80 CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017
A comparative Study of phonology and lexical words of Phuan in Nong Khai and Udon Thani, Thailand
Penprapa Singsawat
บทคัดย่อ บทความนี้มีจุดมุ่งหมายเพื่อเปรียบเทียบระบบเสียงและค�ำศัพท์ของกลุ่มชาติพันธุ์พวนในจังหวัดหนองคายและอุดรธานี การศึกษาใช้วิธีการสัมภาษณ์โดยน�ำค�ำศัพท์พื้นฐานสอบถามผู้บอกภาษา และน�ำข้อมูลที่ได้มาวิเคราะห์หาหน่วยเสียงพยัญชนะ หน่วยเสียงสระ โดยการหาคู่เทียบเสียง ใช้แบบทดสอบเสียงวรรณยุกต์ของวิลเลียม เจ เก็ดนี่ วิเคราะห์หาหน่วยเสียงวรรณยุกต์ และ ศึกษาโครงสร้างพยางค์ ส่วนการวิเคราะห์ค�ำศัพท์แบ่งเป็นการใช้ค�ำศัพท์เหมือนกัน และการใช้ค�ำศัพท์ต่างกัน โดยพิจารณาตามกฎ การแปรเสียงทางภาษาศาสตร์ ผลการศึกษาพบว่า ภาษาพวนจังหวัดหนองคายและอุดรธานี มีหน่วยเสียงพยัญชนะต้น 20 หน่วย เสียง หน่วยเสียงพยัญชนะท้าย 9 หน่วยเสียง มีหน่วยเสียงสระเดี่ยว 18 หน่วยเสียง หน่วยเสียงสระประสม 3 หน่วยเสียง หน่วย เสียงวรรณยุกต์มี 6 หน่วยเสียง มีการแตกตัวของวรรณยุกต์เป็น 3 ทาง ลักษณะทางสัทศาสตร์ของเสียงวรรณยุกต์มีความแตกต่าง กันเล็กน้อย ส่วนโครงสร้างพยางค์ของค�ำแบ่งออกเป็น 5 แบบ การเปรียบเทียบค�ำศัพท์ภาษาพวนจังหวัดหนองคายและอุดรธานี พบว่า มีการใช้ค�ำศัพท์เหมือนกันและการใช้ค�ำศัพท์ต่างกัน
ค�ำส�ำคัญ : ระบบเสียง, ค�ำศัพท์, ภาษาพวน
Abstract This article aimed to compare phonology and lexical words of Phuan living in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Province. The data were collected from informants through standard wordlists. Thus, analyzed the data to find consonant and vowel phonemes by finding minimal pairs using William J. Gedney’s determining Tone box. Both consonant phonemes and syllable’s structures were analyzed. As to lexical items analysis, it was classified into identical words and non-identical words considered through Linguistics’ variable rules. The study showed that Phuan in Nong Khai Province and Udon Thani Province has 20 initial consonants, 9 final consonants, 18 single vowels, 3 diphthong vowels, 6 tonal phonemes, and has three-way splitting of vowel tones. There are slight differences in phonetic tones, whereas there are 5 different syllable structures. A comparative study of lexical words of Phuan language in Nong Khai and Udon Thani found that both identical and non-identical words are used.
Keywords: phonology, lexical words, Phuan Language
1 Department of Thai and Eastern Languages, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Mahasarakham University CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017 81
Introduction study not only strengthen the integrity of studies on Ethnic group that speaks “Phuan Language” dialect of the mentioned ethnic group, also it can be is one of the ethnic groups that has very interesting beneficial for academic studies on dialects, especially history and language. Phuan people were originally a Tai Language Family study as well as passing the from Xiangkhouang Province which was located in the understanding of language, culture, and history to the south-west of Luang Prabang and in the north-east of society. Vientiane, Laos. They had immigrated to Thailand many times, due to their hard times living in their Research Purpose homeland; for example, being forcibly moved, escaping To study a comparative of phonology and from war, or even immigrating on their own will. The lexical words of Phuan in Nong Khai and Udon Thani, immigrations have occurred since the Thonburi Kingdom Thailand of Siam. Phuan people have spread over the central Introduction area of Thailand, for instance, Phrae, Phichit, Kam- Research Method Introduction Ethnic group that speaks “Phuan Language” is one of the ethnic groups that has very interesting history and phaeng Phet, Uthai Thani, Sing Buri, Lopburi, Suphan Phase 1 Preparation EthnicIntroduction group that speaks “Phuan Language” is one of the ethnic groups that has very interesting history language.and Phuan people were originally from Xiangkhouang Province which was located in the south-west of Luang Prabang Buri, Saraburi, Prachinburi, Nakhon Nayok, Nong Khai, Study papers, documents and researches language. Phuan peopleEthnic were group originally that speaksfrom Xiangkhouang “Phuan Language” Province is whichone of was the located ethnic in group the souths that- westhas ofvery Luang interesting Prabangand history in the andnorth -east of Vientiane, Laos. They had immigrated to Thailand many times, due to their hard times living in and in the language.north-east Phuan of Vientiane, people wereLaos .originally They had from immigrated Xiangkhouang to Thailand Province many which times, was duelocatedUdon to theirThani,in the hard Loei,south time and-west sChachoengsao, living oftheir Luang in homeland Prabang but Lopburi ; for examplewas related, being to forcibly Phuan andmoved, Tai Language escaping Family. from Determinewar, or even immigrating on their own will. The their homelandand in; forthe examplenorth-east, being of Vientiane, forcibly Laomoved,s. They escaping had immigrated from war ,to or Thailand even immigrating manythe times, province on due their thatto owntheir the mostwillhard. immigrationPhuanThetime s peoplelivings inha live ve (Tussaoccurred- sincewordlist the to Thonburi collect data Kingdom in Phuan of Language,Siam. Phuan and peopleNong have spread over the central area of immigrationtheirs ha vehomeland occurred; forsince example the Thonburi, being forciblyKingdom moved, of Siam. escaping Phuan peoplefrom war have, or spreadevennai Ar-romsuk immigratingover the 1978 central on : 4-7).their area Thailandown of will, .for The instance, Phrae, KhaiPhichit, and KamphaengUdon Thani’s Phet, history Uthai for Thani,further Sing study. Buri, Lopburi, Suphan Buri, Saraburi, Prachinburi, Thailand, forimmigration instance, sPhrae, have occurredPhichit, Kamphaeng since the ThonburiPhet, Uthai Kingdom Thani, Singof Siam. Buri, PhuanLopburi people, Suphan have Buri, spread PhuanSaraburi, overLanguage Prachinburi, the centralNakhonhas its own areaNayok, characteristics of Nong Khai, Udon Thani, Loei, and Chachoengsao, but Lopburi was the province that the most Phuan people Nakhon Nayok,Thailand Nong, forKhai, instance, Udon Thani, Phrae, Loei, Phichit, and KamphaengChachoengsao, Phet, but Uthai Lopburi Thani, was Sing the Buri,province Lopburiwhich that ,are theSuphan very most interesting.Buri, Phuan Saraburi, people Forlive examples,Prachinburi,( Tussanai Arfinal -romsuk conso 1978- : 4-7). Phase 2 conducting research live (TussanaiNakhon Ar-romsuk Nayok, 1978 Nong : 4 Khai,-7). Udon Thani, Loei, and Chachoengsao, but Lopburi was thenant province / -k / will that not the be most pronounced Phuan people afterPhuan long Language vowels has its own characteristics1. Creating wordlistwhich are, researchervery interesting. studied For examples, final consonant / - / will Phuanlive (Tussanai Language Ar has-romsuk its own 1978 characteristics : 4-7). which are very interesting. For examplesin, final Phuan consonant language, / namely,- / willnot Thai be standard pronounced word “ปาก”after long related vowels indocuments Phuan language, as guidelines namely, onThai determining standard word “ปาก” / / will be pronounced not be pronounced afterPhuan long Language vowels hasin Phuan its own language, characteristics namely, which Thai arestandard very interesting. word “ปาก For” / examples / willwill, befinalbe pronouncedaspronounced consonantas / ‘‘ปะ’/-ปะ /’/ will // and wordswords withlexical the vowunits, “ ใincluding-” in Thai setting standard appropriate such as units “ใจ” about will be pronounced as ‘เจอ’/ / in Phuan as ‘ปะ’/ not / beand pronounced words with after the vowlong “vowelsใ-” in Thaiin Phuan standard language, such namely,as “ใจ” Thaiwill bestandard pronounced wordwith “ theปากas ‘”vowเจอ / ’/ “ใ-” / in will/ Thaiin bePhuan standardlanguagepronounced .such Moreover, as “ใจ” Suwilai will Premsrirat1,530 units. et al. (2004: 50,129) had mapped ethnic groups in Thailand and found that there language. Moreover,as ‘ปะ’/ Suwilai / and Premsrirat words with et althe. (2004: vow “ 50,129)ใ-” in Thai had standardmapped suchethnic as groups“ใจ” will in Thailandbebe pronouncedpronounced and found asas ‘‘เจอ’/เจอthat’/ therewere / upin Phuanto 200,000 language. people who speak2. PhuanStudy AreasLanguage. In the northeast, there were approximately 7,000 of Phuan were up tolanguage 200,000. Moreover,people who Suwilai speak Premsrirat