DOCSLIB.ORG

With Some Reference to Warlpiri and Latin

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
With Some Reference to Warlpiri and Latin 2b'ì'Aì tl N Aspects of Form and Function: with some reference to Warlpiri and Latin Silvia Schwarz Discipline of Linguistics Centre for European Studies & General Linguistics University of Adelaide August 1999 CONTENTS 1 ChapterOne INTRODUCTION 1 Aim 1.1 4 MethodologY 1.2 7 1.3 Outline of the remaining chapters 9 Chapter Two WARLPIRI LANGUAGE: FIELD WORK 9 2.1 Overall objectives 9 2.2 Researchdifficulties 10 2.3 V/arlpiri Language Survey ll4atch1997 13 2.4 Warlpiri Language Survey September 1997 T7 2.5 Tentative conclusions drawn from the survey results 18 Chapter Three LANGUAGE CHANGE t9 3.1 Reconstruction 3.1.1 The fomilY tree model 3.1.2 The wave model 23 3.2 Internal change 3.2.1 The catastroPhic view 3.2.2 Chronic infection 24 3.3 External interference and language change 3.3.1 SPeechcommunities 3.3.2 Lønguages in contact 3.3.3 Borrowing 3.3.4 Shift 30 3.4 Sociolinguistic factors contributing to language change 3.4.1 Social factors 3.4.2 Linguisticfactors 3.5 Typological change 36 3.5.1 Languages classified according to word order typology 3.5.2 Languages classified according to morphological typolog 3.5.3 (Jniversqls and word order 3.5.4 ltr/ord order change 3.5.5 ConfigurationalitY 3.5.6 Shiftfrom a non-configurøtional to a configurational language 49 Chapter Four - Part 1 WARLPIRI: CASE STUDY 49 4.1 Geographicallocation 51 4.2 Contact 4.2.1 Traditionalneighbours 4.2.2 Post colonial contact 4.3 Warlpiri language 54 55 4.4 Language change 59 chapter Four -Part2 WARLPIRI: SOCIOLINGUISTIC CHANGE 59 4.5 The sociolinguistic aPProach 60 4.6 Changes in situation 68 4.7 Changes in sPeech events 4.7.1 The Message Form 4.7.2 Message Content 4.7.3 Setting 4.7.4 Scene 4.7.5 SPeaker/Sender 4.7.6 Addressor 4.7.7 Hearer and Addressee 4.7.8 PurPoses - Outcomes 4.7.9 PurPoses - Goals 4.7.l0 KeY 4.7.1I Channels 4.7.12 Forms of SPeech 4.7.13 Norms of Interaction 4.7.14 Norms of InterPretation 4.7.1 5 Genres 94 4.8 In summarY Chapter Four - Part 3 WARLPIRI: LANGUAGE CHANGE 95 4.9 Basic outline 95 4.10 Warlpiri and configurationality 100 4.ll Innovations to the Warlpiri grammatical system 108 4.12 Grammatical changes and the shift towards fixed word order 109 4.13 In summary 118 Chapter Five LATIN: CASE STUDY t20 5.1 Introduction r20 5.2 Externally motivated change 124 5.2.1 Roman Empire: early contact languages for Latin 5.2.2 Latin: as a dominant language - sociolinguisticfactors 5.2.3 Lqtin: adstratum influence 5.2.4 Latin: substratum influences 5.2.5 Post Roman Empire; contact languages for the Romance languages 5.3 Changes in the grammatical structure of Classical Latin t32 5.4 In summary t37 Chapter Six CONCLUSION 139 6.1 Contact, language change, and a shift in configurationality 139 6.2 Summary of typological shift in Warlpiri and Latin 14r 6.2.1 The case of l|rarlPiri 6.2.2 The case of Latin 6.3 Concluding remarks t46 6.4 Avenues for further investigation 149 APPENDICES Appendix I Warlpiri Language Surveys 151 Appendix II Abbreviations t64 Appendix III Selected Place Names &,Language Names 165 Appendix IV Press Cuttings on the Bilingual Debate r66 Appendix v Advertising Issues for the Imparja Television Network 175 Appendix VI Examples of V/arlpiri Language inJunga Yimi fl6 Appendix VII A Cultural Exchange: Warlpiri women from Yuendumu travel to Niger 181 Appendix VIII Examples of V/arlpiri Readers produced by the Bilingual Resources DeveloPment Unit at Yuendumu 184 Appendix IX Examples of Student \Mork 188 Appendix X Examples of V/arlpiri Graffiti 194 Appendix XI Press Cuttings about Yanardilyi (cockatoo creek) cD Rom & The Big Canvas 196 Appendix XII Selected Web Sites 200 MAPS Maps 1 Distribution of strong Aboriginal Languages 20r l|i4ap 2 Warlpiri speaker communities 202 Map 3 Traditional landscape around Yuendumu 203 Map 4 Yuendumu 204 BIBLIOGRAPHY 205 Abstract The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors involved in a shift from free to fixed word order, with particular reference to a contact situation. Some of the questions asked therefore, refer to typological vulnerability: Is a non-configurational language vulnerable to change when it comes into contact with a configurational language? What relevance do sociolinguistic factors have in typological shift? As a starting point to answering these questions I have outlined some of the traditional approaches to studying language change, summarised