Ethno-Linguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration LSE Research Online URL for This Paper: Version: Accepted Version

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ethno-Linguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration LSE Research Online URL for This Paper: Version: Accepted Version Ethno-linguistic diversity and urban agglomeration LSE Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/104513/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Eberle, Ulrich, Henderson, J. Vernon, Rohner, Dominic and Schmidheiny, Kurt (2020) Ethno-linguistic diversity and urban agglomeration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. ISSN 1091-6490 (In Press) Reuse Items deposited in LSE Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the LSE Research Online record for the item. [email protected] https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/ Ethno-Linguistic Diversity and Urban Agglomeration Ulrich J. Eberlea,b,1,2, J. Vernon Hendersona,1,2, Dominic Rohnerb,1,2, and Kurt Schmidheinyc,1,2 aLondon School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, Houghton Street, London WC2A2AE, UK.; bUniversity of Lausanne, Department of Economics, Internef, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.; cUniversity of Basel, Faculty of Business and Economics, Peter Merian-Weg 6, 4002 Basel, Switzerland. This manuscript was compiled on May 14, 2020 1 This article shows that higher ethno-linguistic diversity is associated are also in the top 3% of degree of diversity by provinces 36 2 with a greater risk of social tensions and conflict, which in turn is a worldwide and Nagaland is at the center of India’s well known 37 3 dispersion force lowering urbanization and the incentives to move to on-going conflict in its Northeast. These highly fractionalized 38 4 big cities. We construct a novel worldwide data set at a fine-grained states rank in the top 6% and 3%, respectively, of provinces 39 5 level on urban settlement patterns and ethno-linguistic population worldwide in incidence of conflict for 1975-2015 (defined below). 40 6 composition. For 3,540 provinces of 170 countries, we find that in- In terms of the resulting urban concentration, we develop two 41 7 creased ethno-linguistic fractionalization and polarization are asso- measures below: share of the population that is urbanized, 42 8 ciated with lower urbanization and an increased role for secondary and primacy (fraction of the urban population in the biggest 43 9 cities relative to the primate city of a province. These striking associ- city in the province). These two Indian states both rank in the 44 10 ations are quantitatively important and robust to various changes in bottom 30% worldwide of provinces in terms of urban share 45 11 variables and specifications. We find that democratic institutions af- and in the bottom 1% in terms of primacy share. In other 46 12 fect the impact of ethno-linguistic diversity on urbanization patterns. words, their high degree of ethnic fractionalization and conflict 47 is closely associated with people staying in the countryside 48 Ethno-Linguistic Diversity | Fractionalization | Polarization | Urbaniza- and avoiding agglomerating into one main city by spreading 49 tion | Urban Agglomeration | Primacy | Conflict | Democracy urban population across cities. 50 To comprehensively assess these relationships, we created 51 1 he conflict literature has found that ethnic diversity a novel, fine-grained data set of geographical population dis- 52 2 Twithin a region can induce tensions and raise the po- tribution and language use. For 233 countries around the 53 3 tential for conflict (1–3). Existing game-theoretic models of world, these data allow us to compute indices of urban con- 54 4 spatial distributions of ethnic groups and social tensions (4) centration in the year 2015, as well as ethnolinguistic diversity 55 5 predict that, in the presence of tensions between groups, con- at the province level in 1975. Provinces are the first-level 56 6 flicts are more costly when bigger numbers of members of administrative boundaries within countries such as U.S. states 57 7 different groups live at close range. To avoid such conflict or German Bundesländer (see the SI Appendix, p.5 for de- 58 8 costs caused by inter-group hostility, members of ethnic groups tails). We identify the effects of ethno-linguistic diversity on 59 9 have an incentive to remain dispersed in the countryside as urban concentration from within country variation in urban 60 10 opposed to moving to cities to live in close quarters. Further, concentration at the provincial level for 3,540 provinces in 61 11 when they do urbanize, instead of agglomerating into one the 170 countries with more than one province, controlling 62 12 giant regional “melting pot” megapolis, they may spread over for the 1975 levels of the variables of interest. Drawing on 63 13 smaller cities. data of