Phuan Language.et al. (2004: In 50,129)the northeast, had mapped there ethnicwere approximatelyMoreover,groups in ThailandSuwilai 7,000 Premsrirat and of Phuanfoundspeakers et al.that (2004: livingthere 50,129)in Udon had Thani and approximately Phuan 4,000 Language of Phuan used speakin Kuters Bong, living Phon in Nong Khai. speakers livingwere in upUdon to Thani200,000 and people approximately who speak 4,000 Phuan of Phuan Language. speakers In livingthe northeast,in Nong Khai. there mapped were ethnicapproximately groups in 7,000 Thailand of Phuan Fromand foundwhat mentionedthat Phisai above, district, Phuan Nong people Khai, livingand Phuan in Nong Language Khai and used Udon Thani are another major ethnic groups Fromspeakers what living mentioned in Udon above, Thani Phuanand approximately people living 4,000 in Nong of Phuan Khai and speak Udoners livingThani in are thereNong another Khai.were major up to ethnic 200,000 group inpeople thes Northeasternwho speak Phuan of Thailand. in Klang As Yai,a Thai Ban teacherPhue district, who has Udon been Thani interested were in Tai-Dialect, researcher realized the in the Northeastern Fromof Thailand. what mentioned As a Thai above, teacher Phuan who people has beenliving ininterested Nong Khai in and Tai Udon-Dialect,Language. Thani researcher are In theanother northeast, realized major significthere theethnic wereance group approximatelyof sthe studying ofchosen. ethnic groups that speak Tai Language Family which is considered a significant identity of the ethnic groups in Thailand. Thus, I am interested in studying Phuan people in Nong Khai and Udon Thani to see language significancein of thethe Northeasternstudying of ethn of icThailand. groups that As speaka Thai Tai teacher Language who Family has beenwhich isinterested considered7,000 in aTai significantof- Dialect,Phuan identityspeakersresearcher of living the realized in Udon the Thani and 3. Informant Selection trends in globalization and other environments. This study not only strengthen the integrity of studies on dialect of the ethnic groupssignific in Thailand.ance of the Thus, studying I am ofinterested ethnic groups in studying that speak Phuan Tai people Language in Nong Family Khai which andapproximately isUdon considered Thani to4,000a significantsee of language Phuan identity speakers of the living in Nong Informants were chosen as following trends in globalization and other environments. This study not only strengthen the integrity of studies on dialect of mentionedthe ethnic group, also it can be beneficial for academic studies on dialects, especially a Tai Language Family study ethnic groups in Thailand. Thus, I am interested in studying Phuan people in NongKhai. Khai and Udon Thani to see language criteria; Informants aged over 60 that had permanent mentioned trendsethnic ingroup, globalization also it can and be other beneficial environments. for academic This studies study onnot dialects only strengthen, especially the a Taiintegrity Language of studies Family on studyas dialect well asof passingthe the understanding of language, culture, and history to the society. From what mentioned above, Phuan people resident in the study areas and spoke Phuan Language as well as passingmentioned the understandingethnic group, ofalso language, it can be culture, beneficial and forhistory academic to the studies society on. dialects, especially a Tai Language Family study living in Nong Khai and Udon Thani are another major in daily life; Informants that has education level as well as passing the understanding of language, culture, and history to the society. Research Purpose Research Purpose ethnic groups in the Northeastern ofTo Thailand. study a comparativeAs a lower of or phonology equal to compulsoryand lexical words education; of Phuan Informants in Nong Khai and Udon Thani, Thailand ToResearch study a Purposecomparative of phonology and lexical words of Phuan in Nong Khai and ThaiUdon teacher Thani, whoThailand has been interested in Tai-Dialect, whose occupation status are being unemployed, To study a comparative of phonology and lexical words of Phuan in Nongresearcher Khai and realizedUdon Thani, the significance ThailandResearch ofMethod the studying of being a farmer or being an employee; Informants who Research Method ethnic groups that speak Tai LanguagePhase Family 1 Preparation which have complete speech organs, correct pronunciation PhaseResearch 1 Preparation Method is considered a significant identity of the ethnicStudy groupspapers, documentsand have a andgood researches hearing. related to Phuan and Tai Language Family. Determine wordlist to Study Phasepapers, 1 documentsPreparation and researches related to Phuan and Tai Languagein Family. Thailand. Determine Thus, I amwordlist interestedcollect to datain studying in Phuan Phuan Language , and Nong4. KhaiResearch and Udon tools Thani’sused in historydata collections for further study. collect data in Phuan LanguageStudy, papers,and Nong documents Khai and Udonand researches Thani’s history related for tofurther Phuan study. and Taipeople Langu ainge Nong Family. Khai Determine and Udon Thaniwordlist to seeto language were wordlists, William J. Gedney’s determining Tone collect data in Phuan Language, and Nong Khai and Udon Thani’s history for furthertrends study. in globalization and other environments.Phase 2 conducting This box, research tools and media, digital recorder, pencil, pen, Phase 2 conducting research 1. Creating wordlist, researcher studied related documents as guidelines on determining lexical units, 1. CreatingPhase 2wordlist conducting, researcher research studied related documents as guidelines on determining lexical unitsincluding, setting appropriate units about 1,530 units. including setting appropriate1. unitsCreating about wordlist 1,530 units., researcher studied related documents as guidelines on determining lexical units, including setting appropriate units about 1,530 units. 2. Study Areas 2. Study Areas Phuan Language used in Kut Bong, Phon Phisai district, Nong Khai, and Phuan Language used in Klang Yai, Phuan Language2. Study used Area in sKut Bong, Phon Phisai district, Nong Khai, and Phuan Language used in Klang BanYai, Phue district, Udon Thani were chosen. Ban Phue district, Udon ThaniPhuan were Language chosen. used in Kut Bong, Phon Phisai district, Nong Khai, and Phuan Language used in Klang Yai, Ban Phue district, Udon Thani were chosen. 3. Informant Selection 3. Informant Selection Informants were chosen as following criteria; Informants aged over 60 that had permanent resident in the Informants 3.were Informant chosen Selectionas following criteria; Informants aged over 60 that had permanent resident instudy the areas and spoke Phuan Language in daily life; Informants that has education level lower or equal to compulsory study areas and spoke PhuanInformants Language were in chosen daily life; as followingInformants criteria that ; hasInformants education aged level over lower 60 thator equalhad permanent to compulsory educationresident in; Informantsthe whose occupation status are being unemployed, being a farmer or being an employee; Informants education; studyInformants areas whoseand spoke occupation Phuan statusLanguage are inbeing daily u nemployed,life; Informants being that a farmerhas education or being levelan employee lower or; equalInformants whoto compulsory have complete speech organs, correct pronunciation and have a good hearing. who have completeeducation speech; Informants organs whose, correct occupation pronunciation status and are have being a goodunemployed, hearing. being a farmer or being an employee; Informants who have complete speech organs, correct pronunciation and have a good hearing. 4. Research tools used in data collections were wordlists, William J. Gedney’s determining Tone box, tools 4. Research tools used in data collections were wordlists, William J. Gedney’s determining Tone box, toolsand media, digital recorder, pencil, pen, eraser, notebook, and digital camera. and media, digital recorder,4. pencil,Research pen, tools eraser, used notebook, in data collectionsand digital camera.were wordlists , William J. Gedney’s determining Tone box, tools and media, digital recorder, pencil, pen, eraser, notebook, and digital camera.