aspects of language change as a result of a contact situation, including typological shift, and noted the background information necessary to understand such a shift. The V/arlpiri case study comprises the main part of the thesis. The main aim of this chapter is to make a link between linguistic and social change, and a possible shift in the freedom of word order, and to better understand the social and linguistic ecology which sustains free word order in Warlpiri. The Latin case study highlights the fact that as a result of contact, sociolinguistic factors triggered a shift in the 'freedom' of word order, and/or exacerbated changes already underway, even though Latin was a dominant and prestigious language. In conclusion, I suggest that non-configurational languages are inherently typologically vulnerable in a contact situation, and that diverse social and linguistic factors are involved in a change to the freedom of word order. As free word order in a language requires a complex morphology, which in turn requires a great deal of external support to maintain it (e.g. specific social structures such as literacy and education). It follows then, that if the existing sociolinguistic factors which support non-configurationality are altered or lost, and the functional need for non-configurationality is diminished (e.g. stylistic), the result will be a shift in confltgurationality. Statement degree or This work contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other knowledge and diploma in any universþ or other lrofüary institution and, to the best of my person' except where Uetiel contains no material previously published or written by another due reference has been made in the text' being available I consent to this copy of my thesis, when deposited in the University Library, for loan and photocoPYing. Silvia Schwarz. Acknowledgments I would like to thank my principal supervisor, Professor Peter Mühlhäusler, whose guidance Amery and invaluable advice supported me throughout the writing of this thesis; Dr Robert who became a co-supervisor in the final but critical months of writing and revision; Robert Hoogenraad who very kindly assisted me not only in the organisation of my trip to the Northern Territory but also in the accessing of numerous resources concerning the Warlpiri language; the people of Yuendumu, especially those at Yuendumu School, without whose t o.pitutity anå patience I would not have been able to learn so much about their language and culture; Kay Napaljarri Ross who spent many hours teaching me the Warlpiri language; and finally, a special thank you to BJK, my family and friends who no longer need to say, 'When are you going to make an end of this .'.'. The perfecting of language demands that every word be stamped as a specific part of speech, and carry within it those properties that a philosophical analysis of language perceives therein. It thus presupposes inflection. Wilhelm von Humbolt Chapter One INTRODUCTION Configurationz manner of arrøngement, shape, outline' 1.1 Aim in the The aim of this thesis is to investigate the linguistic and sociolinguistic factors involved .free' form shift of a to a'fixed' word order language, in other words to investigate aspects of and function with reference to configurationality. The initial motivation for this study came from studying Latin texts and wondering how free word order operated in the spoken language and why there was a shift to fixed word order in the contemporary manifestation of spoken Latin, that is the Romance languages' As an investigation of Latin would be historically based, I thought that it would be useful to do a comparative study of a non-configurational language which is spoken in the Northern Telitory, namely Warlpiri, a Pama-Nyungan language with approximately 3000 speakers.l Warlpiri also provides an interesting contrast to Latin because it is a 'non-dominant' language with a relatively small speaker population. Furthermore, just as Dixon (1980:443) had speculated for Kuuku-Ya'u in Far North Queensland, I surmised that as result of contact with English, V/arlpiri may be in the process of shifting from a non-configurational to a confi gurational language. In Kuuku-Ya?u, fromfar North Queensland, the ergative inflection...usually occurs on just the final word of an NP in A function. It can, however, be omitted, the A NP being identified only by its initial position - beþre O and V - in the sentence. This møy be an example of word order becoming more rigid, and beginning to