Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48867-9 — France's Wars in Chad Nathaniel K

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48867-9 — France's Wars in Chad Nathaniel K. Powell Index More Information

Index

Abacha, Sani, 181 Baldit, Luc, 109 Abatcha, Ibrahima, 29–30, 39, 42, 94, Beaux, Marcel, 251–253 134, 144 Ceaseﬁre mediation efforts, 259 Abderahmane, Aboubakar Views on Habré, 260 “3rd Army” leader, 188, 194, Bokassa, Jean-Bedel, 36, 70, 103, 106, 196–197 224, 226, 243, 277 Acheikh ibn Oumar, 324–325 Background, 227 Acyl, Ahmat, 171, 194, 197, 206, 210, Coronation, 232–233 212, 216, 219, 239, 245, 248, 260, Coup d’état, 226 302, 304, 311, 313, 319–320, 322, Crimes, 242 336 Diamond Affair, 242 Attack on Abéché, 182–183 Disdain of other African leaders for, Attack on Ati, 160, 166 231 Background, 166 Early Relations with France, Break with FAP, 166–168 227–229 Contacts with French, 247–248, Flight to France, 241 289–290, 313, 320 Human rights investigations, Creation of CDR, 194 237–238 Death, 323 Overthrow, 238–240 Tension in GUNT, 283–284, Relations with Giscard, 229–231, 288–289 234 Tensions with GUNT, 298, 300 Relations with Libya, 231 Ahidjo, Ahmadou, 190, 195, 221, 249, Repression, 235–236 272–273 Bongo, Omar, 128, 240, 249, 275, Fears of Nigerian hegemony, 190, 287 195, 221 Anti-Libyan views, 275, 340 Allam-Mi, Ahmad, 239, 303 Antipathy towards Nigeria, 186 On covert French support for Habré, Chadian mediation, 322 280 Disdain for Bokassa, 231 On Libyan contacts with Habré, 315 Bourges, Yvon, 48, 228 Arnaud, Michel, 47, 53, 59, 65, 68, 73 French military intervention, 48, Background, 66 52–54, 76 Clashes with Tombalbaye, 66 Minister of Defense, 156 Opposition to Legion, 67 MRA, 53 Ouster, 68 Bredèche, Raoul, 156, 161, 175, 203 Press leaks, 65 Strategy, 66 Cabouat, Jean-Pierre, 180, 204 Tensions with Lami and Wibaux, 67 Cheysson, Claude, 289, 300 Tensions with Tombalbaye, 67 Correspondence with George Shultz, War against Frolinat, 67 323–324, 326

354

Index 355

Claustre, Françoise, 108, 120, 125, Views on CSM, 129 127, 130–134 Views on French policy, 208, 213 Claustre, Pierre, 98, 108, 117, de Decker, Marie-Laure, 126 127–128, 130–134 de Gaulle, Charles, 1, 9, 15, 30, 46, Hostage negotiations, 109–110, 66–67, 106, 186, 225, 228 112–114, 119–122, 125–126 1968 military intervention in Chad, Cohen, Herman 37 On American support for Habré, 305 1969 decision to intervene in Chad, Cortadellas, Edouard, 59, 65, 77, 46–48 85–86 Death, 230 Background, 68 On political regime types, 16 Command of French forces in Chad, On support for Tombalbaye, 36–37, 68–69, 72, 74, 77–80, 83, 87, 90, 46 96, 98–101, 333–334 On Tombalbaye’s relations with Departure, 93–94 France, 44 Loss of son, 79 Paranoia about the United States, Strategy, 68 36 Cot, Jean-Pierre, 291–292, 307 Resignation, 51 Meeting with Acyl, 289–290 Views on Bokassa, 227–228 Meeting with Chester Crocker, 297 Denard, Bob, 312 Views on French development aid, Mercenary support for Habré, 312 287 Depardon, Raymond, 126–127 Crocker, Chester Djogo, Negue, 132, 210 Discussions with Jean-Pierre Cot, 297 Franco-African Summit rejection, 207 Dacko, David, 240 Meeting with Giscard, 202, 205 Overthrow, 227 Participation in GUNT, 199, 201, Return to Bangui, 241 218 Dallier, Louis, 128, 139, 142, 144, 149, 153, 158, 182, 207, 214–215, 243 Estrade, Georges, 114, 116, 119, Benghazi accords, 147 121–122 Claustre Affair, 131–133 Contacts with Habré, 164–165 Foccart, Jacques, 15, 19–20, 30, 36, 52, Departure from Chad, 224 102, 104, 106–107, 168, 186, Discussions about French 227–228, 287 withdrawal, 220 Archives, 11 Fighting in N’Djamena, 177, Military intervention in Chad, 36, 179–180, 182, 184 44–45, 49, 59, 64–66, 72, 86–87 Kano I, 191 Views on African policy, 16 Kano II, 195–196 Forest, Louis, 208 Mediation in N’Djamena, 203 Dallier’s suspicions of, 203 Negotiations with GUNT, 215 Departure from Chad, 218 On Frolinat 3rd Army, 142 Fighting in N’Djamena, 175–177, On Fundamental Charter, 169 180, 182 On Libyan aims, 151 Mediation in N’Djamena, On Nigerian embargo, 201 203 On Nigerian troop presence, 193 Relations with FAN, 203–205, 207, On southern aspirations, 197 211, 218 Suspicions of French army, 203 Sympathies with FAN, 177 Tensions with Forest, 177, 218 Views on French policy, 208, 213