the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) and the 64 14 This paper presents what is, to the best of our knowledge, DRAFTGHS Settlement Model (GHS-SMOD, (16)) on geo-localised 65 15 the first global empirical investigation of the nexus between population and urban boundaries, we first establish a data set 66 16 ethno-linguistic diversity and major patterns of where people 17 live within countries. We show that initial ethnic diversity re- 18 duces urban agglomeration. This has important consequences 19 as policies which inhibit urbanization and urban concentration Significance Statement 20 can strongly restrict economic growth (5, 6). Yet, economists Urbanization and agglomeration of economic activity are key 21 have largely ignored the role of ethno-linguistic cleavages when drivers of economic development. Many factors underlying city 22 studying agglomeration benefits, urbanization and develop- sizes and locations continue to be well studied. However, a 23 ment, the size distribution of cities, and policies which impact key factor has so far been generally ignored: the role of the 24 concentration (7–14). ethno-linguistic composition of local populations. We address 25 Many anecdotal examples of the impact of ethno-linguistic this gap, drawing on a novel, very detailed dataset on local 26 diversity on urbanization patterns may come to mind. One urban agglomeration and ethno-linguistic diversity. We find 27 example is the archetypical bilingual city of Montreal which has that, in multi-ethnic areas, social tensions arise more easily, 28 stagnated in size since the 1960s, while nearby predominantly discouraging the move to bigger cities. Ethno-linguistically 29 English-speaking cities like Toronto or French-speaking cities diverse regions feature less urbanization and agglomeration, 30 like Quebec-Ville have typically grown by at least 50% over with potentially profound economic consequences. 31 the same time period (15). As a more structured example we 32 pick the two Indian states with the highest degree of ethno- 33 linguistic diversity in India as measured by fractionalization, 1U.J.E., J.V.H, D.R. and K.S. contributed equally to this work. 34 a common measure of diversity in the literature which we 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected], 35 define later. These states, Nagaland and Himachal Pradesh, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.XXXXXXXXXX PNAS | May 14, 2020 | vol. XXX | no. XX | 1–8 Fractionalization (level 15) 0.0 - 0.1 0.1 - 0.2 0.2 - 0.3 0.3 - 0.4 0.4 - 0.5 0.5 - 0.6 0.6 - 0.7 0.7 - 0.8 0.8 - 0.9 0.9 - 1.0 Fig. 1. Global Map of Ethno-linguistic Fractionalization at the Province Level. Fractionalization is calculated at language tree level 15. See text for data sources and construction. 67 at the 1 km grid level, which distinguishes between city cores, control through country fixed effects for unobservable con- 103 68 dense towns, semi-dense towns, suburbs and rural areas for founding country characteristics (like national governance) 104 69 2015. The GHS project for the first time defines areas such as which also influence the urban structure. 105 70 cities, based solely on population and population density mea- Next, using fractionalization as a measure of ethno- 106 71 sures consistently across the world, with no regards to local linguisitic diversity, we graph three motivating sets of associa- 107 72 administrative borders and to census bureau qualitative views tions. Figure 2 displays the association between a conflict mea- 108 73 on what defines urban areas and cities. This consistency in sure and ethno-linguistic fractionalization, as well as between 109 74 definition across and within countries is an important feature the two urban concentration measures and ethno-linguistic 110 ∗ 75 of our contribution. fractionalization, for all provinces across the world. 111 76 In this paper, we first match the grid cells with fine-grained In panel A of Figure 2 we show with a non-linear regression 112 77 language information, drawing on the World Language Map- that ethnic fractionalization correlates positively with the 113 78 ping System (WLMS) data capturing the traditional languages count of conflict incidents in each province from 1975 to 2015 114 79 (as defined by Ethnologue (18)) present in the early 1990s. (based on data from “Geographical Research on War, United 115 80 Ethnologue contains the number of speakers of all languages Platform”, GrowUP (21)), as postulated at the beginning of 116 81 in a given country and WMLS maps the information of the the article. This is in line with our premise that ethnic diversity 117 82 Ethnologue into the geographic location of ethno-linguistic may go in hand with heightened ethnic tensions and conflict. 118 83 groups. All details of the data construction are relegated to As argued above, this risk of unrest may be a dispersion force, 119 84 the “Data and Methods” Section below.
