The Religious Frontier in Eastern Europe in the Twelfth Century
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Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editor Florin Curta Volume 29 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee Livonia, Rus’ and the Baltic Crusades in the Thirteenth Century By Anti Selart Translated by Fiona Robb LEIDEN | BOSTON Originally published in German by Böhlau in 2007: Livland und die Rus’ im 13. Jahrhundert (ISBN: 978-3-412-16006-7). Cover illustration: The 12th-century enkolpion with an image of Virgin Mary was found in Viltina cemetery on the Saaremaa Island, western Estonia. The findings of this type enkolpions concentrate in the region of Kiev, the westernmost exemplar is known from the Gotland Island in the middle of the Baltic Sea. Archaeological collection of the Institute of History, Tallinn University (AI 3884: 2956). ©Photo by Tõnno Jonuks. This publication has been typeset in the multilingual ‘Brill’ typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 1872-8103 isbn 978-90-04-28474-6 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-28475-3 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Contents Preface ix List of Abbreviations x Introduction 1 1 The Religious Frontier in Eastern Europe in the Twelfth Century 20 1.1 The Schism and the Russian Church 20 1.2 Relations between the Russian Principalities and their Western Neighbours 28 1.3 The Crusades and the Schismatics 42 1.4 The Mission from Denmark and Bremen to the Eastern Baltic Coast 47 1.5 The Papal Curia and North-Eastern Europe 55 Part 1 2 The Beginning of the Crusades in Livonia and their Impact on Rus’ 61 2.1 The Influence of Rus’ on the Eastern Baltic Coast at the End of the Twelfth Century 61 2.2 Bishop Meinhard of Livonia, Polotsk, and the Mission to the Livs 75 2.3 The Crusade in Livonia under Bishop Albert of Riga (1199–1229) 84 2.3.1 The Rigan Church and the Daugava Principalities 89 2.3.2 The Conquest of Lettgallia 107 2.3.3 The Conquest of Estonia 115 3 Livonia and Rus’ in the 1230s and 1240s 127 3.1 Livonia, Pskov, and Novgorod c. 1230 127 3.2 The Legation of Baldwin of Aulne 129 3.3 The Treaty of Stensby of 1238 and the Military Campaigns against Rus’ of 1240–42 142 3.3.1 The Battle of the Neva in 1240 147 3.3.2 The Conquest of Votia in 1240–41 154 3.3.3 Livonia and Pskov, 1240–42 159 vi contents 4 Rus’ in the Catholic Sources from the First Half of the Thirteenth Century 171 4.1 The Sources for South-Western Rus’ 171 4.2 Rutheni in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia 179 4.3 Papal Policy: Livonia and Rus’ 183 4.4 Papal Policy: Finland and Rus’ 190 Part 2 5 Relations between Rus’ and Livonia under Archbishop Albert Suerbeer (1245–73) 197 5.1 The Foundation of the Archbishopric of Riga 197 5.2 Polotsk, Livonia, and Lithuania 199 5.3 The Attempts at Church Union in South-Western Rus’ and the Legation of Albert Suerbeer 210 5.4 The Attempts at Church Union in Northern and North-Western Rus’ 218 5.5 Didman’s Votia Campaign of 1256 229 6 Livonia and Rus’, 1260–1330 234 6.1 Prince Dovmont’s Seizure of Power in Pskov 234 6.2 Livonia, Lithuania, and Polotsk 236 6.3 The Battle of Wesenberg in 1268 242 6.4 Livonia, Novgorod, and Pskov, 1270–80 252 6.5 The Internal Conflict in Livonia 259 6.6 Livonia and Rus’ in the 1320s 270 7 Russian Principalities in the Eastern European Sources, 1250–1350 279 7.1 The Papacy, the Mongols, and Rus’ 279 7.2 The Role of Rus’ in the Disputes between the Teutonic Order, the Archbishop of Riga, and the City of Riga 286 7.3 Rus’ and its Western Neighbours in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century 292 Conclusion 309 Contents vii Appendix 312 Secular and Ecclesiastical Rulers 312 Genealogical Tables 314 Map: Livonia and its Neighbours in the Thirteenth Century 316 Map: North-Eastern Europe in the Thirteenth Century 317 Multilingual Place-Name Concordance 318 Bibliography 325 Primary Sources 325 Secondary Literature 332 Index 373 Preface This monograph is a revised English translation of the German book Livland und die Rus’ im 13. Jahrhundert, published in Cologne by Böhlau in 2007 as vol- ume 21 of the series “Quellen und Studien zur baltischen Geschichte” issued by the Baltische Historische Kommission (Göttingen, Germany). Apart from the slight amendments and updating of the text, the bibliography has also been updated and ‘anglicized’ to some extent. A few minor parts were abridged to avoid unnecessary repetition and details of local interest tangential to the main narrative. Any flaws and