82 CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017 eraser, notebook, and digital camera. pairs and sub-minimal pairs. In tonal analysis, Gedney’s 5. Interview tonal box was applied in phoneme splits and mergers. Researcher5. Interview gave the wordlist and Lexical items analysis of Phuan Language was to clas- Gedney’s ToneResearcher box (William gave the J. Gedneywordlist and 1973) Gedney’s which Tone sifybox identical(William J. Gedneywords and1973) non-identical which comprised words of 60 considwords - comprisedas well as ofmedia 60 words and tools as wellto illustrate as media situations and tools in order to toered make through informants Linguistics’ understand variable the meaning rules. of the words illustrateneeded. Thesituations informants in were order asked to to make pronounce informants twice each word. Once they pronounced, researcher used IPA forms to record the phonetic alphabets and used a digital recorder to record audio for verification afterwards. understand the meaning of the words needed. The Phase 4 Data comparison informants were6. askedData collection to pronounce twice each word. Analyzed and compare phonology and Once they pronounced,Researcher researcherused the wordlist used togetherIPA forms with to other lexical tools towords interview of Phuan Phuan inLanguage Nong Khaiinformants and Udon by making Thani them pronounce twice per word. Researcher listened carefully to the informants and record into phonetic symbols (IPA). recordThe audio the was phonetic also recorded alphabets by a digital and recorder used afor digital verification Province afterwards from. the data collected. recorder to record audio for verification afterwards. 6.Phase Data 3 Data collection Analysis Phase 5 Conclusion, discussion, and rec- ResearcherAfter collecting used data the from wordlist both areas, together there wereommendation 1,300 lexical words Data that synthesis could be and analyzed. recommendation Researcher analyzed Phuan Language using minimal pairs and sub-minimal pairs. In tonal analysis, Gedney’s tonal box was applied in withphoneme other toolssplits andto interview mergers. Lexical Phuan items Language analysis inform of Phuan- LanguageResearcher was comparedto classify identical the data words of andPhuan non -identicallanguage antswords by considered making themthrough pronounce Linguistics’ variable twice rules.per word. from the analysis and then present the result and Researcher listened carefully to the informants and comparison in the form of result tables, discussion, record intoPhase phonetic 4 Data symbols comparison (IPA). The audio was also and recommendations. Analyzed and compare phonology and lexical words of Phuan in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Province from recordedthe data collectedby a digital. recorder for verification after- wards. Research results Phase 5 Conclusion, discussion, and recommendation Data1. synthesisComparison and recommendation of phonology of Phuan in PhaseResearcher 3 Data Analysiscompared the data of Phuan languageNong from Khai the and analysis Udon andThani then present the result and comparison in the form of result tables, discussion, and recommendations. After collecting data from both areas, there 1.1 Consonant phonemes comparison wereResearch 1,300 results lexical words that could be analyzed. of Phuan Language in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Researcher1. analyzed Comparison Phuan of phonology Language of usingPhuan minimalin Nong Khai Provice and Udon are Thani as follows: 1.1 Consonant phonemes comparison of Phuan Language in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Provice are as follows:
Manner Articulation Bilabial Labio- Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal of Articulation dental Voicing
Stops or Plosives Voiceless unaspirated
Voiced aspirated Voiced Affricates Voiceless unaspirated Fricatives Voiceless Nasals Voiced Lateral Liquids Voiced Glides Voiced
CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017 83
Initial consonant in Phuan Language of both areas have 20 phonemes, namely, / -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - Initial consonant in Phuan Language of both areas have 20 phonemes, namely, / , -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - / Initial consonant in Phuan Language of both areas have 20 phonemes, namely, / -, -, -, InitialInitial-Initial, - ,consonant consonant consonant-, -, -, inin-, in PhuanPhuan-, Phuan- LanguageLanguage Language ofof of bothboth both areas areas ha haveve 20 20 phonemes, phonemes, namely, namely, / / -,, --, ,, -, -,, -,- ,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, -,- ,, -,- - InitialInitialInitial consonantconsonant consonantInitial inin in PhuanPhuanconsonant Phuan LanguageLanguage Language in Phuan ofof of bothboth bothLanguage areasareas areas ha haof haveve bothve 2020 20 phonemes,phonemes,areas phonemes, have 20namely,namely, namely, phonemes, // /- , --, , namely,-,- , -,- , -, -/, -,- -,, -, -, -,- ,- ,- , -,- , --,,- , ---,, - -, -, -, -, - , -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - / ,, ,- ,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, -, -,, --, ,, -, -,, --, - , ,- , -, - , -, - , -Initial, -, -,Initial ,- , - -,consonant, - ,Initial --,-, , consonant-, --, , consonant-,- - /, - /in -, Phuan- ,in - ,Phuan in - Language, Phuan- / Language Language of both of both ofareas both areas ha areasve ha 20ve ha phonemes,20ve phonemes,20 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, / - , / -, - , /- ,- , --, ,- ,- , -,- , ---,, , --, , -,-- ,, -,- ,- , -,- ,- ,- -,- , --, - , ,- , -, - , -, -, -Initial,- , -,-Initial , - ,consonant- ,Initial --,, consonant-, -, consonant--, / - /in Phuan in Phuan in LanguagePhuan Language Language of both of both ofareas Phuanboth areas ha areas veLanguage ha 20ve ha phonemes,20ve phonemes,20 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, / Nong- , / -, -Khai , /- ,- , - -, ,- ,- , -,- , ---,, , --, , -,-- ,, -,- ,- , -,- ,- ,- -,- , --, - Udon Thani Initial consonantInitial consonant in Phuan in LanguagePhuan Language of both ofareas both ha areasve 20 ha phonemes,ve 20 phonemes, namely, namely, / -, -, /- , --, , -, -,- , --,, --,, -,- , -, -, -, -,- -, -, - , -, , -,- , , -,- , -,- , -,- ,- , -,- ,- ,- , -,- , --,, -,- /-- ,, - /- , - / , -, , -,- , , -,- , -,- , Initial-,- ,- , -,- ,- ,-consonant , -Phuan,- , --,, -,- /-- ,, Language- /- , in- PhuanManner Language of Articulation of bothNong areas Khai have 20 phonemes, namely,/ - , / -Udon, -, -,- , --, ,- Thani,- , -,- , ---,, , --, , -,-- ,, -,- ,- , -,- ,- ,- -,- , --, - Phuan Language Nong Khai , -, -, , Udon -,- Initial, -,- , InitialThani-, -consonant, Initial-, - ,-consonant , Phuan-, -Phuanconsonant, -,- /- , in Language LanguagePhuan- , in- /Phuan in Language Phuan Language Language of both of both ofNongareas Nongboth areas Khaiha areasKhaive ha 20 ve ha phonemes,20ve phonemes,20 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, Udon/ Udon Thani Thani PhuanPhuan Language LanguagePhuan Language NongNong Khai Khai Nong Khai UdonUdon Thani Thani Udon Thani Manner of Articulation , -Manner, , -,- , , -,- , of-,- , Articulation-,- ,- , -,- ,- ,- , -Phuan,- , -Phuan-,, -,- /-- , , Language- Language/- , - /Stops NongNong Khai Khai - - - - UdonUdon Thani Thani - - - - Manner Manner of of Articulation ArticulationManner ofPhuan ArticulationPhuan LanguagePhuan Language Language NongNong KhaiNong Khai Khai UdonUdon ThaniUdon Thani Thani MannerManner of ofArticulation Articulation Phuan Phuan LanguagePhuan Language Language NongNong KhaiNong Khai Khai - - - UdonUdon ThaniUdon Thani Thani - - - Stops ------Stops- Manner Stops Stops- Manner Mannerof Articulation ofStops Articulation of Articulation Phuan Language Phuan Language - -- - - -- - Nong- - - Khai-Nong Khai - -- - - - - - Udon- - -Thani Udon- Thani StopsStops - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - Manner- Manner Mannerof Articulation of Articulation of Articulation Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani StopsMannerStops StopsMannerof Articulation of Articulation PhuanPhuan Language Phuan Language Language -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - Nong- Nong- Khai-Nong Khai Khai -- - - - - - - -- - - - -Udon -- Udon- ThaniUdon- Thani Thani StopsStopsManner Stops of Articulation Affricates-- - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - StopsMannerManner StopsMannerof Articulation of Articulation of Articulation - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - - -- -- -- - - - StopsStops Stops - - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - - - - - - -- -- - -- - -- Affricates - - AffricatesAffricates - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AffricatesAffricates Affricates Fricatives- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - AffricatesAffricatesAffricates -c- - - - - - - - - - c-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - AffricatesAffricatesAffricates - - - - - - Fricatives - - - - - Fricatives- AffricatesFricativesAffricates Nasals - -- - - -- - -- - - - - - - - --- - - -- - -- - - - - - - - FricativesAffricatesFricativesAffricates Fricatives -f- - -- s--- h-- ------f-- -s- -- --h- - ------FricativesAffricates - - AffricatesFricatives AffricatesFricativesAffricatesFricatives -- - -- - - -- - - - -- - -- - - -- - - - Nasals ------NasalsFricatives-Nasals -Fricatives Lateral Liquids-- - - - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- -- - - - - - NasalsFricativesNasals Fricatives Nasals -- -- -- -- - - - - - - -- -- -- -- - - - - - - NasalsFricatives - - - - - - FricativesNasalsFricativesNasals FricativesNasals - - - - -- -- - -- -- - -- - - - - - - -- -- - -- -- - -- - - Lateral Liquids - - LateralNasalsLateralNasals Liquids Liquids Glides - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - LateralNasalsLateral LiquidsNasals Liquids Lateral Liquids - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - l- - - - - l- - - - - NasalsLateralLateralNasalsLateral NasalsLateralLiquids LiquidsLiquids Liquids - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - Glides - - - - GlidesGlides -- -- -- - - - -- -- -- - - - GlidesLateralGlidesLateral LateralLiquids LiquidsGlides Liquids -- -- - - -- -- - - Lateral Liquids w- j- w- j- LateralGlidesGlidesLateralGlides GlidesLiquids Liquids - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Glides Glides Lateral Liquids - - - - - - - - - - - - Glides Glides - Final- consonants- - in Phuan of both areas- have- 9- phonemes,- namely, / -, -, -, -, -, -, -, -, - / - - - - Glides Glides Glides - - - - - - - - - - - - Final consonants in Phuan of both areas have 9 phonemes, namely, / - , - , - , - , - , - , -Final, Final- , -consonants /consonants FinalFinal consonants inin consonantsin PhuanPhuan Phuan ofof of inbothboth bothPhuanin Phuanareaarea area ofs haves ofboth have both 9 areas9phonemes, areaphonemes, haves have 9namely, 9 phonemes,namely, phonemes, / - / -,, - , namely,,,- namely,-, -,, -, -,, -, -/ ,,- -, ,- ,,- -, -,, -, -,, -, , - -/ /, -, -, -, - / FinalFinal consonants consonants in inPhuan Phuan of ofboth both area areas haves have 9Phuan phonemes,9 phonemes, Language namely, namely, / - / ,- -,, --, ,- -, ,- Nong-, -, - , Khai,- -, ,- -, -, -, /- / Udon Thani Final Final consonantsFinal consonants consonants in Phuan in Phuan in ofPhuan both of both ofarea both areas have areas have 9s phonemes,have 9 phonemes, 9 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, / -, /- -, - , /- ,- ,- -, ,- ,- ,- -,, ,- -,, , - -, ,- ,- -,, -,- - / , , -- / , - / Manner of articulation -, --, -, -,- ,- -, ,- ,- ,- -,, ,- -,, , - -, ,- ,- -,, -,- - , , -- , - Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Final ThaniFinal consonantsFinal consonantsPhuan Phuanconsonants Languagein Language Phuan in Phuan in ofPhuan both of both ofarea both areas have areas Nonghave Nong9s phonemes,have Khai9 Khaiphonemes, 9 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, / -, /- , - / ,- -, ,- -, -, ,- -Udon,, Udon - -, - , Thani- , Thani-, - / , - / , - / Final consonantsFinalPhuan Phuanconsonants Language Language Phuanin Phuan Language of both areaNongNongs have Khai Khai 9 phonemes, Nong Khai namely, / UdonUdon Thani Thani Udon / Thani FinalFinal consonants consonantsPhuanPhuan Language inLanguage Language Phuan in Phuan in ofPhuan both of both ofarea both areas have areasNong Nonghave Nong9s phonemes,have Khai 9Khai Khaiphonemes, 9 phonemes, namely, namely, namely, / -, /- -, - , /- ,- ,- -, ,- ,- ,- -,, Udon ,- -Udon,, Udon, - -, ,-Thani ,-Thani - ,, Thani -,- - / , , -- / , - / Manner of articulation Manner Manner of of articulation articulationMannerFinal ofPhuan consonants articulationPhuan LanguagePhuan Language Language NongNong KhaiNong Khai Khai UdonUdon ThaniUdon Thani Thani MannerManner of ofarticulation articulation Phuan Phuan LanguagePhuan LanguageStops Language NongNong KhaiNong Khai Khai - - - - UdonUdon ThaniUdon Thani Thani - - - - Manner MannerManner Mannerof articulation ofof articulationarticulation of articulation Phuan Language Phuan Language Nong KhaiNong Khai Udon ThaniUdon Thani - - - - - - -Manner - Manner Mannerof articulation of articulation of articulation Phuan Phuan Language Language NongNong Khai Khai UdonUdon Thani Thani Stops StopsMannerStopsStops Mannerof articulationStops of articulation PhuanNasals Language -- - - - - - - - - - -Nong Khai - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -Udon Thani - - - StopsMannerStopsManner Mannerof articulation of articulation of articulation - - - -- -- - - - - -- -- - Stops Stops Stops - -- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - Nasals - - - - - Nasals Stops-Nasals Stops Glides --- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - --- -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - NasalsStopsNasalsNasals Stops Nasals --- -- - -- - - - - - --- -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - NasalsNasalsStops Nasals - - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - - Glides - - - - GlidesStopsGlidesStops Stops --- - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - GlidesNasalsGlidesNasals Nasals Glides ---w- - ---j -- - -- - -w--- - -j -- -- - -- - GlidesNasals NasalsGlidesNasalsGlides NasalsGlides - - - -- - -- - - - - - -- - -- - - Glides Glides - -- -- - - -- -- - Glides Glides - 1.2- Vowel- - phoneme comparison of Phuan- Language- - - in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Province are as follows: Glides - - - - Glides Glides Glides 1.2 Vowel phoneme comparison- -- -- - of Phuan Language in Nong -Khai -- and -- -Udon Thani Province are 1.2 Vowel phoneme comparison of Phuan Language in Nong Khai and Udon Thani Province 1.2 1.2are Vowel Vowelas follows: phoneme phoneme comparison comparison of of Phuan Phuan Language Language in inNong Nong Khai Khai and and Udon Udon Thani Thani Province Province are are as as follows: follows: 1.21.2 Vowel Vowel phoneme phoneme1.2 Vowel comparison comparison phoneme of ofcomparisonPhuan Phuan Tongue Language Language ofPosition Phuan in inNong NongLanguage Khai Khai and inand NongUdon Udon KhaiThani Thani and Province ProvinceUdon Thaniare are as Provinceas follows: follows: are as follows: as follows: 1.2 Vowel1.2 Vowel1.2 phonemeVowel phoneme phoneme comparison comparison comparison of Phuan of Phuan of LanguagePhuan Language Language a ndin Nong in Nong in Khai Nong Khai and Khai Front andUdon and Udon Thani Udon Thani Province Thani Province Province are areas Nearfollows: areas follows: asback follows: Back Tongue Position 1.2 Vowel1.2Tongue Tongue Vowel1.2 phonemeVowel Position Positionphoneme phoneme comparison comparison comparison of Phuan of Phuan of LanguagePhuan Language Language in Nong in Nong in Khai Nong Khai and Khai andUdon and Udon Thani Udon Thani Province Thani Province Province are areas follows: areas follows: as follows: Tongue1.2 Tongue Vowel Position Position phoneme Tongue comparison Position of Phuan Lip PositionsLanguage in Nong KhaiUnrounded and Udon Thani Province areUnrounded as follows: Rounded and Front Near back 1.2 Vowel1.2Back Vowel1.2 phoneme Vowel phoneme a ndaphonemend comparison comparison comparison ofFront FrontPhuan of Phuan of LanguagePhuan Language Language in Nong in Nong in Khai NearNong NearKhai and back Khai backandUdon and Udon Thani Udon Thani Province Thani Province Province are areasBack Backfollows: areas follows: as follows: Tongue Tongue Tongue Position a Positionnd and Position Position a ndFront Front Front NearNear back back Near back BackBack Back Lip Positions Unrounded Unrounded Rounded Tongue Lip Tongue Lip Positions TonguePositionPositions Position Position Unrounded Unrounded UnroundedUnrounded RoundedRounded Lip TongueLip Positions Positions Positiona nd a andndLip a ndPositionsTongue Lip UnroundedUnrounded Height FrontFront Front Front Unrounded UnroundedNearUnroundedNearNear backNear back backUnrounded RoundedRoundedBackBack Back Rounded Tongue Tongue TonguePosition Positiona nd Position a