DRB. Industrial production has significantly declined and demand is not substantial. The same issue prevails on the quality aspects and there is need of corresponding wastewater treatment plants.

7.5.5 Hydropower production Water is at most diverted from the river on a limited, stretch, between the water intake and the power plant. Depending on the type of hydropower scheme (run-of-river or accumulation), the discharge regime of the river may be marginally (run-of-river) to strongly modified (seasonal water transfer).

7.5.6 Environmental conservation The minimum environmental flow is the biggest water demand compared to other water uses and its volume is a very significant component in the water management balance especially during the dry season each year. The environmental flow can directly be in conflict with the irrigation water needs.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 7-17

7.5.7 Recreation, tourism and fishing Recreation, tourism and fishing are in obvious conflict with other water uses, e.g. hydropower construction and operations, the diversion of waters resulting in dry riverbeds, pollution etc. However, the Consultant believes that enforcing the minimum environmental flow in all the WMR will mitigate this issue.

7.5.8 Discussion The Consultant is aware of the challenges in prioritising measures based solely on economic evaluations and on the cost-effectiveness of adaptation and mitigation strategies for sustainable development. However, in the next stage looking at investment priorities, the Consultant will attempt to harmonize these sometimes- conflicting interests with the use of simulated scenarios. These scenarios will take into consideration climate change, flood reduction, and water supply effects on the potential investments such as reservoirs, variations of hydropower developments and operations, flood defences as well as assessment of environmental and socio-economic effects etc.

The harmonisation will be through hydrological modelling to reveal the flood reduction and water supply effects of different reservoir volumes, impacts of hydropower plants on other water uses, the environment, and the socio-economy of the population, etc.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-1

8 Hydropower

8.1 Introduction In the existing conditions, utilization of the hydropower potential is one of the most important ways of using water resources of the Drina River and its tributaries. In the part of the Drina basin located on the territory of Montenegro, only one HPP is in operation – the "Piva" HPP.

The problem pertaining to the unused water potential is recognized and analysed in a number of technical documents. Several projects of new hydropower plants exist. Unfortunately, these planned facilities are not yet realized, due to conflicts of interest between stakeholders, unsolved property relations, environmental issues, unattractive economic parameters, etc.

This chapter focuses on the present state of energy balance, existing and planned HPPs, as well as main economic and investments costs, which are updated. It should be noted that all analyses presented hereunder are based on available data. In line with the early stage of the project, the values relating to the investment costs are estimated in accordance with the accuracy of the available data. Some of these values may thus present an uncertainty in the range of +/– 20%.

8.2 Electricity generation and consumption structure The situation in the Montenegro energy sector is in correlation with the state of the economy in the country and the conditions of the energy sector in the region. Montenegro's economy suffers from serious consequences of deficits caused by the long lasting import of electricity.

The main characteristics of the Montenegrin energy sector are:

• Consumers demand for electricity overcome the production possibilities EPCG both in energy and in power capacity; • Complex electricity situation in the region in terms of securing the necessary amount of energy; • Endemic congestion in the transmission grid, related to the import of electricity in Montenegro, and consecutive unfavourable conditions of import; • Unreliable industrial operation (especially aluminium plant in Podgorica and steel works in Nikšić) significantly limits the planning of consumption of electricity, and petroleum products.

This section analyses the state in the energy sector from 1990 to the present as well as the projection of energy development until 2030. Data presented below are obtained from:

• The energy sector development strategy of Montenegro up to 2030 – Green Book (June 2012); • The energy sector development strategy of Montenegro up to 2030 – White Book (May 2014); • Energy Balances bulletins for 2011, 2012 and 2013 – adopted version and Bulletin for 2014 – draft version (Government of Montenegro).

During the period 2005-2013, the exiting power plants provided an average annual generation of approximately 2,840 GWh, with a total installed capacity of 854 MW (TPPs 218 MW, HPPs 636 MW – SHPPs included)19. The largest portion of electricity has been generated in HPPs (Figure 8-1); this causes an important dependence of the energy generation on the prevailing hydrological situation.

19 1 GWh = 1 million kWh; TPP = thermal power plant; HPP = hydropower plant; SHPP = small hydropower plant

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-2

Figure 8-1: Structure of average electricity generation for the period 2005-2013 The structure of the gross average production and supply of electricity was the following: 22.9% Perućica HPP, 22.1% Pljevlja TPP, 19.5% Piva HPP, 0.5% SHPPs, 30.3% import/export of electricity and 4.7% exchange with Serbia (based on a contract related to Piva HPP). It should be noted that in January 2014, the contract between EPS and EPCG20 on the operation of Piva HPP has been terminated. This induced changes in the presented structure of production-consumption during 2014; the recent data were however not available during the preparation of this report.

In the consumption structure, the participation of industry decreased from 56.5% (in 1990) to 24% (2010), while the participation of transport increased from 19.1% (1990) to 39% (2010). During the same period, the share of households, commerce, etc. remained in the same range (30-36%). The structure of the final electricity consumption is presented in Table 8-1. The structure of the average final electricity consumption is presented in Figure 8-2.

Table 8-1: Final electricity consumption - realization (GWh)

Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Industry 1786.6 1947.7 2068.3 2074.2 2150.6 2093.9 2180.5 2200.8 2003.2 1161.9 1398 Transport 23 24.1 24.5 24.4 25.7 24 26 24.9 23.1 19.8 22.2 Households 1113.8 1101.1 1052.6 1079.2 1058.6 1092.1 1079.4 1128.3 1178.3 1184.8 1237 Commerce & Public Services 400.7 495.8 512.5 553.2 537.9 519.6 492.9 555.2 611.2 622.7 662.4 Agriculture 11.1 10.1 10 8.9 9.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 TOTAL 3335.2 3578.8 3667.9 3739.9 3782.7 3729.7 3778.9 3909.3 3815.9 2989.3 3319.7

20 EPS = Elektroprivreda Srbije (Serbia); EPCG = Elektroprivreda Crne Gore (Montenegro)

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-3

Figure 8-2: Structure of average final electricity consumption for period 2000-2010 During the period from 1990 to 2010, the energy generation (coal, hydro and biomass) was in the range of 4,930 GWh to 8,270 GWh. The energy consumption has been mostly provided by coal and oil derivatives (in the range of 65-70%) in the period from 1997 to 2010. The consumption of electricity from HPPs was in the range of 9.5-22%. The rest has been imported. The maximum value of the imported energy was recorded in 2007 (2,590 GWh).

Current data on electrical energy balance after the year 2010 are presented in the following Table 8-2:

Table 8-2: Electricity balance for the period 2011-2014 (GWh) Year 2011 2012 2013 2014* Production 2,375 2,063 2,360 3,108 Exchange with Serbia (EPS) 1,090 1,110 1,107 - Consumption 4,503 4,390 3,624 3,424 Balance -1,038 -1,217 -157 -316 * Corresponding data are still under evaluation

The transmission power system of Montenegro consists of 284 km of 400 kV lines, 348 km of 220 kV lines, 724km of 110 kV lines and 121 km of 35 kV lines, all located on the state territory. There are 22 substations with a total of 3,350 MVA installed on the analysed territory. The transmission network of Montenegro has good connections with neighbouring power systems, which provide good conditions for significant energy exchanges between systems in the region.

In the present state, identified defects of the transmission power system are caused by the parallel connection of some 400kV and 220 kV lines with unequal rated power. Such situation has led to outages of individual sections of the 400 kV network in certain operating conditions, overload of certain sections of 220 kV network, serious disruptions in the work of system and (even) collapse of the power system.

The main features of the existing power system of Montenegro are shown in the Figure 8-3.

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-4

Source: http://www.epcg.com

Figure 8-3: Electrical power system of Montenegro – main features present state

According to “The energy sector development strategy of Montenegro up to 2030 – Green Book”, the electricity balance for the period 2015-2030 has been estimated as presented in the table below:

Table 8-3: Electricity balance for the period 2015-2030 - estimated (GWh)

Energy Source 2015 2020 2025 2030 Pljevlja TPP 1,179 1,179 1,179 1,179 Piva HPP 1,065 1,128 1,128 1,128 Perućica HPP 958 978 978 978 SHPPs 237 422 422 422 Other RES* 299 466 567 676 Gross production 3,738 4,173 4,274 4,383 Gross consumption 5,537 6,007 6,359 6,734 Energy deficit -1,799 -1,834 -2,085 -2,351 * RES - Renewable Energy Sources (wind power plants, biomass power plants, solar, aerothermal, hydrothermal and geothermal energy)

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-5

It appears clearly that in the future energy system, Montenegro will suffer from a constant energy deficit. A similar situation has already been observed in previous periods and is also occurring presently. It is estimated that the current level of electricity import reaches up to 35%.

The forecasted structure of the average final electricity consumption is presented on Figure 8-4. The proportion of households and industry consumers will be slightly reduced in the future while consumption in commerce and public sectors will increase.

Figure 8-4: Structure of average final electricity consumption – forecast until 2030

Generally it can be deduced that the energy sector, as one of the most important strategic sectors of the country, should be developed. The following main recommendations have been proposed by the Energy Development Strategy:

• Revitalization and reconstruction of existing facilities, • Construction of new energy facilities, • Construction of new "Maoče" TPP and "Pljevlja II" TPP, • Construction of new HPPs on Morača River, "Komarnica" HPP, "Kruševo" HPP and HPPs on Ćehotina River, • Construction of new SHPPs, • Construction of wind, solar and biomass power plants, • Construction of the Subsea High Voltage Cable Montenegro-, as well as the overhead line 400 kV Grbaljska–"Pljevlja II" TPP to Italy, • Construction of the Ionian Adriatic Pipeline through MNE territory, • Improvement of voltage conditions of the transmission power system to provide better and more efficient supply, • Reduction of losses in transmission (and distribution) network, • Increase power and reserves, with the aim of reaching a more reliable operation stability and reducing the quantities of undelivered electricity at high seasonal peak loads, in case of failures in the system and for coping with future load growth, • Improvement voltage-reactive conditions in the transmission and distribution networks and • Improvement of the networking transmission system elements by forming a ring.

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8.3 Existing hydropower plants in the basin The following HPPs were built on the territory of Montenegro: "Perućica" HPP, "Piva" HPP and few SHPPs such are "Glava Zete" SHPP and "Slap Zete" SHPP. Only "Piva" HPP is located in the DRB. This HPP and its dam and reservoir presents the largest structures that were built on the Piva River. With its generous useful volume, the "Piva" reservoir provides favourable conditions for important discharge regulation. The "Piva" HPP operates in the “peak-load” mode within the regional hydropower system.

The "Piva" dam is located on the Piva River approximately 9 km upstream of Šćepan Polje. It is an arch dam, built in 1976. Its catchment area is 1,758 km2. The multiannual average river discharge is 74.4 m3/s.

The dam is one of the highest in Europe, with a height of 220 m and a length of 269 metres. Floods are discharged through a gated spillway (with a total capacity of 1,670 m3/s) and a mid-height outlet system (consisting of three outlets with a diameter of 2.5 m equipped with gates, located at half the height of the dam). The maximum capacity of the mid-height outlet is 373 m3/s.

There are two bottom outlets with a diameter of 2.5 m each and a maximum capacity of 240 m3/s.

The environmental flow is 25 m3/s or lower than this.

Due to specific topographical features, the powerhouse is located within the rock mass of the left river bank. During the last few years a number of activities have been performed in order to improve the energy production and efficiency of this HPP. In addition to the activities related to the rehabilitation and modernization of the equipment, the possibility of riverbed dredging downstream of the dam spillway has been analysed. The main goal is to reduce the HPP tailwater level and thus to increase the head and the corresponding energy production of the HPP.

Pre-feasibility studies toward a HPP capacity increase were completed in 2011; the preliminary design will be finished in 2015, followed by the preparation of Tender Documents for rehabilitation of the generating units. Some of the electrical equipment has been rehabilitated in 2014.

The main characteristics of the Piva HPP with corresponding structures are presented below: • Reservoir:21 Total volume 880 Mm3 Live volume 790 Mm3 Max. OEL 677.7 m.a.s.l Normal OEL 675.0 m.a.s.l Min. OEL 632.0 m.a.s.l • Dam Type Concrete arch Crest elevation 678.0 m.a.s.l Height 220.0 m • HPP Type Underground Max. head 182.4 m Rated head 162.0 m Min. head 138.0 m Installed flow 240 m3/s Installed power 342 MW Annual energy 800 GWh No of units 3 Type of turbine Francis

21 Mm3 = millions of cubic metres; m.a.s.l = metres above sea level

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-7

Figure 8-5: Piva dam and reservoir

8.4 Management of hydropower plants (reservoirs) As is the case everywhere, the management of HPPs and reservoirs in Montenegro depends upon the actual reservoir capacity, the hydrological situation and the situation in electricity generation and transmission system in the country and the entire region. The management of the Piva reservoir and HPP, which is the only HPP located in the DRB, is presented in this section.

The regime of the entire Drina River is considerably influenced by the operation of the "Piva" storage and HPP on the Piva River. The "Piva" storage total volume amounts to 880 million m3; this relatively large volume allows for annual flow regulation.

Until 2014, this plant operated within the electricity generation and transmission system of Serbia (based on the contract between EPCG and EPS) and worked according to the rules of that system. Since January 2014, "Piva" HPP operates in accordance with the demands and rules of the electricity generation and transmission system of Montenegro.

Its main activity was the production of electricity in the peak-load mode, since it offers the possibility of quick start-up and synchronization to the 220 kV grid. Despite the change in the network it supplies, the HPP reportedly continues to operate in peak-load mode.

The "Piva" HPP provides on average 30% of net generation of all power plants of Montenegro.

The annual maintenance of HPP is planned during the summer months, at the time of lowest water inflow.

It is worthwhile to note that no demodulation basin exists downstream of the "Piva" HPP that could alleviate the undesirable effects of the peak-load mode operation.

The reason is that during the design of the "Piva" HPP it was assumed that its construction would be followed by the erection of the "Buk Bijela" hydropower scheme (so-called "high" HPP) in Montenegro. Regular and constant water level in the storage of the downstream step was supposed to coincide with the "Piva" HPP tailrace water level; "Buk Bijela" reservoir would have therefore acted as "Piva" demodulation

World Bank Montenegro- IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-8 basin. However, it turns out that "Buk Bijela" HPP is not yet built, which is described in more detail in the next section.

The "Piva" plant is not equipped with a small turbine that could accommodate the ecological flow; at the same time no ecological flow can be discharged by means of an outlet. As the operation regime prioritizes peak power production, the lack of a demodulation basin can lead to pronounced lack of flow uniformity downstream of the HPP.

The construction of the "Buk Bijela ("high")" HPP could improve the situation in both cases mentioned above, while the construction of the "Buk Bijela ("low")" HPP could alleviate the effects related to the latter case.

The Figure 8-6 below illustrates the location of all existing power schemes of the Drina River Basin.

The Figure 8-7 provides an idea of the longitudinal profile of the various rivers of the Drina River Basin as well as the location and extent of the existing power schemes.

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Figure 8-6: Existing HPPs in DRB

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-10

Figure 8-7: Existing HPPs in DRB – longitudinal profile

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8.5 Planned hydropower plants

8.5.1 General Until now, nine hydropower plants have been built in the DRB: "Uvac", "Kokin ", "Bistrica", "Potpeć", "Piva", "Višegrad", "Bajina Bašta", "Bajina Bašta" and "Zvornik". "Bajina Bašta" is a pumped storage HPP; all others are "regular" power plants. The total installed power is 1,932 MW and the average annual production 6,350 GWh. On the existing "Otilovići" storage, no HPP has been built yet.

In the Inception Report it was stated that the existing technical documentation includes technical solutions for a total of 41 HPPs in the DRB. The list of planned HPPs is based on valid planning documents and includes the following.

Drina River main course Buk Bijela HPP is one of the most important hydropower projects in the region and a source of potential conflict. A previously defined “high” dam option for the "Buk Bijela" HPP comprised the construction of an HPP with the installed capacity of 450 MW, a 125 m high dam and a reservoir with a volume of 410 Mm3. The resulting reservoir upstream area would have covered some part of the Piva and Tara valleys and would have been located within the Durmitor national park. The HPP quoted facilities are an integral part of the WRMP of Montenegro (2001) and Draft Development Plan of the Water Management Republic of Srpska DDPWMRS (2006).

However, in the meantime, the "Declaration on Protection of Tara River" (2004), implied that the "Buk Bijela" ("high") HPP option had to be abandoned. For these reasons, the "Buk Bijela" HPP (so called "Buk Bijela" ("low") option) was redesigned so that all structures and their influences are located within the territory of RS (FBiH). 22

Piva, Tara and Ćehotina Rivers Two general options of the possible use of water for electricity production were proposed within the WRMP of Montenegro (only HPPs located within the DRB area are presented below):

• Option 1 (use of watercourses along the natural flow): "Ljutica" HPP, "Trebaljevo" HPP (diversion), "Žuti Krš" HPP (“high”), "Bakovića Klisura" HPP and "Opasanica" HPP (diversion) on the Tara River, "Gradac" HPP (diversion) and "Mekote" HPP (diversion) on the Ćehotina River and "Komarnica" HPP on the Piva River. • Option 2 (with transfer of part of the discharge into the Morača River): "Tepca" HPP, "Mojkovac" HPP (diversion), "Žuti Krš" HPP (“low”), "Mateševo” HPP and "Opasanica" HPP (diversion) on the Tara River, "Gradac" HPP (diversion) and "Milovci” HPP (diversion) on the Ćehotina River and "Komarnica" HPP on Piva River.

Despite the fact that the options cited above are developed in accordance with ecological and other water management limitations, the construction of the following HPPs is still disputable:

• "Bakovića Klisura" HPP and "Žuti Krš" HPP ("high") jeopardize an area in Kolašin city; • "Tepca" HPP and "Ljutica" HPP are located within the Durmitor National Park and the protected canyon of the Tara River; • "Tepca" HPP jeopardizes the Dobrilovina monastery.

Furthermore, according to the WRMP of Montenegro (2001), the option(s) with transfer of some amount of water from the Tara River into the Morača River catchment areas were proposed and analysed. Transfer of water between these catchments is not cited in any plans adopted by Serbia and RS/FBiH. Based on large

22 WRMMP = Water Resources Management Master Plan; DDPWMRS = Draft Development Plan of the Water Management Republic of Srpska; RS = Republic of Srpska; FBiH = Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-12 head differences of the neighbouring basins and river discharges, important hydropower effects could be obtained by this transfer. However important income from electricity generation could only be expected in the Montenegrin system. At the same time the amount of water for downstream consumers (water supply, irrigation, water quality protection and operation of existing and planned HPPs located downstream on Tara River, Drina River and Danube River) would be reduced.

Based upon preparatory investigations and other prior activities, the document “Strategy of development of Energy Sector in Montenegro until 2030” (May, 2014) identified large HPPs that could be built in the Drina River Basin: “Koštanica” HPP, “Buk Bijela” HPP and “Ljutica” HPP (all on the Tara River), “Komarnica” HPP, HPPs on the Ćehotina River, HPPs on the Lim River and “Kruševo” HPP (on the Piva River). Some of these options were eliminated from the final scenarios analysed within the Strategy, due to the “Declaration on Protection of the Tara River” (2004) or due to the incomplete project documentation or some other HPPs listed above. The implementation of the "Kruševo" HPP project would require an international agreement on hydropower utilisation.

The main recommendations stated in the “Strategy of development of Energy Sector in Montenegro until 2030” regarding hydropower electricity generation are as follows:

• "Komarnica" HPP on the River Komarnica, with an installed power of 172 MW; • "Otilovići" SHPP on the Ćehotina River, with an installed power of 3.0 MW.

Regarding the current situation in Montenegro, there are two valid planning documents with different main conclusions. The consulting group will have to discuss relevant HPP options based on statements of EPCG and other relevant institutions. As official statements of relevant company and institutions were not made available yet, their analysis will be performed at a further project stage.

Lim River Since the upper part of the Lim River valley is occupied by existing structures (rural households, local roads, small industrial plants), the construction of reservoirs along this section is almost impossible. Based on the existing information, planned reservoirs (in both options) will most likely not have acceptable economic effects if they are used only for electricity production.

The Figure 8-8 and Figure 8-9 illustrate respectively the geographical location of all the planned HPPs (> 2 MW) and their position along the longitudinal profile of the rivers.

All properties of the main HPPs facilities presented hereafter (dams, storages, conduits, powerhouses etc.) are based on the documentation cited in the references.

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Figure 8-8: Planned HPPs of the DRB

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Figure 8-9: Planned HPPs on the DRB – longitudinal profile

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8.5.2 Initial Selection of Hydropower Plants In the Inception Report, 41 hydropower plants were identified to be further analyzed. These hydropower plants have been mentioned in planning and strategic power and energy documents (Water Master Plans, Energy Sector Strategies etc.).

After a more thorough consideration of these plants it was decided that it would be beneficial to somewhat reduce this number of projects in order to facilitate the formulation of development and scenarios. Another reason for this is that the available planning and strategic documents refer to projects whose technical documentation level differs very much for them and their feasibility. In these documents it is for instance possible to find a project for which a Final Design Report was developed and even some expropriation was performed, next to a project which is sketched only conceptually, with very unreliable bill of quantities and cost estimate. Unfortunately, in these documents such "meta-data" for projects included in them have not been discussed.

Another important issue in relation with the selection of projects was the time frame of the project implementation. The realization chances of a project may increase or decrease in time. For example, a project can be considered unviable at a certain point in time due to environmental restrictions (as is the case in many locations in Montenegro). This project may possibly become more viable in future, provided that the limiting restriction are withdrawn in the meantime. However, one should bare in mind that in DRB (and in Western Balkans in general) spatial planning leaves much to be desired and illegal construction of structures (especially residences) is very often not adequately sanctioned. This phenomenon introduces serious legal and property-related issues that can seriously endanger future construction of hydropower plants. This is, for instance, the case for the Lim River and its technically usable hydropower potential, which is now seriously reduced due to lack of systematic planning, urban development and illegal construction.

Therefore it was decided to consider only those hydropower plants that fulfill the following conditions:

• The projects are not burdened by any restrictions that would make them unviable in the following mid- term period (for example, in next 20 to 30 years), • The projects are described in an adequate technical documentation, at least at the level of Conceptual Design Report, • The projects have not been abandoned, i.e. there has been some ongoing activity related to them in last 20 years, like development or update of technical documentation, etc.

Below is given the list of projects in all DRB countries that have not been further developed in Country Reports, along with the corresponding argumentation:

• "Buk Bijela" HPP and "Foča" HPP hydropower system: this project is the most important hydropower project in DRB and Western Balkans, however the environmental restrictions imposed by Montenegro make it unviable in the foreseeable future; • "Plav" HPP: this project has been abandoned for all practical purposes; • Hydropower projects on Tara River: due to environmental restrictions imposed by Montenegro all of these projects ("Tepca" HPP, "Ljutica" HPP, "Mojkovac" HPP, "Bakovića Klisura" HPP, "Opasanica" HPP, "Žuti Krš (high)" HPP, "Žuti Krš (low)" HPP, "Mateševo" HPP, "Trebaljevo" HPP and "Koštanica" HPP) can be considered unviable in the foreseeable future; • "Milovci" HPP: this project requires sharing of hydropower potential between Montenegro and BiH - the combination of "Vikoč" HPP, "Gradac" HPP and "Mekote" HPP make consideration of "Milovci" HPP unnecessary. •

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8.6 Analysed HPPs along Lim River Lim River flows through four countries, Montenegro, Albania (it then re-enters the Montenegro territory), Serbia and BiH (Republic of Srpska).

On the territory on Montenegro on River Lim ("Upper Lim River") there are no storages that could regulate its flow. Therefore, it would be desirable to build large storages along its course, but there are many limitations regarding that. Possibilities of construction of storages along the section from town of Plav to town of Berane were analyzed within two variants.

Variant 1 includes construction of "Andrijevica" storage, "Lukin Vir" storage and "Plavsko jezero" storage along the main river course, while channel derivations would be built along the remaining part of the course. Further storages could be built on two Lim River tributaries. The "Andrijevica" storage would have the regular water level of 830 m.a.s.l and the "Lukin Vir" storage the one of 763 m.a.s.l.

This variant is disputable, due to the presence of settlements (the town of Andrijevica and the town of Murino), low set infrastructure (main road Berane-Plav) and flooding of a considerable area of scarce arable land. These conditions reduce the possibility of construction of "Andrijevica" storage and "Lukin Vir" storage; if these two storages are not to be built than it will be necessary to look for another solution.

In Variant 2 no storages would be built along the main Lim River course. Hydropower potential would be harnessed by a series of eight run-off-river channel-diversion plants and storages would be built on ten Lim River tributaries. However, it should be noted that these storages would have to be constructed as multi- purpose ones. In this case there would be little flow regulation and flood protection effects.

These two variants are presented in the "Water Resources Master Plan of Montenegro".

There is also the Variant 3 that represents a modification of the Variant 1. It includes two channel-diversion plants, but also two storage plants, "Andrijevica" HPP and "Lukin Vir". However, these two storages have smaller active volumes than in the Variant 1. "Andrijevica” dam would be located in the Sutjeska canyon, and "Lukin Vir" dam in the vicinity of the village of Trešnjevo.

"Andrijevica" storage would not flood the town of Murino and the bridge over the Lim River (over which passes the Andrijevica-Murino-Peć main road). In this case regular water level in the storage would be 830 m.a.s.l and the non-diversion "Andrijevica" HPP would use the available head between the elevation 830 and 762.50 m.a.s.l.

In this case the available head between the elevations 860 and 830 could be used by the means of the "Murino" diversion plant, with the intake located at Gradac and powerhouse near the town of Murino, immediately upstream of the bridge over the Lim River, on the left-hand side.

Downstream of the "Andrijevica" HPP would be built the "Lukin Vir" HPP and storage, that would act as its compensation basin. The regular water level of the "Lukin Vir" storage would also have to be reduced in comparison with the Variant 1, from 763 to 740 m.a.s.l. "Lukin Vir" HPP would be a non-diversion plant.

Available head between elevations 720.00 and 697.40 m.a.s.l could be used by the means of the "Navotina" channel-diversion HPP.

Technical documentation for the "Plav" HPP project was not developed to a relevant degree and it can be considered abandoned.

Therefore, the existing technical documentation envisages the following HPPs on the Lim River in Montenegro:

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-17

• "Lukin Vir" HPP and • "Andrijevica" HPP.

The descriptions of planned HPPs on the Lim River are given below.

8.6.1 "Lukin Vir" HPP Location of dam and HPP “Lukin Vir” dam is planned at the chainage km 168+700 in the region of the village of Trešnjevo. The location belongs to the municipality Trešnjevo; the nearest town is Berane.

Figure 8-10: Wide location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-18

Figure 8-11: Narrow location area

Figure 8-12: Satellite image of HPP location

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-19

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are:

• Basin area: 905 km2, • Mean discharge: 36.4 m3/s, • Ecological flow: 4.9 m3/s and 3 • Flood discharge referent for design of spillways: 1,705 m /s (Q0.01).

Dam properties Basic dam properties are: • Dam type: rock fill, • Dam crest elevation: 742 m.a.s.l, • Storage evacuation structures: gated spillway, 3 fields.

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 740 m.a.s.l, • Minimum operating water level: 730 m.a.s.l, • Active volume: 12 million m3, • Ratio between active volume and mean annual inflow: 0.01.

The storage is used for regulation of water coming from the direct basin (from the tributary Zlorečica River), as well as the compensation basin for the upstream peak-load plant “Andrijevica” HPP.

Conduit properties The plant belongs to the non-diversion type.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Plant type: non-diversion, storage, • Unit type: Kaplan, • Number of units: 2, • Installed discharge: 100 m3/s, • Headrace water level: 740 m.a.s.l, • Tailrace water level: 720 m.a.s.l, • Gross head: 20.0 m, • Head loss: 0.5 (assumed) • Net head: 19.5 m (nominal), • Installed power: 13.3 MW and • Mean annual electricity generation: 50 GWh.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 4.9 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 33.45 GWh, • Investment costs: 44 million Euros.

Comment Actual mean annual flow is smaller for app 20% than one which is cited in existing documentation.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-20

8.6.2 Andrijevica" HPP Location of dam and HPP The “Andrijevica” dam is planned at the chainage km 177+200. The location belongs to the municipality of Andrijevica; the nnearest town is Andrijevica.

“Andrijevica” HPP is planned either as a diversion or a non-diversion plant. Diversion “Andrijevica” HPP is located at the chainge km 170+450. Non-diversion “Andrijevica” HPP is located at the chainage km 177+000.

Figure 8-13: Wide location area

Figure 8-14: Narrow location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-21

Figure 8-15: Satellite image of HPP location

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are: • Mean discharge: 29.9 m3/s, • Ecological flow: 3.9 m3/s and 3 • Flood discharge referent for design of spillways: 1,580 m /s (Q0.01).

Dam properties Basic dam properties are: • Dam type: rockfill and • Dam crest elevation: 832 m.a.s.l.

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 830 m.a.s.l, • Active volume: 82 million m³ and • Ratio between active volume and mean annual inflow: 0.09.

Conduit properties The plant belongs to the non-diversion type.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Plant type: non-diversion, • Unit type: Francis, • Number of units: 2, • Installed discharge: 100 m3/s, • Headrace water level: 830 m.a.s.l, • Tailrace water level: 769 m.a.s.l,

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-22

• Gross head: 61.0 m, • Head loss: 1.0 m • Net head: 60.0 (nominal), • Installed power (active): 51 MW (assumed), • Mean annual electricity generation: 140.5 GWh.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 3.9 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 1 10.20 GWh, • Investment costs: 82 million Euros.

