Evidence of the Reformation and Confessionalization Period in Livonian Art
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At the Confluence of Art Nouveau and Ecclectic Early Modernism in Riga's
ZDZISŁAWA TOŁŁOCZKO* AT THE CONFLUENCE OF ART NOUVEAU AND ECCLECTIC EARLY MODERNISM IN RIGA’S METROPOLITAN ARCHITECTURE U ZBIEGU ART NOUVEAU I EKLEKTYCZNEGO WCZESNEGO MODERNIZMU W ARCHITEKTURZE METROPOLITALNEJ RYGI Abstract The aim of this paper was to draw attention to the coincidence of streets intersections ending, in general, in corner buildings making up typical and picturesque parts of the townscape of the 19th c. European cities, including the central quarter of Riga. This type of town-planning establishments perfectly compose with the art and aesthetics of Art Nouveau in Riga. An additional and very important component of the town- planning-architectonic solutions is the decorative finial of the corner houses (not only inJugendstil , but also the Latvian national romanticism) creating a harmonious composition in respect of art and town-planning, ideally completing the townscape of this Baltic metropolis. Keywords: Latvia, Riga, Cracow, New York, London, Berlin, history of architecture and city-planning, Art Nouveau, Modern Art, Jugendstil, National Romanticism Streszczenie Celem prezentowanego artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na koincydencję zbiegów ulic zakończonych na ogół wyraźnymi narożami, tworzącymi typowe, a jednocześnie malownicze, fragmenty krajobrazu dziewiętna- stowiecznych miast europejskich, w tym również śródmieścia Rygi. Tego rodzaju założenia urbanistyczne doskonale komponują się ze sztuką i estetyką Art Nouveau w Rydze. Dodatkową i jednocześnie niezwy- kle ważną komponentą rozwiązań urbanistyczno-architektonicznych są umieszczone na narożach ozdobne zwieńczenia (nie tylko w stylu Jugendstil’u, ale także łotewskiego narodowego romantyzmu) komponujące się wspólnie i harmonijnie pod względem artystycznym i urbanistycznym, uzupełniając znakomicie pejzaż tej nadbałtyckiej metropolii. Słowa kluczowe: Łotwa, Ryga, Kraków, Nowy Jork, Londyn, Berlin, historia architektury i urbanistyki, Art Nouveau, Modern Art, Jugendstil, Narodowy Romantyzm DOI: 10.4467/2353737XCT.15.154.4191 * Prof. -
ESEJ Social and Cultural Aspects of Self-Appointment in Russia*
■ ESEJ Social and Cultural Aspects of Self-appointment in Russia* BOHUSLAV ŠALANDA** Sociální a kulturní aspekty ruského samozvanectví Abstract: This essay is a study of self-appointed Czars, which is closely related to Russian polit- ical and historical traditions. In Russia, unique traditions of government existed, specific due to their use of historical references, as well as different utopias and ideals (for example a returning Czar-liberator). These are, in fact, particular symbols of power that were also present in the peas- ant uprisings of the Cossacks (led by Ivan Bolotnikov, Stenka Razin, Jemeljan Pugatshov and other lesser-known historical figures). On a social level, the Czar’s self-appointment is one of the established forms of antifeudal protest. On a political level, it represents a struggle for power. Its religious significance must also be emphasized. The behaviour of the self-appointed Czar also contains strong elements of carnival behaviour and is thus related to fictitious emperors in folk rituals and costumes. There were several waves of Czar appointments in Russian history, as repre- sented by Dimitri (died in 1591) and Peter III. Part of the essay focuses on a self-appointed Czar from Montenegro, the adventurer Stepan the Small, who ruled succesfully between 1767–1773. He claimed to be Czar Peter III who in actual fact had been deposed and killed in 1762 on the orders of his wife Catherine II. The following is a part of larger research project about the reception of authority and power, from a transcultural point of view. Keywords: Self-appointed czar; Stenka Razin; Jemeljan Pugatshov; Cossaks revolted; Stepan the Small DOI: 10.14712/23363525.2017.42 Introduction Apart from other features Russian history is also interesting for the phenomenon of self-appointed Czars. -
An Old Believer ―Holy Moscow‖ in Imperial Russia: Community and Identity in the History of the Rogozhskoe Cemetery Old Believers, 1771 - 1917
An Old Believer ―Holy Moscow‖ in Imperial Russia: Community and Identity in the History of the Rogozhskoe Cemetery Old Believers, 1771 - 1917 Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctoral Degree of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Peter Thomas De Simone, B.A., M.A Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Nicholas Breyfogle, Advisor David Hoffmann Robin Judd Predrag Matejic Copyright by Peter T. De Simone 2012 Abstract In the mid-seventeenth century Nikon, Patriarch of Moscow, introduced a number of reforms to bring the Russian Orthodox Church into ritualistic and liturgical conformity with the Greek Orthodox Church. However, Nikon‘s reforms met staunch resistance from a number of clergy, led by figures such as the archpriest Avvakum and Bishop Pavel of Kolomna, as well as large portions of the general Russian population. Nikon‘s critics rejected the reforms on two key principles: that conformity with the Greek Church corrupted Russian Orthodoxy‘s spiritual purity and negated Russia‘s historical and Christian destiny as the Third Rome – the final capital of all Christendom before the End Times. Developed in the early sixteenth century, what became the Third Rome Doctrine proclaimed that Muscovite Russia inherited the political and spiritual legacy of the Roman Empire as passed from Constantinople. In the mind of Nikon‘s critics, the Doctrine proclaimed that Constantinople fell in 1453 due to God‘s displeasure with the Greeks. Therefore, to Nikon‘s critics introducing Greek rituals and liturgical reform was to invite the same heresies that led to the Greeks‘ downfall. -