nd a nd FrontFront Front NearNear backNear back back BackBack Back Lip PositionsLip PositionsLip Positions and Close UnroundedUnroundedFrontUnrounded UnroundedUnroundedNear Unrounded back RoundedRounded Back Rounded Tongue Height TongueTongue Height Height Tongue Lip PositionsLip Height PositionsLip a nd Positions Positions a nd a nd UnroundedFrontUnroundedUnroundedFrontUnrounded Front UnroundedNearUnroundedUnroundedNear backUnroundedNear back back RoundedRoundedBackRoundedBack Rounded Back Tongue Tongue Height Height Lip Positions Close midUnrounded Unrounded Rounded Close C loseCTonguelose Height Lip PositionsLip PositionsLip Positions Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Unrounded Rounded Rounded Rounded CTongue loseCloseTongue TongueHeight HeightC loseHeight CTongueloseCloseTongue TongueHeight Height Height Open mid Close mid CloseTongue Close mid mid TongueHeight Height CloseCCloseloseC losemid midClose Close mid TongueCloseTongueClose TongueCHeightlose Height Height Open Open mid OpenCloseCOpenloseClose mid mid midCloseClose mid mid Open mid OpenOpenC midlose mid Diphthongs Open OCClosepenOCloselosepenCClose lose mid CClosemidlose mid mid OOpenClosepenOpenOpen mid OpenClose mid mid Open OOpenpenOpenOpenClose mid Open mid mid Diphthongs DiphthongsOpenCloseDiphthongsClose midOpenClose mid mid DiphthongsODiphthongsOpenpenOpen Omidpen Diphthongs DiphthongsOpenODiphthongspenOpenOpen midOpenOpen mid mid DiphthongsOpenDiphthongs DiphthongsOpen DiphthongsOpenDiphthongsOpen DiphthongsOpenOpen DiphthongsOpen Diphthongs DiphthongsDiphthongs Diphthongs Diphthongs
84 CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017
Single Singlevowel vowelphonemes Single phonemes vowel in PhuanSingle phonemes in Phuan ofvowel both inof phonemes areaPhuan boths have areaof both ins 18 havePhuan areasphonemes, 18 haveof phonemes, both 18 namely, phonemes, area snamely, have / , namely, 18, / , phonemes, , , ,/ , , , , ,, , , , namely, ,, , , ,, , ,/ , ,, , , , ,, ,, ,, , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , Single Singlevowel Single vowelphonemesSingle vowel phonemes vowel inphonemes Phuan phonemesin Phuanof inboth Phuan of in areaboth Phuan ofs haveareaboth ofss 18 bothareahave phonemes,s area18have phonemes,s have18 namely,phonemes, 18 phonemes,namely, / , namely,, // , namely,,, , ,, /, ,, , , , / ,, , ,, ,, ,, , ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, , , ,, , ,,, , , , , Single vowel phonemes in Phuan of both areas have 18 phonemes, namely, / , , , , , , , , , , , , /,, ,,, , ,/ , , , , , , , , / , , , ,, , ,, /,, ,, ,// , ,/ , / , , , , / Single vowel phonemes in Phuan of both areas have 18 phonemes, namely, / , , , , , , , , , , , , , Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani , , , , / Phuan PhuanPhuanLanguagePhuan LanguageLanguage Phuan Language Language NongNong KhaiNong Khai NongKhai NongKhai Khai UdonUdon Thani ThaniUdon Udon Thani Udon Thani Thani Phuan Language Nong Khai PhonemesUdon Phonemes Thani Phonemes PhonemesPhonemes Phonemes Phonemes Phonemes Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani Phonemes Front phonemes, , , , ,,, , ,, , , , ,, , , , , ,,, , ,, , , , ,, Front phonemesFront Frontphonemes Frontphonemes phonemes , , , ,, ,,,, ,, , ,,, ,, , , ,, , , ,, , , , ,, ,,,, ,, , ,,, ,, , , ,, , , ,, Front phonemes , , , ,, , , , ,, Near back phonemes , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , NearFront backNear phonemes phonemes backNear phonemesbackNear phonemesback phonemes , , , , , ,,, , , , ,, , ,,, ,, , ,,, , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , ,, , ,,, ,, , ,, , , , , , , , Near back phonemes , , , , , , , , , , Near back phonemes Near back phonemes Back phonemes, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Back phonemesBack phonemesBack phonemes , , , ,, , ,, , ,,, ,,, ,, , , ,, ,, , , , , , ,, , ,, , ,,, ,,, ,, , , ,, ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , Back phonemesBack phonemes Back phonemes Back phonemes , , , , , , , , , , Diphthong phonemes in Phuan of both areas have 3 phonemes, namely, / , , / Diphthong Diphthong phonemesDiphthong phonemesDiphthong inphonemes Phuan phonemesin Phuanof inboth Phuan of inarea both Phuan ofs haveareaboth ofs s3 bothareahave phonemes,s areasarea3have phonemes,s have3 namely,phonemes, 3 phonemes, namely, / namely,, // namely,, ,, / / ,, / //, /, / Diphthong phonemes in Phuan of both areas have 3 phonemes, namely, / , , / Diphthong phonemes in Phuan of both areas have 3 phonemes, namely, / , , / Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani Phuan PhuanLanguagePhuan Language Phuan Language Language Nong KhaiNong NongKhai NongKhai Khai Udon ThaniUdon Udon Thani Udon Thani Thani Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani PhonemesPhuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani PhonemesPhonemes Phonemes Phonemes Phuan Language Nong Khai Udon Thani Phonemes PhonemesPhonemes Diphthong Phonemes, , , , , , , , , , , , DiphthongDiphthong PhonemesDiphthong Phonemes Phonemes , , , , , , , , , , , , DiphthongDiphthongDiphthong PhonemesDiphthong Phonemes PhonemesDiphthong Phonemes Phonemes ,, ,, , , , , , , , , , , , , Diphthong Phonemes , , , ,
1.3 Tonal phoneme1.3 Ton comparisonal phoneme comparisonin tonal splits and mergers. Namely, Phuan Language 1.3 1Ton.3 1Ton .3.3al Tonalphoneme1 phoneme.3al Ton phoneme1.3al Toncomparison phonemecomparisonal comparisonphoneme comparison comparison 1.3 Tonal phoneme comparison Using a WilliamUsing aJ. WilliamGedney’s J. Gedney’sdeter- indetermining Nong Khai hadTone a tonalbox (1972), split of 6 AC tonal 1 – 2phonemes 3 4, B DL DSwere found in Phuan Language of Using Using aUsing Williama William Usinga William J. Using aJ.Gedney’s WilliamGedney’s J.a Gedney’sWilliam J. determiningdetermining Gedney’s J. determiningGedney’s determiningToneTone determiningbox boxTone (1972), (1972), Tonebox 6 (1972), Toneboxtonal6 tonal (1972), box phonemes 6 phonemestonal (1972), 6 tonalphonemes were 6 tonalwerephonemes found foundphonemeswere in Phuan werefoundfoundin Phuan Languagewerefound inin PhuanPhuan Languagefound in of Phuan LanguageLanguage in ofPhuan Language of ofLanguage of of Using a William J. Gedney’s determining Tone box (1972), 6 tonal phonemes were found in Phuanmining Language Tone box of (1972),both area6 tonals. Three phonemes-way splittingwere found was similarly1 2 3 – found4 and DLbut 4 t=here DS butwere Phuan slight Language differences in Udon in tonal splits and mergers. Namely, bothboth areaboth areas. areabothThrees. Threess ..both area -Threeway-ways .area splittingThree-- waysplittings. Threesplitting-splittingway was was -splitting way similarly similarlywas splitting similarly was found similarlywas foundbutbut similarly t heretfoundhere but were foundweret herebut slight tslight wereherebut differences t differenceswerehereslight wereslightdifferences in tonal slightindifferences tonal splits differencesin splitstonal and in mergers.tonalandsplits in mergers. tonal splitsand Namely, mergers. splitsand Namely, mergers.and Namely, mergers. Namely, Namely, both areas. Three-way splitting was similarly found but there were slight differences in tonal splits and mergers.in Phuan Namely, Language Phuan of both Language areas. Three-way in Nong Khai splitting had a tonalThani split had of a tonalAC 1 split– 2 3of 4, AC B 1DL – DS2 3 14 2and 3 –B 4DL and DS DL1 4 = DS but Phuan Language in PhuanPhuan PhuanLanguage LanguagePhuan Language inPhuan LanguageinNong Nong in Language KhaiNong Khai in had NongKhaihad ina a hadNong tonalKhaitonal a had Khaisplittonalsplit a hadof tonalsplit ACAC a 1 oftonal1 split – – AC2 2 3 ofsplit 314, 4,AC– B 2Bof DL 1 3 DL AC –DS4, 2 DS B 13 DL2 –14, 32 2 DS B– 33 DL4 4,– 1and 42BDS and3 DL DL 1– DS2 44DL 3= and 1–DS4 24 = DLbut 3 andDS – 4 Phuan4 but=DL and DS 4Phuan LanguageDL=but DS 4 Phuan Language=but DS in Phuan butLanguage inPhuan Language in Language in in Phuan Language in Nong Khai had a tonal split of AC 1 – 2 3 4, B DL DS 1 2 3 – 4 and DL 4 = DS but Phuanwas similarlyLanguage found in Udon but Thanithere hadwere a slighttonal differencessplit of AC 1 –2 2 3 3 – 4 4. and B DL DS 1 2 3 – 4. UdonUdon ThaniUdon Thani Udon hadThani had a Udon Thanihadtonal a tonal a Thani hadsplittonal split a ofhad tonalsplitof AC AC a 1of tonalsplit1 – –AC 22 3of31split 44–AC and2 of 13 B–4ACB DL2andDL 13 DS DS– 4 B 2and 1 DL 1 32 2 43 DS B 3–and DL –4.1 4. 2DSB 3 DL 1– 24.DS 3 1– 24. 3 – 4. Udon Thani had a tonal split of AC 1 – 2 3 4 and B DL DS 1 2 3 – 4.