8.7 Analysed HPPs along Piva River (without water transfer) The existing technical documentation envisages the following HPP on the Piva River and Komarnica River (with water transfer):

• "Kruševo" HPP.

This technical solution is presented below.

8.7.1 "Kruševo" HPP Location of dam and HPP "Kruševo" HPP is planned on the Piva River. HPP dam would be located in the vicinity of the village of Kruševo, at approximately 1,600 m upstream of the confluence of Piva River and Tara River. Downstream of the dam would be performed river dredging works all the way to the confluence of Piva River and Tara River in order to increase available head.

Figure 8-16: Wide location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-23

Figure 8-17: Narrow location area

Figure 8-18: Satellite image of HPP location

Profile hydrological properties Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are:

• Basin area: 1,843 km2, • Mean discharge: 75.8 m3/s (determined for the period from 1926 to 1955), • Ecological flow: 12 m3/s (adopted upon ecological flow of the "Piva" HPP) and, 3 • Flood discharge referent for design of spillways: Q0.01% = 1,760 m /s (ten-thousand year discharge).

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-24

Dam properties

Basic dam properties are:

• Type: rock-fill / concrete gravity, • Construction height: 64/68 m, • Length along the crest: 212/207 m and • Storage evacuation structures: shaft spillway without gates (1,760 m3/s), lateral spillway with radial gate (1,860 m3/s) and bottom outlet (122 m3/s).

Storage properties Basic storage properties are:

• Regular water level: 495 m.a.s.l., • Minimum operation water level: 475 m.a.s.l., 3 • Total volume: Vtot = 25.4 million m and 3 • Active volume: Vact = 18.0 million m .

Conduit properties The plant belongs to the non-diversion type.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are:

• Plant type: non-diversion, • Unit type: Francis with vertical shaft, • Number of units: 2, • Installed discharge: 240 m3/s, • Tailrace water level: 438 mnm, • Gross head: 57 m, • Head loss: 1 m, • Net head: 56 m, • Installed power: 120 MW, • Mean annual electricity generation: 321.9 GWh and • Number of operating hours with full load: 2.670.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 12 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 267,4 GWh and • Investment costs: 166 million Euros.

Notes In the original design report from 1973 was not stated the above mentioned value of the HPP’s ecological flow. The value of the mean annual electricity generation obtained by computation differs significantly from the one given in the original documentation.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-25

8.8 Analysed HPPs along Piva River and Komarnica River (with water transfer) On the Piva River, the sole hydropower scheme to have been built so far is the “Piva” HPP, with its storage (with the regular water level of 675 m.a.s.l).

There are two variants of use of the available hydropower potential. Both include the construction of the “Komarnica” HPP and storage. The differences between them are of little importance in this context, as they include some small derivations along the Komarnica River.

The existing technical documentation envisages therefore the following HPP on the Piva River and Komarnica River (with water transfer):

• "Komarnica" HPP.

This technical solution is presented below.

8.8.1 "Komarnica" HPP The “Komarnica” dam and storage are planned in the canyon along the middle part of the Komarnica River course, at the chainage approximately km 50+000 (Piva River) between the existing “Piva” storage downstream and Nevidio canyon and town of Šavnik upstream. The location is called “Lonci” in the vicinity of the village. It belongs to the municipality of Dub; the nearest town is Šavnik.

Figure 8-19: Wide location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-26

Figure 8-20: Narrow location area

Figure 8-21: Satellite image of HPP location

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are:

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-27

• Mean discharge: 21.6 m3/s, • Ecological flow: 2 m3/s (assumed) and • Flood discharge referent for design of spillways: 1,017 (profile “Šavnik”), 1,187 (profile “Duba”) m3/s (Q0.1 with 95% confidence interval).

Dam properties Basic dam properties are: • Dam crest elevation: 818 m.a.s.l, • Dam height: 176 m (construction height), • Dam length at the crest: 177 m, • Dam width at the crest: 5 m, • Storage evacuation structures: 2 gated spillways + bottom outlet and • Total evacuation capacity: 1,576 + 150 (at 816 m.a.s.l) m3/s.

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 818 m.a.s.l, • Minimum operating water level: 760 m.a.s.l, • Total volume: 220 million m3, • Active volume: 160 million m3, • Length: approximately 16.5 km.

Conduit properties The plant (practically) belongs to the non-diversion type.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Plant type: non-diversion, • Unit type: Francis with vertical shaft, • Number of units: 2, • Installed discharge: 2 x 65 = 130 m3/s, • Tailrace water level: 663 m.a.s.l (assumed), • Gross head: 155.0 m, • Loss head: 1.6 m, • Net head: 153.4 m, • Installed power (active): 2 x 85 = 170 MW, • Mean annual electricity generation: 232 GWh and • Connection voltage level: 400 kV.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 2.0 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 125.13 GWh, • Investment costs: 322 million Euros.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-28

Comment Since the ratio between active volume and inflow volume is 0.25, this reservoir may provides services for seasonal regulation.

8.9 Analysed HPPs along the Tara River Due to environmental restrictions and decisions issued by the Montenegrin government, none of the HPPs projects on the Tara River can be considered feasible at the time being.

8.10 Analysed HPPs along the Ćehotina River The Ćehotina River flow through north-western part of Montenegro and the eastern part of the Republic of Srpska (it enters its territory near the town of Vikoč) and flows into the Drina River near the town of Foča.

On the Ćehotina River only one storage exists so far, the “Otilovići” storage (with the regular water level of 837.5 m.a.s.l).

So far there are two variants of possible use of the Ćehotina River hydropower potential.

Variant 1 includes the construction of two storages:

• “Gradac” storage (with the regular water level of 742 m.a.s.l.) and • “Mekote” storage (with the regular water level of 657 m.a.s.l.).

Both storages are located on the territory of Montenegro. In the view of the available quantities of water and the development of the plants on the River Drina it is worth considering another variant.

In Variant 2 only one one storage would be built, the “Milovci” storage (with the regular water level of 650 mnm), but with the active volume considerably higher than the combined actives volumes of the storages from the Variant 1. However, the “Milovci” dam and a part of the storage would be located along the part of the Ćehotina River that forms a boundary between BiH (Republic of Srpska) and Montenegro. Therefore, this solution would require an agreement between the two countries.

For this reason the "Milovci" HPP will not be further analysed here.

Therefore, the existing technical documentation envisages the following HPPs on the Ćehotina River:

• "Gradac" HPP (Montenegro) and • "Mekote" HPP (Montenegro).

These technical solutions are presented below.

8.10.1 Gradac" HPP Location of dam and HPP The "Gradac" dam and HPP are located on the Ćehotina River. The location belongs to the municipality of Gradac; the nearest town is Pljevlja.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-29

Figure 8-22: Wide location area

Figure 8-23: Narrow location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-30

Figure 8-24: Satellite image of HPP location

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are: • Mean discharge: 12.56 m3/s, • Ecological flow: 1.25 m3/s (assumed).

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 742 m.a.s.l, • Active volume: 85 million m3 and • Ratio between active volume and mean annual inflow: 0.21.

Conduit properties Basic properties of water conduits are: • Diversion conduit length: 4,000 m.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Unit type: Francis (assumed), • Number of units: 2 (assumed), • Installed discharge: 38 m3/s, • Tailrace water level: 664 m.a.s.l (assumed), • Gross head: 78 m, • Head loss: 8 m, • Net head: 70 m, • Installed power: 23 MW and • Mean annual electricity generation: 65.5 GWh.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-31

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 1.25 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 51.94 GWh, • Investment costs: 54 million Euros.

Comment Analyses presented above have been performed on the basis of very limited available data. The estimates related to electricity generation and investment costs should be validated on the basis of more reliable data.

8.10.2 "Mekote" HPP Location of dam and HPP The "Mekote" dam and HPP are planned on the Ćehotina River. The location belongs to the municipality of Mekote; the nearest town is Pljevlja.

Figure 8-25: Wide location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-32

Figure 8-26: Narrow location area

Figure 8-27: Satellite image of HPP location

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-33

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are: • Mean discharge: 15.39 m3/s and • Ecological flow: 1.5 m3/s (assumed).

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 657 m.a.s.l, • Active volume: 74 million m3 and • Ratio between active volume and mean annual inflow: 0.15.

Conduit properties Basic properties of water conduits are: • Diversion conduit length: 6,200 m.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Unit type: Francis (assumed), • Number of units: 2 (assumed), • Installed discharge: 38 m3/s, • Tailrace water level: 583 m.a.s.l, • Gross head: 74 m, • Head loss: 12 m, • Net head: 62 m, • Installed power: 26 MW and • Mean annual electricity generation: 70.6 GWh.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 1.5 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 6 0.52 GWh, • Investment costs: 59 million Euros.

Comment Analyses presented above have been performed based on very limited amount of data, which are available in period of this Report preparation. Obtained results based on electricity generation calculations and estimation of investment costs should be recalculated based on more reliable data.

8.11 Small HPP on Ćehotina River Existing technical documentation envisages the following SHPPs on the Ćehotina River:

• "Otilovići (Pljevlja)" SHPP

Its technical solution is presented below.

8.11.1 Otilovići (Pljevlja)" SHPP Location of dam and HPP "Otilovići" dam is built on the Ćehotina River at the distance of approximately 7 km from the town of Pljevlja. The location belongs to the municipality of Otilovići and the nearest town is Pljevlja.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-34

Figure 8-28: Wide location area

Figure 8-29: Narrow location area

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-35

Figure 8-30: Satellite image of HPP location

Profile hydrological properties from original documentation Basic profile hydrological properties (as given in the original technical documentation) are:

• Mean discharge: 4.15 m3/s (0.53 m3 is extracted from the flow for use in priority consumers), • Ecological flow: 0.80 m3/s and 3 • Flood discharge referent for design of spillways: 166 m /s (Q0.1, 95% confidence interval).

Dam properties Basic dam properties are: • Dam type: arch concrete dam and • Dam height: 59 m.

Storage properties Basic storage properties are: • Regular water level: 837 m.a.s.l, • Minimum operating water level: 822 m.a.s.l, • Total volume: 18 million m3 and 3 • Active volume: 13 million m .

Conduit properties Basic properties of water conduits are: • Penstock length: 105 m and • Penstock diameter: 1.8 m.

HPP/Powerhouse properties Basic HPP/powerhouse properties are: • Plant type: diversion, • Unit type: Francis with horizontal shaft,

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-36

• Number of units: 2 (smaller unit uses ecological flow), • Installed discharge: 8.00 for unit 1 and 1.00 for unit 2, • Tailrace water level: 797 m.a.s.l (assumed) • Gross head: 40 m (assumed), • Head loss: 0,5 m (assumed), • Net head: 39,50 m, • Installed power (active): 2.635 + 0.326 = 2.961 MW, • Mean annual electricity generation: 11,52 GWh and • Connection voltage level: 35 kV.

Computation results Computation results include: • Adopted ecological flow: 0.8 m3/s, • Mean annual electricity generation: 11.73 GWh, • Investment costs: 4 million Euros.

8.12 Computation methodology

8.12.1 Electricity production calculations All mean annual production figures presented in the subsections on individual HPPs in the Section 8.5 were determined through the plant data collected from the existing technical documentation and the hydrology data presented in Chapter 4. No modifications to the plant parameters were made.

The plant parameters include:

• Installed discharges, • Diameters and lengths of water conveying structures (tunnels and penstocks), • Gross heads, head losses and net heads, • Estimated turbine, generator and transformer efficiencies etc.

Equipment efficiencies were adopted upon the plant installed power, as listed in the available technical documentation. The hydrology data had the form of a discharge duration curve (a series of 100 probability- discharge data sets) as presented in the example below.

Figure 8-31: Flow duration curve at the "Komarnica" HPP profile (average flow 20.1 m3/s)

For all HPPs, the computation was performed as if they belonged to the run-of-river type. The reason behind this approach was that any type of computation based on the use of the HPP storage would require management algorithms that are too complex to be developed for the present purpose and generally depend

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-37 upon the electricity market conditions and role of each individual plant in the electric power system in which it is supposed to operate (both being unknown currently).

The values of ecological flows at the HPP profiles were adopted from the available technical documentation or as 10% of the mean annual discharges (if no data was available in the documentation).

The ratio of the minimum discharge through a unit to its rated discharge was adopted as 0.3 for axial-type (Kaplan etc.) turbines and 0.4 for Francis-type turbines (actual values can differ depending on turbine construction, but these values represent good approximations).

8.12.2 Updated Investment costs for HPPs Investment costs are updated / estimated based on available data from existing technical documentations and adopted common unit prices for main works and equipment, as cited below

The main input data of this estimation are: Bill of Quantities, description of structures and equipment, drawings, data related to expropriation, road and other structures relocations contained in the existing technical documentation. Given that the technical documentation have been prepared at different periods (ranging from the 1980`s until today) and with usage of different currencies, in order to analyse the planned HPPs on a consistent basis, investments costs are recalculated/estimated based on the following:

• Costs of civil works (CW) are estimated in accordance to adopted current market unit prices based on available data and information from actual projects within the region of interest; • Preparatory construction works (PCW) are estimated to amount to 5% of main civil works; • Costs for mechanical (ME) and electromechanical equipment (EE) for powerhouses are estimated based on “Estimating E&M powerhouse costs” (Water Power and Dam construction, February 2009); • Costs for hydro-mechanical equipment (HME) are estimated to be approx. 30% of ME+EE costs for powerhouse (based on experience from similar projects). This percentage has been adjusted to the complexity of required equipment; • Investor costs are adopted in range 10-15% of all costs cited above (CW+PCW+ME+HME+EE). These costs include structures relocation, expropriation, design and investigation costs. Investor costs are carefully evaluated based on the specificities of certain facilities and required expropriation. In cases with high costs of expropriation mentioned percentages have been adjusted; • Working capital is adopted as 1% of all costs cited above

All cited percentages are based on experience gained from other similar projects.

The current market unit prices for the main civil works are presented in the following Table 8-4.

Table 8-4: Unit prices for civil works (Euros)

Unit Works Units price (Euro) EARTH WORKS Excavations Common m3 3.5 Rock m3 9.0 Tunnel (V category) m3 50.0 Tunnel (VI category) m3 60.0 Fill works Stone m3 7.0 Earth m3 6.0 Filters m3 15.0

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-38

Unit Works Units price (Euro) Clay core m3 9.0 CONCRETE WORKS Channel (5 kg/m3 reinforcement) m3 100.0 Slabs, walls, blocks (60 kg/m3 reinforcement) m3 120.0 Dam, massive concrete (80kg/m3 reinforcement) m3 135.0 Arch dam, surge tank (120 kg/m3 reinforcement) m3 160.0 Tunnel, reinforced concrete apron (60 kg/m3 reinforcement) m3 180.0 REINFORCEMENT Reinforcement t 1000.0 POWER HOUSES Area up to 500 m2 m2 500.0 Area above 500 m2 m2 1200.0

The current market unit prices for structures relocation and expropriation are presented in the following Table 8-5.

Table 8-5: Unit prices for structures relocations and expropriation

Unit Structures Units price (Euro) Roads Macadam road km 125 000 Asphalt road km 300 000 Land Agriculture land ha 20 000 Houses House unit 35 000

The updated investment costs for the planned HPPs are presented in to the following Table 8-6. Table 8-6: Updated investment costs for planned HPPs based on actual quantities of works and equipment and current unit prices (Mil Euros)

Name of HE NI Civil Investor Working No River HME ME EE TOTAL /MHE (MW) works expenses capital 1 Lukin Vir Lim 13.3 25 3 5 4 7 0 44 2 Andrijevica Lim 51 41 5 9 8 19 1 82 3 Komarnica Piva/Komarnica 168 249 8 15 12 34 3 322 4 Otilovići Ćehotina 3.25 1 0 1 1 0 0 4 5 Gradac Ćehotina 23 36 3 6 4 6 1 54 6 Mekote Ćehotina 26 42 2 5 3 6 1 59 7 "Krusevo" Piva 0 80 13 24 20 27 2 166

The total installed capacity of all planned hydropower schemes in Montenegro reaches 405 MW. The total cost of all investments amounts to some 731 million Euros. This leads to an average unit cost of the installed megawatt of 1.8 million Euros. This is in the range of usual ratio for this kind of projects

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-39

8.13 Small hydropower plants in the Drina River Basin In the Drina River Basin activities on SHPP construction are performed for a number of years.

The sources of following data are primarily Web sites www.gov.me and http://www.oie-res.me.

SHPPs analyzed here are the ones for which Montenegro issued requests for proposals, i.e. the ones for which energy permits were issued.

The first request for proposals was published in 2008. Upon this request for proposals were awarded concession for construction of the following SHPPs:

• On Babinopoljska River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Plav: "Babinopolje" SHPP (3.35 MW) and "Jara" SHPP (6.54 MW), • On Grlja River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Plav: "Grlja" SHPP (1.70 MW), • On Bistrica River (pritoka Lim River tributary), municipalities of Berane and Andrijevica: "Bistrica 1" SHPP (2.30 MW), "Bistrica 2" SHPP (1.17 MW), "Jelovica 1" SHPP (3.01 MW), "Jelovica 2" SHPP (0.80 MW), "Jezerštica" SHPP (1.15 MW), "Konjska rijeka 1" SHPP (0.61 MW), "Konjska rijeka 2" SHPP (0.89 MW) and "Krivuljski potok" SHPP (0.29 MW), • On Šekularska River (Lim River tributary), municipalities of Berane and Andrijevica: "Orah" SHPP (1.17 MW), "Rmuš" SHPP (0.52 MW), "Šekular" SHPP (1.72 MW), "Spaljevići 1" SHPP (0.85 MW) and "Spaljevići 2" SHPP (0.78 MW), • On Bistrica River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Bijelo Polje: "Bistrica A" SHPP (10 MW) and "Bistrica B" SHPP (7MW), • On Bjelojevićka River (Tara River tributary), municipality of Mojkovac: "Bjelojevići" SHPP (10 MW) and "Ugljari" SHPP (5 MW), • On Crnja River (Tara River tributary), municipality of Kolašin: "Crnja" SHPP (3 MW), "Crni potok" SHPP (0.5 MW) and "Ljubaštica" SHPP (1.5 MW) and • On Zaslapnica River, municipality of Nikšić: "Zaslap" SHPP (0.12 MW) and "Nudo" SHPP (0.55 MW).

Zaslapnica River does not belong to the Drina River Basin.

The second request for proposals was published in 2009. Upon this request for proposals were awarded concession for construction of the following SHPPs:

• On Murinska River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Plav: "mHE 1" SHPP (0.94 MW) and "mHE 2" SHPP (0.75 MW), • On Trepačka River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Andrijevica: "Trepačka" SHPP (8.30 MW), • On Vrbnica River (Pivsko Lake River tributary), municipality of Plužine: "Vrbnica" SHPP (5.60 MW) and "Zukovska" SHPP (6.40 MW), • On Tušina River (Komarnica River tributary), municipality of Šavnik: "Skočanski potok" SHPP (0.92 MW), "Paleški potok" SHPP (0.36 MW), "Sirovac" SHPP (2.92 MW) and "Tušinja" SHPP (1.52 MW) and • On Komarača River (Lim River tributary), municipality of Plav: "Meteh" SHPP (4.00 MW).

Beside these energy permits were also issued for the following SHPPs:

• On Raštak River: "Raštak (2)" SHPP (0.624 MW), • On Vrelo River: "Vrelo" SHPP (0.588 MW), • On Ljeviška River: "Ljeviška rijeka - Morače" SHPP (0.98 MW), • On Bradavec River: "Rijeka - Bradavec" SHPP (2.97 MW), • On Piševska River: "Piševska rijeka" SHPP (0.95 MW), • On Reževića River: "Rijeka Reževića" SHPP (0.95 MW),

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 8-40

• On Paljevinska River: "Paljevinska" SHPP (0.54 MW), • On Pecka River: "Pecka" SHPP (0.41 MW), • On Ljevak River: "Ljevak" SHPP (0.55 MW), • On Tustički Stream: "Ocka Gora" SHPP (0.50 MW) and "Jasičje" SHPP (0.56 MW) and • On River: "Slatina" SHPP (0.45 MW).

Construction of subject SHPPs is bound with a number of problems. One of them is that for a large number of locations no urban development-technical conditions have been issued. In that sense it is difficult to make assumptions regarding their construction.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 9-1

9 Flood Hazards and Risks The International Disaster Database (www.emdat.be) reports that among four natural disasters within the last 10 years in Montenegro, there were three floods occurring in 2007, 2009 and 2010. Damage and losses caused by the 2010 flood alone amounted to around Euro 44 million. The May 2014 flood did not substantially affect the Montenegrin part of the DRB.

A Case Study Report from the Republic Hydrometeorogical Service and the Serbian Ministry of Interior- Sector for Emergency Management reported that at the end November/beginning December 2010, heavy rains falling simultaneously (between 100 to 200 mm of rain in 3 days) on the territory of Montenegro and BiH caused a high rise in the water level over the whole DRB.23 In the period from 30 November 2010 (06 UTC) until 1 December (12 UTC), in the upper basin of the Drina River, the following precipitation quantity values were observed: Šavnik 168 mm, Zabljak 155 mm, Kolašin 152 mm, Plužine 145 mm, Mojkovac 133 mm, Bijelo Polje and Andrijevica 44 mm, Pljevlja 32 mm.

On the tributaries of the Drina in Montenegro (the Piva, the Ćehotina, the Lim and the Tara) as well as on the Drina itself, the flood wave lasted from the end of November for the first 10 days of December 2010. The flood wave was of great scale, partly because the accumulations on the Drina Basin (including only two in Montenegro) could not accept the immense quantity of water; hence, the water surged out during the time of wave peak, but not before it. Historical maximum levels were recorded downstream in Serbia (e.g. hydrological station on the Drina (in Serbia), the water level of 659 cm, was recorded on 3rd December 2010).

9.1 Flood prone areas in the Drina River Basin In Montenegro, floods occur primarily due to the hydrological regime of torrential type, triggered by the fact that about 94 % of the territory has a slope above 5 per cent. Therefore, floods potentially threaten 250 km2 of farmland and urban zones and this is particularly pronounced in some areas surrounding Lake Skadar and Bojana River, Zeta and Bjelopavlici plains, Plav ravine and the Lim, Tara, Ćehotina, Morača and Ibar river valleys. The need for flood protection measures is particularly evident in the large flat karst plain areas (e.g. Barsko, Cetinjsko and the groves of the Matica valley) which are not within the Montenegirn part of the DRB. Most of the constructed drainage systems are not in operation, in general due to insufficient maintenance.

A large part of the limited agricultural areas in Montenegro are regularly being flooded as they are located in the lowlands, but these are generally outside of the DRB.

An adaptation strategy based on the delimitation of non aedificandi areas, for instance with the 100-year flood rule of thumb – a flood that has a 1% chance of occurring in any given year – is not extensively applied. Flood protection and mitigation measures have involved the linearization of rivers and the construction of artificial channels; natural engineering tools for river restoration and adaptation measures are not reported.

Because of the flooding in 2010, the Emergency Management Sector within the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Public Administration has supported 12 relevant local communities in preparing flood assessments and preparedness plans.

23 Regional Programme on Disaster Risk Reduction in South East Europe - Activity 2: Regional Cooperation in South Eastern Europe for Meteorological, Hydrological and Climate Data Management and Exchange to Support Disaster Risk Reduction (IPA/2009/199922WMO). Regional Meeting for Strengthening Regional Cooperation in Meteorology, Hydrology and Climate Services for Disaster Risk Management, Sarajevo, March 2011.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 9-2

9.2 Flood protection infrastructure and measures The need for flood protection measures is particularly evident in the large flat karst plain areas, but these are generally further downstream outside of the Montenegrin part of the DRB. Flood protection and mitigation measures have involved the linearization of rivers and the construction of artificial channels.

9.3 Hydraulic modelling of the flood prone areas As previously mentioned in the Inception Report, hydraulic modelling aimed at identifying flood risks in the DRB will be independent from the main part of the basin modelling. The analysis of the flood risk in the DRB is related to operation of the existing and planned reservoirs. The role of hydraulic model in this project would therefore be to analyse the flood risks under assumptions and scenarios that could contribute to flooding. Such are the situations of the sudden releases from the reservoirs that coincide with high downstream water stages and the coincidence with floods in the Sava River. The flood prone areas of the Drina River Basin are not in Montenegrin territory mainly limited to the lower basin part downstream of the Bajina Bašta reservoir. These areas generally include the region and the Mačva region, which are at risks from both fluvial and groundwater flooding.

At this stage of the project, the Consultant believes that 1D hydraulic model is sufficient to provide a good insight into the potential flooding problems and will use standard software packages such as HEC-RAS to perform hydraulic analysis of the vulnerable reaches

9.4 Current flood hazards and risk assessment In addition to the flood waves that pass downstream in rivers, other potential flood hazards are:

• Flooding from inner water masses generated inside protected zones caused by absence, or insufficient capacity of constructed drainage systems; • Unregulated migration of minor and major river channels; • Lack of regulation of river banks even in settlement zones, which require "urban type" regulation for safety, as well as for urban planning purposes (settlements do not have a harmonious urban access to river frontage by the means of quays or jetties); • Torrential river flow and resulting erosion processes, with sediment deposited in riverbeds, increased water levels, reduced discharge capacities that increase the probabilities of outflow of larger discharges from the minor tributaries; and • Unregulated dredging of sand and gravel that disturbs riverbed morphology and represents a "trigger" for flow destabilization. • Illegal logging, decreasing forest areas and exacerbating erosion and runoff.

In urban settlements, including, flash floods are an additional concern and construction should not be allowed in flooding zones. Natural engineering measures should be used for erosion protection in natural watersheds, whenever possible.

The Ministry of the Interior is responsible for risk management and emergencies response, including in the event of floods

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10 Climate Change Montenegro ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2006 and the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. As a non-Annex I country, Montenegro has only general obligations such as reporting to UNFCCC, but in order to be eligible for technical and economic assistance, such obligations need to be fulfilled including:

• Collecting relevant information and submitting national reports with GHG inventories to UNFCCC, • Developing strategies for climate change mitigation and adaption, • Cooperation in research and technology transfer, and • Improving the education and awareness of the public.

Montenegro submitted its Initial National Communication to the UNFCCC in 2010 and the Second National Communication (SNC) in May 2015.

10.1 Climate change projections under the IPCC SRES scenarios Measurements in Montenegro have shown an increase in the mean annual temperature between 0.5 and 0.8 °C during the period 1981-2010 with respect to the reference period 1961-1990. The fastest heating is noted in the decade 2001-2010 of about 1.0 to 1.4 °C. Annual precipitation decrease in the range from -1 to -6% is observed during 1981-2010 with respect to the 1961-1990. Even the change in total precipitation amount is not large, the thing that concerns is observed increase in intensity and frequency of extreme events. Among others noted are rainfall intensity increase, more frequent droughts, more frequent storms during the winter, decrease in number of consecutive dry days and days with extreme precipitation, decrease in snow cover, more frequent extremely high temperature, more frequent and longer heat waves, less frost days and very cold days, etc.

Montenegro's SNC under the UNFCCC framework has analysed climate change projections using the coupled regional climate model, EBU-POM, under the A1B (“medium”) and A2 (“strong”) IPCC "Special Report Emission Scenarios" (SRES) for the two future periods from 2001 to 2030 and from 2071 to 2100.

For the near future period from 2001 to 2030 under the A1B scenario, annual mean temperature in the entire basin (including Montenegro) will likely increase from 0.8 to 1.1 °C relative to the base period from 1961 to 1990. In the southern half of the Basin (implying the Montenegrin part of the DRB) a precipitation decrease up to 5% is projected. Further downstream, outside of Montenegro, a 5% precipitation increase is expected in the DRB.

For the distant future period, from 2071 to 2100, a temperature increase is likely from 2.4 to 2.8 °C under the A1B and 3.4 to 3.6 °C under the A2 scenario. Overall precipitation is likely to decrease, from 10 to 20% under the A1B and up to 15% under the A2 scenario.

10.2 Ensemble climate change projections under the RCP scenarios In order to estimate climate change and its uncertainty in the DRB under the IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios, an ensemble of RCMs has been created. Four RCMs have been selected from Med-CORDEX project (www.medcordex.eu) based on the data availability. Changes in mean 2 m temperature and precipitation are analyzed for two 30-years periods, namely 2011-2040 and 2041-2070, with respect to the reference period, 1961-1990. Two IPCC scenarios were considered: RCP 4.5, as a “middle line” and RCP 8.5 as a GHG intensive scenario.

All RCMs under the RCP 4.5 scenario project a temperature increase over the entire DRB in all seasons for both future periods. For the 2011-2040 period the ensemble median shows an increase in mean annual temperature of 1.2 °C in respect to the reference period, averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB.

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The largest heating is projected for summer season (JJA) of 1.5 °C, while the smallest change is expected in autumn (SON), 1.1 °C. Winter (DJF) and spring (MAM) changes are 1.3 and 1.2 °C, respectively. For the 2041-2071 period projected heating is larger for all seasons than in previous period. Ensemble median shows a mean annual temperature increase of 2.1 °C averaged for the Montenegrin part of DRB. Summer season again has the largest heating of 2.7 °C, smallest increase is predicted in spring (1.8 °C), while in winter and autumn expected change is 2.2 and 2.1 °C in respect to the reference period (1961-1990).

