Le Tchad De Hissène Habré 1982 –1990

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Le Tchad De Hissène Habré 1982 –1990 HUMAN RIGHTS LA PLAINE WATCH DES MORTS Le Tchad de Hissène Habré 1982 –1990 Fédération Internationale des ligues des Droits de l’Homme Association des Victimes des Crimes du Régime de Hissène Habré Association Tchadienne pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l’Homme Human Rights Data Analysis Group La Plaine des Morts Le Tchad de Hissène Habré 1982-1990 Écrit par Olivier Bercault en collaboration avec Reed Brody Basé sur les recherches de Olivier Bercault Reed Brody Maria Koulouris Martien Schotsmans Human Rights Watch Avec la participation de : Fédération Internationale des ligues des Droits de l’Homme Association des Victimes des Crimes du Régime de Hissène Habré Association Tchadienne pour la Promotion et la Défense des Droits de l’Homme Human Rights Data Analysis Group © 2013 Human Rights Watch Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. BLACK PRINT CPI IBÉRICA Sant Andreu de la Barca Espagne ISBN: 978-1-62313-0626 Couverture : Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch se consacre à protéger les droits humains des personnes à travers le monde. Nous nous rallions aux vic- times et aux militants pour prévenir la discrimination, défendre les libertés politiques, protéger les populations contre les com- portements inhumains en temps de guerre, et réclamer la traduction en justice des criminels. Nous menons des enquêtes, exposons au grand jour les atteintes aux droits humains et récla- mons des comptes aux auteurs de ces violations. Nous exerçons des pressions sur les gouvernements et les détenteurs du pouvoir afin qu’ils mettent un terme aux pratiques répressives et respec- tent le droit international des droits humains. Nous mobilisons le public et la communauté internationale pour qu’ils apportent leur soutien à la cause des droits humains pour tous et toutes. Human Rights Watch est une organisation internationale qui compte du personnel dans plus de 40 pays et des bureaux à Ams- terdam, Beyrouth, Berlin, Bruxelles, Chicago, Genève, Goma, Johannesburg, Londres, Los Angeles, Moscou, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington et Zurich. Pour de plus amples informations, veuillez consulter notre site web : http://www.hrw.org/fr À la mémoire de toutes les victimes du régime de Hissène Habré et à tous ceux qui œuvrent sans relâche pour la justice. SOMMAIRE LISTE DES SIGLES ...................................................................... i RESUME ................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................... 25 PREMIERE PARTIE : LE TCHAD DE HISSENE HABRE ..................... 45 1. De la fin de la colonisation à la prise de pouvoir par Hissène Habré : histoire récente du Tchad ......................................................................... 45 2. Le régime de Hissène Habré : rappel historique ....................................... 58 3. De 1982 à 1990 : un régime dictatorial .................................................... 78 4. Les organes de la répression ................................................................... 84 a. La Direction de la documentation et de la sécurité ............................. 84 b. Les services parallèles ..................................................................... 107 c. L’armée nationale .............................................................................. 111 d. Le comité « N’Galaka » ..................................................................... 114 DEUXIEME PARTIE : LE TRAITEMENT DE L’ « ENNEMI » ............. 116 1. Arrestations à grande échelle ................................................................. 118 a. Arrestations arbitraires ..................................................................... 119 b. Les principaux motifs d’arrestation ................................................... 122 2. La torture .............................................................................................. 146 a. Une pratique généralisée.................................................................. 146 b. Les formes de torture ....................................................................... 153 c. Le témoignage des victimes .............................................................. 157 3. La détention .......................................................................................... 167 a. Les prisons du régime Habré à N’Djaména ........................................ 167 b. Les conditions de détention ............................................................. 181 c. Les femmes détenues ....................................................................... 232 4. La mort en détention.............................................................................. 242 a. Les prisonniers décédés en prison en raison des conditions de détention .................................................................. 242 b. Les exécutions sommaires de détenus .............................................. 252 5. La mise en liberté des détenus politiques et les séquelles de la détention ..................................................................................... 258 6. Les pillages et occupations de propriétés .............................................. 266 7. Les familles des prisonniers politiques .................................................. 270 TROISIEME PARTIE : LA REPRESSION ET LES CRIMES DANS LE SUD DU TCHAD ..................................................................... 275 1. Hissène Habré et le sud du Tchad. Rappel historique .............................. 275 2. L’élimination des cadres dans les villes du sud du Tchad ................... 289 a. Elimination des membres des forces de l’ordre .................................293 b. Elimination des cadres administratifs ............................................... 297 c. Elimination des enseignants, des personnes éduquées et des « intellectuels » ......................................................................... 300 d. Elimination des commerçants et autres hommes/femmes d’affaires .. 303 3. Les massacres commis dans les villages ................................................ 305 a. Un climat de terreur permanent ....................................................... 306 b. Les raisons avancées par les forces de répression pour justifier les attaques .................................................................................. 312 c. Le massacre de Ngalo en juillet 1985 ................................................. 317 d. Le témoignage d’un « missionnaire » ............................................... 320 e. Des massacres ouvertement évoqués dans les documents officiels ... 324 4. Les combattants ralliés : le massacre de la ferme de Déli ..................329 5. Les prisonniers de guerre ....................................................................... 337 QUATRIEME PARTIE : L’EPURATION ETHNIQUE ........................ 339 1. Les différents groupes victimes de la répression ..................................... 339 a. La répression contre les Arabes tchadiens dès 1982 .......................... 339 b. La persécution des Hadjaraïs à partir de 1984 ................................... 345 c. La persécution des Zaghawas ........................................................... 353 2. Une répression collective et de masse ....................................................362 a. La « responsabilité ethnique » des Arabes ........................................362 b. Les attaques contre les Hadjaraïs : d’une répression individuelle à une responsabilité collective organisée ............................................ 368 c. La répression des Zaghawas : une dernière illustration de responsabilité collective et ethnique ................................................. 381 3. Une politique visant à éliminer « l’ennemi » .......................................... 390 a. Exécutions extrajudiciaires et disparitions forcées ........................... 390 b. Les minorités hadjaraïs et zaghawas décimées par les conditions de détention et les tortures ............................................................. 410 4. Une répression ethnique planifiée ......................................................... 424 5. Le pillage des biens des familles des Hadjaraïs et des Zaghawas arrêtés ................................................................................. 427 CINQUIEME PARTIE : LES CRIMES DE GUERRE ......................... 436 1. Les crimes de guerre commis contre les civils et les combattants du GUNT et de ses alliés à la suite des combats de 1983 à Faya-Largeau ................ 437 a. Exécutions sommaires de cadres civils et politiques du GUNT à Faya-Largeau ................................................................................ 440 b. Mauvais traitement et exécutions sommaires de prisonniers de guerre à Faya-Largeau ...................................................................... 443 c. La présence de Hissène Habré à Faya-Largeau entre le 30 juillet et 10 août 1983 ..................................................................................... 450 d. Les conditions de détention inhumaines des prisonniers de guerre à N’Djaména .......................................................................... 454 e. L’action du Comité International de la Croix Rouge entravée par le gouvernement tchadien ........................................................... 459 f. Enlèvement et exécution de prisonniers de guerre à N’Djaména ........ 469 2. Les crimes de guerre
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