A A A B B B CC C ADL DLDS BDS DS C DL A DSB C DL A DS B C DL DS A A B A B A C B C B DLC DLC DSDL DSDL DS DS A A B A B A C B C B DLC DLC DSDL DSDL DS DS A B C DL DS A B C DL DS 1 ว.1 1ว .5 ว.1 ว.5 1 ว.1 ว.5 1 ว.1 ว.5 1 1 ว.1 1 ว..11 ว.1 ว.1ว .5 ว..5 ว.5 ว.5 1 1 ว.1 1 ว.1 ว.1 ว.5 ว.5 ว.5 1 ว.1 ว.5 1 1 ว.1 ว..11 ว.1ว .5 ว..5 ว.5 1 ว.1 ว.5 2 ว.3 ว.3 ว.6 2 ว.3 ว.3 ว.5 2 2 ว.3 ว.3 2 ว.3 ว.3 ว.3ว ว.3.6ว .3 ว.6 ว.6 ว.3 ว.6 2 ว.3 ว.3 ว.5 2 2 2 2ว .3 ว..3 ว.3ว .3 ว..3 ว.6 ว..ว6. 3 2 ว.6 2 2 2ว .3 ว..3 ว.3 ว.3ว .3 ว..3 ว.5ว .3 ว..ว5. 3 ว.5 ว.5 2 ว.3 ว.3 ว.6 2 ว.3 3ว .3 ว.2ว .5 ว.6 3 ว.2 ว.6 3 3 ว.2 ว.2 ว3. 6 ว.6ว .2 ว.6 3 ว.2 ว.6 3 3 ว.2 3 ว..23 ว.2 ว.2ว .6 ว..6 ว.6 ว.6 3 3 ว.2 3 ว..23 ว.2 ว.2ว .6 ว..6 ว.6 ว.6 3 ว.2 ว.6 3 ว.2 ว.6 4 ว.4 ว.4 4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.6 4 ว.4 ว.4 4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.6 4 4 4 4ว .4 ว..4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.4 ว..4 ว.4 ว.4 4 4 4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.6ว .4 ว.6 ว.6 4 ว.4 ว.4 4 4 4ว .4 ว..4 ว.4ว .4 ว..4 ว.6 ว..ว6. 4 ว.6 4 ว.4 ว.4 ว.Phuan6 Languge in Nong Khai Phuan Language in Udon Thani
Phuan Languge in Nong Khai Phuan Language in Udon Thani Phuan PhuanLanguge Languge in Nong in KhaiNong Phuan Khai Languge in Nong Khai Phuan PhuanLanguage Language in Udon in ThaniUdonPhuan Thani Language in Udon Thani 2. Phuan A comparison PhuanLangugePhuan Languge inPhuan NongLangugeof in lexical KhaiLangugeNong in NongKhai inwords NongKhai Khai 2.1 IdenticalPhuan PhuanLanguage wordsPhuan Language usedinPhuan LanguageUdon inin Language ThaniUdonboth in Udon Thani in Udon Thani Thani Phuan Languge in Nong Khai Phuan Language in Udon Thani between Phuan Language used in Nong Khai and areas could be divided into 2 groups:
Udon Thani showed that there were both identical 2.1.1 Identical words that have
and non-identical words used as follows: the same written form – having homophone of an
initial and final consonant. For example,
2. A comparison of lexical words between Phuan Language used in Nong Khai and Udon Thani showed that there were both identical and non-identical words used as follows: 2.1 Identical words used in both areas could be divided into 2 groups: 2. A comparison of lexical words between Phuan Language used in Nong Khai and Udon Thani showed that 2 . A comparison of2.1.1 lexical Identical words betweenwordsCHOPHAYOM that Phuan have Languagethe JOURNAL same usedwritten Vol.28 in NongformNo.3 –(NovemberKhai having and homophone Udon - December) Thani ofshowed an2017 initial that there were both identical and non-identical words used as follows: 85 thereand final were 2consonant.. bothA comparison identical For example, andof lexical non - identicalwords between words usedPhuan as Languagefollows: used in Nong Khai and Udon Thani showed that
there were both identical2.1 Identical and non words-identical used in words both usedareas as could follows: be divided into 2 groups: 2.1.1 Identical words that have the same written form – having homophone of an initial Lexical2.1 Identical2.1.1 words Identical used words in both that areasUdon have could Thanithe samebe divided written into form 2 groups:– having homophoneNong Khai of an initial and final consonant. For example,2.1.1 Identical words2 2 that have the same written form – 2 having2 homophone of an initial ‘andก่อไฟ final’ consonant. For example, and final consonant. For example, 5 6 5 6 ‘ ขี้เกียจ’ Lexical Udon Thani Nong Khai Lexical 3 6 Udon Thani 3 6 Nong Khai ‘จิ้งจก’ 2 2 2 2 ‘ก่อไฟ’ Lexical 2 2 Udon Thani 2 2 Nong Khai 3 4 3 4 ‘ตลิ่ง’ 52 2 6 52 2 6 ‘ขี้เกียจก่อไฟ’’ 5 6 5 6 ‘ขี้เกียจ’ 3 2 3 2 ‘ถั่วลิสง’ 3 5 6 6 3 5 6 6 ‘จิ้งจกขี้เกียจ’ ’ 3 6 3 6 ‘จิ้งจก’ 5 6 5 6 ‘เมฆ’ 3 4 6 3 4 6 ‘ตลิ่งจิ้งจก’ ’ 3 4 3 4 ‘ตลิ่ง’ 4 1 4 1 ‘ปลอกหมอน’ 3 3 4 2 3 3 4 2 ‘ถั่วลิสงตลิ่ง’ ’ 3 2 3 2 ‘ถั่วลิสง’ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ‘ปลาหมึก’ 5 3 26 5 3 26 ‘เมฆถั่วลิสง’ ’ 5 6 5 6 ‘เมฆ’ 5 4 5 4 ‘ผ้าถุง’ 54 6 1 54 6 1 ‘ปลอกหมอนเมฆ’ ’ 4 1 4 1 ‘ปลอกหมอน’ 3 6 3 6 24 2 1 2 24 2 1 2 ‘ส้มโอ’ 2 2 2 2 2 2 ‘ปลาหมึกปลอกหมอน’ ’ 2 5 2 4 2 2 5 2 4 2 5 4 5 4 ‘ผ้าถุงปลาหมึก’ ’ 2.1.2 Identical words35 4 whose6 variables could be divided 35 into 4 26 types which are acoustic ‘ส้มโอผ้าถุง’ 3 6 3 6 variation and lexical2.1.2 variation. Identical words whose3 6 variables could be divided into3 2 6types which are acoustic ‘ ส้มโอ ’ 1 ) Variation of vowel and consonant variation and lexical variation.2.1.2 Identical words whose variables could be divided into 2 types which are acoustic Lexical 2.1.2 Identical words whoseUdon variables Thani could be divided into 2 typesNong which Khai are acoustic variation 1)and Variation lexical variation. of vowel2.1.2 Identical and consonant words1 whose variables could be divided into1 2 types which are acoustic ‘variationเขียง’ and lexical variation. variation and lexical variation.1) Variation of vowel and consonant ‘ ตะเกียง ’ 1) Variation of 3vowel 2 and consonant 3 2 Lexical 1) Variation of vowel andUdon consonant Thani Nong Khai Lexical 2 2 Udon Thani 2 2 Nong Khai ‘พังพอน’ 1 1 ‘เขียง’ Lexical 1 Udon Thani 1 Nong Khai ‘เขียง’ 6 6 3 1 2 3 1 2 ‘ม้าม’ 3 2 3 2 ‘ตะเกียงเขียง’ ’ 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ‘พังพอนตะเกียง’ 2 6 2 2 6 2 2) Variation of lexical 6 6 ‘ม้ามพังพอน’ ’ Lexical 6 Udon Thani 6 Nong Khai ‘ม้าม’ ‘ นกนางแอ่น’ 4 2 3 4 3 2) Variation of lexical2) Variation of lexical 2) Variation of lexical4 3 2 4 2 ‘ นกกระยาง’ Lexical Udon Thani Nong Khai Lexical 2) Variation of lexical1 2 Udon2 Thani 2 2 Nong Khai ‘บันได’ 4 2 3 4 3 ‘นกนางแอ่น’ Lexical 4 2 Udon3 Thani 4 3 Nong Khai ‘นกนางแอ่น’ 1 6 3 1 3 4 32 23 4 32 ‘หอม(นาม)’ 4 3 2 4 2 ‘นกกระยางนกนางแอ่น’’ 14 3 2 2 2 4 2 22 1 2 2 22 ‘บันไดนกกระยาง’ ’ 1 1 2 6 2 3 21 2 3 2.2 Lexical words that were 1 used 6differently 3 1 3 ‘หอมบันได(นาม’ )’ Lexical 1 6 Udon3 Thani 1 3 Nong Khai ‘หอม(นาม)’ ‘ กลม’ 2 2 2.2 Lexical words that were used differently 2.2 Lexical words that were3 used3 differently 5 1 ‘กระทะ’ 2.2Lexical Lexical words that were used Udon differently Thani Nong Khai Lexical2.2 Lexical words that were 4 used differentlyUdon Thani 2 Nong Khai ‘ครก’ 2 2 ‘กลม’ Lexical 2 Udon Thani 2 Nong Khai 3 2 4 4 ‘ตกปลา’ 3 2 3 5 2 1 ‘กระทะกลม’ ’ 3 3 5 1 ‘กระทะ’ 5 1 6 5 2 ‘ผ้าขาวม้า’ 3 4 3 25 1 ‘ครกกระทะ’ ’ 4 2 ‘ครก’ 5 4 2 5 6 ‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว’ 3 4 2 4 2 4 ‘ตกปลาครก’ ’ 3 2 4 4 ‘ตกปลา’ 5 2 5 3 ‘ผ้าห่ม’ 53 2 1 6 4 5 4 2 ‘ผ้าขาวม้าตกปลา’ ’ 5 1 6 5 2 ‘ผ้าขาวม้า’ 4 6 5 3 3 ‘เฟื่องฟ้า’ 5 4 1 2 6 5 26 ‘ผ้าเช็ดตัวผ้าขาวม้า’’ 5 4 2 5 6 ‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว’ 5 3 6 5 3 ‘รักแร้’ 5 4 2 2 5 63 ‘ผ้าห่มผ้าเช็ดตัว’ ’ 5 2 5 3 ‘ผ้าห่ม’ 5 5 5 4 6 2 55 3 3 3 ‘อ้วน’ 4 6 5 3 3 ‘เฟื่องฟ้าผ้าห่ม’ ’ 5 4 3 6 6 55 3 3 3 5 3 6 5 3 ‘รักแร้เฟื่องฟ้า’ ’ 5 5 3 6 5 5 3 5 5 ‘อ้วนรักแร้’ ’ 5 5 ‘อ้วน’
86 CHOPHAYOM JOURNAL Vol.28 No.3 (November - December) 2017