Ensemble median of annual precipitation change shows a decrease under the RCP 4.5 in both future periods for the Montenegrin part of the DRB, with a drying during spring and summer, more precipitation in winter. For the period 2011-2040, the median annual precipitation decrease is about -4% in respect to the 1961-1990 period. However, spatial distribution of the ensemble median is uneven in most seasons. Slight precipitation increase up to 5% is projected during winter, while some areas in the south will have a small deficit up to - 5%. The same decrease is predicted for the large region of the Montenegrin part of the DRB in other three seasons, along with an increase up to 5% in the northeast during the autumn and even larger decrease (up to - 15%) in the southwest during summer. For the latter period, 2041-2070, the ensemble median annual precipitation change is larger in almost all seasons. Annual precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB is -6%, an increase in winter is 7%, a decrease in spring is -6%, while the largest deficit is projected in summer, about -30%. Precipitation increase between 5 and 10% is expected in winter in the largest Montenegrin part of the DRB, while locally it can be bellow 5% in the east and the middle and up to 15% in the south and southwest. Median precipitation change during autumn is positive in the northern half of the MNE part of the DRB (up to 5%) and negative in the southern half (up to -5%). Summer and spring are drying seasons. Spring decrease is between -5 and -10% in the most of the Montenegrin area of the DRB and smaller change in the northernmost parts. In summer, most of the basin is projected to have precipitation decrease between -20 and -30% and even up to -40% in the west and southwest parts.

Table 10-1: Ensemble median seasonal temperature and precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB under the RCP 4.5 scenario.

(2011-2040) - (1961-1990) (2041-2070) - (1961-1990) Temperature Precipitation Temperature Precipitation anomaly (°C) change (%) anomaly (°C) change (%) winter (DJF) 1.3 0.4 2.2 7.0 spring (MAM) 1.2 -3.7 1.8 -6.1 summer (JJA) 1.5 -1.7 2.7 -30.0 autumn (SON) 1.1 -1.7 2.1 0.3 annual 1.2 -3.8 2.1 -5.8

Under the RCP 8.5 scenario all RCMs predict temperature increase in all seasons larger than those under the RCP 4.5 in both periods. Ensemble median of mean annual temperature averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB show an increase of 1.4 °C for 2011-2040 in respect to the reference period. Seasonal changes are 1.3 °C for SON and DJF, 1.4 °C in spring and 1.6 °C in summer. In the latter period, 2041-2070, median annual temperature increase is projected to be 2.7 °C, while seasonal changes are in the range from 2.6 °C in spring and autumn to 3.0 °C in summer.

Ensemble median of annual precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB shows overall decrease of -4% for 2011-2040 in respect to the reference period. An increase is projected in winter (3%), while other seasons wile suffer from the deficit (spring and summer -3%, autumn -7%). The projected change is spatially uniform in winter and spring. In autumn the change is zonal, largest in the south (up to - 15%) and smallest in the northern area of the Montenegrin part of the DRB (up to -5%), while in summer it is longitudal, changing from up to -5% in the east to -15% in the westernmost areas. For the period 2041-

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2070 projected median annual precipitation decrease is about -10%, in spring -8%, autumn -12% and summer -29%, while winter is the only season with projected surplus of about 2% in respect to the reference period. Spatial distribution of the ensemble median precipitation change in winter shows an increase up to 5% in the most of the Montenegrin part of the DRB, up to 10% along its south and southwestern border and a small decrease up to -5% in the middle part. Projected precipitation change in spring is mainly up to -5% and -10% along the southeastern border and locally in the middle part. During summer largest area of the Montenegrin part of the DRB has the ensemble mean precipitation deficit between -20 and -30% and southwestern, eastern and southeastern regions up to -40%.

Table 10-2: Ensemble median seasonal temperature and precipitation change averaged over the Montenegrin part of the DRB under the RCP 8.5 scenario.

(2011-2040) - (1961-1990) (2041-2070) - (1961-1990) Temperature Precipitation Temperature Precipitation anomaly (°C) change (%) anomaly (°C) change (%) winter (DJF) 1.3 2.8 2.7 1.7 spring (MAM) 1.4 -3.4 2.6 -8.5 summer (JJA) 1.6 -2.6 3.0 -28.5 autumn (SON) 1.3 -6.8 2.6 -12.0 annual 1.4 -4.5 2.7 -9.8

Uncertainty of the projected temperature and precipitation change is generally bigger for the period 2041- 2070 than for the first one, 2011-2040. Summer season has the largest ensemble span for the temperature change, in both periods and both scenarios. For the period 2011-2040 the largest ensemble span under the RCP4.5 scenario is in winter and under the RCP 8.5 in autumn. For the second future period, 2041-2070, the precipitation change uncertainty under both scenarios is by far largest in summer season, while in other seasons is almost uniform.

10.3 Impact of climate change on the hydrological regime As described in the previous section, the regional climate models are indicating that Montenegro is more vulnerable to climate change with an inclination towards a more extreme precipitation regime, with rising temperatures over the base period for the near future and becoming more advanced in the long-term future. Evidence is apparent with several heat waves experienced in recent years (notably in 2011) and the DRB in Montenegro has experienced severe droughts in 2000, 2003, 2007 and 201124. In addition, the Basin has suffered losses from damaging floods, most notably in 2010; Montenegro predominantly escaped the May 2014 deluge.

Projected impacts on the water sector in the DRB from climate change are reduced flow and reduced abundance of water resources, as well as higher frequency and abundance of floods. Furthermore, the combination of water shortages due to uncontrolled demand and increasing frequency of drought due to climate change will lead to severe water stress in the future, however there is a substantial lack of available data, an urgent need for a proper water information system and water cadastre.

The agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to climate change due to its dependence on temperature and water conditions. Previous droughts have shown reduced milk production as fodder for cattle becomes scarce.

Further negative impacts include limited plant growth, and reduction of yields, increasing dependency on irrigation with reduced water resources at the same time.

24 Monitoring of droughts only began in 2000.

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Impacts in the agriculture extend to reduction of organic matter in soil due to increased temperature and aridity that affect its faster decomposition. Furthermore, accelerated soil erosion, primarily through increased soil erodibility, a change in land use, increased rainfall intensity and longer dry periods.

In terms of husbandry, impacts are likely to be: i) decreases in livestock production as a result of new animal diseases due to heat stress as effects from heatwaves; ii) reduced production of animal feed due to droughts; iii) vulnerability of livestock with regard to floods and the difficulty of emergency evacuation.

Negative impacts on human health from climate change can occur from heatwaves, where safe drinking water supply are under threat in the event of floods. Disaster management/early-warning systems for heatwaves and floods are necessary. There are also indirect effects of higher temperatures such as an increase in the number of water borne diseases (e.g. gastroenteritis) where children are particularly vulnerable and algal contamination of water.

Impact of high temperatures together with drought creates favourable conditions for forest fires leading to loss of biodiversity. In addition, droughts can lead to drying out of forests and degradation of canopy leading to reduced numbers of species and more vulnerability to pests and diseases. There is also likely to be a shift to higher altitudes for the tree line, putting under pressure alpine habitats. Further, as mentioned in Section 2.8.3, drought period would especially affect the aquatic ecosystems of the Drina tributaries through the drying of river habitats and increase of the water temperature with shallower water depths.

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11 Monitoring

11.1 Monitoring infrastructure

11.1.1 Introduction to Monitoring The goal of monitoring is to ensure prompt system observation, provide information required for system management and operation and to create conditions required to comprehend situation and behaviour of natural and water management (technical) systems. Monitoring also has to create conditions required to evaluate environmental impacts on the system and vice versa, including evaluation of change tendencies in time and space.

For example, meteorological monitoring systems provide data on weather, while hydrological ones provide data on discharges and water levels in rivers, lakes and storages, as well as data on groundwater. Such information can be used in control of natural catastrophes and can support water resources management decisions.

Technological advances have made the automation of hydrological and meteorological networks increasingly affordable and also attractive to planners and policy makers.

Still, the development of a monitoring network is not an easy task. Many projects do not manage to tailor monitoring systems to meet beneficiary needs. In less developed countries it may be difficult to establish sustainable monitoring and this calls for serious decisions, like choosing between a robust system without real-time data, or less reliable real-time system etc.

Shortage of O&M specialists can also present a serious challenge to reliable operation of monitoring systems.

Successful monitoring is also a pre-requisite for implementation of international treaties and directives (WFD, for example).

11.1.2 Types of Monitoring In this Section some common monitoring activities are presented. These comprise of different kinds of monitoring activities, including:

• Hydrological, • Meteorological, • Environmental etc.

Hydrologic monitoring Hydrological monitoring includes: • Surface water monitoring and • Groundwater monitoring.

Collected surface water data includes: • Discharges, • Water levels, • Water temperature, • Sediment transport etc.

Surface water regime is defined on the basis of measurements, using analyses of principal hydrological characteristics required to perceive total available surface water quantities, and their spatial and time

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 11-2 distribution. Average discharge is a feature of the water regime and describes the water abundance in the basin area.

The following types of data records are observed in the hydrological stations:

• Water level in the river profile. Continuous water measurement in the river profile generates the level curve. Generating dependency between the level and measured discharge provides the "discharge curve“. The hydrograph in the profile – the discharge, is generated indirectly by reading the discharge curve. • Discharge in the river profile. Modern measurement instrument are used to measure discharge in the river profile directly.

Hydrological image of the basin should be complemented with discharge information from the dam profiles (hydraulic structures), as the dam profiles are a kind of "control point“ in the basin. Dam profiles are the places of observation of:

• Level on the dam profiles. Levels measured are the headrace and/or tailrace water levels used as the energy, i.e. balance parameters. • Discharge on a hydraulic structure is the measurement of the discharge on: o Power plant / Pumping station, o Spillway, o Outlet or o Tunnel/Penstock.

Regarding monitoring of surface water quality, WFD, for example, defines three types of monitoring:

• Surveillance monitoring, • Operational monitoring and • Investigative monitoring.

Surveillance monitoring is aimed at monitoring large-scale and long-term development of natural conditions and impacts of human activity. It can be performed by both hydro-meteorological services and river basin agencies. Due to its large-scale and long-term perspective it can be used in order to coordinate the design of programs developed at the national level and to ensure international reporting. This type of monitoring shall be performed in order to provide overall surface water status within the DRB, especially within lakes, storages and main Drina River tributaries. Special attention should be given to estimation of pollution transfer within the basin. Typical parameters to be monitored include the ones related to water quality (biological, chemical etc.), as well as pollutants.

Operational monitoring is aimed at monitoring of water bodies considered to be at risk with respect to environmental quality and to assess changes in their status due to the application of anti-pollution measures. It is generally performed for water bodies endangered by a significant point source or significant diffuse pollution.

Investigative monitoring is performed in relevant cases of pollution which is not sufficiently investigated at present.

Collected groundwater data usually includes:

• Levels and • Water quality.

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Groundwater level monitoring requires the use of wells for piezometric level observations. The necessary number of such wells depends on a number of parameters and should be increased in areas where water abstraction rates are high or their impact is now known.

Groundwater quality monitoring requires the existence of adequate wells. The main sources of pollution of groundwater are urban, industrial and agricultural activities, due to lack of communal wastewater collection network, wastewater treatment plants, incorrect use of fertilizers etc.

Meteorological monitoring Meteorological stations are used to observe the following types of data:

• Air temperature is one of the basic climatologic elements. Its direct functional dependency is linked to the latitude (radiation balance, i.e. duration of insolation), longitude and altitude. • Relative air humidity is a degree of air saturation with water vapour. • Waterway regime directly or indirectly depends on the rainfall in the basin area. Therefore, rainfall is the most important climatologic element. • Water vapour pressure is used as the measure of the water content (while in state of vapour) in air. • Water table evaporation is dependent upon the climatologic area, also very important for the water balance. • Cloudiness is the sky coverage by clouds in tens of coverage or in %. It depends on vertical movement of air masses. • Insolation is the duration of sunshine. • Wind is a very important climatologic element and is often considered as a determining factor of the climate area.

Data from the meteorological stations are required to perceive the climate of an area, i.e. indirectly to assess the water regime. The climate of an area is conditioned by the geographic position and land relief.

11.1.3 Classification of Monitoring Stations In accordance with the information presented in the previous section monitoring station networks are composed of the following types of stations:

• Hydrological (surface) stations, • Surface water quality measurement stations, • Groundwater level measurement stations • Groundwater quality measurement stations and • Meteorological stations.

Some types of stations can be combined, i.e. established at the same site.

Hydro-meteorological services have a special meteorological stations classification, as follows:

• main stations, • regular stations, • climate stations and • precipitation stations.

The principal difference between main and regular meteorological stations is in the number of measured parameters and measurement frequency.

Main meteorological stations measure:

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• Temperature (once per hour), • Relative humidity (once per hour), • Cloudiness – type and quantity (once per hour), • Wind direction and speed (once per hour), • Air pressure (once per hour), • Insolation (once per hour), • Visibility (once per hour), • Prevailing weather type (once per hour), • Precipitation type (once per hour), • Precipitation quantity (once per six hours), • Minimum and maximum temperature (twice per day) and • Snow layer thickness (twice per day).

Main meteorological stations are operated by their staff and measurements are made "manually". Most main stations are equipped with additional automatic stations that record principal parameters, most often with a 10-minute time step.

Regular meteorological stations measure principal parameters once per six hours; the measurement process stops after 6 PM UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), sometimes even after 3 PM UTC. Precipitation quantity is measured once per day. These stations are less suitable for operative use than the main ones.

Climate and precipitation stations deliver measured data once per month, unless they are automatic. Most of them are not automatic, but operated by the staff that performs measurements once or twice per day; these measurements are sent to corresponding hydro-meteorological services once per month. These measurements are not used for operative (daily) monitoring activities, but only for analyses a posteriori.

11.1.4 Monitoring infrastructure in DRB In order to obtain a reliable hydrological and meteorological data related to DRB it is necessary to set-up a network of monitoring stations fulfilling the necessary criteria in terms of the quality and quantity of observed data, balanced spatial distribution of monitoring stations and sufficiently long historical data series.

The information presented in this section was collected from a number of sources, including Consultant's archives, hydrologic and meteorological yearbooks etc.

Some information has been collected by means of the questionnaire sent to all relevant entities in the DRB that are managing own monitoring systems or using other ones.

Historical development - situation in SFRY Some 99% of the DRB area stretches over the three states that formerly belonged to SFRY. In order to better comprehend the present situation it is useful to gain an insight into historical development of the DRB monitoring network.

It can be estimated that in SFRY just before the war there were some 76 hydrological stations and 90 meteorological stations.

After the breakup of SFRY, existing monitoring stations were transferred to jurisdictions of newly created states. Some of the stations continued their operation, some did it with certain interruptions, some ceased to operate and some new stations were established. The following Table 11-1 shows all previously operational hydrological stations for the entire DRB.

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Table 11-1: Hydrological stations with historic data Position of the Position of the measurement measurement No. Name River No. Name River station station X Y X Y

1 Goražde Drina 7337398 4837909 39 Umac Zeleni Jadar 7348950 4904427 2 Badovinci Drina 7369130 4960360 40 Ustibar Most Poblačnica 7372093 4828057 3 Bajina Bašta Drina 7383990 4871480 41 Ustiprača Prača 7345727 4840647 4 Bistrica Bistrica 7396060 4814901 42 Vikoč Ćehotina 7333568 4813535 5 Brodarevo Lim 7396575 4788072 43 Višegrad Lipa 7364541 4850065 6 Čedovo 7420785 4796194 44 Višegrad most Drina 7362625 4850022 7 Kokin Brod Uvac 7402773 4820049 45 Andrijevica Lim 7401956 4732887 8 Kozluk Drina 7351316 4931468 46 Bakovići Plašnica 7378300 4745710 9 Krstac Vapa 7419319 4797980 47 Berane Lim 7408181 4746979 10 Lešnica Jadar 7363341 4944895 48 Bijelo Polje Lim 7397540 4765600 11 Man. Mileševo Mileševka 7395835 4803865 49 Bioče Lješnica 7407110 4754753 12 Mihaljevići Drina 7369387 4897228 50 Biogradsko jez. Biogradsko jez. 7386323 4750842 13 Priboj Lim 7382190 4825580 51 Bistrica Tara 7373450 4763530 14 Prijepolje Lim 7389726 4804692 52 Crna Poljana Tara 7380741 4737662 15 Prijepolje Mileševka 7392220 4805540 53 D. Vusanje Grlja 7404800 4710569 16 Radalj Drina 7352865 4920900 54 Dobrakovo Lim 7401294 4778514 17 Radijevići Uvac 7411598 4807087 55 Dužki Most Komarnica 7332740 4764163 18 Uvac Uvac 7378980 4829975 56 Đulići Zlorečica 7401181 4728233 19 Vardište Crni Rzav 7373795 4847002 57 Đurđevića Tara Tara 7361982 4778852 20 Jadar 7379409 4924284 58 Gradac Ćehotina 7350428 4807092 21 Zvornik Drina 7349632 4917940 59 Gubavač Bjelop. Bistrica 7400958 4774398 22 Bastasi Drina 7322602 4804609 60 Gusinje Grnčar 7404974 4713975 23 Foča Aladža Ćehotina 7320972 4820072 61 Kolašin Tara 7379100 4743970 24 Foča Most Drina 7320572 4821159 62 Krstac Piva 7325895 4786469 25 Foča uzvodno Drina 7319992 4819857 63 Pivski Manastir Sinjac 7323612 4775534 26 Igoče Sutjeska 7318858 4804691 64 Plav Lim 7412386 4719339 27 Kušlat Drinjača 7349861 4905589 65 Pljevlja Ćehotina 7367120 4801070 28 Međeđa Drina 7353553 4844456 66 Podbišće Štitarica 7383298 4754681 29 Mesići Prača 7338582 4847585 67 Pošćenje Komarnica 7342893 4762423 30 Oplazići Bistrica 7317540 4819180 68 Ravna Rijeka Ljuboviđa 7396897 4761146 31 Orahovci Drina 7358445 4846764 69 Šavnik Bijela 7345448 4756875 32 Otričevo Prača 7340466 4845012 70 Šavnik Bukovica 7345990 4758140 33 Rogatica 7340237 4851606 71 Šcepan Polje Tara 7326461 4803126 34 Rudo Lim 7368805 4830610 72 Šćepan Polje Piva 7326010 4801260 35 Strgačina Radojna 7357122 4838557 73 Široki Profil Pridvorica 7341990 4758811 36 Strmica Lim 7356578 4839613 74 Tepca Tara 7344158 4787606 37 Šekovići Drinjača 7329920 4907860 75 Trebaljevo Tara 7379933 4747489 38 Janja 7342100 4952030 76 Zaton Lim 7400840 4762032

The following Table 11-2 shows all previously operational meteorological stations for the entire DRB.

Table 11-2: Previously Operational Hydrological stations with historic data Position of the Position of the measurement Value measurement Value No. Name No. Name station observed station observed X Y X Y 1 Andrijevica 7402149 4733344 r 46 Prača vrelo 7305722 4845840 r, t 2 Bajevo Polje 7328844 4765696 r, t, h 47 Rogatica"PE" 7339751 4852734 r 3 Berane 7407639 4744419 r, t, h 48 7323604 4869666 r 4 Bijelo Polje 7398214 4766778 r, t, 49 Strmica 7356798 4839565 r 5 Bistrica 7373670 4763233 r, t 50 Šekovići 7328225 4908584 r 6 Đurđevića Tara 7361175 4781071 r 51 Tjentište 7313292 4803454 r, t, h 7 G. Bukovica 7349193 4767201 r 52 Vikoč 7330983 4811732 r 8 Grabovica 7343380 4767485 r 53 Višegrad 7360284 4851532 r, t, h

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Position of the Position of the measurement Value measurement Value No. Name No. Name station observed station observed X Y X Y 9 Kolašin 7379906 4743873 r, t, h 54 Vlasenica 7334731 4897348 r, t, h 10 Kosanica 7364374 4787453 r 55 Vranići 7331127 4834276 r 11 Krnja Jela 7361312 4754069 r 56 Vrbnica 7310475 4810479 r 12 Mojkovac 7384531 4757579 r 57 Zelengora 7287506 4811563 r 13 Mratinje 7322382 4793569 r 58 Zvornik 7347869 4918199 r, t, h 14 Nikšić 7332521 4738901 r, t, h 59 Aljinovići 7406512 4800160 r 15 Plav 7413053 4718451 r, t, h 60 Bajina Bašta 7384059 4871487 r, t, 16 Plužine 7324765 4780147 r 61 B. Koviljača 7357171 4933926 r 17 Pljevlja 7365876 4802289 r, t, h 62 Basare 7422794 4814973 r 18 Podgorica 7359843 4700103 r, t, h 63 Brodarevo 7396968 4789063 r 19 Rožaje 7432137 4744694 r, t, 64 Buđevo 7423327 4778602 r 20 Stožer 7380803 4776070 r 65 Desić 7383149 4944011 r 21 Šavnik 7344893 4758076 r, t, 66 7395836 4831770 r 22 Šcepan Polje 7326122 4803849 r 67 7437039 4790390 r 23 Žabljak 7347998 4779583 r, t, h 68 Džurovo 7388498 4815790 r 24 7417834 4809085 r 69 7404270 4865083 r 25 Goražde 7336014 4839967 r, t, h 70 Goševo 7410507 4777867 r 26 Kalesija 7331262 4924795 r, t, h 71 Jagodići 7393436 4885628 r 27 Kladanj 7314766 4901377 r, t, h 72 7369622 4915508 r 28 Osječani 7331293 4845412 r 73 Loznica 7357856 4936049 r, t, h 29 7361320 4956157 r, t, h 74 7371033 4894757 r, t, h 30 Borike 7348327 4862468 r, t, h 75 7350815 4916916 r 31 Crkvine 7371566 4741787 r 76 7378446 4850449 r 32 Čemerno 7306514 4792244 r, t, 77 Nova Varoš 7403862 4815023 r 33 Dobro Polje 7298372 4831988 r 78 Perućac 7373083 4870002 r, t, 34 Drinjača 7346136 4905317 r 79 7358948 4913756 r 35 Foča 7320929 4822106 r, t, h 80 Priboj 7380958 4826295 r 36 Grabovica 7328083 4899303 r 81 Prijepolje 7390283 4805809 r, t 37 Gradac 7351042 4808019 r 82 Rogačica 7390765 4877574 r 38 Han Pijesak 7335900 4884932 r, t, h 83 Sjenica 7420051 4792696 r, t, h 39 Kalimanići 7337664 4865782 r 84 Tara-Mitrovac 7373782 4865814 r, t, h 40 Kalinovik 7293651 4821492 r 85 Tekeriš 7381754 4935835 r 41 Kovačevići 7348654 4834038 r 86 7423984 4768616 r 42 Kramer Selo 7331485 4858406 r 87 Uvac 7378302 4831885 r, t, 43 7350024 4823353 r, t, h 88 Zabrđe 7364575 4826176 r 44 Nadromanija 7311436 4864302 r 89 Zaovine 7368080 4859916 r 45 Prača 7319242 4849315 r, h 90 7395904 4844767 r, t, h Legend: r – rainfall, t – temperature, h – humidity

Present situation Presently there are 12 active hydrological stations and in 45 active meteorological stations in Montenegro. Due to its volume, the data on presently active hydrological stations in Montenegro are given in Annex 11-1, while the data on meteorological stations are given in given in Annex 11-2.

11.2 Organization of Monitoring

11.2.1 Overview of monitoring organizations in DRB Monitoring in DRB is performed by a number of organization, including:

• Ministries and related institutions, • Electric Power Industries, • Organizations involved in meteorology, hydrology, WRM and geological observations,

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• Water supply and sewage companies, • Fisheries, • Small hydropower plants etc.

An overview of the most important organizations is given in the following Table 11-3.

Table 11-3: Most important institutions concerned with monitoring in the DRB Item Serbia Montenegro RS FBiH Basin area (km2) 6,002 6,219 6,242 840 Basin area percentage (%) 30.5 31.6 31.7 4.2 Percentage of the territory 7.7 45.0 25.7 3.2 covered by the basin (%) Separate Ministry of water NO NO NO NO resources management MAEP MARD EPA EPAM25 MAWRMF Ministries State Water Directorate MAFWRM Directorate for MOFTER Ministry of Internal Affairs WRM Sector for emergencies Electric Power Industry EPI of Serbia of Republic of Srpska Electric Power Electric Power Industry HPPs on Drina River and EPCG “Hydropower Plants on Industry of BiH Lim River Drina River” a.d. Višegrad State HMS Public institution "Water Federal HMS State HMS of Serbia IHMS Public companies of RS Water Agency for Srbijavode GSS WRM Service Sava River District Water Institute Bijeljina MAEP =Ministry of Agriculture and Environmental protection, EPA = Environmental Protection Agency, EPAM: Environmental Protection Agency Montenegro , MAFWRM = Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Resources Management, MAWRMF = Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources Management and Forestry, MOFTER = Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations of BiH, HMS = Hydro Meteorological Service, EPCG = Electric Power Industry of Montenegro, EPI = Electric Power Industry, HMSS = Hydro-Meteorological and Seismologic Service, GSS = Geologic Survey Service, WRM = Water Resources Management, FBiH = Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

11.2.2 Overview of monitoring organizations in Montenegro The organizations actively involved in monitoring in the part of the DRB in Montenegro are:

• MARD - Directorate for Water Resources Management), • Institute of Hydro-Meteorological and Seismologic Service IHMS • “Elektroprivreda Crne Gore - EPCG” (Electric Power Industry of Montenegro), • Geological Survey Service of Montenegro, • Water supply and sewage companies, • Fisheries, • Small hydropower plants etc.

More information on most important organizations is given in Annex 13-2.

25 The EPA for Montenegro is only concerned with reporting monitoring results in the State of the Environment Reports.

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11.3 Data Exchange

11.3.1 Data management Introduction Possibilities of data exchange are to large extent determined by methods of management of collected data. There are various recommendations and coordination bodies dealing with the issues of data management globally and in the region (WMO Commission for Hydrology, WHYCOS program etc.).

Data management in Montenegrin institutions There is a number of data management and information systems used by Montenegrin organizations, including:

• Hydras 3 and • Boreas.

IHMS of Montenegro is the official institution founded with the aforementioned laws, current organization of which has been defined by the Regulation on Organization and Operation of State Authorities of the Government of Montenegro from July 1, 2012. According to the Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 44/12) the following data related to the DRB are available on demand:

• Standard climatologic analyses: present, decadal, monthly, seasonal and annual; • Climate for all main meteorological stations: “Žabljak”, “Nikšić”, “Kolašin” and “Pljevlja”, based on the climatologic series (period from 1961 to 1990); • Information on present weather conditions in Montenegro; • Weather forecast for Montenegro (one-day forecast); • Weather forecast for Montenegro (3- to 6-days forecast); • Standard products of the weather forecast numerical model (charts); • Information on the meteorological measurement instruments in the station network; • Station documents for climatologic stations on the territory of Montenegro: climatologic log, printer tapes, snow cover report and meteorological newsletters; • Station documents for rainfall stations on the territory of Montenegro: monthly reports on rainfall and snow cover, rainfall newsletters. • For the existing basic network of main hydrological stations (HS), data on station start date, observation method, "0" elevation, basin determination, HS distance to the confluence and basin area up to HS. • Characteristic values of water level and discharge of the basic HS network for available series, as follows: o Minimum annual water level and date, o Value of the mean annual water level, o Maximum annual water level and date. • Analysis of the present water level and discharge from the existing automatic stations versus a multi- year data series.

In addition to aforementioned data, IHMS of Montenegro provides current hydro-meteorological data and meteorological forecast on its webpage (see Figure 11-1). Data is publically available. Constant cooperation is maintained between IHMS of Montenegro and EPCG, as well as with other state institutions (Ministry of Economy, Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs, MARD and other).

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Figure 11-1: Webpage of the IHMS of Montenegro

IHMS of Montenegro uses Hydras 3 software for data collection on the station network and data management. Data quality control is not fully supported and many assignments are executed by the personnel through direct data interventions. Subject system is a good base for application of an advanced data management system, such as WISKI and “Drina” HIS. Data management system for hydro- meteorological networks Hydras 3 is a complete system of data collection, processing, interpretation, evaluation and transfer from sensors and stations. Software system developer is company OTT from Germany. The system includes own database and time series manipulation tools in meteorology, hydrology and water quality monitoring. System also provides dedicated map views, automatic data import and export, precise station data reading control and other useful functionalities. Data of the subject system are exported for presentation on the webpage of IHMS of Montenegro.

“Electric Power Industry of Montenegro” (EPCG) exercises own monitoring of hydrological and meteorological stations by means of the Boreas software package. There is no continuous data exchange of data collected by this organization. Data can be obtained on request in line with the Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance (“Official Gazette of Montenegro”, No. 44/12). In emergencies, data are provided to relevant government institutions.

Boreas software serves to EPCG monitoring data management as a free package integrating several software applications with different assignments:

• InterMet, • InterMet2, • InterMet3, • InterMet3 Extensions, • WasteViewer, • ReadStation, • Mennyi, • Mennyi2,

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• SensorSetup and • FlashBCUSetup.

The software has been developed in Hungary. It has been applied in different branches of meteorology and hydrology. It has not been designed for continuous data exchange, but data are available on request with additional operator engagement.

Geologic Survey Service exercises daily monitoring of groundwater. It does not possess a data management system. Data are regularly provided to the Ministry of Economy on contractual basis, while in emergencies, geological data are provided to the Emergency Management Agency. Cooperation and data exchange is also exercised with the Geologic Survey Service of the Republic of Srpska. Problem of lack of cooperation with the Water management Sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is hereby stressed.

11.3.2 Global Data Exchange Global data exchange has been effectuated for quite some time by means of international cooperation and organizations founded for the subject purpose. The most significant is the World Meteorological Organization - WMO established in 1950 on the foundations of the International Meteorological Organization – IMO, founded as far back as in 1873. In 2013, WMO had 191 members (states and territories) and it now serves as the specialized agency of the United Nations for meteorology, operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences.