356 Index

Gaddaﬁ, Muammar, 75, 259, 325 Chadian policy, 180, 190–192, 198, Alliance with Acyl, 182, 247–248, 202, 205, 221, 223, 243, 245–246, 260, 284, 288, 290 249, 251, 255–257, 261, 272, 274, Alliance with Goukouni, 250, 276–277, 279, 289, 291, 327 252–253, 262–263 Claustre Affair, 120, 131–132 American fears of, 280 Diamond Affair, 242–243 Break with Goukouni, 166–168, 172 Election, 105 Claustre Affair, 130–132 Electoral loss to Mitterrand, 286, 288 Contacts with Habré, 315 Libyan policy, 216–217, 263, 271, Early support for Frolinat, 87–88, 292, 340 90–91 Military intervention, 149, 152–156, Invasion of Chad, 265–266, 268, 159–160, 162, 164, 179 270–273, 275 Overthrow of Bokassa, 238–240 Involvement in BET rebellion, 135, Relationship with Jean-Bedel 140–141, 145 Bokassa, 226, 229–231, 234, 237 Merger attempt with Chad, 277–278 Views on Africa, 105–107, 225 OAU ambitions, 322–324, 326 Goukouni Weddeye, 33, 39, 75, 77, 79, Occupation of Chad, 282, 285, 289, 89, 97, 135, 137, 142, 163, 171, 291, 293, 295, 298, 300 207, 214, 216, 223, 240, 245–248, Plots, 217, 263 252–253, 284, 291, 293, 323, Regional politics, 135–136 325–326 Relations with Bokassa, 231, 239, 1977 offensive, 138, 140–141 241, 243 1978 offensive, 142, 144–145 Relations with Chad, 88, 91–92, 129, Anger at French overthrow of 139, 144, 146–147, 152 Bokassa, 243–244 Relations with France, 87, 156, 183, Break with Abba Siddick, 88 264, 272, 292, 338, 340 Claustre Affair, 108, 114, 117–118, Return to Chad, 327 120–122, 125, 132 Support for southern Chad, 206 Collapse of GUNT, 311, 313–316, Withdrawal from Chad, 302, 304 318–320 Galley, Robert, 191–193, 234, 246, Contacts with French, 191–192, 218, 261, 274 220, 245, 248–249, 251, 255–257, Bokassa’s coronation, 234 261, 289, 293–294, 296, 299–300, Minister of Defense, 274 316 Galopin, Pierre, 164, 192 Expulsion of Libyan army, 301–302, Claustre negotiations, 114, 116 305, 308 Execution, 121–122 FAP alliance with Habré, 181 Hostage, 116, 118–120 Fears of French intentions, 250–251 Negotiations with Tubu rebellion, Formation of GUNT, 199–200 37–39, 72 Kano I, 188, 191 Report on Tubu rebellion, 32 Kano II, 194–196 Secret mission, 117–118 Lagos II, 219, 221 Work with Gourvennec, 104, Negotiations with CSM, 145, 114–115 147–148, 163 Georgy, Guy, 140, 148, 190, 201–202, OAU Force, 307–308, 310, 312, 317, 205, 213, 218 319 On French withdrawal, 221–222 Relations with Libya, 130, 132–134, Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, 2, 104, 109, 136, 145–146, 166–168, 170, 172, 137, 143, 146, 226 250, 252, 254, 265, 269, 272, 276, Aid to CSM, 143–144 278, 282–285, 288, 298–300