Discussion ences in Phuan Language of both areas as Somsong The result of the comparative study showed Burutpat (2000 : 1-2) mentioned. Distance was anoth- that in term of consonant and vowel phonemes, there er factor that affected the language as shown in lexi- were no differences but when considering the tones, cal words used in both areas. especially the splits and mergers, they were very However, it is normal that language changes, interesting. Namely, Phuan Language in both areas has as Amara Prasitratsin (2005 : 105) mentioned that 3 ways splitting. Somehow, there were slight differ- changes of language in any societies could be results ences in tonal splits and mergers as Phuan Language of social, economic, and political changes in that era. in Nong Khai had a tonal split of AC 1 – 2 3 4, B DL DS Therefore, Phuan Language in different areas has 1 2 3 – 4 and DL 4 = DS but Phuan Language in Udon gradually changed. The result of this study will Thani had a tonal split of AC 1 – 2 3 4 and B DL DS 1 identify trends in Phuan Language change in the future 2 3 – 4 which were related to Utaiwan Tanyong’s and will be beneficial for further linguistic study. (1983), Kantima Wattanaprasert and Suwattana Liam- prawat’s (1988), and Charuwan Sukpiti’s (1989) studies. Acknowledgement Tonal phonemes of Phuan Language used Researcher would like to thank the faculty in Udon Thani showed that there was a split of AC 1 of Humanities and Social Science, Mahasarakham – 2 3 4 and B DL DS 1 2 3 – 4 which was related to University, that funded the research, and the inform- Tassanai Ar-romsuk’s (1978), Chonlada Sungvant’s ants that well cooperated. Discussion (1991), Niramol Boonson’s (1997), Pornpen Tanpras- The resultDiscussion of the comparative studyert’s show(2003),ed Phinnaratthat in term Akharawatthanakun’s of consonant and (2003),vowel phonemesReferences, there were no differences but when consideringThe resultthe tones, of UsanatheDiscussion especially comparative Aree, the (2003), splitsstudy and show mergers,Hathairated that theyin Chaturapat term were of very consonant- interesting.Amara and Prasitrattasin. Namely,vowel phonemes Phuan (2005). Language, there were in Thai no society : DiscussionLanguage in both areasdifferences has 3 waysbut when splitting. consideringtarawong’s Somehow, Thethe (2015) there tones,result studies. were especiallyof theslight comparative differencesthe splits studyandin tonal mergers, show splitsed they thatand weremergersin termdiversity, very ofas interesting. consonantPhuan change, Namely, andand developmentvowel Phuan phonemes . 4th, there were no LanguageThe resultin Nong of KhaitheLanguage comparativehad a in tonal both splitstudy areas of show hasdifferencesAC 31ed ways– that2The 3 butsplitting. 4,in result B termwhen DL DSofSomehow, ofconsidering lexical1consonant 2 3 –words there4 theand and study weretones,DL vowel 4 slightshowed= especially DSphonemes differencesbut Phuan the, theresplits Languagein tonal edition. wereand splits mergers,inno BangkokUdon and theymergers : Chulalongkorn were as very Phuan interesting. University Namely, Phuan differencesThani hadbut whena tonal considering splitLanguage of AC thein 1 Nong –tones, 2 3 Khai 4 especiallyand hadtheLanguage B identicalaDL tonal theDS in 1 splits split bothwords2 3 of– and areas 4inAC which bothmergers, 1 has – areas2 were3 3 ways they4, whichrelatedB splitting.DLwere DSshared to very1 Utaiwan2Somehow, a3interesting. lot– 4 Tanyongand there DL Namely, 4’s were =(1983), Press.DS Phuan slightbut Kantima Phuan differences Language in tonal in Udon splits and mergers as Phuan Wattanaprasert and Suwattana Liamprawat’s (1988), and Charuwan Sukpiti’s (1989) studies. Language in both areas hasThani 3 wayshad a splitting. tonal split Somehow, ofLanguage AClexicals 1 there– in2meaning 3Nong were4 and Khai slight thatB DLhad theydifferences DS a 1tonalhad 2 3 a–split in close4 tonalwhich of relation.AC splits were1 – 2andrelated 3 ______. 4,mergers B toDL UtaiwanDS as(2013). 1Phuan 2 3 TanyongSociolinguistic – 4 and’s DL (1983), 4. =5th DSKantima edition. but Phuan Bangkok Language in Udon Tonal phonemes of Phuan Language used in Udon Thani showed that there was a split of AC 1 – 2 3 4 and B DL Language in Nong Khai hadWattanaprasert a tonal split and of ACSuwattana 1Also, Thani– 2 3it hadLiamprawat4,showed B a DL tonal DSvariations ’s1split (19882 3 of – ), ofAC 4and acousticand 1 Charuwan– DL 2 34 and 4= andDS lexicalSukpiti’s butB DL Phuanas DS(1989) 1 Language2 studies3 – 4 which.: inChulalongkorn Udon were related University to Utaiwan Press. Tanyong’s (1983), Kantima DS 1 2 3 – 4 which was related to Tassanai AWattanaprasertr-romsuk’s (1978), and Chonlada Suwattana Sungvant Liamprawat’s (1991),’s (1988 Niramol), and Boonson’Charuwans Sukpiti’s(1997), (1989) studies. Thani had a tonal split of AC 1 – Tonal2 3 4 phonemesand B DLAmara DS of 1Phuan Prasitrattasin2 3 – Language 4 which (2013: usedwere in18-19)related Udon mentioned toThani Utaiwan showed thatTanyong that Charuwanthere’s (1983), was Sukpiti.aKantima split of (1989). AC 1 –A 2linguistic 3 4 and Bdescription DL of WattanaprasertPornpen T andanprasert’s SuwattanaDS (2003),1 2 Liamprawat3 – Phinnarat 4 which’s was Akharawatthanakun(1988 related ), and to Charuwan TassanaiTonal’s phonemes (2003), Sukpiti’sAr-romsuk Usana (1989)of’s Phuan (1978),Aree studies, (2003),Language Chonlada. and used SungvantHathairat in Udon’s (1991), Thani showedNiramol thatBoonson’ theres was(1997), a split of AC 1 – 2 3 4 and B DL Language variations could happen in both acoustics the Lao Phuan dialect in Tambol Hua ChaturapattarawongTonal phonemesPornpen’s of(2015) Phuan T studies.anprasert’s Language (2003),usedDS 1in Phinnarat 2Udon 3 – 4 Thani which Akharawatthanakun showed was related that thereto ’sTassanai (2003),was a AsplitUsanar-romsuk of AreeAC’s 1 , (1978),(2003),– 2 3 4 Chonlada andand HathairatB DL Sungvant ’s (1991), Niramol Boonson’s (1997), lexical and syntax. Those variations would not change Waa, Amphoe Simahaphot, Prachinburi DS 1 2 3 – 4 whichThe wasresult relatedChaturapattarawong of lexical to Tassanai words study A’sr-romsuk (2015) showedPornpen ’sstudies. (1978), the Ta nprasert’s identical Chonlada words (2003), Sungvant in Phinnarat both’s (1991),areas Akharawatthanakun which Niramol shared Boonson’ a lot’s sof(2003), (1997), lexical Usana s meaning Aree, (2003), and Hathairat its meaning. . M.A. Thesis. Nakhon Pathom : Pornpenthat T atheynprasert’s had a (2003), close Phinnaratrelation.The resultAlso,Akharawatthanakun itof showedlexicalChaturapattarawong words variations’s (2003),study of showedUsana ’sacoustic (2015) Aree the studies.and, identical(2003), lexical and words as Hathairat Amara in both Prasitrattasin areas which Province (2013:shared 18 a -lot19) of lexicals meaning Chaturapattarawongmentioned that’s Language(2015)that studies.they variations had a couldclose happen relation. in Also, InTheboth term result itacoustics showedof ofnon-identical lexical lexicalvariations words and words, ofsyntax.study acoustic it showed showedThose and variationsthe lexical identical wouldas AmarawordsSilpakorn not in Prasitrattasinchange both University. areas which(2013: shared18-19) a lot of lexicals meaning its meaning.The result of lexicalmentioned words that study Language showedthatthat variations the mostthey identical ofhad couldthe awordslexicals closehappen in were relation.both in bothborrowed areas Also, acoustics which itfrom showed shared lexicalCentral avariations and lot ofChonladasyntax. lexical of Thosesacoustic Sungvanthrup.meaning variations and lexical (1991).would as Anot Amaralinguistic change Prasitrattasin descrip- (2013: 18-19) that they had Ina termclose ofrelation.its non meaning.