Recommended publications
  • Language, Part IV B(I)(A)-C-Series , Series-9
    CENSUS OF INDIA 1991 SERIES 09 - HIMACHAL PRADESH PART IV B(i)(a) - C-Series LANGUAGE Table C-7 State, Districts, Tahsils and Towns . DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS, HIMACHAL PRADESH Registrar General of India (In charge of the Census of India and vital statistics) Office Address 2-A, Mansmgh Road, New Deihl 110011, India Telephone (91-11) 338 3761 Fax (91-11) 338 3145 Email rgmdla@hub mc In Internet http f/WWW censuslndla net Registrar General of India's publications can be purchased from the followmg • The Sales Depot (Phone 338 6583) Office of the Registrar General of India 2-A Manslngh Road New Deihl 110 011, India • Directorates of Census Operations In the capitals of all states and union territories In India • The Controller of PublicatIon Old Secretariat CIvil Lines Deihl 110 054 • Kltab Mahal State Emporium Complex, Unit No 21 Saba Kharak Singh Marg New Deihl 110 001 • Sales outlets of the Controller of Publication all over India Census data available on the floppy disks can be purchased from the follOWing • Office of the Registrar General,)ndla Data Processing DIVISIon 2nd Floor, 'E' Wing Pushpa Shawan Madanglr Road New Deihl 110 062, India Telephone (91-11) 6081558 Fax (91-11) 608 0295 Email rgdpd@rgl satyam net In o Registrar General of India The contents of th,s publication may be quoted citing the source clearly PREFACE The Census of Indta IS the only comprehensIve data source on language in IndIa and has been the pioneer m this field The Census of India Report of 1921 notes "As wIth the ethnography so also In the case of the language ofIndia, much of the pioneer work has been done In connection wIth the decenl1lal Census, and the Il1terest in the subject, which eventually leads to Its complete and systematic treatment under expert dIrectIOn is largely due to the contrIbution made by Census Officers m theIr reports" Each Census has added to the rich data base on the subject and provided the basis for WIde ranging study and research.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Presented Below Is an Alphabetical Abstract of Languages A
    Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Hindi Version Home | Login | Tender | Sitemap | Contact Us Search this Quick ABOUT US Site Links Census 2001 STATEMENT 1 ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2001 Presented below is an alphabetical abstract of languages and the mother tongues with speakers' strength of 10,000 and above at the all India level, grouped under each language. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages PART A - Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule (Scheduled Languages) Name of language and Number of persons who returned the Name of language and Number of persons who returned the mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues mother tongue(s) language (and the mother tongues grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother grouped under each grouped under each) as their mother language tongue language tongue 1 2 1 2 1 ASSAMESE 13,168,484 13 Dhundhari 1,871,130 1 Assamese 12,778,735 14 Garhwali 2,267,314 Others 389,749 15 Gojri 762,332 16 Harauti 2,462,867 2 BENGALI 83,369,769 17 Haryanvi 7,997,192 1 Bengali 82,462,437 18 Hindi 257,919,635 2 Chakma 176,458 19 Jaunsari 114,733 3 Haijong/Hajong 63,188 20 Kangri 1,122,843 4 Rajbangsi 82,570 21 Khairari 11,937 Others 585,116 22 Khari Boli 47,730 23 Khortha/ Khotta 4,725,927 3 BODO 1,350,478 24 Kulvi 170,770 1 Bodo/Boro 1,330,775 25 Kumauni 2,003,783 Others 19,703 26 Kurmali Thar 425,920 27 Labani 22,162 4 DOGRI 2,282,589 28 Lamani/ Lambadi 2,707,562
    [Show full text]
  • Multilingual Practices in Kullu (Himachal Pradesh, India)
    Multilingual practices in Kullu (Himachal Pradesh, India) Julia V. Mazurova, the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences Project participants Himachali Pahari Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui Fieldwork research Kullui – an Indo-Aryan language of the Himachali Pahari (also known as Western Pahari) • Expedition 2014 Fund of Fundamental Linguistic Research, project 2014 “Documentation of Kullui (Western Pahari)”, supervisor Julia Mazurova • Expedition 2016 Russian State Fund for Scientific Research № 16-34-01040 «Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui», supervisor Elena Knyazeva Goals of the research Linguistic goals • Documentation