Resolution No. 40 issued by the subject organization prescribed the practices in exchange of meteorological and related data and recommendations for commercial activity implementation. Annex I of the subject resolution defined the set of data and products that should be exchanged unconditionally and free of charge. All members of WMO should observe subject recommendations and, thus, data and products defined in Annex i of the Resolution No. 40 have been exchanged in the DRB accordingly.

In May 1999, on XIII Congress of WMO held in Geneva, the Resolution No. 25 has been adopted. Subject resolution is about hydrological data and product exchange. Adoption of the subject resolution mandated WMO members to expand and improve, to the greatest possible extent, free and unlimited international hydrological data and product exchange in accordance with the requirements of WMO in the sphere of science and technical programs to contribute to disaster risk reduction, better population safety and additional socio-economic benefits.

In 2005 was published a report of the Global Climate Observing System - GCOS related to data exchange in global hydrological and meteorological network, where the lack of standards has been identified as the crucial problem. This was repeated in the Hydrological Practice Guidelines of WMO of the Hydrological Commission, in the amended version from 2008.

WMO and the Open Geospatial Consortium – OGC established the joint Hydrology Domain Working Group – HDWG to deal with this problem. Work of HDWG produced the standard WaterML 2.0, adopted by OGC as the official data exchange standard for exchange between the information systems as regards to observation related to hydrological cycle.

Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River from 1994 (“Official Gazette of FRY”, International Treaties 4/03) was based on the standard principles of environmental protection – the principle of prevention and the principle “polluter pays”. Subject Convention set the legal, administrative and technical safety measures of sustainable use of all waters in the Danube River basin for the purpose of preserving and recovering the ecosystem and fulfilling other conditions of importance for human health. Subject document defined the data exchange on general conditions of aquatic environment, research results, emissions and measured data, measures undertaken to mitigate cross border effects, on regulations in the field of wastewater and hazardous materials, etc. Also, it has been envisaged to set up a warning and general alarm declaration system within the basin in cases of pollution accidents or floods.

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Data exchange issue is also treated in the Water Framework Directive – WFD from 2000. Although the DRB countries are still not EU member countries, activities compliant to WFD have been implemented for the purpose of regulatory harmonization and implementation of pre-accession agreements.

Meteorological data are exchanged between countries by the means of coded SYNOP reports. In this manner are exchanged only the data coming from the main meteorological stations. The data have earlier been available each six hours, then each three hours, and now the data from certain stations are available once per hour –coded and decoded. These data are published on Web sites of hydro-meteorological services of Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Srpska and Federation BiH, as well as on the sites belonging to various companies and organizations.

Codes used for decoding of SYNOP reports are given at the address:

SYNOP dekode : http://weather.unisys.com/wxp/Appendices/Formats/SYNOP.html

While other meteorological codes are available at: http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/pubref/References/WMOcodes.html

11.3.3 Data Exchange in the Region The DRB is located in the Western Balkans region which experienced several military and political conflicts in the last twenty years, consequences of which are still visible. Traces of this turbulent period are still present, both in the network of monitoring stations as well as in the water resources management data exchange. However, there are regional initiatives focused on regulating monitoring and data exchange in the sphere of the water resources management.

International Sava River Basin Commission (ISRBC) was established to implement the Framework Agreement in the Sava River Basin (FASRB). Its goal is establishment of the international navigation regime, establishment of sustainable water management and undertaking measures of danger prevention and localization. Since the Drina River is the tributary of the Sava River, all initiatives of the subject commission are also related to the DRB. Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Serbia are the members of the World Commission and are actively participating in implementation of recommendations and decisions.

Subject activities are based on international agreements, such as:

• Agreement between the Council of Ministers of the Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Government of the Republic of Croatia on Water Management Relations (entered into force on January 31st 1997), • Agreement between the Council of Ministers of the Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Government of the Republic of Croatia on cooperation on protection against natural and civil disasters (signed on June 1st 2001).

Article 4 of the Framework Agreement on the Sava River has regulated data exchange between the members of ISRBC. Subject responsibility related to exchange of hydrological and meteorological data has been analysed in details in the Guidelines of Hydrological and Meteorological Data and Information Exchange in the Sava River Basin. Data exchange as regards to publication of the Hydrological Yearbook of the Sava River basin, as well as the integrated web presentation of current water level values, has been based on data exchange related to monitoring stations of line institutions in the ISRBC member countries.

Project of establishment of the Geographic Information System of the Sava River (SavaGIS) is under implementation. The system has been planned to include the Hydrological Information System. All documents developed in the project and implemented by ISRBC are available for public on

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 11-12 http://www.savacommission.org/ . Data used for document development have been usually produced by the authorized institutions of ISRBC member countries and granted for use.

After the floods that hit the settlements in the Sava River basin in May 2014, joint data exchange related work has been intensified, especially in emergency cases. Results have been presented in the Preliminary Flood Risk Assessment in the Sava River Basin from July 2014. The report has stressed out the importance of data exchange and regional cooperation in flood prevention and localization of flood damage. It has also pointed to the lack of the bilateral agreements on WRM between Croatia and Serbia, as well as between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia. Montenegro has been also excluded from bilateral agreements, which is of the special significance for the DRB.

According to the Flood Protection Protocol from the Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin, ISRBC member countries are obliged to exchange information of significance for flood defence (the protocol has been signed, but still not in effect). Data is exchanged for the Sava River basin management purposes and must not been given to third entities. The organization is allowed to exchange only data collected by its own means. Data ownership is not transferred to the organization receiving data. Upon request, data will be provided within 30 days (60 if processing is required), while regular data transfers are subject to harmonization of time schedule (hourly, daily and similar).

Meteorological data from the main stations in the region are exchanged by the means of SYNOP reports.

A part of these data is publicly available via Web sites belonging to hydro-meteorological services, as well to certain companies and organizations that own automatic stations.

In certain cases are made special arrangements between the companies that perform measurements and users. For example, the "Meteos Media" company performs the six-hours inflow forecasting up to 7 days ahead for the "Piva" HPP, "Potpeć" HPP and "Višegrad" HPP, using the "Meteosar" system. For this purpose the company uses data collected by 4 automatic stations owned by the "Višegrad" HPP. These data are not publicly available; the same holds true for certain other data related to inflows and discharges on HPP profiles along the Drina River. The company stores its data in a MySQL base.

Transfer of data from the stations owned by the "Višegrad" HPP into the "Meteos Media" company MySQL database is performed via the GSM network and Lambrecht software once per hour.

11.3.4 Data Exchange in the DRB Data exchange in the DRB is sporadic and disorganized. Although the national hydro-meteorological services are members of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and, thus, a limited international data exchange is present, it is very difficult to obtain data from other countries beyond subject limits. Data ownership issue is even more complex in case the data originate from the water management entities in the basin and public or private business entities.

Best practices application can definitely help to achieve improvements in individual institutions, but additional problem in the DRB is the fragmentation of responsibilities between the states and entities.

11.4 Conclusions and Recommendations General position of all entities from the DRB is that there is room for monitoring and data exchange improvements through joint investments and harmonization of development programs. One of the possible directions is development of unified hydrological and meteorological monitoring system for the Drina River Basin.

This system should establish standard platform and procedures for data collection. control and distribution, as well as the usage of the database containing hydrological and meteorological data from the Drina River Basin.

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A realistic goal of the monitoring system improvement and prognostic system development would be to provide data with the 1-hour time step (period between submissions of data from automatic hydrological stations would be even shorter).

Hydrological and other analyses performed within this report have also clearly indicated a need for updating and improving the DRB monitoring network and data exchange practice. From the previous sections, it is obvious that the number of hydrological stations in DRB used to be considerably higher than it is today. The main problem with the establishment of new stations is their high price.

In general it can be stated that main deficiencies identified in organization of monitoring and data exchange in water resources management in Montenegro are lack of organization, conditions of equipment and infrastructure, lack of finances and human resources, as well as the lack of standard platforms and procedures of data management.

Improvement of the present situation includes the following activities:

• Improvement to the monitoring network, • Improvement to data management systems and • Improvement to data exchange practices.

11.4.1 Improvement to the monitoring network It is obvious that the present network of hydrological and meteorological stations needs to be improved. The present number of stations is not adequate and introduction of new stations is necessary.

Monitoring network improvement would include control and calibration of the existing stations, as well as the establishment of new stations in the basin at the locations that are not adequately covered (particularly in the upper parts of the basin).

Regarding the existing stations it is necessary to improve the operation of stations that provide only manual measurements. At these profiles it is necessary to add automatic stations, so that water level values can be determined practically in "real" time (each 10, 20, 30 and 60 minutes). Presently in the basin there are stations with measurements available only once per day (at 7 AM), or, sometimes not even once.

In regard of the basin coverage with hydrological stations it can be stated that the situation is particularly unfavorable in case of water quality and groundwater level measurements. This is especially unfavorable in view of the fact that there are no reliable estimations of the capacity of underground reservoirs that receive and store water during certain time periods.

In the upper part of the basin is very pronounced the problem of proper estimation of water loss in the underground after the summer season, i.e. after longer arid periods.

In the lower part of the basin water extraction is higher than in the upper part, but not very significant relative to the discharge. In spite of that it would be useful it this extraction could be quantified more precisely.

The general guidelines for establishment of new meteorological stations are:

• Basin coverage with meteorological stations should be as good as possible and • International recommendations require that one meteorological station should be available for each 80 to 100 m2 of basin area (provided that the spatial distribution of the stations is uniform enough and there are no significant relief changes).

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DRB covers an area of almost 20,000 m2, so at least 200 to 250 stations would be necessary (actually more, as the spatial of the existing stations is also not ideal). At present, there are more than 100 stations active, it is obvious that there is plenty of room for improvement in this area.

Two further aspects of improvement are equipment check and refurbishment of existing equipment at the stations. One example of the need for refurbishment is related to the damages caused by recent floods. This means that it will be necessary to reassess the characteristics of the discharge profiles and discharge curves for a number of stations, as the reliability of the data is seriously compromised. The Consultant is aware of the fact that such necessary works are very costly and that there are not enough financial resources available within the competent institutions to undertake such activities.

At the same time, it will be necessary to check whether some of the stations are under the influence of existing storages.

In DRB there are many measurement stations that perform measurement for their use (industrial companies etc.) but are not a part of the network. Network conditions could be improved by their inclusion, if it is possible.

It is obvious that there is a number of measurement stations that were active prior to 1990, but are not used any more. It would be beneficial if some of these stations could be reactivated. It is suggested to check the adequacy of the existing monitoring programs (sampling frequency etc.).

General guidelines for establishment of meteorological stations are:

• Stations should be established in larger settlements, at suitable micro-locations, • If it is necessary to establish new stations outside large settlements, it is convenient to choose locations close to important roads, from which they can be easily accessed, • It is necessary to establish a sufficient number of meteorological stations at higher elevations in order to obtain the best possible insight into precipitation in the basin, • In order to secure meteorological stations it is recommended to place them in the realms al-ready protected by physical and technical measures and • Meteorological stations should operate automatically, without any staff.

The lack of meteorological stations is particularly pronounced at higher elevations.

During the establishment of new stations it is necessary to overcome a number of technical problems. This is especially pronounced if the stations have to be established away from settlements and important roads, i.e. protected areas. Such stations have to be secured physically and technically, using resistive wire-steel fences of certain height (for example 3 m), in order to prevent equipment damage caused by wild or people (accidental or on purpose).

It is recommended to equip new meteorological stations with devices for measurement of snow layer thickness and water content in the snow (if this is not possible that it will be necessary to provide an estimation of water quantity base upon the other measured meteorological parameters). On new stations should also be possible measurements of solar radiation intensity, as well as soil humidity and temperature.

To existing stations should at least be added the option of automatic snow layer thickness.

In case that adequate financial means should be available, it is recommended to measure the following parameters on the new stations: • Temperature, • Precipitation quantity, • Snow layer thickness,

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• Water quantity in snow, • Dew point temperature, • Air humidity, • Wind parameters at heights of 2 and 10 m, • Air pressure, • Solar radiation and • Soil temperature and humidity at depths of 10, 20 and 50 cm (these measurements are important for the estimation of soil saturation with water and run-off calculation).

In case that only limited financial means should be available, it is recommended to measure the following parameters: • Temperature, • Precipitation quantity, • Snow layer thickness, • Air humidity, • Wind parameters at the height of 2 m and • Air pressure.

This list of parameters is the minimum one and the number of measured parameters should not be reduced any further.

Regarding the order of establishment of automatic stations, it is recommended to first establish the ones located in towns and settlements and then at the locations of "regular" station (according to the WMO classification).

Beside spatial coverage, mentioned above, it is also necessary to analyze the altitude coverage issue. For the entire basin, based upon its properties and adopted criteria (percentage of basin area above certain elevation, average basin elevation, total area, number of existing stations and their elevations), it is necessary to determine the optimum stations' elevation distribution. At the same time it is necessary to take into account the criterion related to orientation of meteorological stations located at mountain slopes in terms of cardinal directions and prevailing winds. This especially holds true for south and south-west slopes, because the winds at higher elevations that come from these directions bring the major amount of precipitation to the upper basin part.

11.4.2 Improvement to data management systems One of the priorities of data management improvement is an introduction of the data management sys-tem and data quality control. Such systems require hardware redundancy and data replication in sever-al locations. To that extent, relevant services should be equipped with the hardware, software and IT experts of the respective service. Clearly, this segment requires significant financing and, thus, it is recommended to adopt regional strategy of procurement of similar or identical data management systems to reduce to cost of use.

At present, various institutions in DRB use different data management software platforms. From communication with these stakeholders, there is a growing wish and trend toward software unification (e.g. certain institutions in Montenegro have shown interest in WISKI used by Serbian SHMS). The Consultant supports such attitudes, but is also aware that it is difficult to recommend specific activities as the optimum platform, having in mind the serious requirement of some of them (high purchase/subscription price, high software requirements, complex training etc.).

An alternative to software unification would be development of a "roof" platform that would coalesce data previously collected by the means of existing systems.

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11.4.3 Improvement to data exchange practices Improvement to data exchange procedures would include introduction of standard procedures and software, as well as free access to all data for all users.

Initially it would be necessary to develop a study describing the baseline - the capabilities of the software packages presently used by various institutions. The purpose of this study would be to determine whether differences in software platforms among the institutions could be considered the bottleneck for more successful data exchange. Should this be the case, then the recommended amendments to the data management systems should represent an important step forward.

Another step would be to enforce data exchange obligations on all subjects in DRB. Although there is a significant number of agreement and treaties in power, the result still cannot be considered satisfactory.

Conditions for data exchange are mostly fulfilled and it would also be necessary to develop the roof platform mentioned above. Subjects that collect data would make them available via a Web or FTP server and roof application would gather them and make them available via a dedicated server. The application would be gradually expanded with the modules for data control and validation and other functions.

In this sense, the Consultant supports the application of ISRBC recommendations.

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12 Legislative Set Up and Framework This chapter provides an overview of legislation in Montenegro in the field of water management and environmental protection.26 As per the requirements set in TOR, respective activities included collecting relevant legal sources and analysis of the national regulations, EU regulations, international treaties, strategic documents, reports and other documents important for integrated water resource management (IWRM). Some of the crucial issues of IWRM, water protection, environmental protection, energy and other relevant fields are described hereinafter. Finally, the chapter indicates the likely directions of future legislative development important for the DRB water management.27

12.1 Introduction Montenegro has a well-developed system of codes regulating the sphere of WRM. The principal element is the Law on Waters (LW) (“Official Gazette of Montenegro" (OG), no. 27/07, 32/11, 47/11). For the purpose of added harmonization with EU regulations, the Law on Amendments and Supplements to the LW (LASLW) were adopted on 31 July 2015 (OG, no. 48/15). Apart from that, many related regulations in the sphere of environmental protection, energy, agriculture, spatial planning, construction, tourism, utility services, etc. of significance for IWRM must also be developed and implemented (See the complete list in Annex 12-1). Water Management Strategy of Montenegro has been prepared (Draft, December 2015).

12.2 National Regulations Governing Water Management

12.2.1 General Review of National Regulations Governing Water Management The LW regulates the legal status and the method of IWRM, water and coastal land and water facilities, conditions and method of exercising water activity and other issues of significance for water. Furthermore, a separate law regulates financing of water management activities. Water and water land management covers “activities and measures undertaken to maintain and improve water regime within an integral water system in a specific area for the purpose of: providing required water quantities of compulsory quality for specific purposes, water protection against pollution and protection against harmful effects.” (Article 18).

Separate provisions of the LW regulate individual forms of water use, including “for electricity generation and other water power purposes”. The LW also provides for use in catchment, pumping from surface and groundwater for various other purposes (e.g. drinking, sanitation, irrigation, bottling, salt production etc.). In addition for fish, shells and crawfish farming; navigation; sports, tourism, bathing, recreation and balneo- climatological purposes; use of thermal and mineral water (except for groundwater to be used for extracting beneficial mineral raw materials and geothermal energy); and water use for environmental and other purposes, in accordance with the present law (Article 41).

12.2.2 Water Areas and Water Bodies According to the provisions of Article 21 of the LW, water areas within Montenegro are set as the principal water management units, as follows: 1) Danube basin, covering the basins of: Ibar (not DRB), Lim, Ćehotina, Tara and Piva, with associated groundwater; and 2) Adriatic Sea basin, covering the basins of: Zeta, Morača, Skadarsko Jezero, Bojana, Trebišnjica and the waterways of the Montenegro coastal area, with associated groundwater and coastal seawaters.

26 A basic version of the document was completed in June 2015 which covered the relevant regulations valid until then. Subsequently, some changes in the document have been introduced primarly due to the adoption of the Amendments to the Law on Water. 27 The preparation of this chapter included use of the most significant documents of the institutions in charge of water management in Montenegro. Significant portions of the respective documents are available online with some available in English. Additionally, the JV Consultant has used data from the questionnaires completed and delivered by the competent institutions.

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More specifically, the Decisions on Setting Waters of Significance for Montenegro ("OG“, no. 9/08, 28/09, 31/15), stipulated that the Black Sea basin in Montenegro comprise the following waterflows: Piva, Tara, Ćehotina, Lim, Ibar, Grnčar i Komarnica.

The LASLW, which as previously mentioned is undergoing adoption, have formulated several new provisions related to water areas that have relevance to the DRB. This includes the methodology of “water area” formation that combines small basins with large basins or by connecting with neighbouring smaller basins. Groundwater that does not completely follow a specified river basin is added to the closest or the most suitable water area. Borders of sub basin areas and small basin areas are set by the Ministry competent for water management (MARD).

During 2014 – 2015, the IHMS have delineated surface and groundwater bodies in Skadar Lake Basin. The future delineation of the Danube Basin in Montenegro and the remaining segment of the Adriatic Sea catchment will require additional funding.

12.2.3 Water Classification According to the provisions of Article 75 LW, water quality standards and criteria for determining the status of water is defined on the basis of 7 criteria (eg. 1. criteria for determining protection goals of surface and ground water and protected areas; 2. chemical and ecological parameters for surface water, chemical and quantitative parameters for groundwater and assessing the condition and characteristics of persistent changes in the status of surface water and groundwater; 3. criteria for determining artificial and heavily modified water bodies and their ecological, chemical and quantitative parameters, etc.). Water quality standards and criteria for determining the status prescribed by the Ministry with the prior approval of the government bodies responsible for public health and protection of the living environment.

Characteristics of the river basin district shall be determined for each river basin district or part of the international river basin district belonging to the territory of the region by the analysis of its characteristics; by the analysis of the impact of human activity on the status of surface water and groundwater; and by the economic analysis of water use (Art. 83a). Each water body is classified in a certain category. The risks that a particular water body will not achieve the goals of water protection in terms of environmental protection, based on the analysis of the impact to the water body, have to be assessed (Art. 83b). Classification of water bodies shall be made on the basis of the monitoring results for that body of water and assessment of its condition in accordance with the regulation referred to in Article 75 paragraph 2 of this Article. Surface waters are evaluated and classified in the appropriate categories according to their chemical and ecological status or potential for heavily modified and artificial water bodies. Ground waters are evaluated and classified in the appropriate categories according to their chemical and quantity conditions. Categories of surface water are very good, good, moderate, poor and very poor condition. Categories of groundwater are good and bad condition.

12.2.4 Water Acts and Water Management Planning Documents Certain issues of significance for water acts have been regulated by the provisions of Chapter 6 of the LW (Articles 112-132). The Law has recognized four categories of water acts: 1) water requirements; 2) water approval; 3) water permit and 4) water order. For ensuring a unified water regime, IWRM and a fair approach to waters, water acts set the requirements and the method of realization of water rights.

Planning documents for water management are the following: Strategy of water management, water management plan for the river basin, management plan in the of the river basin and special plans (Art. 23-28). Water Management Strategy (the Strategy) is a planning document that sets long- term directions of water management. Strategy has to be adopted by the Government and relates to the period of at least ten years. The strategy is reviewed after six years from the date of its adoption.

The law has set development of the strategic environmental assessment (SEA), cooperation with public and compulsory harmonization with spatial planning documents (Art. 29-33).

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12.2.5 Monitoring The LW has several segments about monitoring (segment about WMMP, water management plans, water facilities, etc.). Article 109 has set a general definition that “the line administrative authority shall ensure monitoring, observation and measurement (monitoring) of natural and other phenomena (floods, torrents, erosion and other) for the purpose of providing data required for protection against the harmful effects of water. Water quantity and quality control obligation has been defined in Articles 51 and 52.

Monitoring is carried out by systematic supervision of water status in order to determine the status of water based on the program referred to in Article 58, paragraph 3 of this law, which includes all water areas. (Article 83). Monitoring is done by the administration authority in charge of hydrometeorological affairs. Monitoring in accordance with Article 83 of this Law shall be established no later than six years after the entry into force of this Act. (Art. 60 LASLW).

Montenegro implements annual water monitoring programs, but they have not yet been harmonized with EU standards, as the programs do not include parameters and water classification schemes as prescribed in Annex V of the WFD. Concerning drinking water, there are no relevant regulations on water quality in small water supply systems (less than 50 persons).

Continuous control and monitoring of the environment (environmental monitoring) has been defined in the Law on Environment (LE) (“OG“, No. 48/08).

12.2.6 Regulations Related to Sediments The LASLW includes the term "sediment“ as a notion of the "water quality standard” (Article 5, Item 64), as well as in the contents on the “inventory of emissions, emission of priority and polluting substances” (Article 159). The law includes the definition that the "Water Information System also contains the inventory of emission, emission of priority and polluting substances set in provisions of Article 75, Paragraph 2 of present law ” (related to classification and categorization of surface waters) “for each water area or the part of water area including their concentrations in the sediments and biotas based on data collected in accordance with Articles 83 and 83a of present law ” (related to the system of water quality monitoring, i.e. monitoring according got the amendments and addenda to the Law). Water and Sediment Hot Spots Monitoring Program is the part of the Environment Monitoring Program (2015), as the subprogram of the Montenegro Coastal Ecosystem Monitoring Program.

12.2.7 Environmentally Acceptable Flow In the LASLW, the “guaranteed minimum” term is replaced with the “ecologically acceptable discharge” and it is planned to adopt a separate regulation related this specific issue. “Ecologically acceptable discharge” is set “on the basis of research, according to the specific features of the ecosystem and seasonal variations of the water discharge in order to ensure a good water status.” (Article 22).

According to the provisions of the Rulebook on the method of determining the environmentally acceptable flow of surface waters ("OG", no. 2/2016, 23/2016) EPP is determined in order to maintain or restore the structure and function of aquatic and water-related ecosystems and prevent degradation of water status, in accordance with the law.

Assessment EPP is determined on the basis of the environmental importance of the water body, the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems and ecosystem related to water, their different needs, water protection and water users. EPP is determined on the basis of hydrological data. There is general and special assessment. General assessment of the EPP is made to water bodies in accordance with Art. 7 and 8 of the Rulebook. Special assessment EPP is implemented as an addition to the general assessment of the EPP with the application of a holistic approach, identifying the biological and ecological criteria, and models of habitat, including the development of holistic, hydrological and hydraulic studies.

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12.2.8 Financing Financing in the water sector of Montenegro has been regulated by a separate Law on Water Management Financing (LWMF) (“OG”, No. 65/08, 74/10 and 40/11) that sets out among other things financing sources, methods of calculation, payment modalities and fees. It is estimated that the existing model of financing in the sector of water management is not satisfactory.28

The Law on Ratification of the Framework Agreement between Montenegro, Represented by the Government of Montenegro, and the European Commission on the Rules of Implementation of Financial Assistance by the Union to Montenegro within the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA II) was adopted in May 2015. A total of Euro 37.5 million for environmental protection and Euro 52.4 million for agriculture and rural development has been assigned. Thematic priorities of support to territorial cooperation also include, among others, environmental protection and promotion of adaptation to climate changes and mitigation of negative effects; risk prevention and management (Annex J of the agreement).

Furthermore, preparation and adoption of the Decision on Establishment of "Eco Fund“ and other associated regulations are set in the 2015 – 2020 Action Plan for Montenegro National Waste Management Plan.

12.2.9 International Cooperation Apart from the provisions of the LW, rules related to international cooperation are set in various regulations related to public administration and other sectors. International treaties under which Montenegro holds a membership status are also relevant.

LASLW have precisely defined the responsibility regarding international cooperation. Subsequent amendments have defined that the MARD will be in charge of: i) Preparation of the joint international Water Area Management Plan, ii) Harmonization of the program of the international water area measures, iii) Information exchange with the countries where the water area parts are located, iv) Coordination of activities related to setting the area under significant threat from floods, and v) Coordination of the joint Flood Risk Management Plan for water areas parts of the international water area.

According to the data Montenegro's European Union Integration Process, 54 projects are currently implemented in Montenegro, out of which 15 are bilateral (Albania - Montenegro; Bosnia and Herzegovina - Montenegro; Croatia - Montenegro and Serbia - Montenegro), 7 trans-national (Mediterranean Program) and 32 projects within IPA Adriatic Cross-Border Program.29

12.2.10 Inspection Until 2012, water inspection was performed by the MARD in accordance with the LW. Since 2012 water, environmental, sanitary, etc. inspections transferred to the Administration for Inspection Affairs established pursuant to the Article 33 of the Decree on Public Administration Organisation and Manner of Work (“OG”, no. 5/12). Principles of inspection oversight, method and procedure of inspection oversight, rights and responsibilities of the inspector and other issue of significance for inspection oversight have been regulated by the Law on Inspection Oversight (“OG”, no. 39/03, 76/09, 57/11).

12.2.11 Ensuring Regulatory Compliance Ensuring regulatory compliance involves a complex system of codes covering several sectors in addition to specific regulations related to water management in a narrower sense. Penal provisions have been regulated

28 Water Management Strategy (Draft), Government of Montenegro, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, December 2015, p. 145. 29 Fifth Quarterly Report on Total Activities within Montenegro's European Union Integration Process, January – March 2015. Podgorica, April 2015, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integrations of Montenegro, Podgorica.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 12-5 in Chapter VIII of the LW, and they are included in the LE and regulations in the sphere of misdemeanour law, criminal law and liability of legal entities for criminal acts. The Majority of provisions concerning the EU Directive 2008/99/EC on Environmental Protection have been introduced in the Criminal Code as well as in the Law on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities. Montenegro adopted a separate Law on Liability for Environmental Damage for the purpose of harmonization with the Directive 2004/35/EC.

12.3 Environmental legislation Legal system in the sphere of environment supports or is in some other way connected with the WRM.30 Principal regulation in the sphere of environment, the LE (“OG”, no. 48/08, 40/10, 40/11, 27/14), in several instances, determines certain issues of WRM. For the purpose of further harmonization with EU regulations, a new Draft LE has been prepared. The Government has deliberated the draft law in early July 2015. Montenegro has also adopted the Law on Liability for Environmental Damage (“OG”, no. 27/14), setting liability for environmental damage and damage inflicted to water resources.

12.3.1 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Strategic Environmental Impact Assessment (SEA) A separate law and by-laws regulate EIA. According to Article 3 of the Law on EIA (“OG”, no. 80/05, 40/10, 73/10, 40/11, 27/13), the subject of EIA are projects planned and implemented with potentially significant impact on environment or human health. Projects in the sphere of water management and energy are covered by the EIA. Additionally, EIA applies to projects in the sphere of industry, mining, transportation, tourism, agriculture, forestry and utility services, as well as for projects planned within protected natural resources and in protected environment of immovable cultural assets. Procedure of notification about project cross-border impact is regulated by a separate provision.

The Law on SEA (“OG”, no. 80/05, 73/10, 40/11 and 59/11) has defined the SEA procedure for plans or programs in the sphere of many sectors including water management and energy. The SEA creating a framework for future project development, subject to EIA, as well as for plans and programs, where the area of implementation may have an impact on protected areas, natural habitats and preservation of wild flora and fauna.

SEA Directive is transposed by the Law on SEA. Montenegro is member of the Espoo Convention on EIA and its two amendments (from July 2009) and the Protocol on the Strategic Environmental Assessment to the Convention on the Environmental Impact Assessment (from November 2009).

Article 29 of the LW defines that Strategy and other water sector plans require SEA. Further, Article 31 of the Law on Spatial Development and Construction (“OG”, no. 51/08, 40/10, 34/11, 47/11, 35/13, 39/13, 33/14) has defined that if the planning document is subject to SEA, a decision must be made simultaneously with a decision on development and the SEA report is subject to a public hearing, in parallel with the hearing for the draft planning document.

12.3.2 Access to Information and Public Participation in Decision-Making The principal instrument used to regulate the issue of access to information is the Law on Free Access to Information (“OG”, no. 44/12), in addition to other regulations in the sphere of public administration. Harmonization of regulations with the Directive 2003/4/EC on public access to environmental Information is almost complete, and Directive 2003/35/EC on public participation and access to justice is fully transposed.