mistakes identified and located by reviewers have been corrected. The adaptation of the monograph was supported by Estonian Research Council grant no. PUT 107. The Baltic region is a multilingual area in which several languages have been used throughout history. Accordingly, there are parallel traditions of place- name usage. Since the medieval and early modern language of administration and correspondence was predominantly German in this region, or more spe- cifically Middle Low German in the Middle Ages, and a major part of the rel- evant historiography is written in German, preference has generally been given to German place names in this book. English place names have been used where there is an established equivalent. The toponyms of local languages can be found in the index and in the multilingual place-name concordance (p. 318). The transliteration of Russian names and places follows the Library of Congress standard, except where the established English equivalents differ. I would like to thank the Baltische Historische Kommission and its presi- dent Professor Matthias Thumser, and the Böhlau publishing house for the kind permission to publish the book in English. I would also like to thank Professor Florin Curta, who accepted the monograph in his series “East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450”, and Dr Fiona Robb, who carefully carried out the translation work. Marcella Mulder of Brill was respon- sible for all the organisational and technical aspects of publication. Dr Tõnno Jonuks helped to find the cover illustration, commented on it, and provided the photograph. Kristel Roog drew the maps, and last but not least, Madis Maasing produced the index. I’m extremely grateful to everyone who has sup- ported, collaborated, and provided encouragement throughout the course of this work. List of Abbreviations AR Akten und Rezesse der livländischen Ständetage AV Analecta Vaticana BD Bullarium Danicum BGP Die Berichte der Generalprokuratoren des Deutschen Ordens BLDR Библиотека литературы Древней Руси DG Древнейшие государства на территории СССР. Материалы и исследования, 1975 (1976)–1990 (1991); Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. Материалы и исследования 1991 (1994)– DD Diplomatarium Danicum DPR Documenta Pontificum Romanorum historiam Ucrainae illustrantia FMU Finlands medeltidsurkunder GVNP Грамоты Великого Новгорода и Пскова HCL Heinrichs Livländische Chronik HRM Акты исторические, относящиеся к России HUB Hansisches Urkundenbuch LGU Livländische Güterurkunden LR Livländische Reimchronik LUB Liv-, Esth- und Curländisches Urkundenbuch LUR Liv-, est- und kurländische Urkundenregesten LVA Senās Latvijas vēstures avoti LVIŽ Latvijas Vēstures Institūta Žurnals LübUB Urkundenbuch der Stadt Lübeck MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica MGH SS Monumenta Germaniae Historica, scriptores Mitt. Riga Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Geschichte Liv-, Est- und Kurlands 1837–1904; Mitteilungen aus der livländischen Geschichte 1907–1939 NA Valentin L. Ianin, Новгородские акты NIS Новгородский исторический сборник NL1 Новгородская первая летопись NL4 Новгородская четвертая летопись OM Ordines militares. Colloquia torunensia historica OSP Oxford Slavonic Papers OUS Odense University Studies in History and Social Sciences 1970– 2002; University of Southern Denmark Studies in History and Social Sciences 2002– List Of Abbreviations xi PG Полоцкие грамоты PL Псковские летописи PSRL Полное собрание русских летописей PUB Preußisches Urkundenbuch REA Registrum Ecclesiae Aboensis RLU Russisch-livländische Urkunden SD Svenskt diplomatarium SL1 Софийская первая летопись SRP Scriptores rerum Prussicarum ST Sverges traktater ZfO Zeitschrift für Ostforschung 1952–1994; Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung 1995– Introduction Relations between the northern crusaders, the peoples of the Baltic, and the population of Rus’ in the 13th century have impinged to a greater or lesser extent on the history of all the nationalities now living in the Baltic region. Consequently, this period is crucial for determining the way in which these groups and the modern states now occupying this space view their history. On an even larger scale, the subject is also linked to the formation of both Catholic Europe and the Orthodox world as well as the relationship between them. The Baltic is an area that has been disputed by various political powers across the centuries, and this tension is reflected in the historiography, both in terms of volume and approach.