of Kullui on the modern linguistic and technical level: dictionary, corpus of morphologically glossed texts with audio and video recordings. • Theoretical research of the Kullui phonology and grammar • Fieldwork research of the Himachali dialectal continuum • Description of the areal and typological features of the Himachali dialectal continuum Goals of the research Socio-linguistic goals • Linguistic situation in the region. Functional domains of the languages • Geographical location of the Kullui language • Differences between Kullui and neighbor dialects • Choosing informants • Evaluating of the language knowledge of the speakers • Language vitality • Variation in Kullui depending on age, gender, social level, education and other factors Linguistic situation in India ➢ Official languages of the Union Government of India – Hindi and English ➢ Scheduled languages (in States of India)
    [Show full text]
  • Genitive Marking of Arguments in Kullui (Indo-Aryan)
    Genitive marking of arguments in Kullui (Indo-Aryan) Evgeniya Renkovskaya, Institute of Linguistics (Moscow) Kullui (< Himachali (= West Pahari) < Indo-Aryan About 170 thousand speakers Located in Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh Kullu district 6 tehsils (Manali, Kullu, Sainj, Banjar, Ani, Nirmand) Kullui is spoken in Kullu and Manali tehsils, in the Kullu valley (Beas river valley) • Data: fieldwork in the town of Kullu and in the villages of Naggar, Suma and Bashing (Kullu district, Himachal Pradesh, India) in 2014-2017. Both elicited examples and those taken from spontaneous texts. • Site: www.pahari-languages.com • The research is financially supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project № 16-34-01040. Standard use of Genitive in the New Indo- Aryan languages (NIA) – Possessive Genitive: genitive postposition / case affix agrees with the Head Noun in gender, number and case (if there are any) like an adjective. For example, in Hindi Genitive is used only as Possessive Genitive: (1) us-ke do bacch-e hain he/she-GEN.PL two child-PL COP.PRS.PL She has two children (lit. there are two children of hers) Non-canonical (for NIA) Himachali uses of Genitive: attested and described for Eastern group of NIA: Bengali, Oriya and Assamese ([Masica 1991, Klaiman 1980, 1981, Onishi 2001, Yamabe 1995 and others]), where genitive affix has only one form and no agreement Eastern Indo-Aryan analyzed for Himachali in [Hendriksen 1986, Zoller 2009] [Hendriksen 1986]: relational case (term for non-canonical Genitive) Himachali languages where the genitive markingThank of arguments you! is attested [Bailey 1920, Hendriksen 1986, Zoller 2007]: Himachali languages Bangani Himachali languages with non-canonical Deogari Genitive Kochi Kotgarhi Bhalesi Baghati Kiunthali Kotguru Outer Siraji Inner Siraji Kullui Types of argumentsThank marked by you! Genitive in Himachali: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Minority Languages in India
    Thomas Benedikter Minority Languages in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India ---------------------------- EURASIA-Net Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues 2 Linguistic minorities in India An appraisal of the linguistic rights of minorities in India Bozen/Bolzano, March 2013 This study was originally written for the European Academy of Bolzano/Bozen (EURAC), Institute for Minority Rights, in the frame of the project Europe-South Asia Exchange on Supranational (Regional) Policies and Instruments for the Promotion of Human Rights and the Management of Minority Issues (EURASIA-Net). The publication is based on extensive research in eight Indian States, with the support of the European Academy of Bozen/Bolzano and the Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. EURASIA-Net Partners Accademia Europea Bolzano/Europäische Akademie Bozen (EURAC) – Bolzano/Bozen (Italy) Brunel University – West London (UK) Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität – Frankfurt am Main (Germany) Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (India) South Asian Forum for Human Rights (Nepal) Democratic Commission of Human Development (Pakistan), and University of Dhaka (Bangladesh) Edited by © Thomas Benedikter 2013 Rights and permissions Copying and/or transmitting parts of this work without prior permission, may be a violation of applicable law. The publishers encourage dissemination of this publication and would be happy to grant permission.