Public participation is regulated by the Procedure and Method of Conducting Public Participation in Preparation of Law (“OG”, no. 12/12). Article 4 defines when a public hearing is compulsory.

30 Article 1 of the Constitution defines Montenegro as a “civic, democratic and ecological state based on the respect of social justice and rule of law”

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Special importance to significant issues for public participation in decision-making may be applied when regulating the position of NGOs. This is the reason why this cooperation has been regulated by a special act (Regulation on the Method and Procedure of Cooperation between the Public Administration and NGOs, “OG”, no. 7/12). Articles 30 and 31 of the LW regulates cooperation with the public in preparation of plans, i.e. public participation, and several other articles are also related to the “public“ (Article 3, 5, Item 75, Article 19, Item 9, Articles 30, 31, 74d, 95f, 159, 165).

The second report on implementation of the Aarhus Convention was delivered by Montenegro, in mid-2014. One of the important activities of the Aarhus Convention implementation is establishment of the Aarhus Centres (Podgorica, Nikšić, and Berane).

12.3.3 Nature Protection and Forestry Protection and the preservation of nature; including unity of geosphere and biosphere, natural resources characterized by biological, geological, geomorphological and landscape diversity; is regulated by the Law on Nature Protection (LNP) (“OG”, no. 51/08, 21/09, 40/11, 62/13 and 6/14). Nature is of special interest for Montenegro enjoying special protection and any use of natural resources requires a permit/license. According to provisions of Article 4, nature protection is implemented by setting measures and conditions in the spatial planning documents, natural resources management master plans and programs, including water management, energy, etc. Regarding WRM, the Law sets special conditions of protection of wet and water habitats (Articles 19 and 20), use of speleological structures (Article 29), protection of the natural monuments (Article 41), conditions of use of natural resources (Article 67), etc. Apart from that, certain prohibitions have been also prescribed regarding water (Article 82), as well as penal provisions (Article 119, Item 5). The role of the ministry in charge of agriculture, forestry and water management has been defined for declaration of protected natural resources (Article 55), setting the use of protected wild species of plants, animals and fungi (Article 84). A Working Group in charge of drafting a (new) LNP launched in early 2015.

The Fifth Montenegro Report according to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has been submitted by Montenegro in December 2014.

The normative framework concerning forestry is prescribed by the Law on Forests (OG 74/10, 40/11) and regulations in the field of environment, especially nature. Forestry policy is defined by two documents: The National Forest Policy (2008) and The National Forest Strategy (2014-2023).

12.3.4 Fisheries The principal legal provisions regulating the fishing sector are contained in the Law on Sea Fishing and Mari culture (“OG”, no. 56/09) and the Law on Fresh Water Fishing (“OG”, no. 11/07). According to the Law on Fresh Water Fishing, fishing waters are all waters with fresh water fish species and other water fauna granted for use aimed at exercising sports-recreational and economic fishing activities, excluding water: 1) in fish ponds; 2) storages, lakes or running water used or planned in spatial planning documents for public water supply; 3) in protected natural structures as declared by special laws. Special measures aimed at protection and improvement of fish stocks and preservation of biodiversity in fishing waters are prescribed. Furthermore, the Government has adopted Strategy of Fishing and Aquaculture Development 2006 – 2016.

12.3.5 Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) and Risk Management The Law on Integrated Environment Pollution Prevention and Control (“OG”, no. 80/05, 54/09, 40/11) and associated by-laws regulate the requirement and procedure of issuing integrated license for IPPC. The respective law is undergoing amendment in the Montenegro Assembly that will extend the deadline for operators to obtain a license, from January 1, 2015 to January 1, 2020). According to the Regulation, categories of industrial activities that are subject to an integrated license are energy generation, production and treatment of metals, mineral industry, waste management and other activities.

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According to the Screening Report – Montenegro (Chapter 27 – Environment and climate change) many of provisions of the new Industrial Emission Directive 2010/75/EU (IED) are reflected in the Law on IPPC and other relevant source of law. Montenegro has progressed in aligning with the Industrial Emission Directive part on IPPC and waste incineration, while transposition of the provisions on volatile organic compounds (VOC) and large combustion plants (LCP) are less advanced.

The Law on Protection and Rescue (“OG”, no. 13/07, 5/08, 32/11) regulates the measures and activities undertaken for identifying and preventing among other things the danger of natural disasters, fire, etc., as well as rescue of citizens and material assets threatened by such disasters”. Not all of the elements of the Seveso II Directive are integrated into Montenegrin legislation. Issues covering emergency plans, reporting system and inspection system etc. still need to be included.

12.3.6 Floods The LW includes provisions related to rights and responsibilities of individual entities in undertaking various measures aimed at prevention of the negative flood effects. Financing works and infrastructure against the harmful effects of water has been set by the LWMF. The General Plan of Protection against Negative Water Effects (2010) has been adopted, as well as the associated Operational Protection Plan.31 A preliminary Flood Risk Assessment has been set by the Montenegro WMMP, but this needs to be updated. The system for protection and rescue of citizens and materials assets, including floods as a “natural disaster”, are regulated by the Law on Protection and Rescue.

LASLW has in several provisions (including six separate articles) regulating flood risk management. These amendments to the Law have transposed the Directive 2007/60/EC on flood risk assessment and management. However, the application of the Directive is in the early stages and the date of adoption has not yet been determined.

The current amendments of the Law on Protection and Rescue (2007) will provide harmonization with EU acquis in the sphere of civil protection and disaster management policies.

12.3.7 Waste Management Water management and water conditions are strongly linked with the method of the waste management system regulation and the way regulations are applied in practice. There are no reliable data on actual waste quantities generated since the organized waste collection system has not been established on the entire territory of even one local government unit, and there are no reliable data of collected waste quantities in 13 local government units.

The Law on Waste Management (LWM) (“OG”, no. 64/11) regulates the types and classification of waste, planning, requirements and method of waste management and other issues of significance for waste management (Article 1, Paragraph 1). Treatment and/or removal of waste may be exercised by the business entity or entrepreneur if in possession of respective equipment, waste treatment facility and hiring required number of staff, on the basis of the treatment license, i.e. waste removal license.

Collection, i.e. transport of waste can be exercised by the business entity or entrepreneur if in possession of collection equipment, i.e. waste transportation equipment and hiring required number of staff. Subject business entities or entrepreneurs are entered in the collector registry, i.e. waste transporter registry held by the Environmental Protection Agency.

In May – June 2015, public hearings on the Draft National Waste Management Plan 2015 - 2020and the Draft Report on SEA took place. The proposal of the 2030 Waste Management Strategy was deliberated by Government in early July 2015.

31 For the Operational plan for protection from harmful effects of water, for the water of importance for Montenegro for 2016, See "OG", no. 1/2016.

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In terms of the level of national regulations' harmonisation with EU legislation, transposition is at different levels as follows:

• The Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC, and the Directive 1999/31/EC on landfill of waste are largely transposed; • The PCB/PCT Directive 96/59/EC and the Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/EEC are almost fully transposed; • The Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste, Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC, Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment are partially transposed. • Harmonisation with Directive 2006/21/EC on the management of mining waste is at a very early stage.

12.3.8 Chemicals Foundations of the chemicals management system have been set in the Law on Chemicals (“OG”, no. 18/12) regulating classification, packaging and labelling chemicals, sale, import and export of hazardous chemicals, as well as other issues of significance for human health and life protection and environmental protection against harmful effects of chemicals. For the purpose of further harmonization with EU regulations, it has been planned to prepare and adopt the amendments and addenda to the Law on Chemicals in late 2016. The National Plan of Stockholm Convention Implementation for 2014-2021 has been adopted.

Implementation of the Regulation on Biocides (EU) no. 528/2012 has not started yet. Montenegro planned to adopt the Law on biocides during 2015. In late 2014, Draft Law on Biocide Products was prepared. The Strategy on the chemicals management 2015-2018 has been prepared.

12.3.9 Soil Protection In addition to regulations related to agriculture (see below), several regulations in the sphere of environmental protection are directly related to soil protection. The Law on Mining (“OG”, no. 65/08, 74/10) sets, among others, requirements and method of ore exploitation, meaning “all organic and non-organic solid, liquid and gaseous mineral resources located in the primary pit, deposits, landfills, as well as the technogenous mineral resources created by the exploitation process (… mineral resources).” (Article 3).

The land owner is obliged to rehabilitate the land area degraded by the works upon completion of mineral resources exploitation works, not later than 30 days after cessation of exploitation (Article 23). The concessionaire is also obliged to return the land to its original use, not later than one year from completion of work.

A Draft Action Plan for Land Degradation Preventions and Mitigation of Flood Consequences was adopted in late 2014.

Only a few elements of the Directive 2006/21/EC on the management of mining waste are reflected in the present Law on Mining.

12.3.10 Air Protection and Climate Changes The Law on Air Protection (“OG”, no. 25/10, 40/11) and 12 by-laws (7 regulations and 5 rulebooks) cover air protection. The Draft Law on Amendments and Supplements to the Law on Air Protection is undergoing adoption procedure in the Montenegro Assembly, the goal of which is harmonization with relevant EU regulations. Montenegro delivered its First National Communication, in accordance with liabilities set in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 2010. The Second National Communication has been also prepared. Adoption of a separate legal document regulating issues of importance for climate change is likely in the near future. Adoption of the National Strategy for Climate Change until 2030 is under process.

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12.4 Energy Sector

12.4.1 General Overview The sphere of energy is regulated by: Law on Energy (“OG”, no. 28/10, 40/11, 42/11 and 06/13) and the Law on Efficient Use of Energy (“OG”, no. 57/14 and 3/15-correction), as well as by numerous by-laws. Amendments and addenda to these laws were adopted in March 2015 (“OG”, no. 10/15). Rules related to licenses and energy approvals have been separately regulated in Chapter VI of the Law (Articles 55-65).

LW includes several provisions related to water use for electricity generation, explicitly recognizing subject form of water use, in addition to several other (Article 41). The use of water for electricity generation or as a driving force has been planned to be implemented on the basis of the water permit and concession agreement. Right to use water to drive simple machinery and facilities serving to one or several households, and for exercising small scale activities of importance for people in rural areas (water intake for water supply; driving the mills, sawmills, blacksmiths and alike) may be obtained on the basis of water permit (Article 62).32 Special provision has regulated “requirements of building facilities” (Article 63), i.e. management and use of facilities (Article 64).

12.4.2 Renewable Energy Sources (RES) Regulations of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are in a separate chapter of the Law on Energy (III. Renewable Energy Sources, Cogeneration and Incentives, Article 17-23). The goals of the energy sector include, “increased energy generation from RES” and “incentives for investments in RES, cogeneration” (Article 7), whereby the liabilities of individual entities are also regulated. Electricity generation from RES is regulated in Articles 72-82 of the Law on Energy.

According to the Montenegro Energy Development Strategy by 2030, the national goal of use of renewable energy sources in Montenegro is set to 33 % by 2020. The Energy Strategy does mention that achieving the national goal of RES use, provides Montenegro with a limited range of options for valorisation of hydro potentials. “A favourable scenario would be to generate an additional ~ 400 MW from large HPPs (example, HPP on the Morača River and HPP on the Komarnica River, the latter within the DRB). Hence, building the aforementioned HPPs plays a significant role in achieving the national goal related to RES.”33

12.5 Tourism Tourism has a major role in Montenegro's economy and, thus, detailed legislation exists to regulate individual measures and activities. The principal element is the Law on Tourism (“OG”, no. 61/10, 40/11, 53/11). The term “tourism activity” in the law, means, among other things, provision of tourism services in nautical, rural, health, religious, congress, sports or youth tourism, i.e. provision of tourism services bathing resorts, skiing tracks, in hunting and fishing tourism, sports-recreational and adventure tourism, ecotourism, as well as other services in other forms of tourism.

Identifying the purpose, the LW has recognized the category of water facilities intended for sports, recreation and tourism, bathing, recreation and balneo-climatological purposes.” (Art. 41).

12.6 Construction and Spatial Planning Construction and spatial planning have been regulated by a separate group of regulations, although the LW includes certain provisions related to this sphere. The Law on Spatial Development and Construction (“OG”, no. 51/08, 40/10, 34/11, 47/11, 35/13, 39/13 and 33/14) regulates the system of spatial development in Montenegro, the method and requirements of construction, as well as other issues of significance for spatial development and construction. Article 63 of the LW sets the requirements of building the facilities for water.

32 Granting water force use right has been exercised as per significance for public interest (improving general living standards, level of environmental protection, health protection and more rational use of water forces, and other). 33 2030 Montenegro Energy Development Strategy, 2014, Ministry of Economy, p. 41.

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Additionally, designing and building dams and storages for hydropower should also provide a multi-purpose use to the greatest possible extent (e.g. flood protection, water supply, irrigation.).

12.7 Agriculture and Irrigation / Drainage The principal legislation regulating the sphere of agriculture is the Law on Agriculture and Rural Development (“OG”, no. 56/09), and a group of by-laws. Land reclamation involves drainage of excess water from land and routings for water inflows to the area protected against flooding and where irrigation water is transported (Article 22). The land reclamation area (including borders) is set by the line administrative authority. Intake and use of surface and groundwater for irrigation of agricultural or other land is exercised according to the requirements set by water permits. Owners, i.e. users of irrigation facilities and system, are responsible for covering the proportional share of maintenance and management cost (Article 60). Further, water for irrigation of agricultural crop must meet prescribed quality criteria. The subject of a concession is a public water asset that can be, among others, a water intake for irrigation of agricultural land that uses more than 175 m3 per day (Article 134).

12.8 Water Transportation and Marine Environment Protection Although of limited relevance to the DRB, Montenegro internal navigable routes are regulated by the same provisions regulating maritime transport. The exception is Lake Piva where people are ferried across the lake for the purposes of Piva HPP.

12.9 Utility Services Various problems in operation of the local utility services directly impact upon water management, especially regarding water supply and waste management. Local governments hold significant jurisdictions according to the provisions of the Law on local Government ("OG“, no. 42/03, 28/04, 75/05, 13/06, 88/09, 3/10 38/12, 10/14 and 57/14). According to the provisions of the Law on Utility Services ("OG“, no. 12/95), utility services include, among other, as follows: water supply, wastewater treatment and drainage, maintenance and use of landfills, and maintenance of riverbeds, etc. The line authority of the local government unit stipulates the method and requirements of organizing and using utility services. The applicable Law on Utility Services (“OG”, no. 12/95), as the principal act regulating utilities, has been adopted in 1995 under completely different legal and political environment. The Government has drafted a new law and delivered it to the Assembly. The law was subject of deliberation during 2013.

Adoption of the Law on Improvement of Business Environment and abolishment of the Law on Public Enterprises created an obligation for public utility enterprises to be transformed into business entities by mid-2014. However, out of 53 public enterprises founded by the local government units, only around half of the enterprises have been transformed into business entities.

12.10 Business Law and Investments The subject of legal status of companies in Montenegro, and especially founding and management, status changes, changes in legal form, revocation and other are determined by the Law on Companies ("OG“, no. 06/02, 17/07, 80/08, 40/10, 36/11 and 40/11). Bankruptcy is regulated by the Law on Bankruptcy (“OG”, no.1/11).

The Law on Foreign Investments (“OG”, no. 18/11) regulates the forms of foreign investments, rights of foreign investors, protection of foreign investors and other issues of significance for foreign investments in Montenegro.

The Law on Concessions (“OG”, no. 08/09) regulates conditions, method, and procedure for awarding concessions etc. Concessions in the field of water and water resources are regulated by the provisions of the Art. 133-140 of the LW.

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12.11 Status of Scientific Research Organizations The issue of the status of scientific research organizations in the water management system deserves special attention for several reasons. This is indicated in several instances in the LW such as water management principles, program of measures aimed at achieving the goals of environmental protection, obtaining water permit, composition and functioning of the Council, water information system etc. The general framework for such entities is regulated by the Law on Scientific-Research Activities (“OG”, no. 80/10), in addition to the Law on Montenegro Academy of Science and Arts (“OG”, no. 14/12), Law on Higher Education (“OG”, no. 60/03 and “OG”, no. 45/10 and 47/11) and several by-laws. The Strategy on Scientific-Research Activities (2008 - 2016) was adopted by the Montenegrin Government in 2008. This document has defined several strategic goals potentially affecting WRM. As assessed, in the sphere of science and research (Chapter 25), Montenegro has “generally, reached a good level of harmonization with EU acquis and implementation capacity.”

12.12 Harmonization of National Regulation with EU Regulations Montenegro is an EU membership candidate country as of December 2010 and assumed responsibility for harmonizing Montenegrin legislation with the EU acquis by signing the Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA) (Article 72). On June 21, 2007, the Montenegrin Government prepared the National Program of Montenegro EU Integration (NPI) 2008 - 2012. Further, in February 2015, Montenegro adopted the Program of Montenegro Accession to the European Union for the 2015 – 2018 period envisaging adoption of more than 100 strategic documents and more than 1000 laws and by-laws.

The Screening Report adopted by EU Council in December 2013 concluded the following: "Montenegro needs to develop comprehensive national strategy and action plan to serve as a base of transposition, implementation and application of acquis in the field of environment and climate changes, including plans of development of relevant administrative capacities and assessment of required financial resources with predefined goals and deadlines (special attention should be paid to harmonization in the sphere of water quality, nature protection and water management, as well as in planning and strengthening administrative capacities in the field of climate changes)."

12.12.1 Procedure The procedure of harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations, has been regulated by the provisions of the Constitution of Montenegro (See: Annex 12-2). Additionally, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European integrations adopted separate “Instructions on Instruments for Harmonization of Montenegro Regulations with the EU Acquis.” At its session held on December 26, 2013, the Government of Montenegro adopted the Program of Montenegro Accession to the EU for 2014 – 2018, and later the Program of Accession for 2015 – 2018 period that among other things included slight correction to the deadlines set in the first program.

12.12.2 Harmonization Assessment As assessed, the level of harmonization of regulations in the sphere of water management with EU regulations is "limited“.34 No full compliance of national regulations with key EU regulations in the water sector exits (e.g. WFD 2000/60/EC, Directive 91/271/EEC on Urban Wastewater Treatment, Directive on Nitrates 91/676/EEC, Framework Directive on Marine Strategy 2008/56/EC, Directive on Water Quality Standards 2008/105/EC, Directive on Groundwater 2006/118/EC, Directive on Bathing Water Quality 2006/7/EC).

The progress report on “Monitoring of Transposition and Implementation of the European Union Legislation in the Field of Environment” in 2013 and 2014 showed poor transposition percentages as follows:

34 See: Report on analytical overview of Montenegro legislation compliance, Chapter 27 – Environment, Explanatory meeting: February 4-8, 2013, bilateral meeting: March 18-22, 2013.

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• Directive 2006/118/EC on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration (17 %), • Directive 2006/7/EC concerning the management of bathing water quality (14 %), • Directive 86/278/EEC on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture has the highest transposition percentage (93%). • Directive 91/271/EEC, concerning urban waste-water treatment has been transposed. (47.4%) 35

The following Table 12-1 shows the parts of the WFD (Directive 200/60/EC) that are being transposed with Montenegro's LW and related amendments and addenda. Table 12-2 shows status of other parts of the WFD that have not yet been transposed by Montenegrin legislation and estimated deadlines for their transposition.

Table 12-1: EU WFD Articles Being Transposed with Montenegrin legislation

EU WFD Equivalent Reference in LW /Amendments and Addenda Directive 2000/60/EC Article 1 Purpose Article 3 Article 2 Definitions Article 5 Meaning of terms Article 3 Coordination of Article 21 Water areas of the river basin administrative arrangements … Article 73 Goals of water protection in the sphere of environmental protection; Article 83c Artificially or strongly modified water body; Article Article 4 Environmental objectives 73a Conditions for setting less strict goals; Article 73c Deadlines; Article 83d Temporary aggravation of the water body status;, Article 83e Exception related to achieving goals; Article 83f Application of rules on exemptions Article 5 Article 83a Characteristics of the water area Characteristics of the river basin

district … Article 6 Register of protected Article 74a Areas of special water protection areas Article 7 Water used for Article 74a Paragraph 1 and 2 Areas of special water protection, Article 83 abstraction of drinking water Monitoring Article 8 Monitoring of Article 83 Monitoring groundwater status, … Article 9 Recovery of costs for Article 1 Paragraph 2 LW and LWMF water services Article 10 The combined approach Article 80a Combined access of control of concentrated and scattered for point and diffuse sources sources of water pollution Article 11 Programme of measures Article 32 Paragraph 1 , 2 and 3 Program of measures Article 12 Issues which cannot be Cannot be transposed dealt with at Member State level Article 24. Water management plan for international river basin; Article 24a; Article 13 River basin management Article 2, Item 1 Regulation on contents and method of water management plans plan development in the water area of the river basin or one part of the river basin (“OG”, no. 39/09) Article 14 Public information and Article 30 Paragraph 3 of the LW; Articles 30 and 31 of the LW consultation Article 24a Water management plan for international river basin Article 15 Reporting Article 83a Characteristics of the water area Article. 16 - 22 Cannot be transposed Article 23 Penalties Articles 164-167 of the LW Source: DLASLW

35 MSDT, Annual report on water supply, waste and wastewater management, implementation of priority activities in utility services with a proposal of priority utility infrastructure projects and recommended measures. 2015, p. 21.

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Table 12-2: EU WFD Articles Not Transposed with Montenegrin legislation and deadline

EU WFD Deadline Directive 2000/60/EC Article 24 Implementation III quarter 2021. ANNEX I Information required for the list of competent authorities non-transferable ANNEX II Surface waters, Groundwater III quarter 2021. ANNEX III Economic analysis III quarter 2021. ANNEX IV item 1, Protected areas III quarter 2021. ANNEX V, Status of surface and groundwater III quarter 2021. ANNEX VI, List of measures to be included within the programmes of measures III quarter 2021. ANNEX VII Part A River basin management plans III quarter 2021. ANNEX VII Part B III quarter 2021. ANNEX VIII, Indicative list of main pollutants III quarter 2021 ANNEX IX, Emission limit values and environmental quality standards III quarter 2021 ANNEX X, List of priority substances in the field of water policy III quarter 2021 ANNEX XI Eco regions 2021 Source: DLASLW Full compliance with the WFD will be achieved by the adoption of bylaw on water quality standards and criteria for determining the status of water (deadline: end of 2016), as well as by adoption of water management plans, and improvement of the monitoring system (2021), etc.

However, according to the Action plan for activities which are necessary for effective implementation of the requirements from Chapter 27 (environment and climate change) in the field of water quality all necessary measures will be implemented by 2020.36

The Directive 2007/60/EC on flood risk assessment and management has been partially transposed in the LW, LWMF and Law on Protection and Rescue. Harmonization will be continued through further amendments to the current LW (undergoing parliamentary procedure) and adoption of several implementation acts, including the Rule Book on Methodology of Flood Risk Area Classification (by the end of 2016).

Some elements of the Directive on Nitrates 91/676/EEC on water protection against nitrate pollution have been transposed through the LW and the Law on fertilisers (in total around 60%). Harmonization will be continued by further amendments of two laws. The Code of Good Agricultural Practice (2013) has been adopted. Harmonization with the subject directive has been planned to be completed by the end of 2016 and monitoring implemented by the end of 2021. Implementation of the Directive on nitrates has not been launched yet.

Full compliance with the Directive 2008/105/EC on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy, will be achieved by adopting the bylaw on water quality standards and criteria for determining the status of water (end of 2016).

Regarding the Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water for human consumption, it has been partially transposed, (assessed at 60%), by means of the Rule Book on Drinking Water Safety (“OG”, no. 24/12), the Law on Food Safety and the LW.

Harmonization with the Directive on groundwater 2006/118/EC is in the early stages. Establishment of the legal framework has been planned for the end of 2016 (bylaws), and 2021 (water management plans and monitoring).

Harmonization with the Directive 91/271/EEC on urban wastewater treatment has been launched. The goal is to reach full regulatory compliance by the end of 2016 (adoption bylaws) and 2021 (establish monitoring).

36 Water Management Strategy (Draft), December 2015, pp. 161-164.

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Only some elements of the Directive on bathing water quality 2006/7/EC have been transposed through the Regulation on Classification and Categorization of Surface and Groundwater and the LW. Crucial articles on public information, symbols, water profiles, water classification and monitoring have not been transposed yet. Plan is to reach full compliant with the Directive by the end of 2016.

Full compliance with Directive 2009/90/EC (technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status) will be achieved by adopting the by-law on the conditions to be met by a legal entity, which perform tests of water quality and of the technical specifications for chemical analysis and monitoring of water status (deadline: end of 2016).

Directive on sewage sludge 86/278/EEC has been almost completely transposed by means of the LWM and the Rule Book on detailed requirements to be met by urban sewerage sludge, quantities, size, frequency and methods of analysis of the urban sewerage sludge for permitted purposes and requirements to be met by the soil planned for application (“OG”, no. 89/09).

Directive on habitats 92/43/EEC has been largely transposed by means of the LNP and implementation acts. Further harmonization will be carried out by amendments to the LNP and by-laws (rule book). The total protected area had now expanded covering 9.05% of the country’s territory. Directive on Wild Birds 2009/147/EC has been largely transposed by means of the LNP and implementation acts. Full transposition may be expected by the end of 2015. A total of 13 areas of international significance for bird habitat, covering 10% of the territory, have been identified. Further research will be required to extend the network of areas important for birds.

Montenegro is a party to the relevant nature protection international treaties, including Bern Convention, Bonn Convention. World Cultural and Natural Heritage CITES Convention, Convention on Biological Diversity, UN Convention to Combat Desertification, etc.

The JV Consultant believes that full harmonisation of Montenegrin regulations with EU regulations will take around 20 years. The longest deadlines will be required for the application of the Directive 91/271/EEC on urban wastewater treatment.

12.13 International Agreements in the Field of WRM

12.13.1 International Multilateral Agreements Regarding international Multilateral Agreements, the following applies: a) Although not a member of the Framework Agreement on the Sava River Basin (FASRB), the status of Montenegro has been regulated by the Memorandum of Understanding between the ISRBC and Montenegro (December 9, 2014). Parties in the memorandum have agreed to “establish partnership aimed at achieving common strategic goals in water management in the Sava River basin“. b) Formal membership of Montenegro in the Convention on Co-operation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River started on October 28, 2008. Montenegro has observer status in Danube Commission (Convention regarding the regime of navigation on the Danube, 1948) c) Memorandum of Understanding between the State in Drim basin - Drin Declaration was signed in November 2011 by the Member of Drim basin (Montenegro, Albania, Macedonia, Greece and Kosovo). d) Montenegro is a member of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes and the amendments to Article 25 and 26 of the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (“OG–International Agreements”, no. 1/14). Montenegro is the member of the Convention on the Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses (“OG–International Agreements”, no. 6/13).

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e) However, Montenegro is not a member of the Protocol of Water and Health to the Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes. Montenegro is not a member of the Protocol on Civil Liability of the aforementioned international agreement, but one should bear in mind that this protocol has not entered into force yet. Also, Montenegro is not a member of Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (PRTR) Protocol of the Aarhus Convention (as per the succession, signatory status recognized in 2006). f) Montenegro is not member of the Pan-European Legal Instruments in the field of Inland Water Transport: Convention on Contract for Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway (CMNI, 2001); European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN, 1996); European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN, 2000).

12.13.2 Bilateral Agreements Montenegro has regulated certain issues of WRM with two neighbouring countries (Croatia and Albania). These are as follows:

• Agreement between Montenegro and Croatia on mutual relations in the field of water management (“OG”, no. 1/08) and • Agreement between the then Ministry of Tourism and Environmental Protection of Montenegro and the Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Management of Albania on protection and sustainable development of Skadar Lake, signed in 2008.

Agreements with the Republic of Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina do not exist for now.

It is estimated that nonexistence of agreements with all neighbouring countries complicates use of international waters, the consequence of which are difficulties in solving the issues of use and protection of common waters. More specifically, for years there exists the problem of the use of water in the Trebješnica River basin and its protection and, thus, the problem of fair allocation of hydropower potentials.

Article 12 of the Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of Montenegro and the Government of the Republic of Serbia in the EU accession context (“OG – International Agreements”, no 4/2014) stipulated that “parties in the agreement will also cooperate in other areas of common interest. Parties in the agreement encourage cooperation in regard to struggle against climate change and environmental protection, especially in the light of harmonization with EU acquis.”

12.13.3 Other Important International Agreements for Water Management and Protection Regarding other International Agreements, the following applies: a) The status of Montenegro in the environment sector for all important international multilateral agreements is regulated. This includes Ramsar Convention, Espoo Convention, SEA Protocol, Helsinki Conventions, Aarhus Convention, etc.). (See: Annex 12-3). b) Montenegro has signed bilateral agreements on environmental cooperation with some of the countries of the region: e.g. Croatia, Italy, and Romania. Montenegro has also signed several other bilateral agreements (with Croatia on tourism related cooperation, Bosnia and Herzegovina on cooperation in the sphere of veterinary, medicine, and with Bosnia and Herzegovina on border crossings for border transportation, etc.).

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 12-16 c) Cooperation in the field of protection against natural and other disasters has been regulated by bilateral agreements with Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Croatia, as well as with some other countries of the region (Italy, , Slovakia, Ukraine).

In March 2015, the Assembly of Montenegro adopted the Law on Ratification of the Agreement between Montenegro and the European Union on Montenegro’s Participation in the European Union Civil protection Mechanism (“OG – International Agreements”, no 3/15). The Law on Ratification of the Memorandum of Understanding about the Institutional Framework of the Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Initiative for South Eastern Europe is undergoing ratification procedure in the Assembly of Montenegro. d) Montenegro is a member of the Energy Community of the South Eastern Europe. Montenegro ratified Energy Charter Treaty (“OG – International Agreements”, no 9/15).