take over the role of syntactic identffication that had previously been handled by case inflections; the next step would be to speculate as to whether this development may possibly have been influenced by intensive contact with English ... (Dixon I 980 : 443) lMore information about Warlpiri is provided in Chapter Four - Part 1. See also, Maps 1-5 1 Therefore some of the questions asked include: What is a shift in conf,rgurationality like? Is of there a preference for languages to have either free or fixed word order? Is the direction change uni-directional or circular? For instance, if a language shifts from a non-configurational to a configurational one, or vice versa, will there be no reversal of this shift? Alternatively, a shift in configurationality may be part of a continuous cycle from free to fixed and back again.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anastasia Bauer the Use of Signing Space in a Shared Signing Language of Australia Sign Language Typology 5
    Anastasia Bauer The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Signing Language of Australia Sign Language Typology 5 Editors Marie Coppola Onno Crasborn Ulrike Zeshan Editorial board Sam Lutalo-Kiingi Irit Meir Ronice Müller de Quadros Roland Pfau Adam Schembri Gladys Tang Erin Wilkinson Jun Hui Yang De Gruyter Mouton · Ishara Press The Use of Signing Space in a Shared Sign Language of Australia by Anastasia Bauer De Gruyter Mouton · Ishara Press ISBN 978-1-61451-733-7 e-ISBN 978-1-61451-547-0 ISSN 2192-5186 e-ISSN 2192-5194 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ” 2014 Walter de Gruyter, Inc., Boston/Berlin and Ishara Press, Lancaster, United Kingdom Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck Țȍ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Acknowledgements This book is the revised and edited version of my doctoral dissertation that I defended at the Faculty of Arts and Humanities of the University of Cologne, Germany in January 2013. It is the result of many experiences I have encoun- tered from dozens of remarkable individuals who I wish to acknowledge. First of all, this study would have been simply impossible without its partici- pants. The data that form the basis of this book I owe entirely to my Yolngu family who taught me with patience and care about this wonderful Yolngu language.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal and Indigenous Languages; a Language Other Than English for All; and Equitable and Widespread Language Services
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 355 819 FL 021 087 AUTHOR Lo Bianco, Joseph TITLE The National Policy on Languages, December 1987-March 1990. Report to the Minister for Employment, Education and Training. INSTITUTION Australian Advisory Council on Languages and Multicultural Education, Canberra. PUB DATE May 90 NOTE 152p. PUB TYPE Reports Descriptive (141) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Advisory Committees; Agency Role; *Educational Policy; English (Second Language); Foreign Countries; *Indigenous Populations; *Language Role; *National Programs; Program Evaluation; Program Implementation; *Public Policy; *Second Languages IDENTIFIERS *Australia ABSTRACT The report proviCes a detailed overview of implementation of the first stage of Australia's National Policy on Languages (NPL), evaluates the effectiveness of NPL programs, presents a case for NPL extension to a second term, and identifies directions and priorities for NPL program activity until the end of 1994-95. It is argued that the NPL is an essential element in the Australian government's commitment to economic growth, social justice, quality of life, and a constructive international role. Four principles frame the policy: English for all residents; support for Aboriginal and indigenous languages; a language other than English for all; and equitable and widespread language services. The report presents background information on development of the NPL, describes component programs, outlines the role of the Australian Advisory Council on Languages and Multicultural Education (AACLAME) in this and other areas of effort, reviews and evaluates NPL programs, and discusses directions and priorities for the future, including recommendations for development in each of the four principle areas. Additional notes on funding and activities of component programs and AACLAME and responses by state and commonwealth agencies with an interest in language policy issues to the report's recommendations are appended.