    [Show full text]
  • 2011 Census Definitions and Output Classifications
    2011 Census Definitions and Output Classifications December 2012 Last Updated April 2015 Contents Section 1 – 2011 Census Definitions 6 Section 2 – 2011 Census Variables 49 Section 3 – 2011 Census Full Classifications 141 Section 4 – 2011 Census Footnotes 179 Footnotes – Key Statistics 180 Footnotes – Quick Statistics 189 Footnotes – Detailed Characteristics Statistics 202 Footnotes – Local Characteristics Statistics 280 Footnotes – Alternative Population Statistics 316 SECTION 1 2011 CENSUS DEFINITIONS 2011 Census Definitions and Output Classifications 1 Section 1 – 2011 Census Definitions 2011 Resident Population 6 Absent Household 6 Accommodation Type 6 Activity Last Week 6 Adaptation of Accommodation 6 Adult 6 Adult (alternative classification) 7 Adult lifestage 7 Age 7 Age of Most Recent Arrival in Northern Ireland 8 Approximated social grade 8 Area 8 Atheist 9 Average household size 9 Carer 9 Cars or vans 9 Catholic 9 Census Day 10 Census Night 10 Central heating 10 Child 10 Child (alternative definition) 10 Children shared between parents 11 Civil partnership 11 Cohabiting 11 Cohabiting couple family 11 Cohabiting couple household 12 Communal establishment 12 Communal establishment resident 13 Country of Birth 13 Country of Previous Residence 13 Current religion 14 Daytime population 14 Dependent child 14 Dwelling 15 Economic activity 15 Economically active 16 Economically inactive 16 Employed 16 2011 Census Definitions and Output Classifications 2 Section 1 – 2011 Census Definitions Employee 17 Employment 17 Establishment 17 Ethnic
    [Show full text]
  • Mapping India's Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and Its
    Mapping India’s Language and Mother Tongue Diversity and its Exclusion in the Indian Census Dr. Shivakumar Jolad1 and Aayush Agarwal2 1FLAME University, Lavale, Pune, India 2Centre for Social and Behavioural Change, Ashoka University, New Delhi, India Abstract In this article, we critique the process of linguistic data enumeration and classification by the Census of India. We map out inclusion and exclusion under Scheduled and non-Scheduled languages and their mother tongues and their representation in state bureaucracies, the judiciary, and education. We highlight that Census classification leads to delegitimization of ‘mother tongues’ that deserve the status of language and official recognition by the state. We argue that the blanket exclusion of languages and mother tongues based on numerical thresholds disregards the languages of about 18.7 million speakers in India. We compute and map the Linguistic Diversity Index of India at the national and state levels and show that the exclusion of mother tongues undermines the linguistic diversity of states. We show that the Hindi belt shows the maximum divergence in Language and Mother Tongue Diversity. We stress the need for India to officially acknowledge the linguistic diversity of states and make the Census classification and enumeration to reflect the true Linguistic diversity. Introduction India and the Indian subcontinent have long been known for their rich diversity in languages and cultures which had baffled travelers, invaders, and colonizers. Amir Khusru, Sufi poet and scholar of the 13th century, wrote about the diversity of languages in Northern India from Sindhi, Punjabi, and Gujarati to Telugu and Bengali (Grierson, 1903-27, vol.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman; Data from World Language Mapping System