Agreement between Montenegro and Italy on construction of submarine electric power interconnection between the transmission networks of Montenegro and Italy with the implementation of the strategic partnership of Transmission System Operators (2010) is adopted in Parliament. e) As already mentioned, Montenegro has limited inland waterways transport. Montenegro is not a member of the Convention on the contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterways (CMNI), European Agreement on Main Inland Waterways of International Importance (AGN), and European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Inland Waterways (ADN). However, Montenegro is member of the Convention on the registration of inland navigation vessels (1965), Convention on the measurement of inland navigation vessels (1966), Convention relating to the unification of certain rules concerning collisions in inland navigation (1960) (succession).

12.14 Other Forms of International / Regional Cooperation - Euro regions Montenegro is actively involved in current models of regional cooperation, particularly models supported within the process of European integrations (See general remarks in the text about Serbia).

Municipalities from Montenegro (, , and Tivat) are involved in cooperation within the Adriatic Euro region founded in 2006, together with the regional and local authorities from Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Greece. One of the goals of the Euro region is environmental protection.

12.15 Strategic Documents

12.15.1 Strategic Documents in the Water Sector The LW envisaged preparation and adoption of the "national water management programs and plans" regarding defining strategic determinations in the sphere of water management (Articles 23-33). Amendments and Addenda to the LW stipulate adoption of the Water Management Strategy (Article 23) and the "Water Management Plan for the International River Basin” (Article 24a). The Draft Water management strategy (2016-2035) in February and March 2016 was in public debate 37 The strategy comprehensively define the key elements of national policy in the next twenty years.

Strategic Master Plan of Wastewater Management in Montenegro Coastal Area and the Municipality of Cetinje and strategic Master Plan of Wastewater Management in the Central and North regions of Montenegro were developed in 2005. Both strategic documents were financed by the European Agency for Reconstruction. The Strategy of Long-Term Water Supply in Montenegrin municipalities is currently under development and will help solve issues related to water supply improvements in individual municipalities.

37 http://www.gov.me/naslovna/vijesti-iz-ministarstava/158224/Odrzana-javna-rasprava-povodom-izrade-Nacrta-strategije- upravljanja-vodama.html (3.5.2016).

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12.15.2 Strategic Documents in Energy and Development Sector The Montenegro Energy Development Strategy by 2025 – White Paper, was the base for adoption of 2008 - 2012 Action Plan and Montenegro assumed responsibility for energy sector reforms in accordance with the Agreement on Energy Community. Republic of Montenegro Energy Efficiency Strategy has been also adopted– Final Report, Podgorica, 2005.

In July 2014, the Government of Montenegro adopted the Montenegro Energy Development Strategy by 2030 – White Paper along with the SEA and Public Hearing Report. In December 2014, the Government adopted also the National Action Plan of Renewable Energy Sources Use until 2020.

12.15.3 Other Strategic Documents of Importance for IWRM Provisions of several laws in the sphere of environmental protection and other relevant spheres envisaged adoption of strategic documents.

LWM has stated that waste management is exercised in accordance with the state and local waste management plans. The Montenegro State Waste Management Plan 2008 – 2012 was adopted by the Government. Validity of the document has been extended until the adoption of the State Waste Management Plan and the new Waste Management Strategy, setting different solutions in organization of waste management activities. Activities on preparation of the Draft Waste Management Strategy and State Waste Management Plan for 2014 – 2020, were launched in late October 2012 and are continuing. IWRM is also to certain extent impacted by determinations set in several other strategic documents, such as: the National Sustainable Development Strategy, National Strategy of Chemicals Management, National Air Quality Protection Strategy, National Biodiversity Strategy, Tourism Development Strategy, Plan for Creation of Environment for Rural Areas Development, Public Administration Reform Strategy, etc. (See: Annex 12-4).

12.16 Identification of Main Issues in the Field of Legal Framework in WRM Based on the assessment of the legal framework in Montenegro related to IWRM, the following major issues are apparent:

1. Series of new regulations in the field of IWRM, environmental protection, energy and other fields of importance for water management have been prepared and adopted. The issue of mutual compliance between individual regulations can be considered open, which is also, partially, connected with a different dynamic of harmonization of individual regulations with EU regulations. 2. For the purpose of further harmonization of the national regulations with EU regulations, the LASLW has been (Jule 2015). There has been a significant level of transposition of EU legislation into national legal systems. A continuation of these activities and the adoption of a number of subordinate legislation are planed. 3. The Draft Water Management Strategy of Montenegro (December 2015) has been prepared and adoption of this document is expected. Strategy defined, inter alia, the list of national strategic projects in the filed of waters. 4. Application of regulations is a special challenge connected with the institutional capacities, rule of law, state of the environment, etc. 5. Although water monitoring is undertaken, this is not harmonised with the WFD. 6. Delineation of surface and groundwater bodies for Montenegro has not been completed (except for Skadar Lake). 7. The 2001 Water Master Plan expired (in 2011) but is still applied. It is intended to adopt RBMPs compliant with the WFD by 2020. Adoption of the new strategic documents in other fields is planned. Mutual harmonization is likely to be a challenge. 8. Montenegro is actively involved in international cooperation within multilateral agreements. However, Montenegro is not a member of the Protocol of Water and Health to the Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes and to the PRTR Protocol of the Aarhus Convention.

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9. Montenegro is not a member of the FASRB. Notwithstanding, Montenegro has regulated relations with the Sava Commission by MoU (2013). Nevertheless, the question of membership of Montenegro in this Agreement remains open. 10. There are no bilateral agreements on cooperation in the field of IWRM with Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Serbia. However, it is estimated that there are needs for improving cooperation in the DRB. The barriers to cooperation are mainly financial.

12.17 Perspectives in Future Development of Regulations in Water Management Perspectives in the future development of regulations in water management are likely to be completely determined by the EU integration process. Generally, starting from the assessment of the European Commission that "very little progress has been during the last years“, transposition of the major share of acquis ... is expected in 2016-2017.“ This "postpones implementation and setting of the overall water policy framework by 2030.“

A significant level of transposition of EU legislation has been achieved by the Amendments to the Law on Water adopted in July 2015. It is planned to adopt a large number of by-laws and carry out a number of different activities.38 It is expected that the regulations of Montenegro are fully harmonized with the Water Framework Directive and other EU relevant legislation by the end 2021.

In February 2015, the Government adopted the Program of Montenegro Accession to the European Union for 2015 – 2018 setting the dynamics and contents of reforms in the water management sector. The plan of harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations has been precisely defined. Adoption of several new laws and by-laws has been planned. Drafting and adoption of the Draft Law on Drinking Water has been planned for IV quarter 2015. Amendments to existing or adoption of new legislation have been planned, to include: LE, LWM, LNP, Law on National Parks, Law on Energy, Law on Climate Changes, Law on Carbon Dioxide Collection and Disposal, Law on Industrial Emissions, Law on Hazardous Load Transport, Law on Biocides, etc.

Among the strategic documents planned for adoption, the most significant ones are the Water Management Strategy, National Waste Management Strategy, and 2030 Montenegro Energy Development Strategy. Adoption of 2014 - 2020 National Renewable Energy Sources Action Plan has been also planned.

The Draft Water Management Strategy (for a period of twenty years) has been prepared and the document was at a public hearing in February and March 2016. The aim of the Water Management Strategy is to achieve a uniform and fully harmonized water regime in the territory of Montenegro, on each of its two river basins - the Adriatic and the Danube.

For the good functioning and development of the water sector over the next twenty years it is necessary to provide funds in the amount of 1,145 billion €. Most of the funds ie. 43% is necessary to provide for the infrastructure, ie. for the construction of sewerage systems.39

Additionally, adoption of several other strategic documents in the field of environmental protection or of significance for water management has been planned, to include the following:

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2015-2020, National Chemicals Management Strategy and 2015-2018 Action Plan, National Emergency Management Strategy, Radon Strategy, Strategy of Protection Against Ionizing Radiation, Radiation Safety and Radioactive Waste Management (as of 2016), etc. Finally adoption of the Law on Ratification of the Agreement on the Energy Charter has been also planned.

38 Water Management Strategy (Draft), December 2015, pp. 157-164. 39 Water Management Strategy (Draft), December 2015, p. 150.

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12.18 Recommendations Based on the assessment of the legal framework in Montenegro related to IWRM, the following recommendations can be provided:

1. Further harmonization of the water regulations with EU regulations, i.e. adoption of the relevant bylaws with the stakeholders’ participation; 2. Adoption of the Strategy on water management and River Basin Management Plans/Basin Area; 3. Development of the National Environmental Approximation Strategy (Strategy for Harmonization of the Environmental Regulations); 4. Modification of the procedure of harmonization with EU regulations in part which refers to the “regulatory impact assessment”, transparency of procedures and public participation, with goal to provide conditions for realistic observation of social and economic potentials to accept responsibilities stated in EU regulations; 5. Development of the Montenegro National Strategy of sustainable Development (2016-2020); 6. Harmonization of the LWM with EU regulations; 7. Adoption of 2030 Montenegro Waste Management Strategy, finalization and adoption of 2015 - 2020 State Waste Management Plan; 8. Strengthening the mechanisms of law enforcement; 9. Analysis of the legal aspects of coordination (vertical and horizontal) in the field of IWRM with proposals for amendments to existing regulations; 10. Full delineation of water bodies in Montenegro; 11. Develop addenda to and improve the Water Monitoring Program in accordance with the recommendations and guidelines of the Framework Water Directive; 12. Setting the Water Information System (legal aspect); 13. Adoption of the new Law on Utility Services and improvement of the legislative framework in the field of utility services; 14. Regulate municipal waste management sphere by means of a separate law; 15. Setting the cadastre of pollution sources (legal aspect); 16. Setting the waste disposal control system (legal aspect); 17. Strengthening legal and institutional links with the FASRB; 18. Ratification of the Protocol of Water and Health to the Helsinki Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes and PRTR Protocol to the Aarhus Convention; 19. Ratification of the FASRB; 20. Consultation between relevant stakeholders in Montenegro with the aim to assess and harmonise attitudes on needs and forms of possible trilateral cooperation in the DRB

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13 Institutional Assessment of Water Management Sector This chapter provides an assessment of the institutional capacity within the water sector in Montenegro. It responds to the specific task within the TOR by providing a description of the institutional framework, the roles and responsibilities of the main institutions in water management (also covering energy), which includes an inventory of the human resources available (number, education and gender structure). The chapter goes onto describe the core institutional issues for water management in the DRB as well as an indication of how this institutional framework will evolve and interact with the Basin management in the future.

13.1 Introduction The present analysis also included the use of data obtained from the "Institution Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire" completed by the main WRM entities (public administration institutions) during March and April 2015. The Questionnaire was sent to eight institutions, while four institutions responded with replies to almost all questions (See Table 13-1 below). The questionnaire included five groups of questions related to: organization, training and capacity building, monitoring, cooperation (in the country and with the countries of the DRB), harmonization and application of regulations. A significant number of relevant information that could not have been presented within the present report is contained in the annexes to the present report.40

Table 13-1: Institutional Capacity Evaluation Questionnaire responses - Montenegro

Ref. Quest. Questionnaire set out to Comments No sent back “Questionnaire” received on 16.05.2015. 1 Ministry of agriculture and rural development Yes The Quest. was almost completely filled out. Institute of Hydro-Meteorology and Seismology of “Questionnaire” received on 20.05.2015. 2 Montenegro Yes The Quest. was not completely filled out.

3 Environmental Protection Agency No Ministry for sustainable development and tourism- 4 Directorate for environment and climate changes No

5 Ministry of economy No “Questionnaire” received on 18.05.2015. 6 Elektroprivreda CG Yes The Quest. was not completely filled out. 3-Yes TOTAL 3-No

The Questionnaire was sent to 6 institutions, while 3 institutions sent it back. MARD gave good responses to almost all questions.

13.2 Identification of the Water Management System Entities The Law on Water (LW) (“OG” 27/07, 32/11) prescribes the main objectives for sustainable water protection and water management in Montenegro as well as the terms and conditions for implementation of water management activities. The law points to an IWRM approach based on river basins; regulating water ownership, water management planning, water regulation and use, water infrastructure, monitoring and protection from floods and erosion.

The following Figure 13-1 shows the interrelationship of the different stakeholders in the field of water management at the national, region and local levels.

40 As estimated, data collection by means of questionnaire is useful but it also carries certain deficiencies. It is difficult to ensure availability and interest among system institutions. Conceptually, it is required to limit the questionnaire to a minimum number of data, i.e. define the term “institutional capacity”, identify the number and relevance of individual institutions versus the system as a whole, etc. Discussion with stakeholders on the basis of data from the first version of analysis should contribute to accurate definition of the situation and further activities.

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Legend: MMARD-Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; WD-Water Directorate; WMA- Water Management Administration; MSDT- Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism; ED-Environmental Directorate; WM&CDD-Waste Management and Communal Development Directorate; CCD-Climate Change Directorate; MH-Ministry of Health; PHI-Public Health Institute; MI-Ministry of Interior; DES-Directorate of Emergency Services; ME-Ministry of economy; ERA-Energy Regulatory Agency; SO-Standardization Office; AB-Accreditation Body; MTMA- Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs; MSMA-Maritime Safety Management Administration; PMA-Port Management Administration; MF- Ministry of Finance; PD-Property Department; MFAEI-Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration; MC-Ministry of Culture; DCHP- Department of Cultural Heritage Protection; NCSDCC-National Council of Sustainable Development and Climate Change; EPA-Environmental Protection Agency; IHMS-Institute of Hydro-Meteorology and Seismology; LSGU-Local Self-Government Units; PUC-Public Utility Companies; CP-Communal Police Figure 13-1: Organisation of the Water Sector in Montenegro

13.3 Public Administration Institutions The responsibility, organization and capacities of the public administration institutions are regulated by legal provisions and by the needs associated with economic and social transition to the ultimate goal of joining the EU. The public administration institutions are grouped as follows:

1. Institutions directly responsible for water management and environmental protection, 2. Institutions responsible for activities from the sphere of energy, 3. Institutions in other areas of WRM, 4. Institutions responsible for harmonization of the national regulations with EU regulations, 5. Local government.

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The most important public administration institutions in charge of WRM in Montenegro are as follows:

Group I - Water resources management and environmental protection • Water Council • National Council for Sustainable Development and Climate Changes Ministries • Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (Water Directorate) • Water Management Administration • Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism (Environmental Directorate, Waste Management and Communal Development Directorate, Climate Change Directorate, • Ministry of Health • The Public Health Institute • Ministry of Interior (Directorate of Emergency Services) • Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Affairs (Maritime Safety Management Authority, Port Management Authority) Agencies, Institutions and Independent administrative bodies • Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro • Institute of Hydro-Meteorology and Seismology of Montenegro • Administration for Inspection Affairs • Centre for Eco-toxicological research of MNE

Group II - Energy • Ministry of Economy • Energy Regulatory Agency – Montenegro

Group III - Institutions in other areas relevant to the water resources management • Ministry of Finance (Department of Property) • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration • Port Management Administration (within Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Affairs) • Maritime Safety Management Administration (within Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Affairs) • Statistics Office (MONSTAT) • Standardization Office (Ministry of Economy), • Accreditation Body of Montenegro (Ministry of Economy) • Legislation Secretariat (within Government of MNE) • Department of Cultural Heritage Protection (Ministry of Culture), • Scientific institutions, etc.

Group IV - Harmonization of the National Regulations with EU Regulations • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration • Ministries (MARD, MSDT, MH, MTMA, etc.) • Other authorities and services of the Montenegrin Government (including Legislation Secretariat) • Certain Parliament bodies, etc.

Group V - Local Self Government Units • Local Self Government Units • Personnel Department • Ministry of Interior(Segment related to local government) • Communal Police • Public Utility Companies • Union of Municipalities of Montenegro

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13.3.1 Water resources management and environmental protection Capacities The Group I institutional capacities are shown in Table 13-2 below.

Table 13-2: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in institutions

No of No of Institution Actual No of Measure Systematized Systematized Comments Name Employees date Job Titles Employees 18.12.2013-for 60 civil servants systematization; MARD 19441 6 public 143 Sep. 2013.-for Actual No functionaries of employees MARD- Water Directorate 7 842 --- 18.12.2013. MARD, Veterinary administration, Fito sanitary administration, Water Management Administration , Forest 221 66843 --- 18.12.2013. Management Administration and Tobacco Agency Water Management Administration 13 13 --- 18.12.2013.

MSDT 149 --- June 2013 169 MSDT & Directorate for public works 183 207 --- June 2013 MSDT-Directorate for Environment 20 --- June 2013 and Climate changes Directorate MSDT-Directorate for waste management and communal 7 ------June 2013 development MTMA 109 131 ---- Apr 2013 MTMA with authorities in 173 223 --- Apr 2013 composition EPA 70 88 --- 20.05.2013. 06.06.2013.for Data taken from systematization; “Questionnaire” IHMS 135 --- 117 20.05.2015 – Actual No of employees. 286 (245 inspectors; 2 inspectors in Dec 2014.-for Inspection for systematization Administration for Inspection Affairs 263 374 waters; 7 inspectors End of 2014 for Actual in ecology No of employees inspection Centre for Eco toxicological research 25.05.2015. (data taken from ------61 of MNE CETI web site) Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

Data on total number of staff members for majority of aforementioned institutions were not available at official web sites of the institutions.44

Among analysed institutions data were available for, the most of employees has the Administration for Inspection Affairs with 286 staff members, out of whom 245 are inspectors. Water Inspection has 2 inspectors, while the Environmental inspectorate has 7 inspectors. The second in terms of the number of employees is the IHMS with 117 employees. The third is MARD with 60 civil servants and 6 public officials. See Annex 13-2.

41 254 - according to the Rulebook on internal organization and systematization of the MARD, 21 January 2016. 42 10 - according to the Rulebook on internal organization and systematization of the MARD, 21 January 2016. 43 758 - according to the Rulebook on internal organization and systematization of the MARD, 21 January 2016. 44 Generally, it is estimated that in the water sector - 35% of the total number of required engineering staff are hydro engineers, about 65% are other civil engineers, mechanical, and electrical engineers, technologists and others. The Water Management Strategy of Montenegro (draft), December 2015, p. 165.

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Table 13-3: Education, age gender of employees in Montenegrin institutions (WRM and Environmental Protection)

Higher Secondary Average Institution Name PhD Master Bachelor School/ Sch /or Age Male Female Comments College lower (years) MARD (Water Source: Directorate, incl. WM --- 10% 90% __ 10% 45 50% 50% “Questionnaire” Administration Around Source: IHMS MNE 1% 5% 30% 10% 55% 47 53% 47% “Questionnaire” Source: CETI web CETI MNE ------44% 56% site

Data on education, age and gender structure were not available for many institutions. Staff education structure could not be found on CETI official web page.

IHMS is the institution employing 1% of the employees with doctoral degrees, while other institutions data were available for have no employees with doctoral degrees. The most of employees with master degrees is in MARD (10%), then in IHMS (5%). The most of employees with bachelor degree is in MARD, 90%, the next is IHMS with 30%.

IHMS also has 10% of employees with associate degrees and 55% of employees with high school, while MARD has 10% of employees with high school.

Average staff age in subject institutions is 46, pointing to the need to employ younger qualified personnel. Women slightly outnumber men in subject institutions of Montenegro. MARD has equal number of men and women.

Table 13-4: General Assessment of capacities of the MARD and IHMS

Instit. Assessment Main institutional problem MARD More staff is required for the authority to be in position to exercise its responsibility. This is particularly applicable in case of the Water Management There are problems in coordination with other Administration, as well as Water Directorate. Staff educated in civil entities of the system (no information exchange, engineering, economy and law are required. no overview of existing projects leading to frequent overlapping of activities, lack of As regards to equipment to be procured to strengthen capacities, it is education often leads people to interfere with estimated that the first priority is a software package for high quality water activities they are not competent for). Main management (example, WEAP). Relevant computer equipment with modelling, problems related to water monitoring are and in later stages management (example, MIKE SHE, MODFLOW), software insufficient monitoring stations, lack of biological packages should be procured in the next three years, as well as for the long- monitoring, poor subsurface water monitoring. term purposes. It is believed that strengthening Ministry’s capacities would not require amendments to current regulations or adopting new legislation, but it should be noted that clear coordination is required. Main priorities of MARD in the following 10 and 20

years in terms of advancements in WRM in the

MARD has staff training plan and various trainings are implemented on annual DRB are development of the DRB Management basis by the Department of Human Resources. It is believed that water Plan, and establishing organizational unit in charge resources management trainings should be organized for staff members of monitoring and managing subject area. The (utilization and new opportunities for water resources harnessing aimed at biggest barriers in the DRB water management are achieving sustainability). It is also required to implement project writing insufficient staff, lack of data, inadequate trainings in the sphere of water resources for the purpose of transforming information or public participation and lack of these two important components (water resources related trainings and project writing trainings) into u strong support for wining future projects and funds. Secondly, there is also low political priority their implementation in Montenegro. Topics to be covered are water supply, or unpredictable international support. Thirdly, vulnerability, hazards, and pressures on subsurface and surface waters. there is also inadequate coordination between the Ministry and other state level authorities, as well as between the central and local level. IHMS Estimates say that no additional staff is required for the office to be in position Main current institutional issue of IHMS is staffing. to exercise its responsibilities, but it is considered that operational services The following three years will require installing should be strengthened with staff educated in hydrology and meteorology. equipment on the station network and required IHMS has no staff training plan. Trainings are organized sporadically within software, as well as education of the existing staff.

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Instit. Assessment Main institutional problem specific projects or as per public administration requirements. Modern Long-term issue of IHMS is preparation of the equipment and methods related trainings are required. Topics to be covered in strategic development plan and provision of trainings are hydro-metering, hydrological and hydraulic models and using the stipends for future staff members. products of meteorological radars. IHMS is mainly financed by the state budget and to Capacity strengthening in IHMS requires procurement of cableways for river lesser extent from commercial operations and bridging and Doppler system for discharge measurements. Following three international projects. IHMS has no statistics of years should be discussed on fitting the equipment for the entire hydrological the number of permits, approvals or opinions station network according to the existing Master Plan, and long-term tasks are issued during 2010-2014 period. It is estimated related to creation of conditions for full implementation of WMO standards that at least one such document is issued daily. and Framework Water Directive The biggest barrier in the DRB water management in IHMS is, firstly, lack of data, secondly, Main priorities in the following 10 and 20 years in terms of advancements in inadequate coordination between the central and WRM in the DRB are related to strengthening technical skills, i.e. IHMS staff local levels and thirdly, lack of funds. Other should have adequate education required for the jobs they exercise, which is barriers are unclear jurisdictions. not always the case now. Other priorities are introduction of the basin management standards and installing the required monitoring network in the IHMS capacity strengthening requires basin. amendments/adoption of: a) regulations related to responsibilities in the water sector in MEN, in terms of a clear demarcation of institutional jurisdictions; b) regulations clearly defining staffing and financial requirements of water strategy implementation; c) regulations in the field of licensing hydrological and meteorological activities. Sources: MARD and IHMS “Institution Capacity Evaluation Questionnaires”

Responsibility and Organization Ministries Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) MARD is the principle body responsible for development of water policy in Montenegro. Among other, the Ministry exercises activities related to development water management policy; systemic solutions of provision and use of water, water land and water sources for water supply, water protection against pollution, water and waterway development and protection against harmful effects of water; systemic and other incentives aimed at improvement in the subject sphere; Relevant record keeping; international cooperation within jurisdiction of the ministry; harmonization of domestic regulations from the ministry's scope of responsibilities with the legal system of the European Union, etc.

MARD comprises 12 units (see Annex 13-1 and Annex 13-2, Figure 1: Organizational structure of MARD), with the Water Directorate (WD) being of relevance for this assessment. The WD is further divided into two narrower units; the Programming and Development unit and the Water Management Monitoring unit. Administrative responsibility within MARD concerning water falls under the Water Management Administration.

Main current institutional issues dealt with by the MARD are harmonization of the national legislation with EU legislation. Priorities for the following three years will be related to implementation of directives, while the long-term plan is focused on implementation and high quality implementation of legislation.

Water Management Administration (WMA) WMA has been established as per Article 20, Paragraph 1 of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, as one of five authorities of the MARD. One of the MARD responsibilities is supervision legality of work and administrative acts of WMA (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 51, Paragraph 1, Item 9).

Water Management Administration exercises activities related to: provisions and implementation of measures and works of water and waterway development, protection against adverse water effects and protection against water pollution; providing use of water, waterway materials, water land and state owned

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-7 water faculties, through concessions, lease and similar; water facility management for the purpose of protection against adverse water effects; issuing water documents; setting water charges; creating and operating water information system, water cadastre, water registry; setting the boundaries of the water assets and setting the status of the public water asset; cooperation with relevant international organizations and institutions in line with relevant responsibilities; as well as other activities within its responsibility (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 20, Paragraph 5).

Ministry of Sustainable Development and Tourism (MSDT) MSDT has been established on the basis of Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 12 of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities. The Ministry exercises activities, among other, related to sustainable development and environmental protection, some of which are: sustainable development; implementation of sustainable development programs and projects; provision of technical, organizational and administrative support to the National Sustainable Development Council; spatial and environmental strategic planning; system of integrated environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural resources; integrated pollution prevention and control; wastewater management; coordination of the regional water supply systems; hydro graphic activities; developing environmental protection standards; monitoring environmental conditions; cooperation with the international financial institutions and EU funds in implementation of environmental protection and utility services projects; cooperation with NGOs; harmonization of regulations under the Ministry’s jurisdiction with EU acquis; and other activities under the Ministry’s jurisdiction (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 21, Paragraph 1).

MSDT exercises supervision of legality of work and legality of administrative acts of the IHMS, Public Works Directorate and EPA (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 51, Paragraph 1, Item 10).

Organization MSDT activities have been organized in 7 core organizational units – directorates, 6 departments, office of the minister and general service. Two directorates are in charge of the environmental protection issues: Directorate of Environment and Climate Change and Directorate of Waste Management and Utility Services Development and one department is in charge of sustainable development issues – Department of Support to the National Sustainable Development Council. (See Annex 13-2, Figure 2: Organizational structure of the MSDT). Administrative authority within MSDT is the Public Works Directorate (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 22, Paragraph 1).45

Public Health Institute (PHI) PHI has been organized on the basis of the Decision on Organization of the PHI of Montenegro (“OG” no. 79/04) (See: Statute of the health care institution PHI, Podgorica, 25/03/2005). Institute is highly specialized health care institution of the tertiary health care focused on preserving and improving citizens’ health. Exercising the activities, the Institute, among other, conducts the following: recommends and implements hygienic control measures related to drinking water, surface and waste waters; monitors, analyses and evaluates environment quality impacts (air, soil and noise) on population health; participates in preventive supervision of designing and construction of civil engineering and other facilities and in designing of spatial and urban plans from the perspective of protection and improvement of environment, working environment and citizens health; prepares and issues the "Statistical Yearbook ", newsletters and other publications.

The Law on Records in Health Care (“OG of FRY”, no. 12/98 and 37/02) has prescribed the “Records of the Conditions and Measures of Human Environment Protection and Improvement” and “Records of Health Safety of Provisions and Objects of General Use”. Aforementioned records include data on the sources of pollution, cause and place of pollution, type and quantity of noxious substances, level of pollution,

45 In December 2013, a new session of the National Council for Sustainable Development and Climate Change was constituted. Council is chaired by Filip Vujanovic, President of Montenegro. Within MSDT It was established Department for support to the National Council for Sustainable Development.

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Organization The following Centres have been organized within the Institute: 1) Centre of Health System Development; 2) Centre of Health Promotion; 3) Centre of Disease Control and Prevention; 4) Centre of Health Ecology; 5) Centre of Medical Microbiology; 6) Centre of Science. See organizational structure of PHI: http://www.ijzcg.me/centri/organizaciona-sema/, date: 25/05/2015).

The Ministry of the Interior (Directorate for Emergency Services) is responsible for risk management and emergency situations response, including in the event of floods.

The Ministry of Transport and Maritime Affairs (Maritime Safety Authority; Port Authority); although not really relevant for the DRB; performs administrative tasks related to maritime traffic and safety, for instance the protection of merchant ships and ports, the prevention of and emergency in the event of sea pollution, and the control of dangerous goods transportation in maritime and inland navigation (see Annex 13-2, Figure 7: Organizational Structure of MTMA).

Agencies, institutions and independent administration bodies Environmental Protection Agency of Montenegro (EPA) EPA has been established on the basis of Article 45, Paragraph 1 of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities. Agency goals are as follows: protection and improvement of natural environment in MNE for present and future generations, as a basic principle of sustainable development; transparent and accountable implementation of laws, regulations and policies in the sphere of environmental protection; provision of reliable and timely information to public, national and international entities and organizations about environmental conditions in MNE.

The Agency exercises technical and associated administrative activities in the sphere of environmental protection, as follows: environmental monitoring; analyses and reports development; permitting; communication with relevant domestic and international entities, organizations and public; exercises other activities set by the Law on Environmental Protection (“OG” No. 12/96, 55/00 and 48/08) and special regulations. The Agency cooperates with the international entities and organizations from other countries in charge of environmental protection, especially the European Environment Agency, International Atomic Energy Agency, participates in professional networks within the European Union, as well as with similar agencies from other countries.

Organization Internal organizational units of the EPA of Montenegro: Sector of Nature Protection, Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting; Permitting Sector; Sector of Communication and Information System Maintenance; Department of Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and Radiation Safety; Department of Application and Monitoring Arhus Convention - Arhus Centre Podgorica; Department of Chemicals Management; General, Legal and Financial Service (Rule Boon on Internal Organization and Job Systematization of the EPA, Article 2, Paragraph 1). (See Annex 13-2, Figure 3: Organizational Structure of EPA).