    [Show full text]
  • Than One Way to Catch a Frog: a Study of Children's
    More than one way to catch a frog: A study of children’s discourse in an Australian contact language Samantha Disbray Submitted in total fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of Linguistics and Applied Linguistics University of Melbourne December, 2008 Declaration This is to certify that: a. this thesis comprises only my original work towards the PhD b. due acknowledgement has been made in the text to all material used c. the text is less than 100,000 words, exclusive of tables, figures, maps, examples, appendices and bibliography ____________________________ Samantha Disbray Abstract Children everywhere learn to tell stories. One important aspect of story telling is the way characters are introduced and then moved through the story. Telling a story to a naïve listener places varied demands on a speaker. As the story plot develops, the speaker must set and re-set these parameters for referring to characters, as well as the temporal and spatial parameters of the story. To these cognitive and linguistic tasks is the added social and pragmatic task of monitoring the knowledge and attention states of their listener. The speaker must ensure that the listener can identify the characters, and so must anticipate their listener’s knowledge and on-going mental image of the story. How speakers do this depends on cultural conventions and on the resources of the language(s) they speak. For the child speaker the development narrative competence involves an integration, on-line, of a number of skills, some of which are not fully established until the later childhood years.
    [Show full text]
  • Endangered Songs and Endangered Languages
    Endangered Songs and Endangered Languages Allan Marett and Linda Barwick Music department, University of Sydney NSW 2006 Australia [[email protected], [email protected]] Abstract Without immediate action many Indigenous music and dance traditions are in danger of extinction with It is widely reported in Australia and elsewhere that songs are potentially destructive consequences for the fabric of considered by culture bearers to be the “crown jewels” of Indigenous society and culture. endangered cultural heritages whose knowledge systems have hitherto been maintained without the aid of writing. It is precisely these specialised repertoires of our intangible The recording and documenting of the remaining cultural heritage that are most endangered, even in a traditions is a matter of the highest priority both for comparatively healthy language. Only the older members of Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Many of the community tend to have full command of the poetics of our foremost composers and singers have already song, even in cases where the language continues to be spoken passed away leaving little or no record. (Garma by younger people. Taking a number of case studies from Statement on Indigenous Music and Performance Australian repertories of public song (wangga, yawulyu, 2002) lirrga, and junba), we explore some of the characteristics of song language and the need to extend language documentation To close the Garma Symposium, Mandawuy Yunupingu to include musical and other dimensions of song and Witiyana Marika performed, without further performances. Productive engagements between researchers, comment, two djatpangarri songs—"Gapu" (a song performers and communities in documenting songs can lead to about the tide) and "Cora" (a song about an eponymous revitalisation of interest and their renewed circulation in contemporary media and contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • APPENDIX G Language Codes Queensland Hospital Admitted Patient Data Collection (QHAPDC) 2019-2020 V0.1
    APPENDIX G Language Codes Queensland Hospital Admitted Patient Data Collection (QHAPDC) 2019-2020 V0.1 Appendix G Published by the State of Queensland (Queensland Health), 2019 This document is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia licence. To view a copy of this licence, visit creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au © State of Queensland (Queensland Health) 2019 You are free to copy, communicate and adapt the work, as long as you attribute the State of Queensland (Queensland Health). For more information contact: Statistical Services and Integration Unit, Statistical Services Branch, Department of Health, GPO Box 48, Brisbane QLD 4001, email [email protected]. An electronic version of this document is available at https://www.health.qld.gov.au/hsu/collections/qhapdc Disclaimer: The content presented in this publication is distributed by the Queensland Government as an information source only. The State of Queensland makes no statements, representations or warranties about the accuracy, completeness or reliability of any information contained in this publication. The State of Queensland disclaims all responsibility and all liability (including without limitation for liability in negligence) for all expenses, losses, damages and costs you might incur as a result of the information being inaccurate or incomplete in any way, and for any reason reliance was placed on such information. APPENDIX G – 2019-2020 v1.0 2 Contents Language Codes – Alphabetical Order ....................................................................................... 4 Language Codes – Numerical Order ......................................................................................... 31 APPENDIX G – 2019-2020 v1.0 3 Language Codes – Alphabetical Order From 1st July 2011 a new language classification was implemented in Queensland Health (QH).
