Consulting Services for Public Disclosure Authorized SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ID NO. 1099991 MONTENEGRO – IWRM STUDY AND PLAN – BACKGROUND PAPER - Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized June 2016 Consulting Services for SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ID NO. 1099991 MONTENEGRO – IWRM STUDY AND PLAN – BACKGROUND PAPER - VOLUME 1 – MAIN REPORT June 2016 PROJECT NO. A038803 DOCUMENT NO. 2 VERSION B DATE OF ISSUE June 2016 PREPARED DAH and others CHECKED RSS APPROVED RSS Consulting Services for SUPPORT TO WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN PROJECT ID NO. 1099991 This document has been produced with the financial assistance of the European Western Balkans Joint Fund under the Western Balkans Investment Framework. The views expressed herein are those of authors and can therefore in no way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the Contributors to the European Western Balkans Joint Fund or the EBRD and the EIB, as co‐managers of the European Western Balkans Joint Fund. World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin i Table of Contents Page No Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... x Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................. xvi 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Scope of Work and TOR .......................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Layout of the Report .............................................................................................................................................. 1-2 2 Physical Characteristics of the Drina Basin ............................................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Main properties of the Drina River Basin ............................................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Morphology and Topography ................................................................................................................................. 2-2 2.3 Hydrography ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-4 2.4 Climate ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-11 2.5 Geology and Soil ................................................................................................................................................... 2-15 2.6 Seismic Conditions................................................................................................................................................ 2-22 2.7 Land Use ............................................................................................................................................................... 2-23 2.8 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-26 2.9 Protected Areas .................................................................................................................................................... 2-36 3 Social and Economic Characteristics of the Drina Basin ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Natural Resources .................................................................................................................................................. 3-1 3.2 Cultural Heritage .................................................................................................................................................... 3-8 3.3 Demographics ......................................................................................................................................................... 3-9 3.4 Human Health ...................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 3.5 Education and Illiteracy ........................................................................................................................................ 3-14 3.6 Employment, unemployment and living standards ............................................................................................. 3-15 3.7 Crime .................................................................................................................................................................... 3-15 4 Surface Water Hydrology ....................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Meteorological data ............................................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.2 Hydrological data ................................................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.3 Hydrological model .............................................................................................................................................. 4-13 4.4 Hydrological Analyses - Calculation of Medium, Low and Flood Discharges ....................................................... 4-16 4.5 Adopted Hydrological Statistical Parameters ....................................................................................................... 4-40 5 Groundwater .......................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 Geological characteristics in the Drina River Basin ................................................................................................ 5-1 5.2 Geotectonic composition of the Drina River Basin ................................................................................................ 5-1 5.3 Hydrogeological characteristics in the Drina River Basin ....................................................................................... 5-1 5.4 Porosity of the Drina River Basin ............................................................................................................................ 5-2 5.5 Main aquifers and their availability ........................................................................................................................ 5-4 World Bank Montenegro - IWRM Study and Plan – Background Paper Support to Water Resources Management in the Drina River Basin ii 5.6 Main direction of groundwater flow and sinkholes ............................................................................................... 5-8 5.7 Condition of groundwater protection .................................................................................................................. 5-10 5.8 Groundwater Hydrochemistry of Drina Basin in Montenegro ............................................................................. 5-10 5.9 Delineation of Groundwater Bodies ..................................................................................................................... 5-16 5.10 Water Balance for Groundwater Bodies .............................................................................................................. 5-18 5.11 Assessment of groundwater vulnerability ............................................................................................................ 5-18 5.12 Groundwater use in irrigation .............................................................................................................................. 5-18 6 Water Quality ......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.1 Classification of water quality In Montenegro ....................................................................................................... 6-1 6.2 Water quality in the Drina River Basin after 1995 .................................................................................................. 6-1 6.3 Hotspots ................................................................................................................................................................. 6-5 7 Water Use ............................................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.1 Water management regions in the Drina River Basin ............................................................................................ 7-1 7.2 Water demands in the Drina River Basin ............................................................................................................... 7-2 7.3 Water management regional demand ..................................................................................................................