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Marine in the UK State of the Industry Report 2012

March 2012 2 1

Contents

1. Introduction 2

2. A Year in Policy 3

3. Financing and Funding 7 3.1 Private and public funding requirements 7 3.2 Enhanced Renewables Obligation Banding 8 3.3 Infrastructure and innovation investment 8

4. Project status 10 4.1 Project case studies 10

5. Device types 25 5.1 Tidal 26 5.2 Wave 33

6. UK and abroad 39 6.1 UK position 39 6.2 Global developments 41 6.3 Export 41 6.4 Import 41

7. Industrial Partnerships 42

8. Future Challenges 44

9. Getting Involved 45

10. End Notes 46

Authors: BVG Associates: Sean Matthews, Jenny Adams & Bruce Valpy RenewableUK: David Krohn

Acknowledgements: RenewableUK and BVG Associates are grateful to the following companies for their co-operation with this study: ABB, Alstom, , Atlantis Resources Corporation, AW-Energy, AWS Ocean Energy, E.ON Climate and Renewables, Fred Olsen, Hammerfest Strom, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Marine Current , Minesto, Ocean Power Technologies, OpenHydro, Pelamis , Pulse Tidal, Rolls-Royce, Renewables, ScotRenewables, Seatricity, , Tidal Energy, Tidal Generation, Voith Hydro, Wave Dragon, Wello. 2

1. Introduction

In 2011 it became clear that the wave The next generation of devices is making ’s and Marine Management and tidal in the UK had an increasingly meaningful contribution Organisation’s move to an evidence reached a tipping point. As it decisively to the industry in terms of knowledge based approach is welcome, but it moved towards commercial viability the and experience acquisition, as new should not be implemented in a way industry offered vast improvements in concepts are continually being validated. which could lengthen the processing its value proposition, driven by a surge There are a range of developers with times for applications. That said, the in deployment and a demonstrable sub-scale devices being tested, helping signs from the MMO have been positive track record. As a result we now have to fuel cost reduction, drive innovation and Marine Scotland has made progress proposals for the first wave and tidal and contribute towards the reliability in consenting projects, approving the arrays and the front running developers of devices. Not only do these latest largest Tidal Stream project in the world are looking to develop multi-megawatt devices provide new ways of utilizing so for in 2011 at . projects. the immensely varied conditions of the marine environment, they provide further Noting these developments, it is Increased visibility of project pipelines impetus to the industry by creating clear that the Wave and Tidal energy and improved levels of knowledge market pressure and driving the leaders industry is poised to take advantage within the sector have derisked projects, to incorporate cost saving measures. of the opportunities provided by the indicating a pathway to profitability. The UK’s marine legacy. The UK’s science, flow of manufacturing capability into In February 2012, the Energy and technology and engineering capability the industry through the involvement of Climate Change select committee, are ideally suited to harness the major original equipment manufacturers made up of influential MPs, released energy resources in our waters and (OEMs) has vastly improved the their report entitled “The Future of the government has put the requisite credibility of the industry and we now Marine Renewables” which urges supportive policies in place. It is now have several industrial partnerships the UK Government to act decisively up to all involved to take the next steps developing the foremost projects. The to ensure that the UK reaps the full in its development and move towards involvement of major energy utilities is benefits delivered by the wave and tidal deployment at scale. With deployment further evidence of progress as we now sector. At the heart of their report is the activity surging in 2011 and set to have end customers intimately involved recognition that the global industry could continue its momentum in 2012, the in the development process. be worth £3.7 billion to the UK by 2020. sector is going from strength to strength The chance to provide real value to the and is starting to deliver on its immense The increased attractiveness of the UK, generate British jobs and catalyze potential. industry to investors is largely due to the low carbon industrial revolution government support and several high are the key motivations behind the Throughout this report the discussion profile demonstrations of commitment. positive policies that we have seen from of the tidal industry is limited to that With the provision of increased revenue government. for tidal stream devices and excludes support, as heralded in the 2011 consideration of tidal range projects or consultation on Renewable Obligation The positive findings of the Marine technology. Certificate (ROC) rebanding, and upfront Energy Strategic Environmental capital support offered, DECC is working Assessment, backed up by the recent hard to unlock private sector investment. studies by industry and academia, The Scottish Government has been indicate that there is no substantive equally engaged and has provided the environmental impediment to the Scottish Renewable Obligation regime to development of the industry. However, compliment the upfront capital support we recognize the importance of tackling of its own. The harmonisation of the emerging issues and will continue revenue support regimes for marine to engage with environmental and energy is very welcome but it is vital that academic groups building knowledge of the government continues to discuss environmental issues. ways of ensuring that the various funding streams are both coordinated and The planning system is complex and complementary. it is vital that clarity is provided in a timely and thorough way. Marine 3

2. A Year in Policy

The last year has seen a considerable 2.1 Financing the future ROC regime would be carried over into amount of policy activity, as the sector the EMR, the emphasis on cost reduction landscape was fundamentally reshaped 2.1.1 The Renewable is important as it drives the marine by the review of the Renewables Obligation Regime energy industry to strive for cost parity Obligation regime and the provision of with more established energy generation upfront capital support from government. The move toward 5 Renewable techniques. The surge in deployment and the influx Obligation Certificates (ROCs) for each of high profile companies into the sector megawatthour produced by wave and The EMR is a key policy for the growth has generated wider interest in wave and tidal energy installations, proposed of the industry as it holds the potential tidal technology, with the sector enjoying in DECC’s Renewables Obligation to provide the long term certainty the a heightened profile in the media as a Banding Review Consultation in October industry needs to develop. While the result. 2011, was welcomed by the industry. ROC regime is crucial for the medium This measure signals government term development of the industry, the Government has provided a series of commitment and support for the EMR will be in place during a crucial positive signals to industry, culminating sector, while enabling the next stage of period (post 2017) for the industry. It is in the release of “The Future of Marine commercial development. A level of 5 hoped that the mechanism will build on Renewables in the UK” report by the ROCs provides medium term certainty the momentum gained from the ROC Energy and to investors and an enhanced revenue regime and consolidate the UK’s global in February of 2012. This panel of MPs stream for the first commercial projects. lead. However, too great a reduction in brought together a range of evidence the support level would jeopardize our from across the industry to give a The promise of 5 ROCs is a major first mover advantage and put the British summary of the activity in the recent past element contributing towards the industry at threat. While we recognize the and propose a future pathway for the increasing confidence in the sector but need to provide value to the consumers development of the industry. They rightly it carries an inherent requirement for of electricity and a timeline for cost recognized that the funding of the first cost reduction. The industry needs to reduction, we believe that any reduction arrays is a crucial enabler to capturing demonstrate that the cost of energy will in the level of support should be linked the industry within Britain and delivering fall to a sustainable level to catalyse to the level of deployment achieved and the economic opportunities it holds for large scale deployment. thus the continued demonstration of the UK economy. successful . 2.1.2 The Electricity Market Reform Amongst their most helpful conclusions 2.1.3 Array are recommendations to DECC The Electricity Market Reform (EMR) Demonstrator – Department of (Department of Energy and Climate was launched in 2010, with the White Energy and Climate Change Change) to urgently provide clarity Paper following in 2011. The initiative over the Electricity Market Reform was welcomed by the industry. However, DECC has provided £20 million pounds mechanism, improve the allocation and government introducing clarity as soon from its Low Carbon Innovation Fund to management of upfront capital support as possible on the supportive EMR develop wave and tidal energy projects funds and heighten the ambition of the regime was deemed absolutely essential. in the . The Marine deployment targets of the industry as Early visibility over the level of support Energy Array Demonstrator (MEAD) fund outlined in DECC Renewables Roadmap. will ensure continued investor confidence aims to develop the first commercial The report was widely perceived as and engagement. arrays by enabling leading developers to bringing logical and balanced arguments move from single device testing to array to bear on the issue of wave and tidal Indeed, the switch to the Contract for projects. The MEAD fund is crucial to the energy development, urging industry to Difference with a Feed in Tariff (CfD FiT) development of the industry as it closes improve its cost reduction targets and mechanism has the potential to provide the funding gap for the capital intensive work together to increase information long term stability to the market and first arrays and provides the opportunity sharing. incentivize developers to reduce costs. to develop the knowledge and capability The CfD FiT would set a “strike price” or of the industry. Importantly, the fund is Furthermore, the Committee identified a set price for electricity from wave and limited to 25% of the total capital needed grid constraints, environmental concerns tidal energy, at a sustainable level linked to develop a project, in line with European and a lack of clarity over the planning to the actual cost of producing electricity Union state aid laws. process as the primary non-financial from the energy of the ocean. barriers to the development of the 2.1.4 Marine Renewables industry. The desire to eliminate these The CfD FiT mechanism would thus Commercialization Fund – Scottish barriers is in line with RenewableUK reward cost reductions as the margin Government objectives and is welcomed as a between the strike price and the cost demonstration of support from a high to the developer would increase. While The Scottish Government has recognized level official panel. the banding approach taken to support the opportunity in its coastal environment the development of marine energy in the and has put an array support scheme 4