Index 357

Split with MPLT, 212 Haftar, Khalifa, 328 Tensions with CDR, 298 Haig, Alexander, 281, 306 War against Habré, 253–254, 257, Heisbourg, François, 300 259, 262, 265, 267, 270, 272–273, Herly, Jean, 278, 291 310 Ambassador to CAR, 227 Gourvennec, Camille, 19–20, 32, 37, Head of DAM, 267–268, 273, 279, 85, 104, 114–115, 117–118, 290 123–124, 168 On contradictions of French Libyan Guet, Goukouni, 180–181 policy, 339 Guiringaud, Louis de, 139, 156–157, On support to Habré, 271–272, 274 225 Reaction to Chadian-Libyan merger, 277 Habré, Hissène, 1–2, 6, 13, 163, 179, Hessel, Stéphane, 125, 127 193, 248, 250, 322–329 Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 287 American covert aid, 305 Antipathy towards Nigeria, 186 Background, 89 Asylum for Bokassa, 242 Break with CSM, 174–176, 178 Disdain for Bokassa, 231 Break with Goukouni, 131, 134 Franco-African Summit in Kigali, Capture of N’Djamena, 321 207 Claustre Affair, 108, 110–123, 125, 130 Issaka, El Hajj, 28, 71, 84, 94–95 Coalition with CSM, 166, 168–170, Death, 42 172–173 Frolinat military chief, 30, 40, 62 Contacts with French, 164–165, 191, Ideology, 30 248, 268, 294 Removal from command, 42 Contacts with Libya, 315 Covert American aid, 281, 294–295, Jalloud, Abdessalam, 300 297, 300 Journiac, René, 106–107, 234, 253, Covert French aid, 271–272, 279, 261 288, 312 Background, 107 Crimes, 6, 268–270, 329 Bokassa coronation, 234 Egyptian aid, 280 Death, 249 End of Sudanese and Egyptian aid, Meeting with Sadat on Libya, 217 303–304 Negotiations with GUNT, 248–249, Kano I, 188 255 Kano II, 194–196 Overthrow of Bokassa, 240, 242 Lagos II, 219, 221 Relations with Bokassa, 234, 239 Negotiations with CSM, 141, 146, Role under Giscard, 107 148, 162, 164 Secret contacts with Acyl, 247 Participation in GUNT, 199, Views on Africa, 107 201–202, 207, 212, 245, 252 Rapprochement with Goukouni, Kamougué, Wadal Abdelkader, 181–182, 192 131–132, 140, 199, 219, 279 Suspicions of collusion with French, Contacts with French, 248, 256, 272, 177, 179, 183, 202–204, 206, 275, 277 208–209, 211, 218, 249 Discussion with Giscard on relief for War against the GUNT, 253–254, Faya-Largeau, 143 256–260, 262–263, 265, 267–269, Fighting in N’Djamena early 1979, 273, 288, 290–291, 294, 296, 174 303–304, 308–310, 314–320 Formation of GUNT, 197

358 Index

Kamougué, Wadal Abdelkader (cont.) Negotiations with Habré, 141–142, Inciting anti-Muslim violence, 181 146, 164–165 Kano I, 188 Regional diplomacy, 136 Kano II, 194–195 Relations with Libya, 137, 139, 143, Negotiations for new GUNT, 245 145, 166 Negotiations in Tripoli, 163 Resignation, 188 Relations with Libya, 197, 206, 215, Struggle with Habré, 174, 176–177, 239, 277, 325, 336 179–182 Renewed rebellion, 326 Taking power, 124 Southern leader, 197, 206–207, Tensions between Malloum and 212–215, 218, 220, 224, 244, 250, Habré, 172 254, 258, 267–268, 274, 280, 283, Malo, Charles, 264, 278, 337 313, 316, 318–320 On Libyan offer of a deal, 264 Talks with Habré, 322–324 Marenches, Alexandre de Tensions in the South, 311, 315, Overthrow of Bokassa, 238, 240 323–325 Relations with Anwar Sadat, 280 Kirsch, Martin, 107, 271 Worldview, 238, 312 Talks with Goukouni, 261 Medella, Moussa Kountché,Seyni, 207, 277 GUNT participation, 246 Mediation efforts, 145 MPLT inﬁghting, 211–212 Méry, Guy, 220, 223, 240, 244, La Rochère, Christian Dutheil de, 173, 251–252 197–198, 202–203, 214, 218, 256, Opposition to French intervention, 279, 335 155 On Chadian state collapse, Witholding information from Gisard, 173 251 On relations with Acyl, 248 Mitterrand, François, 243, 325, 329, Opposition to a French withdrawal, 342 255, 257 1974 electoral defeat, 105 Lami, Pierre, 47, 49, 61, 65–66, 74, Advisors, 287–288 103, 332 African reaction to victory, 287 Background, 49 Background, 286 Departure, 59 Early Chad policy, 288–289 MRA chief, 50–51, 53–58 Election, 286 Tensions with French army, 59, 67 Franco-American discussions, 297 Tensions with Tombalbaye, 59 Libya policy, 291–292, 340 Laurens, Martial, 116, 119, 121 Libyan withdrawal, 306 Lol Mahamat Choua, 200, 209–210, OAU Force, 299 212, 214 Operation Epervier, 327 Operation Manta, 327 Malloum, Félix, 123, 132, 140, 145, Opposition to military intervention in 157, 171, 173, 180–182, 256, Chad, 75 335–336, 342 Reaction to Operation Barracuda, Benghazi accords, 148, 163 242 Contacts with French, 125, 131–132, Relations with GUNT, 294, 296, 140, 152, 155, 159, 179 299, 307, 316, 341 Expulsion of French army, 127 SDECE resistance to, 311–312 Fundamental Charter, 165–166, Views on Africa, 286–287 168–169 Mobutu Sese Seko, 36, 102, 225, 227, Kano I, 188 306