    Svalbard Greenland Jan Mayen Norwegian Norwegian Icelandic Iceland Finland Norway Swedish Sweden Swedish Faroese FaroeseFaroese Faroese Faroese Norwegian Russia Swedish Swedish Swedish Estonia Scottish Gaelic Russian Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Latvia Latvian Scots Denmark Scottish Gaelic Danish Scottish Gaelic Scottish Gaelic Danish Danish Lithuania Lithuanian Standard German Swedish Irish Gaelic Northern Frisian English Danish Isle of Man Northern FrisianNorthern Frisian Irish Gaelic English United Kingdom Kashubian Irish Gaelic English Belarusan Irish Gaelic Belarus Welsh English Western FrisianGronings Ireland DrentsEastern Frisian Dutch Sallands Irish Gaelic VeluwsTwents Poland Polish Irish Gaelic Welsh Achterhoeks Irish Gaelic Zeeuws Dutch Upper Sorbian Russian Zeeuws Netherlands Vlaams Upper Sorbian Vlaams Dutch Germany Standard German Vlaams Limburgish Limburgish PicardBelgium Standard German Standard German WalloonFrench Standard German Picard Picard Polish FrenchLuxembourgeois Russian French Czech Republic Czech Ukrainian Polish French Luxembourgeois Polish Polish Luxembourgeois Polish Ukrainian French Rusyn Ukraine Swiss German Czech Slovakia Slovak Ukrainian Slovak Rusyn Breton Croatian Romanian Carpathian Romani Kazakhstan Balkan Romani Ukrainian Croatian Moldova Standard German Hungary Switzerland Standard German Romanian Austria Greek Swiss GermanWalser CroatianStandard German Mongolia RomanschWalser Standard German Bulgarian Russian France French Slovene Bulgarian Russian French LombardRomansch Ladin Slovene Standard
    [Show full text]
  • BHADARWAHI:AT YPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI
    BHADARWAHI: A TYPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India [email protected] Abstract This paper is a summary of some phonological and morphosyntactice features of the Bhadarwahi language of Indo-Aryan family. Bhadarwahi is a lesser known and less documented language spoken in district of Doda of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India. Typologically it is a subject dominant language with an SOV word order (SV if without object) and its verb agrees with a noun phrase which is not followed by an overt post-position. These noun phrases can move freely in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. Aspiration, like any other Indo-Aryan languages, is a prominent feature of Bhadarwahi. Nasalization is a distinctive feature, and vowel and consonant contrasts are commonly observed. Infinitive and participle forms are formed by suffixation while infixation is also found in causative formation. Tense is carried by auxiliary and aspect and mood is marked by the main verb. Keywords: Indo-Aryan; less documented; SOV; aspiration; infixation Povzetek Članek je nekakšen daljši povzetek fonoloških in morfosintaktičnih značilnosti jezika badarvahi, enega izmed članov indo-arijske jezikovne družine. Badarvahi je manj poznan in slabo dokumentiran jezik z območja Doda v regiji Jammu v Kašmirju. Tipološko je zanj značilen dominanten osebek in besedni red: osebek, predmet, povedek. Glagoli se povečini ujemajo s samostalniškimi frazami, ki lahko v stavku zavzemajo katerikoli položaj ne da bi spremenile pomen stavka. Nadaljna značilnost jezika badarvahi je tudi to, da indirektni predmeti ponavadi stojijo pred direktnimi predmeti.
    [Show full text]
  • Map by Steve Huffman Data from World Language Mapping System 16
    Tajiki Tajiki Tajiki Shughni Southern Pashto Shughni Tajiki Wakhi Wakhi Wakhi Mandarin Chinese Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Wakhi Domaaki Sanglechi-Ishkashimi Khowar Khowar Khowar Kati Yidgha Eastern Farsi Munji Kalasha Kati KatiKati Phalura Kalami Indus Kohistani Shina Kati Prasuni Kamviri Dameli Kalami Languages of the Gawar-Bati To rw al i Chilisso Waigali Gawar-Bati Ushojo Kohistani Shina Balti Parachi Ashkun Tregami Gowro Northwest Pashayi Southwest Pashayi Grangali Bateri Ladakhi Northeast Pashayi Southeast Pashayi Shina Purik Shina Brokskat Aimaq Parya Northern Hindko Kashmiri Northern Pashto Purik Hazaragi Ladakhi Indian Subcontinent Changthang Ormuri Gujari Kashmiri Pahari-Potwari Gujari Bhadrawahi Zangskari Southern Hindko Kashmiri Ladakhi Pangwali Churahi Dogri Pattani Gahri Ormuri Chambeali Tinani Bhattiyali Gaddi Kanashi Tinani Southern Pashto Ladakhi Central Pashto Khams Tibetan Kullu Pahari KinnauriBhoti Kinnauri Sunam Majhi Western Panjabi Mandeali Jangshung Tukpa Bilaspuri Chitkuli Kinnauri Mahasu Pahari Eastern Panjabi Panang Jaunsari Western Balochi Southern Pashto Garhwali Khetrani Hazaragi Humla Rawat Central Tibetan Waneci Rawat Brahui Seraiki DarmiyaByangsi ChaudangsiDarmiya Western Balochi Kumaoni Chaudangsi Mugom Dehwari Bagri Nepali Dolpo Haryanvi Jumli Urdu Buksa Lowa Raute Eastern Balochi Tichurong Seke Sholaga Kaike Raji Rana Tharu Sonha Nar Phu ChantyalThakali Seraiki Raji Western Parbate Kham Manangba Tibetan Kathoriya Tharu Tibetan Eastern Parbate Kham Nubri Marwari Ts um Gamale Kham Eastern