in place. The £18 million Marine Array a mechanism for connecting the various consultation report in October 2011, Commercialisation Fund (MRCF) is geared parts of the value chain. The ongoing DECC concluded that there are “no towards developing the commercial contribution of the , Energy overriding environmental considerations viability of the industry and is set to put the Technologies Institute and the enterprise to prevent the achievement of our industry on the pathway to profitability. bodies, amongst others, should not be draft plan of leasing…wave and tidal Its main objective is to provide a stepping underestimated and provide key strategic installations. Thus the SEA paves the stone to unlocking the potential 1.6GW direction to the innovation agenda. way for future leasing rounds of marine Pentland Firth and Waters leasing energy and lays out a suitable plan for round. The MRCF represents a step 2.1.6 The Green Investment Bank interaction with other users of the marine change in Scottish funding and is very environment. It reiterates the need to much aligned to requirements of industry. When the government initially laid out its implement...appropriate measures that Further funding for the development of vision for the Green Investment Bank, it prevent, reduce and offset significant infrastructure critical to the development pointed towards the revolutionary role it adverse impacts…” This approach to of the industry is set to consolidate would play in catalyzing the low carbon achieving a streamlined development Scotland’s current leading position and industrial revolution by supporting early process enables mitigating actions remove constraints around the capacity to stage technologies. As the GIB has proportional to the impacts of small arrays deliver projects. developed, it has become clear that it and single devices in the short to medium will begin providing debt financing on a term and a framework for identifying and 2.1.5 Funding innovation purely commercial basis. This change dealing with more significant impacts as in the original vision for the bank has the industry expands. Furthermore, the Research and development plays a compromised the ability for it to have a environmental report highlights that siting key role in developing devices suitable real impact on bringing marine energy and consenting processes for offshore for the harsh and incredibly varied projects to market before 2016. This developments must marine environment. It reduces costs by was confirmed in the written ministerial remain flexible to allow for technological developing solutions to the difficulties statement, where marine energy was innovation, including any mitigation of operating under the sea and bringing not identified as a priority sector. It measures. forward concepts that enable heightened is important that the GIB provides a deployment. Improved knowledge helps stronger message to investors and 2.2.2 Marine Planning to mitigate the impacts of marine energy demonstrates the government’s installations and eliminate the remaining commitment to supporting this promising The Marine Management Organisation barriers to the commercialisation of the sector. RenewableUK plans to continue and Marine Scotland are making industry. educating officials at BIS and elsewhere consistent progress towards a of the importance in recognizing the transparent and equitable consenting The UK is a leader in the area of innovation huge potential of marine technology process. Crucially, the switch to an and the development of the marine energy as advocated by the independent evidence based approach will help to industries provides an opportunity to take Committee on Climate Change. ensure that consenting facilitates the advantage of its excellent academic and right kinds of developments in the right engineering capabilities. Traditionally, the areas. It is important that they base their UK has failed to commercialise promising 2.2 Removing the barriers decisions on sound science and need technologies and allowed other countries to deployment to remain mindful of the potential delay to benefit from advances it has made in the to projects and placing unnecessary pre-commercial phase. The government is 2.2.1 Strategic Environmental barriers in the path of development. determined that this should not happen to Assessment It is vital that all actors maintain a stake marine energy and has provided a range in the process as the marine spatial of initiatives aimed toward retaining the In 2010, DECC extended the scope planning framework gets redesigned. benefit of the advances the UK has made of its Strategic Environmental up until this point. Assessment (SEA) to include the The redefinition of sustainable wave and tidal industries. Aimed at development in British law, the The Technology Strategy Board is a enabling development through the Habitats Regulations Appraisal and the key player in this area and it’s most eradication of barriers, the SEA process implementation of Marine Conservation recent funding call, “Marine Energy - is a vital component of the drive to fully Zones and Marine Protected Areas can Supporting Array Technologies,” targets understand the marine environment go a long way to protecting the wealth crucial areas with the potential for and the potential impacts that marine of the marine environment. However, significant cost reduction. Furthermore, energy extraction could have. The care needs to be taken to ensure that its Offshore Renewables Catapult is SEA report was developed based on these important initiatives do not inhibit helping the industry vault the innovation extensive analysis and a 12 week public the growth of the industry by adding gap by coordinating the R&D agenda, consultation on the findings, which unnecessary and exorbitant costs onto aligning the outputs of academia with the closed on the 12th of May 2011. projects that will contribute significantly requirements of industry and providing Following the publication of the post to the carbon reduction agenda. 5

2.2.3 Grid and transmission charging 2.3 Facilitating framework problems prior to array deployment. The implications for cost reduction The location of the UK’s marine energy 2.3.1 The Role of the Crown Estate and proving of concepts should not be resources poses a challenge as the underestimated as our testing facilities transmission network has historically The Crown Estate plays a crucial role in enable us to remain at the forefront of been built out towards thermal power supporting development of wave and these crucial areas. stations rather than areas of high tidal projects, which primarily consists renewable resource. Furthermore, the of leasing project sites in UK waters. To 2.3.3 Marine Energy Parks current transmission charging regime date, it has leased 33 sites for projects penalises energy installations far from of a range of sizes and purposes, from The Marine Energy Park initiative the centres of population. While the engineering test and demonstration provides a focus for industry and mainland has a well developed grid, facilities for single prototypes through investment by coordinating the the islands are penalised and can face to commercial project sites with several activities in a given region. Areas with transmission charges up to 7 times hundred megawatts potential capacity. concentrations of capability and supply more expensive than those on mainland Currently underway is a tidal stream chain companies will benefit from Britain. A rebalancing of the charging energy leasing round in the Rathlin Island improved integration of the various levels regime is required to facilitate the and Torr Head strategic area off Northern of government, and the heightened expansion of the renewables industry. Ireland, which has potential for 200 MW profile, that the Marine Energy Parks of projects. enable. The South West Marine Energy Ofgem has engaged the entire Park was launched in Bristol on the 23rd energy industry through its Project As well as providing leases, The Crown of January and another is planned for the TransmiT, which is attempting to make Estate works closely with developers to Orkney Waters. transmission charges fairer and less actively support the project development skewed towards traditional energy process. It has committed to invest 2.3.4 Marine Energy Programme Board generation technology. Project TransmiT £5.7m in ‘enabling actions’ to accelerate and Marine Energy Group is expected to issue proposals in the and de-risk development of the flagship spring and RenewableUK has input into Pentland Firth and Orkney waters The Marine Energy Programme Board is these. However, it remains to be seen schemes; is encouraging best practice an important engagement mechanism what charging regime Project TransmiT in health and safety; and undertaking an which enables DECC to consult industry will recommend for the islands, and initiative to improve knowledge sharing. on the most important issues facing the certainly RenewableUK believes there Later in 2012, The Crown Estate is industry. Recent activity has included the will be further work to be done regarding planning to run an industry consultation structuring of the MEAD fund, collation of the offshore charging regime. on future wave and tidal leasing, industry positions and the development informed by new analysis of the scale of the marine energy parks. Plans for several offshore interconnector and distribution of wave, tidal stream and cables are welcome, with improved tidal range resources across the UK. This Scottish government Marine Energy cabling connecting the different Group provides a similar forum for those countries and regions of the United Significantly, The Crown Estate is taking developing projects in Scottish Waters Kingdom. The subsea Western and steps to make it easier for small firms and has done important work in shaping Eastern HVDC cables or “bootstraps” to enter the wave and tidal industry by the MRCF and providing coherency to are set to revolutionize offshore energy reducing the requirement for parent the funding landscape as a whole. generation with improved transmission company financial guarantees. For options to all parts of the UK. projects that have already won rights in 2.3.5 Deployment targets and the the Pentland Firth and Orkney waters, DECC Renewables Roadmap Additional international interconnectors the option is now available for parent will be welcome as they enable company guarantees to be reduced from DECC’s Renewable energy road map international trade in electricity, thereby £25 Million to £5 Million. indicates that 300MW of marine energy allowing energy to flow from where it is will be installed by 2020. Developer most economically produced to where it 2.3.2 World leading testing facilities appetite has been at a level of around is most needed. The recently confirmed 1.6 GW, which is a significantly more France – Alderney – Britain connection Our testing facilities are a crucial ambitious target. The discrepancy is planned to allow an additional 4GW element of the industry and provide a between the targets laid out in the of interconnector capacity and holds way for developers to bring forward roadmap and industry position statements interesting possibilities for the sharing of their development trajectories. The prompted the select committee to call energy resources. European Marine Energy Centre, the for a “more visionary approach” to boost National Renewable Energy Centre confidence in the sector. and the WaveHub provide a nursery for the advancement of devices and the environment to identify and eradicate 6