-identical Also, itwords, showed itThai mentioned showedvariations Language, that thatof mostforacoustic Language example, of the and variations lexicals‘กระทะ’ lexical were Phuancouldas Amaraborrowed Languagehappen Prasitrattasin infrom both Central acoustics (2013: Thaition 18 lexical Language,of-19) the and Lao syntax. Phuan Those dialect variations in Tambol would not change 3 3 mentionedfor example, that Language ‘กระทะ variations’ PhuanIn Language couldterm ofhappen noninformantinformantsits-identical inmeaning. boths living acousticswords,living in in Udonit Udon showedlexical ThaniThani and that used syntax. most / ofThose the variationslexicals/. InIn contrast,were would borrowed notPhuanNong change Languagefrom Saeng, Central Amphoe Thai ParkLanguage, Plee, Nakhon 5 1 its meaning.informant s living in forNong example, Khai used ‘กระทะ / ’ Phuancontrast, Language / . PhuanOrIn term‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว informantLanguage of non’ Phuan- identicalsinformants living Language in words, Udon living informant it Thani inshowed Nong used living that / inmost 3Udon ofNayok the3Thani/. In lexicals contrast,usedProvince were/ Phuan. borrowedM.Ed. Language Thesis. from NakhonCentral Thai Language, 5 4 2 5 6 3 3 In term of non/ butinformant-identical Phuan Language swords, living init informantshowedNongKhaifor Khai example,that livingused used most in // Nong ‘ofกระทะ the5 Khai ’lexicals Phuan used1 /.. Or Or/wereLanguage ‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว’ borrowed informant’ / Phuaninstead. Phuan from Languages Central living in Thai informantUdon Language,Pathom Thani living :used Silpakorn in Udon/ University. Thani /used. In contrast,/ Phuan Language 3 35 1 for example, ‘กระทะThe differences’ Phuan5 Language seen4 in 2this /informant but article PhuanLanguageinformant scould living Language be insinformant livingconcludedUdon informant in Thani Nong living that living usedKhai livingin in /usedUdon Nong in different/ ThaniKhai /used . usedInarea contrast,/s /and. Or5 Gedney, environment‘ ผ้าเช็ดตัวPhuan6 / instead. William Language’ Phuans could J. (1973). Language be “A Checklist informant for living Determining in Udon Thani used / 5 4 2 5 6 informantone sof living factors in Nongthat caused Khai used theThe /differences differences5 in1 seen/Phuan. Or in‘ผ้าเช็ดตัว Languagethis article /’ butPhuanbut of could Phuan bothPhuan Language be areasLanguage concludedLanguage as informant Somsong informant informantthat livingBurutpatliving living inin in Udon different(2000 Nong Thani :Khai 1 area-Tones2) usedmentioned.s and in // Tai environment Dialects.” / instead.Ins Studiescould be in Linguis- 5 Distance 4 was2 / but another Phuanone factor Languageof factors that affectedinformant that caused the livingliving language the inin differencesNongNongThe as Khai Khaishowndifferences usedusedin inPhuan /lexical/ seen Language5 wordsin this6 // used instead.instead.articleof both in bothcould areas areas. be as concludedSomsong ticsBurutpat that in livingHonor (2000 in of different :Geoge 1-2) mentioned. L.Tragerareas and. 423 environment – 437. s could be The differencesHowever, Distance itseen is normalin wasthis anotherarticlethat language could factor one be that ofchange concluded factors affectedThes, differences asthat thethatAmara caused language living seenPrasitratsin thein inas differentdifferences this shown article(2005 areain lexicalcouldin:s 105)Phuanand be wordsenvironmentmentioned Language used in ofthats both couldEditedboth changes areas. areasbeby M. asof Estellie Somsong Smith. Burutpat The Hangue(2000 : :1 -2) mentioned. one oflanguage factors inthat any caused societies the could differencesHowever, be results in it Phuan isofconcluded Distance normalsocial, Language economic,wasthat that anotheroflanguage living both and in factorareas politicaldifferentchange thatas sSomsong ,changes affectedareasas Amara and in Burutpatthe that environPrasitratsin language era. (2000- Therefore, as (2005: shown1-2) mentioned.:Phuan 105)inMouton. lexical mentionedLanguage words used that inchanges both areas. of Distancein different was another areas factor haslanguage gradually that affected in anychanged. societies the languageThements couldresult ascould beof shown However,thisresults be study onein of lexical ofitsocial,will isfactors identifynormalwords economic, that used trendsthat caused in andlanguage bothin thePhuanpolitical areas.differ changeLanguage - changess, as changein Amara that inera. Prasitratsinthe Therefore, future (2005 Phuan : 105)Language mentioned that changes of and willHowever, be beneficial it is innormal differentfor further that area linguisticlanguages has gradually study changelanguage. changed.s, inas anyAmara societiesThe Prasitratsinresult could of this be(2005 study results : will105) of identify social,mentioned economic,trends that in Phuan andchanges political Language of changes change in in that the era. future Therefore, Phuan Language language in any societiesand could will be be results beneficial of social, forin further differenteconomic, linguistic area ands hasstudy political gradually. changes changed. in that The era. result Therefore, of this Phuanstudy willLanguage identify trends in Phuan Language change in the future in differentAcknowledgement areas has gradually changed. The resultand of will this be study beneficial will identify for further trends linguistic in Phuan study Language. change in the future and will be beneficialResearcher forAcknowledgement further would linguistic like to studythank . the faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Mahasarakham University, that funded the research , and theResearcher informants wouldthatAcknowledgement well like cooperated. to thank the faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Mahasarakham University, that Acknowledgement funded the research, and the informantsResearcher that wellwould cooperated. like to thank the faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Mahasarakham University, that ReferencesResearcher would like to thank the facultyfunded of the Humanities research, andand the Social informants Science, that Mahasarakham well cooperated. University , that fundedAmara the researchPrasitrattasin, andReferences. the(2005 informants). 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