Institute of Hydro-Meteorology and Seismology of Montenegro (IHMS) IHMS has been established according to Article 36, Paragraph 1, Item 2 of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities. IHMS, as the public administration authority, has been established to exercise technical and associated administrative activities by means of applying scientific methods and knowledge, in charge of all physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere and hydrosphere, i.e. hydrological and meteorological activities in the broadest sense (Operational Report, IHMS of Montenegro, 2014, p. 2). Analytical data on environmental conditions is published in the Annual Reports, archived and delivered in suitable form to the line Ministry and other interested users.

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Principal assignments of the hydro-meteorological and seismologic service of Montenegro have been defined by the Law on Hydro-Meteorological Activities (“OG” No.26/10) and the Law on Hydrographic Activity (“OG” No. 26/10,30/12 ), as well as the Regulation on Organization and Operation of the Public Administration (“OG” No. 5/12 and 25/12, Article 38), as activities related to: observation and measurement of hydrological and ecological parameters; development of studies, surveys, analyses and information on climate, air conditions, surface and subsurface waters and coastal sea; forecasting and data provision in the sphere of meteorology, hydrology and ecology; establishing information system with the database of climatological, hydrological and ecological research, creating and maintenance of hydrological stations for water, air and soil conditions monitoring; Establishing and maintaining the cadastre of polluters of water and air, sources, wellsprings and water facilities; sampling deposits in waterways; control and evaluation of the quality of surface and subsurface waters, rainfall, air and soil based on the analysis of physical-chemical, biochemical and radiological parameters; provision of data, information and study for water management purposes; international responsibilities in the sphere of hydrology, water control and other activities under office’s responsibility (Operational Report, IHMS, 2014, p. 3 and 4). Office cooperates with the national meteorological, hydro-meteorological and seismological services of other countries and international organizations in the sphere of meteorology. Hydrology, seismology and environment control, hydro-meteorological services from the regions, as well as with relevant public authorities and organization in Montenegro (Operational Report, IHMS, 2014, p. 5).

Organization IHMS has been established as an independent public authority organized in: 1. Sector of Weather Forecast and Meteorological Monitoring; 2. Sector of Meteorology; 3. Sector of Hydrology; 4. Sector of Water and Air Quality Testing; 5. Sector of Seismology; 6. Sector of Hydrography and Oceanography; Sector operations are supported by; 7. Department for Information and International Cooperation; 8. Department of Meteorological and Seismological Information System and Maintenance; 9. General and Finance Affairs Service. Activities of the subject organizational units include observation, testing, analysis and information on almost all components of environment, focusing on air and hydrosphere (Operational Report, IHMS, 2014, p. 2). See Annex 13-2, Figure 4: Organizational Structure of IHMS MNE.

Administration for Inspection Affairs (AIA) According to the Article 28, Paragraph 1, Item 5, of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, AIA has been established as the independent administrative authority.

Up until 2012, water inspection was traditionally performed by MARD, while sanitary inspection was with MH. However, in 2012, all inspections were brought under a single administrative body: the Administration for Inspection Affairs (AIA), which is an independent administrative body.

AIA exercises inspection oversight related to numerous fields, some of which are as follows: inspection oversight in the sphere of: energy efficiency, meteorology, ecology, water management, forestry, genetically modified organisms, drafting laws, other regulations, strategic and planning documents as regards to regulation of inspection oversight affairs; monitoring conditions in oversight areas; reporting; cooperation with public authorities, other state authorities, local governments, international organizations and institutions and authorities from other counties in charge of inspection oversight and other activities under its responsibility (Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, Article 33, Paragraph 1). Depending on the subject of oversight, Water Management and Environmental Inspections, i.e. local communal inspection and communal police, are responsible for inspection oversight activities in the sphere of water supply and wastewater management. Organization Organizational units of the AIA are as follows: 1. Sector of Market and Economic Protection, Games of Chance and Public Procurements; 2. Sector of Human Health, Animal, Plant and Forest Safety Protection; 3. Sector of Environmental and Spatial Protection; 4. Sector for Protection of Public Interest Activities 5. Sector for monitoring the implementation of regulations in the field of inspection supervision, international

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-10 cooperation and human resources; 6. Department of Internal Audit; 7. General Affairs and Financial Service. (See Annex 13-2, Figure 5: Organizational Structure of the Administration for Inspection Affairs).

Sector of Environmental Protection exercises activities related to: inspection oversight of application of laws and other regulations in several spheres, some of which are: ecology and water management; preparation of analysis, reports and information from the scope of work of the sector, international, regional cooperation and cooperation with other authorities, as well as other activities.

Sector of Environmental Protection has seven sectors two of which are in charge of the environmental protection; they are Environmental Inspection Division and Water Management Inspection Division.

Centre of Eco-toxicological Research of Montenegro (CETR) CETR has been established to perform the environment quality control, and as a reference institution for control of food and other products and diagnostics of toxicants. CETR was established by the Decision of the Government of Montenegro of 20 December 1996 (“OG”, No. 40/96) to exercise activities of public interest. CETR exercises Eco toxicological research of all segments of environment, wastewaters, drinking water, soil, sediments, sea, noise and vibration research in working environment and living environment, waste categorization, etc.

Organization Principal segment of the Centre is the Laboratory of Eco-toxicological Research and Radiation Protection, and the Department of Work Safety and Health (in addition to the Department of Economic, Legal and General Affairs). There are four divisions in the Laboratory of Eco toxicological Research and Radiation Protection: Division of Non-Organic Analytics, Division of Organic Analytics, Division of Air Analysis and Working Environment and Division of Radiation Protection. There is also the Sample Reception and Storage Service. (See Annex 13-2, Figure 6: Macro Organizational Structure of CETR).

13.3.2 Energy Sector Capacities

Table 13-5: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in energy sector in Montenegrin institutions

No of No of Actual No of Institution Name Systematized Systematized Measure date Comments Employees Job Titles Employees II Energy Sector June 2013 for Ministry of Economy & Directorate systematization; for development of small and 129 138 108 II quarter 2013 for Actual medium Enterprises No of employees Ministry of Economy, Institute of Metrology, Standardization Institute, Institute for Geological Research, ------248 II quarter 2014 Agency for Protection of Competition, Accreditation Body of Montenegro and Institute for Intellectual Property Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

Data on job systematization were not available. Total of 248 staff members are employed in the Ministry of Economy, Institute of Metrology, Standardization Institute, Institute for Geological Research, Agency for Protection of Competition, Accreditation Body of Montenegro and Institute for Intellectual Property. Ministry of Economy and Directorate of Development of Small and Medium Enterprises have 108 employees in total, although 138 positions were systematized.

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Responsibility and Organization The most important stakeholders in the field of Energy are:

• Ministry of Economy • Energy Regulatory Agency of Montenegro

Ministry of Economy (ME) ME has been established on the basis of Article 2, Paragraph 1, Item 9 of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities. According to Article 15 the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, ME exercises activities, among other, related to: industrial production in the following sectors and subsectors: electric power generation and gas production, rock and ore mining (harnessing energy resources, harnessing other resources and materials); energy policy; implementation of policy and coordination of project implementation in the sphere of energy efficiency, exercising technical and administrative activities in the sphere of energy efficiency, setting the directions and dynamics of energy development; preparation of the energy balance of Montenegro; concession system and concession awarding in line with the ministry’s responsibilities; geological research, etc.

Organization ME has been organized in nine directorates. Energy Directorate and Energy Efficiency Directorate exercise activities of energy and energy efficiency. See Annex 13-2, Figure 8: Organizational Structure of ME

Energy Regulatory Agency –Montenegro (ERA) Agency has been established in 2004 in accordance with the Law on Energy, as an independent, non-profit organization, autonomous from the public authorities and energy entities, with public authority in the field of energy (Article 24). Article 37 of the Law on Energy has defined the scope of work, right and responsibilities of the Agency (licensing energy activities, issuing guarantees for the origin of electric power generation from the renewable energy sources, approval of the methodology related to price, deadline and requirements setting for connection to transmission and distribution systems, etc.) (See Annex 13-2, Figure 9: Organizational Structure of ERA-Montenegro).

13.3.3 Institutions in other areas relevant for water resources management Certain responsibilities related to WRM (see Annex 13-1) are located in other Montenegrin authorities and organizations, such as:

• Property Department (Ministry of Finance) (Article 9, Paragraph 6 of the Regulation) • Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration (Article 10 of the Regulation) • Port Management Administration (within Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Affairs) • Maritime Safety Management Administration (within Ministry of Transportation and Maritime Affairs) • Statistics Office (MONSTAT) (Article 37 of the Regulation) • Standardization Office (Ministry of Economy), • Accreditation Body of Montenegro (Ministry of Economy) • Personnel Department (Article 29 of the Regulation) • Legislation Secretariat (within Government of MNE) • Department of Cultural heritage Protection (Ministry of Culture) • Scientific Institutions, etc.

13.3.4 Harmonization of the National Regulations with EU Regulations Responsibility for harmonization of the national regulations with EU regulations has been set in provisions of the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities (“OG” no. 05/12, 25/12, 61/12, 20/13) as well as in regulations in certain areas to which harmonization applies. According to the provisions of Article 10 of the Regulation, ministries are in charge of „harmonization of domestic regulations from own

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-12 scope of work with the legal system of the European Union“: MARD, MSDT, MH, MTMA, etc. Coordination of harmonization of domestic regulations with the legal system of the European Union, as well as certifying forms and tables of regulatory compliance with the European Union regulations and other activities are under responsibility of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Complexity of the process of harmonization of the national regulations with EU regulations, as a part of legislative procedure, is also indicated in the prescribed responsibility to exercise activities in the subject sphere by other authorities and services of the Government (including Legislation Secretariat), certain Parliament bodies, etc.

13.3.5 Local Self-Government Units a) Jurisdiction of the local government has been regulated by the Constitution of Montenegro, Law on Local Government “OG” no. 42/2003, 28/2004, 75/2005, 13/2006 and “OG” no. 88/2009, 3/2010 38/2012 and 10/2014, (see Article 62 of the Law 57/2014, Article 32, Paragraph 1, Item 10) and other regulations. The Municipality, in accordance with the law and other regulation, shall regulate and provide conditions for management of water, water land and water buildings which have local importance; take care of their protection and use; issue water acts and keep prescribed registers; determine eroding areas, anti-eroding measures and carry protection against erosions and torrents; regulate and provide other affairs related to the sector of management, use and protection of water and water supply.

Applicable LW has prescribed local government jurisdictions by means of the provisions of the following article: 1, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 33, 42, 45, 46, 48, 55, 56, 68, 71, 78-82, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106-8, 110-12, 115, 117-121, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 136, 144,149-55, 158, 161,168, 174.

The Law on Local Government Financing (“OG” No. 1/2015) regulates the sources of financing, financial settlement and use of conditional grants, as well as financing of original responsibilities of the local government as set by the Constitution, laws and other regulations. Several international institutions have been engaged in local government capacity strengthening (first of all in staff training): EU (IPA), UNDP and OEBS.

In addition to the applicable Law on Utility Services (1995), utility services are regulated by a series of other regulations (regulations on water management, waste management, roads, exercising other activities of general interest, on the assets owned by Montenegro, on the Capital City, energy, concessions, trade, public procurements and other). b) At the Republic level, Local government is under jurisdiction of the Ministry of Interior. According to the Regulation on Organization and Operation of Public Authorities, subject authority exercises administrative activities related to, among other, local organization method of organization, their territorial distribution and regulations related to the local government. c) Personnel Department is the most important for human resources management in municipalities (because of the responsibility over strategic planning and active role in organizing trainings for municipal servants). National Council for Trainings in Local Governments has been jointly established by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Personnel Department and Association of Municipalities. The Council monitors the training strategy implementation. The Council has no executive authorities and, thus, no budget or implementation term. d) The municipality has a communal oversight service (communal police) in charge of ensuring communal order in the field of waste disposal, water supply, wastewater and storm water drainage and other activities under jurisdiction of the municipality as set by the law and assembly ordinance (Law on local Government, Article 79, Paragraphs 1-2). d) Organizing water supply activities and wastewater management is under responsibility of local government units. Fifteen municipalities have established separate enterprises to exercise subject activities,

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-13 while six municipalities provide water supply and wastewater management services through mixed enterprises.46

Municipalities in the coastal region have public enterprises in charge of water supply and sewerage exercising water supply and wastewater management activities, and major role in implementation of major infrastructure projects in the subject area is played by LLC “Vodacom” and PE "Regionalni vodovod Crnogorsko primorje".

Municipalities in the central and northern region of Montenegro have public enterprises in charge of water supply and sewerage exercising water supply and wastewater management activities, and public enterprises in 6 Municipalities of Andrijevica, Žabljak, Mojkovac, Plav, Plužine and Šavnik exercise other utility services in addition to water supply and wastewater management activities.47

Utility services in Montenegro provide 53 enterprises founded by the local government units and around 50 private companies and other entities. In other words, provision of utility services for around 630,000 inhabitants is in the hands of at least 100 entities. Majority of utility services are provided by the enterprises founded by the local government units in line with ordinances delegating subject activities indefinitely.

According to estimates given in the document “Priority Activities in Utility Services-Reform Agenda”, inefficiency of enterprises in charge of water supply and wastewater management in Montenegro is a major problem. On average, each 1000 users are served by 10.28 workers. For the purpose of comparison, number of employees of water supply and sewage enterprises in Germany per 1000 users is around 4.48

Particular difficulty is that the process of utility service provision is not under supervision or influence of an independent regulatory state authority. Possible effect of merging subject enterprises would be higher reliability with fewer capacities.

Conditions required for utility service provision do not possess all municipalities in Montenegro. Water supply, wastewater drainage and collection, waste transport and removal have been recognized by all local government units as the most important utility services. Subject services were given special attention in all local government units as the foundation of utility service, regardless of whether they are provided within separately formed utility enterprises or within mixed enterprises. Mixed utility enterprises usually have operational units in charge of water supply and wastewater drainage issues and waste management issues.

Therefore, for reasons of their nature, water supply and wastewater management services in majority of municipalities are provided within the enterprise specialized in subject field.

Union of Municipalities of Montenegro (UMM) UMM is the national association of local communities (municipalities, administrative capital and capital city) of MNE. Some of the activities of the Community are as follows: improvement and development of utility services (including water management)49, economic and non-economic activities and other areas

46 Annual report on conditions in the sphere of water supply, waste and wastewater management, implementation of priority activities in utility services with a proposal of priority utility infrastructure projects and recommended measures http://www.gsv.gov.me/biblioteka/nacrti-zakona (5/5/2015) 47 All ten municipalities in the Drina River basin have public utility enterprises: Kolašin – PE for utility services;, Žabljak – Utility – Housing Enterprise; Mojkovac -PUE Gradac; Berane – PE “Komunalno” Berane; Plužine – PHUE Plužine; Šavnik –PHUE Šavnik; Pljevlja – Public Enterprise Utility Services Pljevlja; Bijelo Polje – PUE Lim; Andrijevica – PE for Utility – Housing Services; Plav - PE for Housing – Utility Services. 48 Government of Montenegro, MSDT, Podgorica, September 2013, p. 6. 49 Union of Municipalities of Montenegro joined in 2014, as a partner, the implementation of the regional asset management project in the field of water supply and wastewater in South-East Europe. Main goal of the project is to improve efficiency and transparency of water supply and sewerage infrastructure management by introducing asset management methods in selected pilot municipalities/utility enterprises. See: http://www.uom.co.me/?p=12512 and http://www.uom.co.me/?p=13271 date: 29/07/2015. For the purpose of encouraging better use of hydro potentials for accelerated municipal development, as well as familiarizing with many benefits small hydropower plant projects generate for local communities, the UMM has organized presentation of the Vrelo Mini Hydropower plant Project in Bijelo Polje on 10/07/2015. See: http://www.uom.co.me/?p=13245, date: 29/07/2015.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-14 under jurisdiction of local government; improving education of local government servants; cooperation with international local government organizations, other international organizations and local communities from other countries and the region, etc.

Four commissions were formed to deal with specific issues of relevance for local community development (for local government development, for spatial planning and utility services, for local government financing; for social activities) and the European Integration and International Cooperation Council as the working bodies of the Community.

13.4 Role of Other Entities

13.4.1 Public and Other business organizations in water management sector Special role among public and other enterprises exercising certain activities in the sphere of water management or of importance for water management is also played by:

• PE for Coastal Zone Management of Montenegro • PE Montenegro National Parks • PI Geological Survey Office • "VODACOM" LLC • “PROCON” LLC

Capacities Table 13-6: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in Public + Other Business Enterprises for WRM in MNE

III Other Public Enterprises No of No of Institution Actual No of Systematized Systematized Measure date Comments Name Employees Job Titles Employees Public Enterprise 28.07.2015.-for for Coastal Zone Systematization; 46 50 51 Management of End of 2013-for Montenegro Actual No of employ. 22.07.2011-for Public Enterprise Systematization; “Montenegro 112 240 157 End of 2011.-for National Parks” Actual no of employees PI Geological Survey ------52 29.07.2015. Office "VODACOM" LLC ------16 31.12.2010. 15 with indefinite employment agreements + 22.07.2008-for 4 with definite employment Systematization; agreements “PROCON” LLC 11 17 31.12.2014 –for 4 with temporary and Actual No of occasional employment employees agreements 1 with part-time agreements. Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

Among other public enterprises, the highest number of employees is in PE “National parks of Montenegro”, total of 157. Total 240 positions were set in job systematization of the subject institution. One of the possible reasons of disproportion between the number of employed and the number of positions in job systematization might be the seasonal character of activities in hospitality businesses (summer jobs) exercised in the national parks. Data on total number of employees refers to late 2011, i.e. not during summer season.

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PE for Coastal Zone Management of Montenegro has one more employee than it should, as set in job systematization. Possible Reason could be that data available online are not updated. Data related to the number of employees refers to the end of 2013, and data related to positions in job systematization is from the webpage of PE for Coastal Zone Management of Montenegro assumed to be updated.

Data on positions in job systematization for the Geological Survey Office and VODACOM are not available online.

Table 13-7: Educational, age and gender structure of Public + Other business Enterprises for WRM in MNE

Higher Secondary Average Institution Maste PhD Bachelor School/ Sch /or Age Male Female Comments Name r College lower (years) Geological Survey -- -- 48% -- 52% N/A N/A N/A Office “VODACOM” LLC -- -- 100% -- -- N/A N/A N/A

“PROCON” LLC -- -- 88% 12% -- N/A N/A N/A

Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

None of the three companies from the table above employ staff neither with doctoral, nor with master degree. All “VODACOM” employees have bachelor degree, while 88% “PROCON” employees and 48% of PI Geological Survey Office obtained that degree.

“PROCON” has 12% employees with associate degree and no staff with high school diploma, while PI Geological Survey Office has 52% staff with high school.

Information on education, age and gender structures on PE Coastal Zone Management of Montenegro and PE for Montenegro National Parks employees could not be found at their official web sites.

Also, information on average age and gender structure could not be found at official web sites of PI Geological Survey Office, “VODACOM” and “PROCON”.

Responsibility and Organization Public Enterprise for Coastal Zone Management of Republic of Montenegro with headquarters in Budva, established in accordance with the Law on Coastal Zone by special Decision of the Assembly of the Republic of Montenegro of 02.06.1992 with the task to provide: protection and enhancement usage of coastal zone; Coastal Zone Management; Conclusion of agreements on the use of Coastal Zone; Construction and maintenance of infrastructure facility for the needs of the coastal zone.

Internal organization of the PE for Coastal Zone Management is the following: Office of the Director, Service of General and Legal Affairs, Service for Coastal Zone renting, the Economic and Financial Service, Service for planning and construction of Coastal Zone, Service for Sustainable Development, Service for ports management of local importance and Maritime Affairs, Service for Coastal Zone control. Steering Board and the Executive Director coordinate the work of organizational units-services, in accordance with its authorities.

Service for Sustainable Development coordinates and performs the activities in the field of environmental protection, monitoring the quality of sea bathing water and coastal processes and database management of Coastal Zone. Service coordinates international cooperation in the field of integrated coastal zone management and sustainable development.

Public Enterprise “Montenegro National Parks” according to the Law on National Parks (“OG” no. 56/09) and the Decision on Organization of the Public Enterprise “Montenegro National Parks” (“OG” no. 20/11), exercises activities related to measures and activities required to implement the national parks management,

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-16 use, protection, development and improvement policy; adopts document on internal order in national parks and provides protection services; takes care of implementation of the management plan and annual management plan; implements protection measures in accordance with protection regime; protects, improves and promotes national parks; maintains labels demarking the boundaries of the national parks; ensures smooth natural processes and sustainable use of the national parks; monitors conditions in the national parks and delivers data to the administrative authority in charge of nature protection activities and the legal entity; grants use and research of the national parks serving to development of science, tourism, culture and recreation; grants use of resources and facilities of the national parks serving to the purposes of tourism, hospitality, hunting and fishing;

Additionally, the enterprise exercises activities of fish farming, production of juvenile fish species; sanitary forest cutting, forest product picking and seed picking; activities of ambiance hygiene; other activities serving to protection, improvement and rational use of national parks as set by law.

The enterprise has several internal organizational units: National Park ''Biogradska gora'', National Park ''Durmitor',' National Park ''Lovćen',' National Park ''Skadarsko jezero'', National Park ''Prokletije'', Joint Services (see Annex 13-2, Figure 12: Organizational structure of PE “Montenegro National Parks”).

PI Geological Survey Office, implements geological survey programs and projects of interest for MNE (adopted by the Ministry of Economy) financed by MNE Budget. Office generates one segment of revenues on the market. Office is organized in four departments: Department of Regional Geology, Mineral Resources and Mineral Resources Concessions, Department of Engineering Geology, Hydrogeology, Geo- techniques and Water Concessions, Department of Mining Works and Research Drilling and Department of Legal, Financial and Human Resources Affairs. Office also includes following laboratories: palaeontology, petrography, sedimentology, mineralogy, chemistry and geo-mechanical testing.

"VODACOM" LLC, was founded in March 2005 by the Government of the republic of Montenegro and municipalities of Bar, Trivet, Here Novi, Budva and Kotor. Company provides consulting service, architectural and engineering services, and technical advisory services. Joint Service and Coordination Company for Water and Waste Water Services for the Montenegrin Coast and the Municipality of Cetinje also operate within the subject company. Simultaneously, “Vodacom“ is the Agency for implementation of the KfW loans and grants, and a partner for Municipalities and water utilities in their work on improving the overall functioning of the network, water distribution, and waste water disposal for the benefit of the citizens in the coastal region (see Annex 13-2, Figure 13: Organizational structure of “VODACOM” LLC, Tivat).

“PROCON” LLC, was founded on the base of the "Project - Consulting" - Podgorica Limited Liability Company Founding Decision (“OG” no. 7/2008). Company provides technical assistance in program implementation in the field of utilities and environmental protection as adopted by the Government of Montenegro, and/or local government.

The provision of services is based on contractual relations between the Government of Montenegro and international financial institutions, i.e. European Union funds (project financing in the field of project nomination and provision of technical assistance in preparation of required project documentation, analyses of project feasibility, sustainability and compliance with strategic planning documents, preparation of the terms of reference for development of the feasibility studies, environmental impact assessments, i.e. implementation of tendering procedure and organizing and/or pursuing tender evaluation and other activities set in the project financing agreement in the field of utilities and environmental protection). See Annex 13-2, Figure 14: Organizational structure of “PROCON” LLC.

13.4.2 Public and Other business organizations in energy sector Central place as regards to energy is held by “Elektroprivreda Crne Gore”.

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-17

Capacities

Table 13-8: Systematized and Actual no of Employees in EPCG

No of No of Actual No of Institution Name Systematized Systematized Measure date Comments Employees Job Titles Employees 2.315 (2.275 The same data are given Elektroprivreda Crne permanent 18.05.2015.------in “Questionnaire”, as Gore (EPCG) employment, 40 part “Questionnaire” well as on EPCG web site. time employment) Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

EPCG has 2,315 employees, out of whom 2,275 are with indefinite employment agreement and 40 with definite employment agreement.

Table 13-9: Current capacity needs and main barriers of EPCG

Current capacity needs Main barriers Current capacity strengthening needs would require procurement of equipment/property Main barriers in the sphere of WRM in the DRB for water monitoring. In the following three years, it would be required to procure the are the lack of data, than the lack of funds, and forecast software, and in the long-term, it would be required to procure water monitoring finally, inadequate coordination between the equipment and forecast software. ministries and other state level authorities. Main EPCG estimates workload growth in the following 10 – 20 years and, thus, increase in the priorities of EPCG in terms of accelerating staff numbers. improvements in water resources management - EPCG has the staff training plan. According to the plan and program, staff trainings are in the DRB in the following 10 or 20 years is constantly carried out in various topics and business areas (new equipment trainings, improvement of cooperation within the country distribution network related trainings, management trainings, congress events, fairs, round and between the countries. tables…). It has been also estimated that installation of new equipment (for example, Company profit is the only source of EPCG equipment for water monitoring) would require relevant staff trainings. financing EPCG.

Sources: “Institution Capacity Evaluation Questionnaires” of EPCG

Table 13-10: Educational, age and gender structure of Employees in EPCG

Higher Secondary Average Institution PhD Master Bachelor School/ Sch /or Age Male Female Comments Name College lower (years) Energy 50,7% (about 35 Source: EPCG 0,1% 1% 24% 0,35% employees 50 g. 79,7% 20,3% “Questionnaire” is I2-III degree) Source: EPCG web site. Data are related to 69%-SSS EPCG ------24% 4% ------permanently employed 3%-NK employees (2.275 employees). Note: Sources given in Annex 13-2.

As set forth in the “Questionnaire”, doctoral degrees are held by 0.1% of employees in EPCG, master degrees by 1% and bachelor degrees by 24%. The most of EPCG employees hold high school or lower degrees (50.7%). According to webpage data, even 69% of EPCG employees hold high school degrees and 3% are unskilled workers.

Average staff age in EPCG is 50, according to the “Questionnaire”. Same as for the Republic of Serbia, EPCG employs much more men versus women (i.e. 79.7% versus 20.3%).

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-18

Data on EPCG staff education structure obtained through the Questionnaire are substantially different to data available of EPCG webpage. The only piece of data that is the same is the percentage of staff holding bachelor degrees (24%). EP CG webpage provides data on total number of staff members and on education structure are shown only for staff members with definite employment agreements. There is a possibility that questionnaire data are related to staff members with both definite and indefinite employment agreements and that might be the reason for discrepancy.

Responsibility and organization Elektroprivreda Crne Gore JSC Nikšić (EPCG) is the national electric power company founded by means of the Decision on Transformation of PE “Elektroprivreda Crne Gore” Nikšić from 1998 to exercise business activity, i.e. electric power generation, distribution and supply.50

Electric power generation, distribution and supply are the principal activities of Elektroprivreda Crne Gore. Electric power related activities of the Company have been set by the Law on Energy (“OG” No. 28/10 and 6/13), energy licenses and EPCG Statute.51 Other EPCG activities are as follows: electric power sale; grid operator; Construction and maintenance of electric power facilities; design and supervision, and other activities set by EPCG Statute.52 See Annex 13-2, Figure 10: Available electric power generation capacities in Montenegro.

Elektroprivreda Crne Gore JSC Nikšić possesses plants for electricity generation of the total installed capacity of 868MW, whereof 657 MW (76%) refers to hydropower plants Perućica and Piva, while 210 MW (24%) refers to thermal power plant Pljevlja.53 (See Annex 13-2, Table 17: Company ownership structure).

The process of capital was used to provide funds for reconstruction and modernization of the existing, as well as construction of new electric power facilities that will lead to full valorisation of energy potential of Montenegro.54

Organization EPCG company bodies are: The Shareholders Assembly; Board of Directors; Management and Secretary.55 (See Annex 13-2, Figure 11: Organizational Structure of EPCG; See Annex13-2, Table 18: Generation and energy balance. See Annex 13-2, Table 19: Montenegro Hydropower Plant Generation in 2014).

13.4.3 Scientific Research Institutions Several scientific research institutions and enterprises exercise certain research and other activities of significance for water management. The most important among them are the institutions of the University of Montenegro. The Draft Water Management Strategy specifically highlights the importance of the Civil Engineering Faculty in Podgorica.56

13.4.4 Civil Society Organizations a) Registry of Associations (kept by the Ministry of Interior) has no separate category of associations “activity” of which would be related to water management. However, there are special organizations involved in “environmental protection”, “sustainable development”, “agriculture and rural development”, etc.57 According to the Registry of NGOs (2013), total of 2716 NGOs were active, those that harmonized their acts with the Law on NGOs or registered in the Registry in line with the aforementioned law.

50 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/o-nama, (19/02/2015) 51 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/osnovna-djelatnost, (19/02/2015) 52 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/osnovna-djelatnost, (19/02/2015) 53 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/osnovna-djelatnost, (19/02/2015) 54 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/osnovna-djelatnost, (25/02/2015) 55 http://www.epcg.com/o-nama/organi-drustva, (19/02/2015) 56 Water Management Strategy (Draft), December 2015, p. 165. 57 http://www.dokumenta.me/nvo/ (5/5/2015).

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-19 a) Law on Non-Governmental Organization (“OG”, no. 39/11) shall regulate foundation, registration and deregistration, status, bodies, financing and other issues of importance for operations and activities of non- governmental organizations. Non-governmental organizations according to this Law shall be non- governmental associations and non-governmental foundations (Article 1, Paragraphs 1 and 2). Scope of work of the non-governmental organizations has been set in the provisions of the Regulation on the Method and Procedure of Cooperation of the Public Administration Authorities and Non-Governmental Organizations (“OG”, no. 07/12) and Regulation on the Method and Procedure of Public Hearings in Preparation of Laws (“OG”, no. 02/12).