2.4 Key policy requirements

The policy framework underpinning sustainable growth in the industry has been put in place but challenges remain. Uncertainty is the biggest hindrance to the growth of the industry and confidence in the ability of the industry to deliver needs to be enhanced. While government has shown dedication in supporting the industry, there are several areas that require immediate action to secure the long term viability of the Wave and Tidal Energy industry.

RenewableUK asks the government to:

• Enable investment and cost reduction for a sustainable industry by providing urgent clarity and an appropriate strike price level in the Electricity Market Reform. • Support the development of the first arrays with correctly targeted, coordinated and appropriate funding streams. • Take positive and proactive action to minimise key project risks such as underwriting costs, grid infrastructure limitations and environmental constraints. • Support innovation to ensure continued improvements in reliability and costs.

With these actions the government can secure the development of the industry within the UK, delivering real economic benefit and catalyzing the low carbon industrial revolution. By implementing a supportive, coherent and long term strategy it can build confidence in the industry and help unlock the private financing that will be required to drive commercial development.

With the industrial partners building momentum and eliminating risk in their projects, it is vital that we seize on the opportunity we are presented with and drive the United Kingdom into a future powered by our own resources and ingenuity. We look forward to representing the industry set to revolutionise the way the world generates electricity. 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2

40 12 AR1000 25 Multi device array Multi device array Deep Green

20 30 9

) Deltastream AWS-III GWh production GWh production

(£bn Bolt HS1000 15 cost Ocean Current 20 6 7 Full scale sea trials Open-Centre Full scale sea trials Technology er of projects of er Oyster 800 capital mb 10

Nu PB150 Scale sea trials Pulse-Stream 100 Scale sea trials

lative 10 3 Pelamis P2

mu Seagen

Cu 5 3. Finance and Funding Cumulative installed capacity (MW) Tank tested Tank tested Penguin SR250 0 0 Wave Dragon 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0 Concept TGL Concept Limpet 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Operational Contracting Consent granted Consent applied for TISEC Total installed capacity (GW) Agreement for lease Cumulative installed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Significant capital support funds were Figure 3.1: Cumulative Project Funding Requirements. Source: BVG Associates. utilised by the wave and tidal industry in 2011 from sources such as the Energy Technologies Institute (ETI), the Carbon 20 15 Trust, the Technology Strategy Board Cumulative cost range (TSB), the WATERS fund from Scottish Array deployment 16 Industry high capital cost 12 Industry low capital cost Enterprise and the South West Regional ) £bn) ( st Development Agency. The Marine MW GWh production 12 9 co m/ l l (£

Renewables Deployment Fund ended in ta

st Tidal leader

March 2011 after providing £19.5 million api

co Full scale sea trials

c 8 6 l l ta of funding, which focussed on developing ve ti

pi Tidal trend la

devices and infrastructure for sea testing. Ca 4 3 Scale sea trials mu Wave leader Cu In 2011, Siemens increased its 0 0 Tank tested Wave trend ownership share of Bristol-based Marine 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0

Current Turbines from 10 to 45 per cent, Total installed capacity (GW) before announcing its intention to take Concept a 90 per cent share in February 2012. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alstom also moved to take a 40 per cent equity share in Edinburgh-based AWS decision to award five Renewables 3.1 Private and public funding Ocean Energy and Andritz has increased Obligation Certificates (ROCs) per requirements its stake in Hammerfest Strøm from 33.3 MWh generated from both wave and per cent to 55.4 per cent; the company tidal across UK projects enables such The capital and operating costs for will now operate as Andritz Hydro small-scale projects, a key step towards wave and tidal projects deployed in high Hammerfest. These investments sit a commercially competitive industry. energy offshore areas are significant. alongside previous investment by ABB This challenge is also reflected in more There is a significant change in funding in Aquamarine Power and Rolls Royce in recent funding programmes, such as requirements between small-scale, Tidal Generation, for example. the Marine Energy Array Demonstrator laboratory and tank testing of devices programme from DECC, and announced and full scale, grid connected sea There have also been successes funding from ETI and TSB. trials. Figure 3.1 indicates investment in attracting funding for project requirements from both private and development. Barclays Capital invested Previous research from RenewableUK public sources of around £5 billion to over £3 million in Aquamarine and has indicated that £1 of public money achieve a 500MW total installed capacity Morgan Stanley took a 45 per cent invested in the sector has unlocked £6 of with initial small projects likely to have share in the Meygen project consortium private investment. Public support of the higher costs per MW. It also indicates to develop the Inner Sound in the sector remains crucial at this stage but, potential capital cost projections on a Pentland Firth. Utilities continue to as the industry grows and costs fall, a per MW basis; these are based on work broaden their involvement playing a lower level of support will be required to completed for the Channeling the Energy project development role, partnering capture the economic benefits the sector report by RenewableUK. device manufacturers throughout the will yield. The size of the opportunity is product development phase and offering vast and the “Channeling the Energy” Utility and large industrial organisation a collaborative approach with others report identifies an annual value to the involvement in the wave and tidal sector in the industry. An example of this UK of £3.7 billion by 2020. The potential is justified by the potential for long collaboration is the shared maintenance to develop projects in UK waters could term returns from cost-effective energy agreement between Pelamis and both provide real economic benefit to our generation at commercial scale, with Scottish Power Renewables and E.ON economy. In addition, the sector has significant potential for sector growth. Climate and Renewables for their the potential to create up to 10,000 UK European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) jobs by 2020. Our existing marine energy test projects. supply chain and marine engineering capability is set to form the foundation of The key challenge for the industry future jobs as capital investment drives now is successfully deploying and demand for construction, installation and operating small arrays of devices. The maintenance services. 8

3.2 Enhanced Renewables 3.3 Infrastructure and Obligation banding innovation investment

As an indicator of the Government’s Funding is needed for both project long-term commitment to the wave implementation and research and and tidal industry, following a period development. As the industry focus of uncertainty, it was proposed in shifts to multiple device arrays, so will October 2011 that the number of ROCs the funding landscape. Table 3.1 lists allocated per MWh generated from wave the funding programmes for device and or tidal energy devices in England and small scale array installations that are will increase to five from 1 April likely to be available in UK during 2012, 2013. The same multiple will also be while Table 3.2 lists current research and implemented in Northern Ireland, moving development activities more focussed on the offering from two to five ROCs. The next generation technology innovations. result will be consistency across UK and increased market attractiveness, The infrastructure funding programmes creating significantly more potential sites have been formulated through industry that are economically viable. Only the consultation to reflect key areas of SROC multiple for wave power, already focus for the next stage of development. at five, has not increased. Common topics include project infrastructure that is non-device specific, It is recognised that this level of support such as electrical cabling and subsea makes UK the most attractive market for equipment, foundation and mooring wave and in the world. technology, deployment and operational procedures and port and vessel The industry has called on the requirements. Government to build on current confidence levels and clarify the The UK is one of the leading global support that will be available through centres for research and development in the Electricity Market Reform (EMR) marine energy technology. Key testing programme. This maximise the chance and research is carried out at such of sustainable and efficient movement facilities as: towards competitive industrial scale deployment through long term • European Marine Energy Centre investment. The principles and levels (EMEC) in Scotland, providing grid of support under the proposed feed in connected test berths for full scale tariff scheme from 2017 onwards will wave and tidal devices and scale sites require discussion and agreement latest for pre-prototype devices. during 2013 to maintain confidence in • The New and Renewable Energy the sector. Centre () in , providing facilities such as tank testing and a drive train test rig • South West Marine Energy Park’s wave array offshore test site WaveHub, and the off-grid scale test facility FabTest in Falmouth. 9