    [Show full text]
  • The Status of Degrees in Warlpiri
    The status of degrees in Warlpiri Margit Bowler, UCLA Stanford Fieldwork Group: November 4, 2015 Stanford University Margit Bowler, UCLA The status of degrees in Warlpiri Roadmap Overview of Australian languages & my fieldwork site My methodologies for collecting degree data −! Methodological issues Background on degrees and degree constructions Presentation of Warlpiri data −! Degree data roughly following Beck, et al. (2009) −! Potentially problematic morphemes/constructions What can this tell us about: −! Degrees in Warlpiri? (They do not exist!) Wrap-up Margit Bowler, UCLA The status of degrees in Warlpiri Australian languages 250-300 languages were spoken when Australia was colonized in the late 1700s; ∼100 languages are spoken today (Dixon 2002) −! Of these, only approximately 20 languages have a robust speaker population; Warlpiri has 3,000 speakers Divided into Pama-Nyungan (90% of languages in Australia) versus non-Pama-Nyungan Margit Bowler, UCLA The status of degrees in Warlpiri Common features of Australian languages (Split-)ergativity −! Warlpiri has ergative case marking, roughly accusative agreement marking Highly flexible word order Extensive pro-drop Adjectives pattern morphosyntactically like nouns −! Host case marking, trigger agreement marking, and so on Margit Bowler, UCLA The status of degrees in Warlpiri Yuendumu, NT ∼300km northwest of Alice Springs, NT Population ∼800, around 90% Aboriginal 95% of children at the Yuendumu school speak Warlpiri as a first language Languages spoken include Warlpiri, Pintupi/Luritja,
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/30/2021 10:48:31PM Via Free Access
    journal of language contact 11 (2018) 71-112 brill.com/jlc The Development of Phonological Stratification: Evidence from Stop Voicing Perception in Gurindji Kriol and Roper Kriol Jesse Stewart University of Saskatchewan [email protected] Felicity Meakins University of Queensland [email protected] Cassandra Algy Karungkarni Arts [email protected] Angelina Joshua Ngukurr Language Centre [email protected] Abstract This study tests the effect of multilingualism and language contact on consonant perception. Here, we explore the emergence of phonological stratification using two alternative forced-choice (2afc) identification task experiments to test listener perception of stop voicing with contrasting minimal pairs modified along a 10-step continuum. We examine a unique language ecology consisting of three languages spo- ken in Northern Territory, Australia: Roper Kriol (an English-lexifier creole language), Gurindji (Pama-Nyungan), and Gurindji Kriol (a mixed language derived from Gurindji and Kriol). In addition, this study focuses on three distinct age groups: children (group i, 8>), preteens to middle-aged adults (group ii, 10–58), and older adults (group iii, 65+). Results reveal that both Kriol and Gurindji Kriol listeners in group ii contrast the labial series [p] and [b]. Contrarily, while alveolar [t] and velar [k] were consis- tently identifiable by the majority of participants (74%), their voiced counterparts ([d] and [g]) showed random response patterns by 61% of the participants. Responses © Jesse Stewart et al., 2018 | doi 10.1163/19552629-01101003 This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the prevailing cc-by-nc license at the time of publication.