Non-governmental organizations can associate with and join unions or other appropriate association of non- governmental organizations in Montenegro and abroad (Article 9, Paragraph 1). Foreign non-governmental organization can operate on the territory of Montenegro to achieve goals and interests that are not prohibited by the Constitution and law (Article 4, Paragraph 1). b) In December 2013, the Government of Montenegro adopted the Strategy of Development of Non- Governmental Organizations in Montenegro in 2014-2016.

Coordination of activities focused on non-governmental organizations, as regards to participation of non- governmental organizations in the procedures set by applicable regulations (EIA, SEA, IPPC, etc.), is implemented by the Arhus centres. 2014 report of the European Commission has estimated that “the relationship between the civil sector and the Government is overly contradictory, especially in regard to issues related to political situation, rule of law.”

As opposed to negotiation procedure in some other countries (EU accession phase), broad participation of the civil society organizations has been envisaged in Montenegro.

13.5 Significant Issues for institutional assessment of WRM in Montenegro 1. Based on the institutional assessment of the WRM sector in Montenegro, the following major issues are apparent: 1. The institutional framework associated with WRM in Montenegro is determined by economic and legal reforms that are aligned to the process of EU integration (Acquis). There is a clear plan for harmonization of domestic regulations with EU regulations. As estimated, current level of compliance with WFD is around 70%, and 47.7% with Directive 91/271/EEC related to urban wastewater treatment, etc. (See Chapter 12). 2. Harmonization of domestic regulations with EU regulations is under the jurisdiction of the relevant sector ministries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. 3. Montenegro's legislation clearly identified the entities – the principal holders of rights and responsibilities in the sphere of WRM and other spheres of significance (e.g. environmental protection). MARD (Water Directorate, Water Management Administration) and MSDT are the primary stakeholders in this regard. 4. MSDT is responsible for activities related to environmental protection, tourism and civil engineering. ME is responsible, among other, for activities in the sphere of energy, MH (drinking water safety), and MI (response in emergencies, including floods). 5. Technical activities in the sphere of WRM are exercised by Independent Administrative Bodies of EPA, IHMS, and the AIA. 6. Establishment of the EPA in 2008 is considered a progress in terms of the method of organizing institutions in the sphere of environmental protection by giving this institution a character of an operational body in charge of application of regulations that is separated from the authority in charge of policy creation in the sphere of environmental protection. 7. Inspection department, wherein all inspection work has been aggregated (including inspection work in the sphere of water, environmental protection, forestry, sanitary activities, etc.), has been organized as a separate institution outside the ministry’s organizational system. 8. It is estimated the institutions in charge of water management and environmental protection should be subjected to capacity strengthening, both in regard to staff and technical equipment.

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9. The biggest problems related to monitoring are as follows: insufficient number of monitoring stations, lack of biological monitoring and poor subsurface water monitoring, i.e. equipment maintenance and lack of means for regular field measurements. 10. The capacity of institutions in charge of regulatory compliance (inspections, judicial system) is unsatisfactory. 11. Lack of funds for activities in the sphere of water management (including monitoring) is one of the principal problems faced by the water management system. 12. The current coordination between WRM responsible entities is unsatisfactory. 13. The issue of local government unit capacities deserves special attention in view of their new responsibilities delegated by the environmental protection regulations and the overall trend towards decentralization. 14. Role and operation of utility enterprises is a subject of review in terms of their efficiency. 15. Although measures related to raising awareness about the importance of WRM and environmental protection have been undertaken, they remain inadequate to the seriousness of the challenges and needs in this context. 16. MARD (Water Directorate) is responsible for international cooperation in the sphere of WRM, while the Water Management Administration is in charge of “cooperation with relevant international organizations and institutions within defined jurisdictions”. 17. Cooperation between NGOs and public administration is institutionalized in Montenegro and regulated by respective legislation. Arhus Centres take part in cooperation with NGOs, including participating in drafting regulations, i.e. their harmonization with EU regulations, as well as in implementation of regulations. However, full cooperation would include strengthening transparency of line authorities and capacities of non-governmental organizations.

13.6 Future Institutional Framework One of the requirements of the TOR was to assess where the institutions connected to IWRM in the DRB would be in the future, say in 20 years from now.

Clearly, different variants of assessments are possible as a dependency of criteria used in analysis. Base of the subject analysis would definitely be an evaluation of the tendency in the sphere of water resources, globally and in the region of Europe, water resources assessment (availability and quality) in the country and region, assessment of future water demand, assessments of demographic changes, assessment of gross domestic product growth, assessment of development and changes of economic structure, assessment of climate changes, assessment of water resources management improvement dynamics in MNE, assessment of water resources management tendencies in the neighbouring countries, and above all, countries of the Danube River basin, etc.

Detailed assessment of the future institutional framework would have to consider several other circumstances.

Firstly, as estimated, interest in achieving goals in the sphere of water resources management, harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations and regional cooperation strengthening has been formally defined to certain extent.

Current plans of harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations considers end of 2021 as a deadline for transposition of EU regulations into the national legal system.

However, full application will take significantly more time. Considering the experiences of other countries, it is expected that full application of EU regulations will take 20 years.

Future development of institutions responsible for IWRM in Montenegro is predominantly determined by the requirements resulting from the European integration processes. Such institutional capacity building and

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 13-21 strengthening activities will need to be set by the conditions and perspectives for harmonization of domestic regulations with EU regulations.

In the most general sense, the IWRM sector would require continued strengthening of the national and local level administrative capacity for implementation of all directives. Montenegro should ensure clear division of responsibilities and coherence between activities of all authorities involved in water management issues.58 The monitoring network and river basin management plans are in early development phases, as well as the wastewater treatment infrastructure.59

Public utility and other enterprises will have to be transformed towards creating conditions for market driven operations, which will, among other, result in significant price growth in the water sector.

Generally speaking, one may expect that the next twenty years will see privatization of a significant share of Montenegro natural resources or they will be subjected to various forms of quasi privatization. This will affect organization of water management activities. Crucial system entities will become the part of the international water resources management system. Cooperation of local communities with local communities from other countries will be strengthened significantly.

13.7 Recommendations Based on the assessment of the institutional framework of the water sector in Montenegro, the following recommendations can be provided:

1. In MARD capacity strengthening and increase in the number of staff educated in civil engineering, economy and law, and technical equipping; 2. Undertake improvement to Water Monitoring Program through provision of more technical equipment, so as to be in line with the recommendations and guidelines of the EU WFD, and technical equipping; 3. Development of the River Basin/Basin Area Management Plans and other strategic documents, especially the Water Master Plan for Montenegro which has not been undated for 15 years; 4. Establishing a Water Information System, especially for effective water planning and water use, so as to provide efficient and comprehensive use of all available data and information on the water regime; 5. Strengthening local government capacities in all segments of the environmental protection (implementation of regulations in the field of environmental protection, strategic planning, data exchange both vertically with line ministries and horizontally, projects and implementation of international aid, etc.); 6. Strengthening institutions responsible for regulatory compliance (inspection, judicial system), requiring stronger cooperation, information exchange and coordination of measures between the entities in charge of individual aspects of the subject activities; 7. Adopting regulations related to jurisdictions in the water sector in MNE in terms of demarcation of institutional responsibilities; regulations clearly defining staff and material conditions of implementation of the country water strategy; regulations in the field of licensing hydrological and meteorological activities; 8. Provision of water supply and sanitary services to communities lacking subject services, especially in rural areas and ensuring legal and institutional framework for monitoring, regulation and support to rural water supply development; 9. Improving the mechanism of horizontal and vertical coordination in the water sector; 10. Improving cooperation with private companies exercising activities in the field of water management; 11. Improving cooperation with neighbouring countries; 12. Preparation and implementation of special training programs; 13. Raising public awareness and strengthening partnerships with civil society organizations;

58 Report on Analytical Overview of Montenegro Regulatory Compliance, Chapter 27 – Environment, Explanatory meeting: February 4-8, 2013, Bilateral meeting: March 18-22, 2013. 59 2014 Montenegro Progress Report, European Commission, Brussels, 8 X 2014, SEC (2014) 301, p. 68.

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14. Strengthening transparency, ensuring easy and simple access to all relevant documents, timely data updates and public information; 15. MARD in collaboration with MSDT must implement adequate and well tested design codes for water infrastructure (e.g. flood defence) in urban areas in order to mitigate against flood risk and to prevent erosion; 16. Elaborate study comprehending effects of harmonization of national regulations with EU regulations on institutional capacities of Montenegro and the operational methods of institutions; and 17. Elaborate study comprehending effects of security risks in the field of water resources management (by 2035) on institutional development

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14 Conclusions and Recommendations

14.1 Conclusions The study has provided the following conclusions:

Environment A total of 9 surface water and 14 groundwater bodies have been delineated in the Montenegrin part of the DRB. The DRB has four main natural lakes the largest being Plav Lake and Black Lake. There are two manmade heavily modified water bodies (HMWB) reservoirs (Piva Lake and Otilovici Reservoir).

Air pollution remains a cause for concern around Pljevlja, especially the levels of particulate matter (PM10) that show a worsening trend and for SO₂ emissions from the Pljevlja TPP. There is an urgent need to reduce these emission sources. Despite this, no acidification of water bodies have occurred or been measured due to air pollution in the DRB.

The DRB in Montenegro has 44% forest and 36% agriculture with the remaining comprising other land and settlements.

The DRB has a rich biodiversity especially in the limestone caverns of Piva and Tara rivers. The basin is home to endangered species that have disappearing in the rest of Europe, such as the Danube Salmon or the Meadow viper. It is also home to endemic species such as the Serbian Spruce.

The main pressures on Biodiversity and ecosystems are due to social activities and various water uses. This includes fish farming (pollution of nutriments and invasive fishes), gravel exploitation (destruction of spawning sites and habitats), wastes deposal near the rivers (huge amount of floating wastes), fertilizers for agriculture near aquatic ecosystems (pollution), development of tourism infrastructure (decreasing surface of natural areas, interruption of ecological corridors), clearcutting of riparian forest and construction of new dams. The main environmental pressure is drought, in particular for small tributaries in the Basin and for riparian vegetation.

A very low proportion (around 45%) of the urban population have sewer connections and there is only one WWTP operational in the DRB, at Mojkovac. All wastewater in other settlements flows to the rivers untreated. Another WWTP is being built at Zablak and three are soon to be constructed at Pljevlja, Kolašin and Plužine. Three others are in the tender/design process at Berane, Plavand Bijelo Polje.

Notwithstanding, most of the rivers in DRB are of good water quality, but the most polluted river is the Veţišnica, a tributary of the Ćehotina in Pljevlja. There are also water quality concerns on the River Lim near Bijelo Polje.

For water use, the DRB has been divided into four water management regions which are the sub basins of the Drina, Piva, Tara, Ćehotina and Lim. Per capita domestic consumption (based on 129l/c/d) has been estimated at 12.8 Mm³/year and the Lim Sub Basin (WMR IV) is the most stressed and have the largest population. Industrial consumption and Irrigation are 1.9 and 4.3 Mm³/year respectively. Water losses however are more than xx% so per capita figure is more likely to be 200l/c/d

Fish farming and hydropower plants although water users, are not considered to consume water, the water returning back into the water courses. Overall water demand for the DRB in Montenegro has therefore been estimated to be 19 Mm³/year. A certain percentage of returns have been estimated implying that the overall net water use in the basin is 7.5 Mm³/year.

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The methodology to calculate the minimal value of the environmental flow for water surface in Montenegro is defined in the rulebook of the OG n°2/16 and its addendum. Further, there is a lack of a homogeneous methodology for all three riparian countries of the DRB.

Three scenarios for future demand at the 30 year and 50 year time frame have been calculated for high growth, flat growth and real growth.

Key drivers for change in the basin have been provided and need to be discussed with stakeholders covering water supply, flood protection, hydropower, environmental conservation, recreation/tourism and fisheries.

There is need for flood protection measures in flood prone areas in the DRB, near major settlements (e.g. Bijelo Polje). Most of the constructed drainage systems are not in operation, in general due to insufficient maintenance.

Hydropower A single power plant is located in the Montenegrin part of the DRB, with a generation capacity of 342 MW. Its annual energy production is 800 GWh (million kWh). It is located on the Piva River. The very high dam defines a large reservoir, which allows the generation of peak power. The power plant is located in the immediate vicinity of the dam. No fish ladder is provided.

The condition of the various parts of the existing HPP as well as their smooth running at all steps of the electricity generation must be guaranteed at all times to allow for an efficient and reliable supply of energy over decades. In particular, as very high structure, the existing dam requires a very careful monitoring program and a strict execution.

The potential for new hydropower schemes is high in Montenegro. However, severe environmental dispositions have reduced considerably the portfolio of implementable projects. Out of the many imagined new HPPs in Montenegro, only six have reasonable chances of being implemented. Three are located along the Ćehotina River, two on the Lim River and one on the Piva/Komarnica River (with inter-basin water transfer). The total additional generation capacity would amount to 284 MW, for a total expected energy production of 571 GWh. Three schemes are of the non-diversion type (i.e. HPP is in the immediate vicinity of the dam), three of the diversion type (with conduits up to 6.2 km in length).

The total investment to activate and enable the realization of these six projects would reach 565 million Euros. These new schemes will have to serve a multiple purpose as much as possible, in order to find the best acceptance by the population. A carefully planned integration in the environmental setting also calls for increased chances of rapid implementation.

Monitoring The EPA has taken control over most of the monitoring activities and made efforts to strengthen the various monitoring networks and to organize them in accordance with the latest international practice. At the same time, the legal framework requires amendments to improve the functioning of the networks. That said, somewhat illogically, the EPA monitoring budget has been decreasing from year to year since 2009 and there is a lack of adequate equipment for some monitoring activities.

In general, the assessed situation for environmental matters is not linked to environmental policy development and its application. For example, Montenegro adopted a list of 55 national environmental indicators, but the available data only enables the calculation of 36 of them. Hence, the recently produced first indicator-based state of environment (SoE) report (adopted in 2014) is based on 36 indicators from the 55 and cannot be truly regarded as the complete state of the environment.

Among other challenges, the lack of information flow and the low level of political importance attached to these issues is particularly important. The procurement of equipment and the implementation of a water information system is considered a high priority. The provision of equipment for the sampling and analysis

World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin 14-3 of water, air, and soil together with procurement of monitoring equipment, IT and modern transportation are essential for the relevant institutions to undertake their respective roles correctly.

There are no monitoring programs concerning the key components of biodiversity and ecosystems in the three riparian countries. The Consultant recommends undertaking an accurate characterization of biodiversity in the basin including fieldwork and surveying the population trends of endangered species and of riparian ecosystems.

Climate Change Montenegro participates in UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol and submitted the INC in 2010, whilst the 2nd National Communication is under preparation. One CDM project in the DRB was registered: the HPP at Otilovići in Pljevlja but has been delayed because of problems with financing.

Montenegro has not yet defined any national targets for GHG mitigation or limitation. The energy sector, comprising energy supply and consumption in the transport, residential and service sectors, has the highest share in GHG emissions, accounting for 68% of the total emissions in 2011.

Work to develop a national strategy on climate change, tackling both mitigation and adaptation, is in progress, but is needed as a matter of urgency. Some moves to integrate climate change adaptation into sectoral policies have been made, especially in the forestry sector, but are less advanced in the agriculture sector.

Limited long-term records on precipitation and temperature in the DRB prevent an effective climate change model to be prepared. A substantial amount of gap filling will be required.

Legal Montenegro has established recognisable system of norms in the area of water management. Montenegro has significantly changed its legal and policy framework in preparation for EU Aquis. A new package of laws and corresponding secondary legislation has been adopted, and a strategic framework for environment and sustainable development has been further developed. However, the implementation of legislation lags behind the intensive efforts to improve the legal and policy framework.

The main catalyst for strengthening of policy and legislation has been the drive towards EU accession. The National Programme for Integration for the period 2008–2012 and the Programme of Montenegro’s accession to the European Union 2014–2018 are extremely important for the prioritization of policy and legislative measures.

The draft law on modifications and amendments to the Law on Waters is in the process of the adoption in the Montenegrin Parliament, since the beginning of 2015. Complete harmonisation with the EU regulations is expected to continue until 2021. It is estimated that, due to high costs, a further 20 years will be required for full implementation.

Although policy and legislative improvement has occurred in recent years, a number of challenges remain in the area of water and waste management. Among them is groundwater protection, since most water for human consumption relies upon groundwater from karstic aquifers.

The establishment of an efficient enforcement system in the water sector remains a challenge, because of the limited resources within water inspection, as well as difficulties with data coordination and exchange between the environmental and water authorities.

A new Law on Waste Management adopted in 2011 and a new National Waste Management Strategy, along with a new National Waste Management Plan are in preparation. However, there is limited cooperation between stakeholders, municipalities included. There is urgent need for a sanitary landfill facility in the

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DRB to cover the northern region, as the existing sites are in poor condition and an environmental hazard and need to be decommissioned and cleaned up.

Furthermore, there are several new regulations in other areas are also under development.

Montenegro has not concluded agreements on partnerships with Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the field of WRM. However, Montenegro has agreements on cooperation with Croatia and Albania.

Montenegro is a party to all major international multilateral treaties in the field of environment. Montenegro is not member of the Protocol on Health and Waters to the Helsinki Convention, and PRTR Protocol.

The Montenegro is a contracting party of the Energy Community Treaty. Agreement between Montenegro and Italy on construction of submarine electric power interconnection between the transmission networks of Montenegro and Italy with the implementation of the strategic partnership of Transmission System Operators (2010) is adopted in Parliament.

Institutional MARD is the principally responsible ministry of WRM in Montenegro. There have been significant changes to the structure and organisation of institutions in recent years. The formation of the EPA in 2008 allowed the separation of law and policymaking from implementation, with the former functions now vested in the MSDT and the latter being the responsibility of the EPA. Another important change was establishment of the Administration for Inspection Affairs (AIA) in 2012 as a separate institution, bringing together all inspections, including environmental, forestry, water, housing and sanitary-health. In addition, the Hydro- meteorological Institute and the Seismological Bureau were merged into one institution in 2012. Local authority competence has increased in recent years, especially related to environmental matters, but they remain poorly staffed and trained to face up to the challenges and issues upon which they are responsible.

Management of the Montenegrin national parks is funded from their own revenues, grants and state budget transfers, but they remain barely sufficient to finance operating costs and basic maintenance works.

Montenegro has a clearly identified institutional structure for the water resources, energy and environmental protection sector, together with a clearly defined authority and scope of operations. However, the competence in handling administrative matters, such as issuing permits, approvals, opinions etc. are suffering due to institutional capacity issues.

Indeed, lack of capacity and financial resources for the implementation of the institutional obligations are the basic problem in both the short and long term. There is great need to strengthen the mechanisms of horizontal and vertical cooperation between competent authorities.

Fee rates for the provision of water supplies and for sewer connections to consumers are excessively low and unsustainable and they influence the services provided by the municipal utility companies.

Some of the important challenges affecting the prospects for regional cooperation in the DRB over the next 10 years in IWRM include:

• Lack of financial resources, • The impact of the global financial crisis, • Lack of data relating to water, • The inability to rely on historical data and the lack of usability of existing data, • Climate change, • Lack of harmonized legislation, and • Lack of international agreement on cooperation.

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Notwithstanding, management of water resources, floods, urban issues, energy, foreign investment, environmental protection and climate change are considered priority areas of cooperation between the countries in the DRB.

It is estimated that Montenegro institutions (like in Serbia) will face significant change in the next 20 years. It is expected that jurisdiction in some areas will be centralised, whereas the majority of responsibility will be decentralised. It is almost certain that in the future provision of natural resources such as water will be privatized or quasi privatized in certain forms. This would affect the jurisdiction of the institutions. The Montenegro institutions would become, by its larger part, members of the international network of the institutions.

14.2 Recommendations Following the feedback from Montenegrin stakeholders to the draft IWRM report and comments received during the workshop held in Belgrade 25-26 January 2016, the recommendations to this report have been prioritised. During the 25-26 January 2016 workshop, Montenegrin stakeholders prioritised the recommendations, the results of which are available in Annex 14-1. Each recommendation was given a rating by the Montenegrin stakeholders based on the following: "1" high priority, "2" medium priority and "3" low priority. An average for each recommendation was then obtained and these were ranked in order of importance and grouped under the main sectors (environment, socio-economic, hydropower, monitoring and legal and institutional) for the four main outcomes of the project, namely:

• Outcome 1 - More effective data collection and analysis, • Outcome 2 - Enhanced dialogue and coordination in the DRB, • Outcome 3 - Better decision-making and management in the DRB as a multi-purpose water resource, and • Outcome 4 - More effective application of EU WFD regulations and preparation of RBMP.

Hence prioritised recommendations for Outcome 1 – "More effective data collection and analysis" are:

Environment Recommendation Priority • Show the ecological status of all the rivers in the DRB on a map using fish species as indicators (according to Annex V of the WFD) in order to have a reference for surveying the trend of aquatic ecosystems. This will enable a decision making tool related to the 1 development of social and economic activities (implantation of dams, of gravel exploitation, of recreational activities, etc...). • Harmonization of the EF methodology is required in the whole DRB. 1 • Undertake inventory of invasive subspecies in the basin. 1 • Map riparian natural habitats as described in the Habitat Directive of the European Union 2 (92/43/EEC) with their state of conservation.

HPP Recommendation Priority • Carefully perform the monitoring of the dams behaviour. As important structures bearing a 1 high potential risk, the dams are key elements of hydropower schemes.

Institutional Recommendation Priority • Acquisition of Technical equipment for line authorities and additional equipment 1 especially for institutions dealing with regular monitoring • Create the right conditions for the Water Information System operation; 2

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Monitoring Recommendation Priority • Follow up the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) as part of the DIKTAS made suggestions for priority actions in all the transboundary aquifer areas for i) establishment of 1 a common groundwater monitoring program, and ii) harmonisation of criteria for delineation of source protection zones. • Improved monitoring, enforcement and implementation of groundwater protection legislation in needed in the Basin. The Consultant would like to reiterate the recommendation from the DIKTAS Project on this subject, namely: a) full delineation of 1 water source sanitary protection zones, and b) setting cost-efficient measures for groundwater protection. • Implement a monitoring program of fish ecosystem and riparian vegetation. We recommend monitoring four targeted fish species: the Danube salmon (Hucho hucho), the Greyling (Thymallus thymallus), the Bull head (Cottus gobio), the Brown trout (Salmo 1 labrax). We also recommend monitoring the state of the remaining riparian vegetation along rivers. In order to be relevant, this monitoring program should be undertaken in cooperation with the three riparian countries. • Improve data gathering for minimum and maximum spring and autumn flows. 1 • Substantial increases in monitoring of aquifers to increase knowledge of the flow regime in 1 the DRB. • There is need to improve the monitoring of industrial and irrigation use at municipal level, which should record water amounts used as well as the quality of the water that is being 2 returned to the system • Implement a monitoring of benthic and aquatic flora species. 2 • Undertake further groundwater tracer tests to provide an accurate assessment of the 2 groundwater divide in the sub basins of the DRB • Reinforce a central State Institute to centralize and coordinate the analysis of the 2 biodiversity monitoring and the collected data.

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 2 – "Enhanced dialogue and coordination in the DRB" are:

Environment Recommendation Priority • Harmonise national regulations and foster cooperation between the three countries in the DRB in order to successfully implement biodiversity protection programs and to creat 1 common database for the complete basin. • Reinforce the protection regime in protected areas in coherence with the requirements for

nature protection and target species • Strengthen education concerning the sorting of solid waste 2

Institutional Recommendation Priority • Institutional strengthening and developing strategic and normative base in flood prevention 1 and defence; • Reform of the existing system and improvements of financing in the field of water management and environmental protection (collection of funds, level of charges; charge 1 payer databases; mechanisms of receivables collection from legal entities in long lasting court procedures; financial management, etc • Developing long-term water sector investment plan 1 • Raising awareness of the need to undertake significant measures in IWRM • Strengthening capacities of the public water management enterprises and efficiency 1 improvements within public utility enterprises • Strengthening public-private partnerships and encouraging investments in all water 1

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management segments in areas with such demand • Training decision makers in the field of significance, comparative experiences and 1 perspectives of water management in the region; • As regards to cooperation of hydro-meteorological services, it is required to upgrade the program of joint measurements, data exchange and harmonization and coordination of 1 development programs and plans; • Provide for operation of the administrative authority de-politicization instruments; 1 • Strengthening institutional capacity, provision of finances and developing prerequisites of 1 joint monitoring implementations within the DRB; • Abolishing the ban on new employment for organizations exercising highly technical activities; i.e. create possibilities for new employment in authorities requiring highly 1 skilled staff (EPA, etc.); • Establishing and improving long-term relations between state and scientific-research and 1 educational institutions for the purpose of public administration capacity building; • Further analysis of the most optimal ways for multi-lateral cooperation within the DRB; 2 • Improving coordination of financing in the field of water management with financing instruments from other fields (environment, agriculture, forestry, etc.); providing conditions for other funds and private capital to join to water sector development funds; 2 creating conditions required to use EU funds and co-financing within fields where subject support is provided; • Strengthening supervision and control in the field of water management, including control 2 of earmarked revenues from water charges and other sources of financing; • Undertaking measures for capacity improvements in local institutions; 2 • Establishing the Water Council (to elaborate and provide opinion on draft laws and other regulations related to water management issues; elaborate and provide opinion on draft water management strategies and plans; to recommend improvements in the water sector), 2 that is, create conditions for operability of the Water Council and the National Water Conference; • Analyse the development of security risks in the field of water resources management by 2 2035 and the impact on institutional development; • Establish expert centres for preparation and monitoring of implementation of the water 2 sector investments; • Strengthening links between the line republic level entities and entities exercising utility services. Examine the feasibility of extension of ministry's jurisdiction to utility services 2 (drinking water supply by the public waterworks system and wastewater collection, drainage and treatment by public sewage system). • Further strengthening civil society organizations and building partnerships between public 3 authorities, business entities and civil society organizations;

Legal Recommendation Priority • Intensifying efforts to establish bilateral agreements with neighbouring states in the field of 1 WRM and energy with Serbia and BiH.

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 3 – "Better decision-making and management in the DRB as a multi-purpose water resource", are:

Environment Recommendation Priority • Control environmental flow 1 • Avoid and/or better regulate gravel exploitation within riverbeds 1 • Build new sanitary landfill away from groundwater protection zones and from riverbeds 1

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• Close existing landfills and move them away from riverbanks and flood plains 1 • The concept of flood protection to be coordintated 1 • WWTP are needed at the main centres of population and for industry in order to reduce the 1 pollution loads in the rivers • Improve fish farming process and build nutrient precipitators in fish farms in order to prevent water pollution. Modernize equipment to reduce water loss and to promote fish 1 growth efficiency. • Introduce larger part of clean energy 2 • Real consideration is necessary for the provision of multi-purpose reservoirs and flood 2 retention basins to protect downstream settlements from flooding • Limit fishing during drought periods 2 • For existing dams, flushing operation must be forbidden during the breeding period of 2 targeted fish species (from March to May) and environmental flow must be controlled • Mitigation of drought with HPP reservoirs 2 • Reduce hydropeaking during the fish breeding season 2 • Impose fish ladder, flushing procedure and regulation of water level fluctuation of the reservoirs for the new planned dams in order to mitigate their impacts. Hydropeaks should 2 be mitigated. • Management of protected forests 2 • Control the technical compliance of vehicles 3 • Coordination of land use in particular agriculture 3

HPP Recommendation Priority • To devote great care to the maintenance of the existing schemes. The reliable functioning of all structures and machines is a must for an efficient use of the natural resource. 1

• To carefully perform the monitoring of the Piva dam. As very high structure, this dam must show at all times irreproachable condition and behaviour. 1 •

Legal Recommendation Priority • Strengthen regulation concerning riparian ecosystems in protected areas 1

Socio Economic Recommendation Priority • More consideration to drip irrigation practices as they are more efficient and provide large 1 reductions in overall water use. • Increase stricter control on sand and gravel extraction and improve policing of unlicenced 2 operators • Improve water resources availability in summer to increase fish farming production in the 2 DRB • Record more effectively the number of tourists in protected areas (to ascertain values 2 without endangering environment)

Prioritised recommendations for Outcome 4 – "More effective application of EU WFD regulations and preparation of RBMP", are:

Institutional Recommendation Priority

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• Prepare and harmonise national regulations with EU regulations for institutional aspects of 1 water management. • Improve employment opportunities and implement policy to attract and retain younger staff. 1 • Strengthen capacities of stakeholder bodies in charge of water management. 1

Legal Recommendation Priority • Undertaking further measures aimed at harmonization of internal regulations with EU 1 regulations • Preparation and adoption of required by-laws as per applicable laws on water; 1 • Develop a strategy of harmonization of internal regulation with EU regulations in the water management sector 1

• Improve harmonization of directives on strategic environmental impact assessment and public participation; 1 • Strengthen regulatory enforcement capacity in the field of industrial and hazardous waste; 1 • Strengthening instruments of adjustment, coordination and involvement of various tiers of government in preparation and adoption of regulations and their harmonization with EU 1 regulations;

• The Consultant recommends strengthening regional cooperation by:

o Ratification of the Framework agreement on the Sava River Basin, the Protocol on Health and Water to the Helsinki Convention, and the PRTR Protocol 1 o Analysis and overview of the interests for the conclusion of the agreement on enhancing the cooperation between the states in the DRB. o Adoption of an international agreement between the three riparian countries (BiH, Montenegro and Serbia) on cooperation in the field of IWRM.

Socio Economic Recommendation Priority • Stronger coherence between strategic and planned documents and environmental objectives. 1

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