Table 3.1: Infrastructure and Innovation Investment

Fund Scope Funder £20 million fund focused on the Low Carbon Innovation Fund: Marine development of arrays. The fund will be DECC Energy Array Demonstrator used to support two projects testing devices in array formations. An investment to improve the cost Taking wave energy to 10MW competitiveness and long-term viability ETI of wave power. An investment to support design and Low cost tidal stream arrays demonstration of a commercial scale ETI tidal stream array. £10.5m investment in innovations that TSB, Scottish Enterprise Marine energy: Supporting array can meet the challenges posed by array and Natural Environment technologies deployment. Research Council (NERC) £10 million for the team that achieves the greatest volume of electrical output in Scottish Development Scottish waters over the minimum hurdle International of 100GWh over a continuous two year period, using only the power of the sea. £6 million to promote research and development activities in Scotland, WATERS 2 focusing on bringing wave and Scottish Enterprise tidal power devices to commercial application. £18 million to support the development of Marine Renewables prototype devices for use in commercially The Scottish Government Commercialisation fund viable arrays. €4.5bn total NER300 funds will be provided to various energy technologies including wave and tidal energy projects. European New Entrants’ Reserve (NER) Up to 50 per cent funding is provided for European Commission 300 Fund projects that will generate grid connected power to cover project implementation costs.

Table 3.2: Current Publicly Funded Research & Development Activities

Programme Scope Organisations A large, collaborative research programme, it involves the Robert Gordon University, Edinburgh University, Heriot-Watt University, Lancaster The Sustainable Power SuperGen UK Centre for Marine Energy University and Strathclyde University. Generation and Supply Research (UKCMER) Academics are working alongside 20 Initiative (SUPERGEN national and international marine energy Marine) and electricity supply companies to tackle challenges of sustainable power generation and supply. An EU wide collaborative research 7th Framework proposal for EU Research programme focussed on a wide range European Commission (FP7) of activities, including wave and tidal energy. UKERC has developed tools to help policymakers and researchers review The UK Energy Research Various research programmes the current status of UK energy Centre (UKERC) research and development, and identify the key research challenges. 10

4. Project Status

In 2011, the UK’s grid connected 3.1 Figure 4.1: Status of Known Projects4.1 by Year. Source: BVG Associates. capacity grew from 2.9MW in 2010 to 5.1 5.2 5.6MW in 2011, an increase of over 90 40 12 AR1000 25 per cent. Initial phases of deployment are Multi device array also underway for another four devices. Multi device array Deep Green It is anticipated that 2012 will see the 20 30 9

) Deltastream AWS-III grid connection of seven new devices GWh production GWh production

(£bn Bolt at EMEC and the first deployment in HS1000 15 cost Ocean Current Ramsay Sound, giving an anticipated 20 6 Full scale sea trials Open-Centre Full scale sea trials Technology doubling of grid connected capacity to projects of er Turbine Oyster 800 capital mb 10 reach a total capacity of over 11MW.

Nu PB150 Scale sea trials Pulse-Stream 100 Scale sea trials

lative 10 3 Pelamis P2 mu In 2011 we saw the following devices Seagen

Cu 5 connected to the grid at EMEC: Cumulative installed capacity (MW) Tank tested Tank tested Penguin SR250 0 0 Wave Dragon 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0 • Hammerfest Strøm (now Andritz Hydro Concept TGL Concept Wavegen Limpet 0.0 0.5 1.0 Hammerfest)1.5 HS1000 1MW2.0 tidal Operational Contracting Consent granted Consent applied for TISEC Total installed capacity (GW) device at the Fall of Warness berth. Agreement for lease Cumulative installed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 • Atlantis Resources AR1000 1MW tidal device at the Fall of Warness berth. • Pelamis P2 0.75MW wave device at • Tidal Energy will complete the first • Refining and developing design the Billia Croo berth. tidal deployment in Welsh waters with through deploying second generation 20 • In addition to this, the15 following the Deltastream 1.2MW device in equipment and components for testing. Cumulative cost range devices made significant progress Ramsey Sound off Pembrokeshire. • Collecting long term performance Array deployment 16 Industry high capital cost towards grid connection.12 Industry low capital cost and reliability data to inform techno- ) £bn) ( • Aquamarine Power completed the The accelerating progress in economic models and technology st MW GWh production 12 offshore installation9 work for their co m/

l l development and implementation development. (£ ta 0.8MW Oyster 800 wave device. st of wave and tidal projects is shown • Developing and trialling cost-effective Tidal leader api

co Full scale sea trials

c 8 • ScotRenewables carried6 out a test l l in Figure 4.1 There is now a healthy and safe installation methodologies. ta ve ti deployment on their 0.25MWpi SR250 Tidal trend la pipeline of projects leased and in • Increasing understanding and 4 3 Ca Scale sea trials mu floating tidal device. planning. monitoring of environmental impacts Wave leader Cu • Voith Hydro began foundation to inform planning process for future 0 installation for their 01MW Clean deployments. Tank tested Wave trend 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 Current tidal turbine. 4.1 Project Case Studies • Identifying cost-effective methods Total installed capacity (GW) • A second 0.75MW Pelamis P2 was for operating and maintaining Concept delivered ready for deployment. The following pages feature projects offshore assets through both design that are currently operational or due development and innovation in 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 In 2012, we expect to see (at least) the to become operational in 2012. All working practices. following: projects are grid-connected and feature full scale devices that are likely • The devices currently progressing to make up the small scale arrays of construction work at EMEC to begin the coming years. Each case study generating power to the grid. examines the background of the project, • Aquamarine Power to complete its development timescale, device fabrication work for their second to be used, key learning objectives, device at EMEC, an Oyster 801 unit. details of key suppliers and contracts • Tidal Generation will replace their let and funding sources. Ultimately, all 500kW unit with their 1MW tidal of these projects are moving towards device, as part of the ETI-supported realising reductions in cost of energy to REDAPT project. enable deployment and operation on • Seatricity and Wello will install their a commercial basis; specific learning wave devices at the Billia Croo test objectives include: site in EMEC. 11

Project Case Studies

Andritz Hydro Hammerfest: HS1000 deployment Device manufacturer: Andritz Hydro Hammerfest Development company: Andritz Hydro Hammerfest Location: Falls of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 1MW Device: HS1000 Installation date: December 2011 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain Horizontal axis, pitch regulated, three Local content has been used on this bladed turbine, installed in line with the project, including using Arnish Yard, near flow with no yawing system. The device , Lewis, for the construction of is seabed mounted using a gravity based the substructure. Converteam supplier of foundation. key electrical systems.