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural & Migration Tables, Part II-C, Volume-XX, Himachal Pradesh
    CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME XX HI,MACHAL PRADESH PART II-C CULTURAL & MIGRATION TABLES RAM CHANDRA PAL SINGH of tbe Indian Administrative Service Superintendent of Census Operations~ HitIl~ch~l Pfadesh oENS U S 0 F IN D I A 1 9 6 I-P U B L lOA T ION 8 Central Government Publications 1961 Oensu$ Report, Volume XX-Himachal Pradesh, will be in tM following Parts- I-A General Repor,t I-B Report on Vital Statistics and Fertility Survey. 1-0 Subsidiary Tables II-A General Population Tables and Primary Census Abstracts II-B Economic Tables II·O Cultural !lnd JIigration Ta.ble~ (The present part) III HOlWehold Economic Tables IV ReiIOI, and Tab'e 1 on Housing and Establishments Y·}' SpDi11 Tables on S hduled Ca~tes and Scheduled Tribes (including reprint~) Y·B(I) . EchuoJraphio note~ on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Y-B(U) A' tudy of G,1.ddi ·-A Scheduled Tribe-and affiliated castes by Prof, JYilliam H. Newell n Villu,;o t:\U\q Monographs (36 villages) VII·A . SilI'vey of Selected Handicrafts YII-B . Fairs and Festivals YIII·A Admini~tmtive &.port on Enumeration (For official use only) VIII-B Administrative Report on Tabulation (For official use only) IX Atla) of Himacha.l Prade1h HIMAOHAL PRADESH GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS District Handbook-Chamba District Handbook-Mandi District Handbook-Bilaspur District Handbook-Mahasu District Handbook-Sirmur District Handbook-:-Kinnaur PAGES Preface v I~TRODUCTION C SERIES-CULTURAL TABLES VII T.\BLE C-I Composition of Sample Households by Relationship to Head of Family Classified by Size of Land Cultivated .
    [Show full text]
  • Documentation of the Kullui Language: Problems, Results, Prospects
    Documentation of the Kullui language: problems, results, prospects TITLE Evgeniya A. Renkovskaya, the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences FieldworkFieldwork researchresearch Kullui – an Indo-Aryan language of the Himachali Pahari (also known as Western Pahari) •Expedition 2014 Fund of Fundamental Linguistic Research, project 2014 “Documentation of Kullui (Western Pahari)” •Expedition 2016 Russian State Fund for Scientific Research № 16-34-01040 «Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui» •Expedition 2017 Russian State Fund for Scientific Research № 16-34-01040 «Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui» Project participants Yulia Mazurova Evgeniya Renkovskaya Anastasia Krylova Irina Samarina Elena Shuvannikova Ksenia Melnikova Kullui – minor Indo-Aryan language of Northern India • Himachali Pahari group Dialectal continuum in Himachal Pradesh (mostly), also in Uttarakhand and Jammu and Kashmir From 10 to 60 of languages / dialects (according to different sources) About 6 million speakers • Kullui Located in Kullu District in Himachal Pradesh About 100 thousand speakers (according to Ethnologue, Census 2001) Functional domains of languages • Local languages (Himachali Pahari idioms and some others) – languages of the oral communication in the villages, languages of folklore tradition (songs, tales, legends), some religious practices. • Hindi – lingua franca of the region, language of school education, official organizations, state government, language of towns • English – interlanguage, language of education in some private schools, the second language of official organizations, state government. Himachal Pradesh, District Kullu Goals of the project •Documentation of Kullui on the modern linguistic and technical level: dictionary, corpus of morphologically glossed texts with audio and video recordings. •Theoretical research of the Kullui phonology and grammar •Sociolinguistic research of the Kullui language.
    [Show full text]