    [Show full text]
  • Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal Languages South of the Kimberley Region
    PACIFIC LINGUISTICS Series C - 124 HANDBOOK OF WESTERN AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINAL LANGUAGES SOUTH OF THE KIMBERLEY REGION Nicholas Thieberger Department of Linguistics Research School of Pacific Studies THE AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY Thieberger, N. Handbook of Western Australian Aboriginal languages south of the Kimberley Region. C-124, viii + 416 pages. Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, 1993. DOI:10.15144/PL-C124.cover ©1993 Pacific Linguistics and/or the author(s). Online edition licensed 2015 CC BY-SA 4.0, with permission of PL. A sealang.net/CRCL initiative. Pacific Linguistics is issued through the Linguistic Circle of Canberra and consists of four series: SERIES A: Occasional Papers SERIES c: Books SERIES B: Monographs SERIES D: Special Publications FOUNDING EDITOR: S.A. Wurm EDITORIAL BOARD: T.E. Dutton, A.K. Pawley, M.D. Ross, D.T. Tryon EDITORIAL ADVISERS: B.W.Bender KA. McElhanon University of Hawaii Summer Institute of Linguistics DavidBradley H.P. McKaughan La Trobe University University of Hawaii Michael G. Clyne P. Miihlhausler Monash University University of Adelaide S.H. Elbert G.N. O'Grady University of Hawaii University of Victoria, B.C. KJ. Franklin KL. Pike Summer Institute of Linguistics Summer Institute of Linguistics W.W.Glover E.C. Polome Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Texas G.W.Grace Gillian Sankoff University of Hawaii University of Pennsylvania M.A.K Halliday W.A.L. Stokhof University of Sydney University of Leiden E. Haugen B.K T' sou Harvard University City Polytechnic of Hong Kong A. Healey E.M. Uhlenbeck Summer Institute of Linguistics University of Leiden L.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Monstrous Transformations: a Case Study from Central Australia Yasmine Musharbash
    This is a draft chapter. The final version is available in Monster Anthropology from Australasia and Beyond edited by Yasmine Musharbash and Geir Henning Presterudstuen, published in 2014, Palgrave Macmillan ISBN 978-1-137-44865-1 The material cannot be used for any other purpose without further permission of the publisher, and is for private use only. Chapter 3 Monstrous Transformations: A Case Study from Central Australia Yasmine Musharbash My chapter is ethnographically situated in the Tanami Desert, the home of Warlpiri people and the monsters that haunt, terrorize, and sometimes kill them. Located to the northwest of the center of Australia, first contact came relatively late in this region, and over the past century the Tanami and its human and monstrous inhabitants have experienced dramatic and tumultuous changes. I explore how one particular monster, called Kurdaitcha or Jarnpa, transformed with these changes, and the meanings that flow from this reality.1 The hauntees of this monster, Warlpiri people, formerly nomadic hunters and gatherers, were sedentized in the mid-1940s in government ration depots fringing the Tanami, which were set up by colonial patrol officers in response to the effects of frontier violence and a severe drought. Over the ensuing decades, these settlements have grown into typically neocolonial towns. Residents still speak Warlpiri as their first language, for example, and have retained or adapted many of their customs. Simultaneously, they are intimately entangled in the neoliberal world, accessing Australian infrastructure, having bank accounts, being exposed to ever- increasing levels of governance, and so forth (Musharbash 2007; 2008). A clear consequence of these cataclysmic upheavals is that contemporary Warlpiri lives are dramatically different compared to pre-contact times; another is that they also differ from the lives of non-Indigenous Australians.
    [Show full text]
  • Aboriginal Men of High Degree Studiesin Sodetyand Culture
    ])U Md�r I W H1// <43 H1�hi Jew Jn• Terrace c; T LUCIA. .Id 4007 �MY.Ers- Drysdale R. 0-v Cape 1 <0 �11 King Edward R Eylandt J (P le { York Prin N.Kimb �0 cess Ch arlotte Bay JJ J J Peninsula Kalumbur,:u -{.__ Wal.cott • C ooktown Inlet 1r Dampier's Lan by Broome S.W.Kimberley E. Kimberley Hooker Ck. La Grange Great Sandy Desert NORTHERN TERRITORY Port Hedland • Yuendumu , Papanya 0ga Boulia ,r>- Haasts Bluff • ,_e':lo . Alice Springs IY, Woorabin Gibson Oesert Hermannsburg• da, �igalong pe ter I QU tn"' "'= EENSLAND 1v1"' nn ''� • Ayre's Rock nn " "' r ---- ----------------------------L- T omk i nson Ra. Musgrave Ra. Everard Ra Warburton Ra. WESTERN AUSTRALIA Fraser Is. Oodnadatta · Laverton SOUTH AUSTRALIA Victoria Desert New Norcia !) Perth N EW SOUT H WALES Great Australian Bight Port �ackson �f.jer l. W. llill (lr14), t:D, 1.\ Censultlf . nt 1\n·hlk.. l �st Tl·l: ( 117} .171-'l.lS Aboriginal Men of High Degree Studiesin Sodetyand Culture General Editors: Jeremy Beckett and Grant Harman Previous titles in series From Past4 to Pt�vlova: A Comp��rlltivt Study ofIlllli1111 Smlm m Sydney & Griffith by Rina Huber Aboriginal Men of High Degree SECOND EDITION A. P. Elkin THEUNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLANDLffiRARY SOCIALSCIENCES AND HUMANITIES LIBRARY University of Queensland Press First edition 1945 Second edition © University of Queensland Press, St Lucia, Queensland, 1977 This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, no p�rt may be reproduced by any process without written permission.