Background Next steps The HS300 prototype in Norway has The EMEC installation will lead to completed 17,000 hours of testing, product certification of the device accumulated production of 1.53GWh and further testing. Andritz Hydro with 10,000 hours of ordinary production, Hammerfest will work alongside operating at 98% availability. This has ScottishPower Renewables, installing led to the installation of a full scale arrays at its leased 10MW Islay site, pre-commercial device, in cooperation starting in 2013 for completion in 2014 with ScottishPower Renewables, (consent granted by Marine Scotland in which will be fully operational in early 2011) and 95MW Duncansby Head site. 2012 and facilitate testing and product certification. Funding sources Andritz Hydro recently increased its Learning share holding to a majority stake at 55.4 Experience gained in installations using a per cent. The project has been mainly barge and construction vessel in severe equity financed but has also received environmental conditions which will be funding from public sources including valuable experience when the Sound of Carbon Trust MRPF funding, minor R&D Islay array is developed. Maintenance funding from Scottish Enterprise and requirements and techniques have been from Innovation Norway. learnt from the operation of the HS300 which will be applied to this project. 12

Aquamarine Power: Oyster 800 demonstration array Device manufacturer: Aquamarine Power Project developer: Aquamarine Power Location: Billia Croo, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.8MW installed (further 1.6MW planned) Device: Oyster 800 Installation date: 2011 – 2013/14 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain • Involvement in project development for Ireland (Westwave) and West coast Oyster is a near shore wave-powered To date, Aquamarine Power has worked USA ( Wave Energy Trust). pump which pushes high pressure with over 40 companies in Orkney during water to drive an onshore hydro-electric the installation of Oyster 1 and Oyster Funding sources turbine. The pump is a buoyant hinged 800 and has spent over £3m directly flap which is almost entirely underwater in the Orkney economy. Local partners Aquamarine Power has secured over and pitches back and forth due to wave have included environmental consultants £70m in equity, grants and debt to date motion. Xodus Aurora based in Kirkwall and including: Heddle Construction who carried out Background onshore construction. In addition, • Equity funding – more recently from Aquamarine Power’s Oyster 1 and SSE Venture Capital, ABB Technology This project is designed to demonstrate Oyster 800 have both been fabricated Ventures and Scottish Enterprise. The the feasibility of installing multiple Oyster in Scotland, by Isleburn and Burntisland company is also seeking one further devices in arrays and to understand array Fabrications respectively. investor to co-invest with the existing configurations. The array will consist of equity providers. three 800kW Oyster devices connected Next steps • Grants – £5 million from UK to a single onshore 2.4MW generator. Government’s MRPF administered The first Oyster 800 was installed at The effects of deploying the devices in by Carbon Trust, £3.15 million from the EMEC in 2011. In February 2012, arrays will be monitored. Aquamarine WATERS. Aquamarine Power was granted consent Power will then look to establish further to install a further two devices - Oyster small arrays followed by larger commercial Debt – Aquamarine Power secured a 801 and 802 at the same location. projects. Existing interests include: £3.4 million loan from Barclays Corporate in September 2011. The loan will be Learning • North west Lewis. 10MW repaid using revenue from operating demonstration lease and 30MW Aquamarine Power’s Oyster 800 Oyster 800. commercial lease secured May 2011. maintains the three key design principles 40MW development site identified of its first Oyster device, simplicity, and Section36 and marine licence survivability and shore-based electricity application submitted to Marine generation. Aquamarine Power has used Scotland. data and lessons learnt from Oyster 1, • West coast, Orkney. Exclusive lease which was installed at sea in 2009, to option of 200MW granted for the deliver reductions in the cost of energy Brough Head site March 2010 in through improved power generation, partnership with SSE Renewables simplified installation and reduced (Brough Head Limited, routine maintenance requirements. BHWFL). 13

Atlantis Resources Corporation: AR1000 deployment Device manufacturer: Atlantis Resources Corporation Development company: Atlantis Resources Corporation Location: Fall of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 1MW Device: AR1000 Installation date: 2011 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain Funding sources The AR1000 is a 3-bladed fixed pitch The nacelle and major power train Recent funds have come from a Marine horizontal axis turbine with active yaw components were fabricated, assembled Renewables Proving Fund (MRPF) mechanism and direct drive permanent and commissioned at the SMD grant of £1.85 million from the Carbon magnet generator, variable speed drive facilities in Wallsend, Newcastle. Final Trust which was awarded specifically to and export via medium voltage (3.8kV) assembly took place at Invergordon. support the design and manufacture of cables to an onshore substation. Design analysis of the AR platform was a 1MW nacelle, next generation blades, contracted to Lockheed Martin. Around control system and gravity base sub Background 75 per cent of spend on development of structure. the AR1000 device has been in the UK. This full scale demonstrator was installed in 2011. It was retrieved from EMEC in Next steps November 2011 and will be transported to Blyth in time for the spring opening of Atlantis Resources Corporation has the Narec 3MW drive train testing facility. an exclusive turbine system supply Atlantis holds a berth at EMEC until 2015 agreement with the consortium, MeyGen and will return to the test site following Limited, a joint venture between Morgan testing at Narec. Stanley (45%), International Power (45%) and Atlantis Resources Corporation Learning (10%) which is dedicated to developing the Inner Sound tidal site in the Pentland The 2011 deployment at EMEC identified Firth, for which they have a lease from opportunities for design improvement The Crown Estate. Meygen wish to and as such the device is at the Narec deliver a 398MW tidal farm by 2020. test facility where design upgrades It is also seeking project development will be made along with assessments opportunities on a global basis. into nacelle efficiency, control system validation, thermal analysis of internal components and device reliability. 14

E.ON Climate and Renewables: Pelamis P2 deployment Device manufacturer: Development company: E.ON Climate and Renewables Location: Billia Croo, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.75MW Device: Pelamis P2 Installation date: 2010 Q4 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description converted into a smooth 30 minute Funding sources average electrical output of 170kW The Pelamis P2 is a second generation The P2 device was purchased by E.ON with peaks up to 300kW, in line with device; it is a semi-submerged floating with additional project funding coming expectations for this stage of the tests. device that faces into the direction of the from the Carbon Trust’s MRPF, the TSB, waves. Five tube sections are joined by and Scottish Government’s WATERS fund. The new installation and removal universal joints which allow flexing in two systems, developed with the support directions with identical, independently of the Carbon Trust, have been operating hydraulic power take-off implemented, completing smooth and systems in each joint. (See device case safe connection and disconnection of the study) machine whilst in conditions up to 2.25m significant wave height. Background

Designed and built by Pelamis and Supply chain owned by E.ON, the P2 machine is the The tubular modules were fabricated in first of a second generation of Pelamis Fordoun near Stonehaven by Neptune wave energy converters and the first Deeptech. Final assembly and testing wave machine to be sold to a utility for was carried out at Pelamis Wave Power’s operation in the UK. The machine will be Leith facility. The P2 was designed to operating at EMEC alongside a similar utilise standard hydraulic and electrical P2 machine owned by ScottishPower equipment throughout the machine Renewables. The two utilities have a wherever possible. working agreement to maximise the learning from operating and maintaining Next steps the machines as a wave farm. The learning and experience gained Learning from the project will be used by E.ON in the development of a 50MW wave The Pelamis machine has continuously farm located to the north of EMEC. ran all generators for sustained periods The project could see up to 66 Pelamis and demonstrated a full ‘wave-to-wire’ machines connected to the UK grid and conversion efficiency of well over 70%, was awarded an agreement for lease which was the target for the P2. The from The Crown Estate in 2010. Pelamis machine has been absorbing bursts of power in excess of 3MW. These highly variable peaks have been 15

Marine Current Turbines: SeaGen deployment Device manufacturer: Marine Current Turbines Development company: Marine Current Turbines Location: Strangford Lough, NI Rating: 1.2MW Device: SeaGen Installation date: 2008 MWh to March 2012: Over 3,000

Device description Improvements in device reliability have north west tip of Anglesey, North Wales, been achieved, for example, a second is being developed with RWE The SeaGen device is a horizontal axis generation drive train designed for renewables. It will consist of five devices turbine comprising twin axial flow rotors improved maintainability and reliability with a total capacity of 10MW. The of 16m diameter, each driving a gearbox was installed in March 2011 and second agreement for lease was secured with and generator. The structure is surface generation blades with improved root The Crown Estate in October 2011. piercing so that the drive trains can casting interfaces will be fitted on be raised clear of the water for easier subsequent devices. MCT also holds an agreement for lease maintenance access. of the100MW Brough Ness site in the Supply chain Pentland Firth. In the Bay of Fundy MCT Background plans to work alongside Minas Basin The Strangford Lough device was The SeaGen 1.2MW device was the first Pulp and Power to install the SeaGen “U” assembled and tested at Harland and grid connected tidal energy converter system with three rotors, rated at 3MW. Wolff and blades were supplied by in UK waters. The device is located in a Aviation Enterprises. O&M support has water depth of 24m LAT. The site was Funding sources been provided since installation through selected as it experiences tidal flows local vessel operators and technicians. Siemens recently acquired a 90 per in excess of 3m/s, has sufficient water Mojo Maritime have provided ongoing cent share of MCT. It will play a key role depth and provides good access to the advice on offshore operations and in securing funding for future projects. device. methodologies. MCT met the qualifying requirements for the Marine Renewables Deployment Learning Next steps Fund (DECC) and accessed funding from Continued learning is occurring about the Marine Renewables Proving Fund MCT has two array projects planned efficient access and maintenance of (Carbon Trust) as well as having received for installation around 2014. The Kyle key components during the operation support from DTI. Rhea project, between the of SeaGen. Detailed failure modes and and the Scottish mainland, will feature effects analyses are being carried out to four uprated 2MW SeaGen devices. identify reliability issues and mitigations, An agreement for Lease was secured implementing these on SeaGen and/ or with The Crown Estate in April 2011. subsequent devices. The Anglesey Skerries project, off the 16