The Courlander Experience in Tobago
THE COURLANDER EXPERIENCE IN TOBAGO THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA: A maritime nation on the Baltic sea with excellent ports, 64.589km2 in area and a population of nearly 2.000.000 inhabitants. There are apx. 1.500.000 Latvians living in Latvia and the rest of the world. 2018 marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Republic of Latvia. COURLANDERS: Latvians from the province of Courland (Kurzeme). In the days of the Duchy of Courland and Semgallia, a “Courlander” could also be an inhabitant of the province of Semgallia. “Courlander” is a literal translation of the Latvian kurzemnieks. The academic word for anything pertaining to Courland is Couronian. THE DUCHY OF COURLAND AND SEMGALLIA: A de facto independent nation formed in 1561 and existing until 1795, comprised of 2 modern day provinces of Latvia, and ruled by the German-Baltic dukes of Courland, although officially a part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The flags of Courland consisted of a red and white 2 band flag and the red and black “crab” flag which originated in Tobago, as there are no crabs of this type in Latvia. As such, it can be considered the first flag of Tobago. CHRONOLOGY 1639 Sent by Duke Jacob, probably involuntarily, 212 Courlanders arrive in Tobago. Unprepared for tropical conditions, they eventually perish. 1642 (possibly 1640) Duke Jacob engages a Brazilian, capt. Cornelis Caroon (later, Caron) to lead a colony comprised basically of Dutch Zealanders, that probably establishes itself in the flat, southwestern portion of the island. Under attack by the Caribs, 70 remaining members of the original 310 colonists are evacuated to Pomeron, Guyana, by the Arawaks. -
In the Lands of the Romanovs: an Annotated Bibliography of First-Hand English-Language Accounts of the Russian Empire
ANTHONY CROSS In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of The Russian Empire (1613-1917) OpenBook Publishers To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/268 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. In the Lands of the Romanovs An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917) Anthony Cross http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2014 Anthony Cross The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt it and to make commercial use of it providing that attribution is made to the author (but not in any way that suggests that he endorses you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Cross, Anthony, In the Land of the Romanovs: An Annotated Bibliography of First-hand English-language Accounts of the Russian Empire (1613-1917), Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.11647/ OBP.0042 Please see the list of illustrations for attribution relating to individual images. Every effort has been made to identify and contact copyright holders and any omissions or errors will be corrected if notification is made to the publisher. As for the rights of the images from Wikimedia Commons, please refer to the Wikimedia website (for each image, the link to the relevant page can be found in the list of illustrations). -
17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia
Madis Maasing 17 Infidel Turks and Schismatic Russians in Late Medieval Livonia 17.1 Introduction At the beginning of the sixteenth century, political rhetoric in Livonia was shaped by the threat posed by an alien power: Following a significant deterio- ration in the relations between the Catholic Livonian territories and their mighty Eastern Orthodox neighbour – the Grand Duchy of Moscow – war broke out, lasting from 1501 to 1503, with renewed armed conflict remaining an immi- nent threat until 1509. During this period of confrontation, and afterwards, the Livonians (i.e., the political elite of Livonia) fulminated in their political writ- ings about the gruesome, schismatic, and even infidel Russians, who posed a threat not only to Livonia, but to Western Christendom in general. In the Holy Roman Empire and at the Roman Curia, these allegations were quite favoura- bly received. Arguably, the Livonians’ greatest success took the form of a papal provision for two financially profitable anti-Russian indulgence campaigns (1503–1510). For various political reasons, the motif of a permanent and general ‘Russian threat’ had ongoing currency in Livonia up until the Livonian War (1558–1583). Even after the collapse of the Livonian territories, the Russian threat motif continued to be quite effectively used by other adversaries of Mos- cow – e.g., Poland-Lithuania and Sweden. I will focus here first and foremost on what was behind the initial success of the Russian threat motif in Livonia, but I will also address why it persisted for as long as it did. A large part of its success was the fact that it drew upon a similar phenomenon – the ‘Turkish threat’,1 which played a significant role in the political rhetoric of Early Modern Europe, especially in south-eastern 1 This research was supported by the Estonian Research Council’s PUT 107 programme, “Me- dieval Livonia: European Periphery and its Centres (Twelfth–Sixteenth Centuries)”, and by the European Social Fund’s Doctoral Studies and Internationalization Programme DoRa, which is carried out by Foundation Archimedes. -