    [Show full text]
  • Early Texts and Other Sources
    7 Early texts and other sources Introduction In order to demonstrate that native title has survived, the court will require that the laws and customs of the claimant society be shown not only to have survived substantially uninterrupted but also to have remained ‘traditional’1 in their content. What exactly is to be understood by the use of the term ‘traditional’ has been subject to extensive debate.2 Most, if not all, of the ethnography relevant to a native title inquiry will demonstrate the fact of some form of change. This is unsurprising since few anthropologists would argue for an unchanging society. It is the degree and measure of the change against customary systems that is subject to contestation. In short, 1 ‘A traditional law or custom is one which has been passed from generation to generation of a society, usually by word of mouth and common practice. But in the context of the Native Title Act, “traditional” carries with it two other elements in its meaning. First, it conveys an understanding of the age of the traditions: the origins of the content of the law or custom concerned are to be found in the normative rules of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander societies that existed before the assertion of sovereignty by the British Crown. It is only those normative rules that are “traditional” laws and customs. Second, and no less important, the reference to rights or interests in land or waters being possessed under traditional laws acknowledged and traditional customs observed by the peoples concerned, requires that the normative system under which the rights and interests are possessed (the traditional laws and customs) is a system that has had a continuous existence and vitality since sovereignty.
    [Show full text]
  • 2. Working on the Dictionary
    2 Working on the dictionary Rhonda Inkamala Aranda1 Imanka kngarriparta ntjarra purta urrkapumala ngkitja Aranda nurnaka kngartiwuka pa intalhilaka. Ngkitja intalhilakala nhanha nama marra, rilha ntjarrala, artwala, arrkutjala, kitjia itna kaltjirramala ngkitja nurnakanha ritamilatjika, intalhilatjika, kitjia ntjarranha ikarltala kuta kaltjanthitjika. Kuka yatinya ntjarraka pmara ntilatjika, ngkitja Arandala pmara rritnya ilatjika, marna pa tnuntha rilhakanha ingkarraka ntyarra nthitjika. Kaltjala ntama ngkitja nurnakanha ikarlta kuta tnyinatjinanga. Pipa Dictionary nhanhala ngkitja nurnakanha Luritja pa Aranda lhangkarama, nthakanha intalhilatja, ritamilatjika ngkitja nurnakanha ikarlta kuta tnyinatjika. Kwaiya kngarra nuka ‘Nangalanha’ Clara Ngala Inkamala ira imangka urrkaputjarta CAAMA2 Radio Imparja Television—Nganampa Anwernekenhe Language and Culture Programme. Nhanha ntama ngkitja kuka irala ngkama: ‘Ngkitja nurnakanha ilkarlta kuta tnyinatjika’. 1 I choose to use this spelling of our language, because it is phonetic and reflects our history. 2 Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association. 15 CARL STREHLOW’S 1909 ComparatiVE Heritage Dictionary Figure 8: Rhonda Inkamala working at the Strehlow Research Centre, 2017. Source: Adam Macfie, Strehlow Research Centre, Alice Springs. Luritja Irriti Anangu nganampa tjuta tjungungkuya wangka Luritja kampa kutjupa nguru walkatjunu. Wangka nganampa kwarri palya ngaranyi, uwankarrangku ritamilanytjaku walkatjunkunytjaku. Nganampa waltja tjutaya irriti ngurra nyanga tjanala nyinapayi, Ungkungka-la
    [Show full text]