OpenHydro: Open-Centre Turbine testing Device manufacturer: OpenHydro Development company: OpenHydro Location: Fall of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.25MW Device: Open-Centre Turbine Installation date: 2006 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain The Open-Centre tidal stream turbine is a Local companies that were contracted seabed mounted device that consists of for the project include Orkney Towage a rotor, duct, stator and generator. Water and Isleburn. OpenHydro has stated passes through the duct to the slow that the UK will be able to meet most of moving rotor with a hole designed to its supply chain requirements with the enable marine life to pass through. This exception of specialist items such as is the only moving part. The permanent magnetic materials. magnet generator is housed in the duct around the rotor. (See device case study) Next steps The focus for the next year is to expand Background the business to the commercial stage The 0.25MW OpenHydro device currently and to improve device reliability and installed at EMEC is a scale prototype to cost effectiveness. The project pipeline facilitate research of the concept. This consists of four 16m diameter turbines is the seventh iteration of the 6m scale in an array at a Brittany site for EDF with turbine. first installation in 2012, a license in the Pentland Firth for a 200MW joint venture Learning with SSE Renewables and a joint venture project with Bord Gáis Energy to develop The twin pile test rig enables future a tidal energy farm off Northern Ireland. generations of the turbine to be installed The company also has a portfolio of at the same location. Completing seven independent projects in the USA and iterations of the prototype device has Alderney. helped to improve reliability of the device and has enabled the company Funding sources to practice and improve installation processes. This is valuable in helping Funding has come from the Scottish to make array scale deployment cost- Enterprise WATERS budget (first round) effective and efficient. Given the nature at £1.85 million, Bord Gáis Energy of the device, it was found that the acquired a share for £1.7 million and appropriate installation equipment did DCNS acquired an 8% holding in not exist and so the vessel OpenHydro OpenHydro for an investment of £11.7 Installer was specially constructed. million in January 2011. 17

Pulse Tidal: Pulse-Stream 100 testing Device manufacturer: Pulse Tidal Development company: Pulse Tidal Location: River Humber Estuary Rating: 0.1MW Device: Pulse Stream 100 Installation date: 2009 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain Pulse-Stream is an oscillating hydrofoil This project was successfully completed tidal stream device. It extracts power by a number of UK-based companies from tidal currents using horizontal including: IT Power (engineering), Senergy blades which move up and down. Econnect (electrical), Corus (construction), This movement drives a gearbox and Humber Work Boats (construction and generator through a crankshaft. (See installation) Briggs Marine (operations) device case study) and Designcraft (blades).

Background Next steps The scale prototype project in the mouth The Pulse-Stream 100 will be fully of the River Humber was undertaken decommissioned and the company will to prove the concept in the offshore complete the detailed design of the environment. The shallow water site 1.2MW machine. Finance needs to be (9m deep) and the near shore location secured to build this device, which is were chosen for installation and grid planned to be deployed at Kyle Rhea in connection reasons. Electricity was Scotland, where the EIA scoping work exported to Millenium Chemicals, a large has been completed. plant on the south bank of the estuary. Funding sources Learning Seven million pounds of EU FP7 grant Pulse Tidal have learnt a lot about funding has already been secured for the mechanical linkages and how to shallow water project at Kyle Rhea which manufacture and install a device. will cost £20 million. Additional work has been carried out on the power train and the focus of the The company is supported by a number next device will be increasing reliability, of angel investors and small funds, and reducing the cost of installation and along with IT Power and Marubeni, and maintenance access. has raised £3.2 million to date in equity, grants and loans. The project identified that there were no significant environmental impacts and the energy capture efficiency was higher than modelled. 18

Scotrenewables Tidal Power: SR250 testing Device manufacturer: Scotrenewables Tidal Power Development company: Scotrenewables Tidal Power Location: Fall of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.25MW Device: SR250 Installation date: 2011 MWh to March 2012: Not yet grid connected

Device description transporting the device, tow testing Funding sources and connecting the SR250 has enabled The SR250 is a floating tidal stream The company previously received Scotrenewables to learn how to handle turbine. The main structure comprises financial backing from the Carbon Trust and operate the equipment at sea. All a cylindrical tube to which horizontal and the Scottish Government through operations to date have avoided the use axis rotors are attached via hydraulically the WATERS scheme for design, of more expensive, specialist vessels. retractable legs. The system’s compliant construction and installation of the mooring system allows installation in SR250 at EMEC. Scotrenewables has Learning accumulated during the water depths of around 100m. (See also attracted substantial investment designing, building, outfitting and device case study) from Fred Olsen Renewables and global installing of the 250kW machine has energy company TOTAL. been retained within the design team. Background

The SR250 is part-way through a 24 Supply chain month testing programme which started Scotrenewables is based in the Orkney in April 2011 at the EMEC Fall of Warness Islands and is a majority locally owned Tidal Test Site in Orkney. Testing to date company. The SR250 device was has allowed for extensive systems and manufactured by Harland and Wolff component testing and has verified the Heavy Industries in Belfast. concept at full-scale. Notable milestones to date include generation of full Next steps power during a series of tow trials and deployments. The SR250 is the precursor The company has a 10MW commercial to the 2MW device. SR250 testing will demonstrator planned. The first SR2000 culminate in a period of continuous grid- turbine will be ready for an initial trial connected operation in 2012. deployment at EMEC in 2013. Consent applications will be progressed for Learning a pipeline of 10-30MW. A detailed baseline design has been completed Scotrenewables installed the SR250 for the 2MW next generation machine mooring system and electrical cable at for which contracts are looking to be EMEC, gaining experience applicable placed during 2012. for future projects outside of the testing facility. This installation work, 19

ScottishPower Renewables: Pelamis P2 deployment Device manufacturer: Pelamis Wave Power Development company: ScottishPower Renewables Location: Billia Croo, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.75MW Device: Pelamis P2 Installation date: 2012 MWh to March 2012: Not yet installed

Device description In addition to carrying out similar proving activities relating to generation, The Pelamis P2 is a second generation deployment and retrieval the focus of device; it is a semi-submerged floating this deployment will be to understand the device that faces into the direction of the interaction of the two devices, despite waves. Five tube sections are joined by not sharing subsea infrastructure. universal joints which allow flexing in two directions with identical, independently Supply chain operating hydraulic power take-off systems in each joint. The transportation and lift were carried out by Mammoet. Fabrication and testing Background was carried out at Pelamis Wave Powers Leith facility. The P2 was designed to The machine will be installed at the utilise standard hydraulic and electrical European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) equipment throughout the machine in Orkney, alongside the E.ON machine wherever possible. as part of a unique cross-industry collaboration project. The two machines Next steps will operate in tandem as a two-machine wave farm, with information gathered The experience gained from this project from the trials used to support the will play a vital role in ScottishPower development of larger commercial-scale Renewables’ plans to install 66 Pelamis projects currently under development machines in a 50MW project off Marwick by both ScottishPower Renewables and Head in Orkney, for which an agreement E.ON off the coast of Orkney. for lease has been awarded by The Crown Estate Learning Funding sources Under a working agreement between ScottishPower Renewables and E.ON, The P2 device was purchased by both machines will generate to the ScottishPower Renewables with national grid from their adjacent berths additional project funding coming from at the European Marine Energy Centre the Carbon Trust’s MRPF, the TSB and off Orkney, with PWP’s local operations Scottish Government’s WATERS fund. base providing monitoring and maintenance support. 20