Celebrating 100 Years of the Baroness Ada Von Manteuffel Bequest1
Celebrating 100 Years of the Baroness Ada von Manteuffel Bequest1 Translation of an address delivered by Baron Ernst-Dietrich von Mirbach to celebrate the 100th Anniversary of the United Kurland2 Bequests (VKS) on 21 June 2014 The German government official based in Munich who assesses Bavaria’s not-for-profit sector for tax compliance was more than surprised when she came to realise recently that the United Kurland Bequests (Vereinigte Kurländische Stiftungen or VKS3) were going to be 100 years old in 2014. That’s what the VKS’s managing director put in his report in vol. 20 of its Kurland magazine in 2013. While the VKS might not be Germany’s oldest endowment, few can match its success in bringing so much of its seed capital unscathed through the last 100 years of revolution, inflation and tumult. That same tax official would be still more surprised to discover just how many of us have turned up today here in Dresden at the Kurländer Palais to celebrate the Bequest’s 100 th birthday. And it’s not even an endowment that has its roots in Germany! Rather, it springs from a generous gift made to the Kurland Knighthood (or Noble Corporation - Kurländische Ritterschaft) in Nice back in 1914. Getting the legacy paid out in 1921 in the face of nigh insuperable odds was the biggest achievement. That’s been the remarkable success of some particularly determined Kurland Knighthood members. No need to wonder, therefore, about also being able to celebrate this 100-year anniversary in this remarkable venue, full of associations for so many of us, and not least because of its historic name. -
Baltic Vintage and Classic Car Rally 2014 – LATVIA – ESTONIA – Th Th Tuesday, June 24 – Tuesday, July 01 2014
The “Baltic Classic and Vintage Car Rally 2014” is a well organized rally tried and tested in 2012 by the 20-Ghost Club, the oldest Rolls Royce club in the world, headed by Sir John Stuttard. Baltic Vintage and Classic Car Rally 2014 – LATVIA – ESTONIA – th th Tuesday, June 24 – Tuesday, July 01 2014 White nights, unspoilt nature, the Baltic sea, medieval cities, stunning landscapes, vibrant Riga, charming Tallinn and participation in 2nd Vihula Manor Vintage and Classic Car Day at the unique Vihula Manor Country Club & Spa ul Program TUESDAY, JUNE 24th – TUESDAY, JULY 1ST 2014 24.06 (Tue), Arrival in Riga Upon individual arrival in Riga we will be accommodated at the 5-star Hotel Radisson Blu Ridzene, built in the 70es as a governmental hotel. After Latvia regained indepen- dence the hotel underwent complete renovation, which gave it a very stylish Scandinavian design. Riga, founded in 1201 by the German bishop Albert, is the largest of the three Baltic capitals and boasts a real kaleidoscope of architectural styles. 14.00-17.00 The afternoon walking tour of the Old Town will acquaint us with all the splendours of medieval Riga including Riga Castle, the Dome Cathedral, St. Peter's Church, St. Jacob's Church, the Swedish Gate, the Three Brothers, the Large and Small Guild Houses and the Powder Tower. In the evening we enjoy a Latvian nouvelle cuisine welcome dinner at the stylish Restaurant La Boheme in Riga's famed Art Nouveau quarter. 25.06 (Wed), Riga – Bauska – Rundale Palace – Jurmala – Riga, 210 km The day is reserved for a day trip to the South of Latvia. -
The Best of Latvia in 6 Days 21-27 May 2016
The Best of Latvia in 6 days 21-27 May 2016 We offer you: Organized by: The Baltic Rotary Club of Riga A comprehensive - Celebrating 7 years... tour of Latvia Guided visits to Dear Rotarians, selected places of Towards the end of May interest and sight- 2016, from the 21st to 27th, seeing (English The Baltic Rotary Club of speaker guides) Riga will host Rotarians Reserved luxury and their guests to an buses exciting and thrilling tour Lunch and dinners of the best in Latvia, as part included of its 7th Anniversary celebrations. We will guide Best Kept Secret”! and join us in celebrating Club 6th Anniver- you through the one of best (www.huffingtonpost.com/2 sary Gala evening country to travel in 2016 - our 7th Anniversary in www.lonelyplanet.com/ 014/03/24/lativa- style, friendship and best-in-travel - and its travel_n_4981083.html). comfort. capital: Riga, UNESCO An almost untouched natu- World Heritage Site, ral ecosystem and unforget- Proceeds from the event chosen as the prettiest table historical destinations European city by USA will be donated towards Costs: TODAY. Discover Latvia are waiting you. Come and the many charitable EUR 690/ person with us and it won't be witness this beauties during projects, of The Baltic EUR 1280/ Cou- anymore for you "Europe the summer of 2016. Rotary Club of Riga, for ple orphans and pensioners. (accommodation excluded) Reservations In the following pages please limited to 50 persons only find the sightseeing and at- Book early to avoid disap- tractions that will be seen pointment during the Tour, plus the Minimum number of persons events , subject to discretion- for the event to be conducted al changes. -