Index 359

Moi, Daniel arap, 299, 308, 313, 341 Senghor, Léopold Sédar, 231, 240, Ultimatum to Goukouni, 313 272–273 Moffat, Jay, 321 Shahati, Ahmed, 264 Moussa, Ibrahim, 173, 176 Shultz, George, 323, 326 Opposition to French withdrawal, Siddick, Abba, 42, 89, 94–95, 100, 130, 220 135, 141, 194 Background, 43 Nart, Javier, 288 Break with Goukouni, 88–89 Nimeiry, Gaafar, 91, 179, 214 Loss of authority, 134 End of support for Habré, 303–304 Struggle for Frolinat leadership, Gaddaﬁ attempt to overthrow, 136 42–43, 62 Norland, Donald, 281 Soubeste, Claude, 312, 318, 320–321, 325 Obasanjo, Olusegun, 185, 187, 214 Contacts with Acyl, 320 On Habré’s repression in southern Penne, Guy, 287–288, 294 Chad, 329 Background, 287 Sriber, Jean, 222, 234, 245 Discussions with Goukouni, 316, Staewen, Christoph, 108, 110–113, 115 318 Warning about Galopin, 114 Habré victory, 319, 322, 325 Stevens, Siaka, 285 Plattard, Yves, 188, 273 Stirn, Olivier, 191–192 Franco-Nigerian relations, 186–187, 189–190, 196, 202 Togoï, Adoum, 117, 166, 316 On Nigerian role in Chad, 185 Togoï, Kerim, 191–193 Poher, Alain, 51, 105 Tombalbaye, François, 1, 6, 18–20, 22, Pompidou, Georges, 15, 64, 72, 76, 225 29, 49, 55, 65, 82, 101, 166, 168, Continuity with de Gaulle, 52 226–227, 229, 332–334, 342 Death, 105, 229 Assasination of Outel Bono, 103 Election, 52 Claustre Affair, 109–116, 118–120 Relations with Bokassa, Consolidation of power, 25–26 228 Fears of French intentions, 19, 44, Views on Chad, 52, 64, 68, 78–80, 48, 86–87, 104 87 Fiscal pressures, 26, 28 Visit to Chad, 89, 96 French military intervention, 66–68, Puissant, Robert, 109, 111–112, 120 76–77, 93–94 Arms procurement, 122 MRA, 49, 54–60 Overthrow and Death, 122–124 Reagan, Ronald, 280–281, 297, 306, Plots, 85, 92 326, 331 Rebellion, 30–31, 33–34, Ricard, Pierre, 283–285, 298, 310, 37–39, 43–44, 62–63, 74, 84, 96, 313–314 101 Robert, Maurice, 19–20, 168 Relations with France, 35–36, 44–48, 52–54, 64, 70, 87, 89, 96, 101, Sadat, Anwar, 217 104–105 Collaboration with French, 216–217, Relations with Libya, 88, 280 91–92 Death, 305 Tchaditude, 102–103 Relations with Libya, 135–136 Tonquédec, Pierre de, 101, 155, 161, Support for Habré, 304 176, 183, 205, 212, 254, 256 Seldis, Werner, 113 Command in Ouaddaï, 82–83

360 Index

Tonquédec, Pierre de (cont.) On supporting Goukouni, 291 Commander of Operation Tacaud, Strains on French aid program in 218, 220–221, 223, 239–240, Chad, 307 243–244, 247, 249–252, 254 Cortadellas’ chief of staff, 85–87, Wallner, Fritz, 110–112 90–91 Ransom offer to Habré, 111 Touze, Raphaël, 109, 121, 128 Weinberger, Caspar, 306 Claustre Affair, 110–111, 113, Wibaux, Fernand, 39, 59, 77, 104, 109 115–116, 119 Administrative reform, 49 Departure, 128 Chadian rebellion, 48 On Chadian rebellion, 120 Discussions with Americans, On coup d’état, 124 305 On negotiations with Derdé, 127 Military intervention, 48, 53–54, 66, Triki, Ali, 140, 156, 180, 204, 241, 278 69, 73, 78, 87 Tensions with Arnaud, 67 Vanbremeersch, Claude, 143 Opposition to intervention in Chad, Yar’Adua, Shehu Musa, 11, 190, 209, 155 214 Rejecting Chadian requests for Praise for French role in Africa, 189 napalm, 143 Suspicion of French role in Chad, Vignal, Renaud, 291–292, 325 202, 205, 208, 221