Tidal Energy: DeltaStream testing Device manufacturer: Tidal Energy Ltd Development company: Tidal Energy Ltd Location: Ramsey Sound, Pembrokeshire, South West Wales Rating: 1.2MW Device: DeltaStream Installation date: 2012 MWh to March 2012: Not yet installed

Device description environmental knowledge within the Next steps industry and particularly the potential The project will utilise the 1.2MW full Once the device is installed in Ramsey risk of collisions with sea life. The results scale DeltaStream device that consists of Sound environmental and performance from the environmental monitoring three horizontal axis turbines positioned data will be collected for the life of the programme will be disseminated on a common frame and gravity license. This data will be used to inform throughout the industry. foundation. (See device case study) future device and project developments for the move to a commercial During detailed design TEL observed that Background demonstration array of up to 10MW. significant loading effects are imposed TEL is also interested in carrying out Ramsey Sound is located on the South on the device by turbulence and wave accelerated life testing of the drive train West coast of Wales and is an area with action. TEL employed detailed load and is seeking further funding to support dynamic environmental characteristics, calculations, scale model testing and such technology development. including high tidal currents, and it is a carried out a number of turbulence flow Grey Seal breeding site. The micro site measurements at the site to ensure that Funding sources within Ramsey Sound chosen for the this phenomenon is fully understood and DeltaStream demonstration lies within catered for. Tidal Energy Limited is funded by its 31.5m of water (at LAT), 1.2km offshore majority shareholder, Eco2 Ltd, together from the Pembrokeshire mainland and Supply chain with grant funding and support from 300m east of Ramsey Island. Following private and public organisations. The Tidal Energy Limited is carrying out a completion of the EIA and subsequent DeltaStream Demonstration project in comprehensive procurement process to completion of the Environmental Ramsey Sound will cost £ 11 million source the design, supply of components Statement an application for a Marine and WEFO has approved £ 6.4 million of and contractors to fabricate and install License and Section 36 consent was ERDF funding towards it. Additionally, the demonstration device. Contracts submitted in 2009. In March 2011 these Cranfield University is providing over £1 have been awarded to Atkins for design consents and licenses were granted by million of funding and the Carbon Trust integration, UK based DesignCraft for the Welsh Ministers and Secretary of State will provide just under £400,000 towards rotor supply, GE Energy for generator and TEL is intending to deploy the first full environmental monitoring. and electrical systems and Siemens scale DeltaStream device later in 2012. for the gear system. Tenders for the fabrication contract have been received Learning and the preferred contractor will be The DeltaStream Demonstration at identified in the near future. The first Ramsey Sound is Wales’ first full scale phase of onshore preparatory work was tidal stream project and is located in a completed in February 2012 by Raymond highly sensitive environment. This has Brown. led to a number of issues regarding the 21

Tidal Generation: DeepGen III testing Device manufacturer: Tidal Generation Development company: Tidal Generation Location: Fall of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.5MW Device: DeepGen III Installation date: September 2010 MWh to March 2012: 215

Device description Supply chain The TGL Deep Gen III device is a 500kW The turbine is supported from Hatston three-bladed upstream tidal turbine that Quay in Orkney. In 2008 and 2009, the extracts energy during both flood and device was assembled at Rolls-Royce ebb tide using an active yaw system. The facilities in Dunfermline, drawing on in nacelle is attached to a tripod foundation house engineering expertise extensively. which is pinned to the seabed. (See Mojo Maritime and Ramboll have been device case study) commissioned to develop foundation concepts. Background Next steps TGL was formed in 2005 to design, develop and manufacture tidal The 500kW device will continue to stream turbines. In 2009 it became generate until it is replaced by the 1MW a wholly owned subsidiary of Rolls- turbine to be deployed in June 2012 as Royce. Following significant product part of the ETI ReDAPT project. This will development, the EMEC Fall of Warness undergo a two year testing programme. test site was selected as the first sea deployment of the turbine to enable It is planned to deploy a number of 1MW proving of design and deployment units in a small array during 2013/14 and methodologies. larger arrays by 2018. TGL is anticipated to be one of the technology suppliers for Learning Meygen’s 400MW Inner Sound project, part of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Over 200MWh have been generated at waters lease award. a rated power of 500KWe. A significant amount has been learnt about the Funding sources operation and characteristics of the machine, the nature of the tidal flow, Rolls-Royce has provided R&D and waves and weather impact at EMEC, as capital support to date that has been well as corrosion and bio-fouling issues. complemented by ETI funding of £6 The deployment and retrieval method million towards the ReDAPT project. has been proved to be viable during a single tidal slack period of 30 minutes, as has the ability to carry out operational activities with low cost vessels. 22

Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies: Voith HyTide 1000-13 testing Device manufacturer: Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies Development company: Voith Hydro Location: Fall of Warness, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 1MW Device: Hy Tide 1000-13 Installation date: 2012 MWh to March 2012: Not yet grid connected

Device description Supply chain The Voith HyTide device is a seabed- Cooperation partner BAUER Renewables mounted horizontal axis tidal stream manufactured and installed the turbine. The three symmetrical blades foundation. Installation of the mono capture energy from the tidal stream on the pole foundation is completed, using ebb and the flood flow without pitch and the offshore construction vessel North yaw requirements. (See device case study) Sea Giant. Mojo Maritime conducted an operational installation and O&M study Background for Voith Hydro to outline options and methods for use at EMEC. Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies and RWE Innogy Next steps commenced preparatory works at the Fall of Warness site at EMEC in Following completion of the three year Summer 2011 by installing the mono trial period and feasibility studies of pole for their 1MW tidal turbine which small array sites, there are plans to will be installed in 2012 through the joint deploy farms of approximately 100MW in venture company Voith Hydro Ocean South Korea near Jindo and in European Current Technologies. Having completed Waters. It is likely this will be preceded in scale trials in South Korea the turbine phases, starting with small arrays as part will undergo a three year full scale trial of the 100MW site. operation. Funding sources Learning The total investment is approximately The focus of testing for the EMEC £11.8 million with £1.7 million having installation is to prove the performance been awarded through the Marine characteristics of the 1MW turbine Renewables Proving Fund. As part of its and improve the design’s reliability. venture capital activities, RWE Innogy It provides an opportunity to develop owns 20 per cent of the joint venture and refine deployment and retrieval company Voith Hydro Ocean Current approaches for the turbine and Technologies by way of an equity foundation. interest. Voith Hydro is the majority shareholder holding 80 per cent. 23

Voith Hydro Wavegen: Limpet testing Device manufacturer: Voith Hydro Wavegen Development company: Voith Hydro Wavegen Location: Islay Rating: 0.5MW Device: Limpet Installation date: 2000 MWh to March 2012: Confidential

Device description Supply chain The Limpet device is a shore-mounted Voith Hydro Wavegen made successful oscillating water column which has been contracts with many UK-based companies tuned to capture energy from annual during construction and operation of average wave intensities of between 15 the device. They have also succesfully and 25kW/m. It comprises an air chamber exported their technology from the UK with an opening below the water and two to, for example, the Mutriku breakwater counter-rotating Wells turbines. project in Spain. (See device case study) Partners and contractors included Charles Background Brand, Scottish Hydro-Contracting, Queen’s University Belfast, IST Portugal The shore-mounted Limpet 500 and Kirk McClure Morton. was installed in 2000 and is grid- connected. This device is also used as a Next steps developmental facility, to demonstrate new systems and improve power output, such The technology is actively seeking as testing a variable pitch turbine. The commercial project development Limpet was developed in cooperation with opportunities including developing Queen’s University Belfast. nearshore technology. The near shore OWC will sit directly on the seabed in Learning a nominal mean water depth of 15m. Wavegen was granted consent from the Successfully generating electricity Scottish Government in 2009 for the 4MW with this Limpet device since 2000 Siadar Wave Energy Project on the island has enabled Voith Hydro Wavegen to of Lewis. gather significant volumes of data on the device performance and operational Funding sources characteristics. An availability of over 90% was achieved from 2006 to 2010. The Limpet 500 was developed with EU Maintenance and service techniques support and The Siadar Wave Energy have been developed and improved Project is supported by the Scottish during this period that can be applied to Government’s WATERS funding scheme, this and future deployments. having received £6 million. 24