The Specificity of the Formation of the Duchies of Courland and Semigallia in the Confessional Era D
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324950482 The Specificity of the Formation of the Duchies of Courland and Semigallia in the Confessional Era Article · January 2018 DOI: 10.21638/11701/spbu02.2018.109 CITATIONS READS 0 55 1 author: Dmitriy Weber Saint Petersburg State University 11 PUBLICATIONS 3 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Dmitriy Weber on 29 August 2018. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 2018 ВЕСТНИК САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА Т. 63. Вып. 1 ИСТОРИЯ ВСЕОБЩАЯ ИСТОРИЯ The Specificity of the Formation of the Duchies of Courland and Semigallia in the Confessional Era D. I. Weber For citation: Weber D. I. The Specificity of the Formation of the Duchies of Courland and Semigallia in the Confessional Era. Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History, 2018, vol. 63, issue 1, pp. 136–147. https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2018.109 The article examines the specific character of the process of secularization of the Order’s posses- sions in the Baltic region. It explores the formation of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia as a result of secularization of possessions of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order. The first half of the 16th century had brought about political and religious changes of great importance to the Baltic States, which had been associated with the spread of Protestantism in the region. Prot- estant duchies were formed out of the possessions of the Catholic religious-military corporation. The article focuses on religious questions in general and King Sigismund’s guarantees to the classes professing Lutheranism, in particular. -
Research Resources for Medievalists
Research Resources for Medievalists in East Central Europe (A Practical Guide) With the cooperation of several medievalists edited by Zsolt Hunyadi Department of Medieval Studies Central European University, Budapest Centre for Medieval Studies University of Toronto 2005 Project co-ordinator János M. Bak Editor Zsolt Hunyadi Contributors Goda Giedraitytė (Lithuania) Zsolt Hunyadi (Hungary) Antonín Kalous (Czech Republic) Siarhei Kaun (Belarus) Juhan Kreem (Estonia and Latvia) Etleva Lala (Albania) Giedre Mickunaite (Lithuania) David Movrin (Slovenia) Natallia Slizh (Belarus) Gordan Ravančić (Croatia) Siarhei Salei (Belarus) Juraj Ševidý (Slovakia) Rafal Witkowski (Poland) On-line access: http://medstud.ceu.hu http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/medieval http://www.staff.u-szeged.hu/~capitul/resources © Editor and Contributors All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher ISBN 963 86569 4 8 Printed in Hungary CONTRIBUTORS János M. Bak Department of Medieval Studies, Central European University POB 1082, H-1245 Budapest, Hungary; [email protected] Zsolt Hunyadi Department of Medieval and Early Modern Hungarian History, University of Szeged 2 Egyetem u., H-6722 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] Antonín Kalous Department of History, Philosophical Faculty, Palacký University Křízkovského 10, CZ-772 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic; [email protected] Siarhei Kaun Kafedra krynitsaznaustva, Belaruski Dzjarzhauny Universitet -
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania Estonia, of Treasures 100 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia. Authors of texts: Aistė Bimbirytė-Mackevičienė, Janis Zilgalvis, Siim Raie, Triin Reidla Translation: Kristjan Teder, Madli Kullaste, SIA SERRES, Visuomenės specialaus mokymo ir konsultavimo centras Editing: Carolin Pihlap, Janis Zilgalvis, Nijolė Bitinienė, Reelika Niit, Rita Mikelionytė, Triin Reidla Designer: Tuuli Aule Printed by: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoja OÜ, Laki 26, Tallinn, 12915 ISBN 978-9949-7293-0-2 (printed) ISBN 978-9949-7293-1-9 (pdf) Tallinn, 2018 100 Treasures of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 2 3 This book is the joint initiative of and part of the cooperation between the National Heritage Board of the Republic of Estonia, the National Heritage Board of Republic of Latvia and the Department of Cultural Heritage under the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. The book is inspired by the European Year of Cultural Heritage 2018, supported within the framework of a Joint Programme between the European Union and the Council of Europe “2018 European Heritage Days” and has received a grant from the State Culture Capital Foundation of Latvia.