23rd of April 1835 Estonian peasant surnames of English origin Fred Puss University of Tartu
[email protected] 1 2 23rd of April 1835 Estonia until the 19th century • Tõnis First • Estonia conquered by crusaders 1227 • Jaan Sekkend – The Teutonic Order in the South (Livonia ~ Livland) • Madli Pig – Danish kingdom in the North (until 1346) • Triinu Little • Reformation 1520s ->Lutheran faith • Mart Bastard • Livonian War 1558-1583 – South Estonia under Poland (until 1629) • Leenu Skott – North Estonia Under Sweden • Great Northern War 1700-1721 – Estonia conquered by Russia in 1710 – German special regime (Lutheran church, German language) 3 4 18th Century Europe Estonia in the 19th century • German higher class (nobility, Estonia merchants, clergymen) • Estonian lower class (peasants, servants, factory workers) • Serfdom abolished in 1816 (North)-1819 (South) – Peasants became personally free – Land still owned by German landlords and state 5 6 © Fred Puss,
[email protected]. UoN, 27.04.2019 1 Before general giving of Estonian peasants surnames • University of Tartu 1632 • Bynames (farm names), ancestral – Mostly Germans, a few Estonians names until 1860s (later Germanized) – Männiku Märt (Märt of Pine-forest- • National awakening since 1860s farm) • Farms bought, children educated – Juhani Jaani Madi (Juhan’s Jaan’s • Literacy rate one of the highest in Madi = Madi, son of Jaan, grandson Europe of Juhan) – 1840 – ca 64% (England ca 65%) • Few peasants freed from serfdom – 1897 – 95% (same in England; Italy with surname 48%, Russia 22%) – Germanized