Wello: Penguin testing Device manufacturer: Wello Development company: Wello Location: Billia Croo, EMEC, Orkney Rating: 0.6MW Device: Penguin Installation date: 2012 MWh to March 2012: Not yet grid connected

Device description Testing of the “Baby Penguin” verified Funding sources the technology survival in storm The Penguin is a floating asymmetric Wello has received €5.5 million in conditions; however, the Penguin vessel which houses an eccentric addition to investments from VNT sustained some damage in a storm in rotating mass. The device is shaped so Management and Veraventure and December 2011 while lying along Lyness that waves passing it cause the mass to Tekes (the Finnish funding agency for Wharf quay which resulted in learning rotate on a vertical shaft and this motion technology and innovation). about the transportation and storage of is converted to electricity. (See device the device. case study)

Supply chain Background Cooperation Partners of the Penguin Scale model tests have been completed are: EMEC, VEO, The Switch, Hydac, at the Ship Laboratory of Helsinki J+S, Riga Shipyard, INA FAG Schaeffler University of Technology, and at the Group and Seaproof Solutions. The Gulf of Finland. The 1:8 scale prototype, device has been built in the Riga “Baby Penguin” and its mooring Shipyard in Latvia and the entire arrangement survived storm conditions deployment programme of the project during testing. The full scale Penguin is at EMEC is managed by Orkney- at Lyness Wharf, Orkney, and is being based companies. The team is led by prepared for installation on an EMEC Stromness-based consultancy Aquatera test berth in 2012 for a year-long test and new marine operations management programme. company, Orcades Marine. Learning Next steps In September 2011 the Penguin The Penguin will be installed and grid underwent an installation rehearsal to connected at EMEC in 2012 and will be develop and refine the methodology for tested for a year. Subject to full scale the final installation. testing Wello will identify and develop project opportunities globally. 3.1 4.1 5.1 5.2

40 12 AR1000 25 Multi device array Multi device array Deep Green

20 30 9

) Deltastream AWS-III GWh production GWh production

(£bn Bolt HS1000 15 cost Ocean Current 20 6 Full scale sea trials Open-Centre Full scale sea trials Technology er of projects of er Turbine Oyster 800 capital

mb 25 10

Nu PB150 Scale sea trials Pulse-Stream 100 Scale sea trials

lative 10 3 Pelamis P2 mu Seagen

Cu 5 Cumulative installed capacity (MW) Tank tested Tank tested Penguin SR250 0 5. Device Types0 Wave Dragon 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 0 Concept TGL Concept Wavegen Limpet 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Operational Contracting Consent granted Consent applied for TISEC Total installed capacity (GW) Agreement for lease Cumulative installed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Marine energy offers a vast scope for Figure 5.1: Device development milestones for selected devices. Source: BVG innovation and new device concepts, 20 15 with over 200 concept designs in the 1 Cumulative cost range sector. By the end of 2011, however, Array deployment 16 Industry high capital cost 12 only ten devices had been deployed in Industry low capital cost ) £bn) ( UK at full scale and with grid connection. st MW GWh production 12 9 co m/ This section details the range of l l (£ ta st technology types that are available Tidal leader api co Full scale sea trials

c 8 6 l l and presents case studies of the most ta ve ti

pi Tidal trend

la mature technologies from 12 tidal device 4 3 Ca Scale sea trials mu manufacturers and eight wave device Wave leader Cu manufacturers. These organisations 0 0 Tank tested Wave trend 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 are all currently testing a full-scale grid-connected device or are actively Total installed capacity (GW) developing such a project. Concept

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Figure 5.1 below indicates the status of both wave and tidal sector device development in terms of the market leader in each year and the average is the more predictable nature of the status of the device concepts covered energy resource compared to wave by this report. For some devices, this energy. Another factor is the high level history goes back over 10 years. The of understanding of the horizontal journey started earlier for the average axis turbine design principles that has wave device considered and has in been developed through successful general been faster for tidal devices, application in the wind sector, although as shown by the trend lines. Early it is recognised that there are very stage investigations were carried out significant differences between for wave energy feasibility in the 1970s harnessing wind and tidal energy flows. which, although most were abandoned, provided a starting point when the In the wave sector, we have seen several sector was reinvigorated in the 1990s. factors influencing greater divergence in technology. The difference between The more rapid maturing of tidal shallow and deep wave resources is devices is in part due to greater concept significant in influencing both design and convergence. The majority of tidal technology selection for specific sites. devices undergoing sea trials are based The highly complex nature of the energy on a horizontal axis turbine design with resource is also relevant as power is two or three blades, although successful influenced by the height, period and trials have been completed with other direction of the waves. designs. One factor influencing the greater consolidation of tidal devices 26

Tidal Devices

5.1 Tidal device principles (device projects are of the order of one fifth of classification by EMEC) corresponding wind speeds, giving a power density of around 5-10 times. This Tidal devices exploit kinetic energy in means that for a tidal device of the same the tidal flow of water caused by the rating as a , the rotor will interaction of the gravitational fields of be smaller. Individual tidal devices are the earth, moon and sun. Tidal currents unlikely to reach the same rated power are magnified by topographical features, as offshore wind turbines; however, as such as headlands, inlets and straits, or to have sufficient space to deploy such sea bed channels. Many of the devices large devices requires development of that use these currents are broadly deeper water sites that generally have similar to submerged wind turbines. Sea less significant tidal flows. EMEC has water is around 800 times denser than identified four main types of tidal energy air but average flow speeds for viable convertors that are outline below.

Tidal energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC)

The flow of water turns the rotor by This device extracts energy in a similar generating lift due to the flow around way to a horizontal axis turbine, but the the blades. This rotational movement axis of rotation of the rotor is vertical and is used to generate electricity. The perpendicular to the flow of water. Some device can be housed within a duct to vertical axis turbine concepts work by accelerate the flow through the rotor, the principle of drag rather than lift. thus increasing energy capture.

A hydrofoil is attached to an arm. The A duct has the effect of accelerating flow of water around the hydrofoil the flow through the narrowest section. causes it to oscillate by generating lift. This flow causes a pressure differential This oscillating movement is used to that drives an air turbine. The rotational generate electricity. movement of the turbine is used to generate electricity. Alsthom AW Aquamarine ARC 27

AR1000 Array Array Array Array Manufacturer: Atlantis Resources Corporation GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine

Full scale sea trials Status: Full scale device Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Narec

Scale sea trials Rating: 1MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Device description Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed The AR1000 is a 3-bladed fixed pitch Concept developed Concept developed horizontal axis turbine with active yaw mechanism and a direct drive permanent 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

magnet generator with variable speed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 drive. Power is exported via medium voltage (3.8kV) cables to an onshore the nacelle without having to recover the AWS Hammerfestsubstation. Strom Higher efficiency blades foundation structure. Minesto Open Hydro than on the previous device have been introduced along with marine fouling Status Array treatment and structural improvements. Following deployment of the twin rotor Array Array Array The AR1000 has a rated for flow velocity AK-1000 in 2010 the AR-1000 was GWh production of 2.65 m/s. successfully deployed and underwent GWh production GWh production GWh production The Atlantis Resources Corporation sea operations during summer 2011. Full scale sea trials approach is to reduce the complexity of The device has been retrieved and is Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials the turbine, thus decreasing the number undergoing testing at Narec prior to Scale sea trials of potential failure points. A proprietary deployment to EMEC again to continue Scale sea trials male and female ‘stab’ connection generating later in 2012. Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Tank testing or modelling arrangement allows for fast retrieval of Alsthom Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling AquamarineTank testing or modelling ARC AW Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed BELUGA 9 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Manufacturer: Alstom Hydro Array Array Type of device: Enclosed Tips (Venturi) GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Full scale prototype GWh production Open Hydro Current location: Tank test OPT Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 1MW Pelamis FullPulse scale sea trials

Device description Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Array The BELUGA 9 is designed to operate Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling bi-directionally in tidal flow. The direct GWh production ConcGWhept pr devoducelopedtion GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed drive, flooded permanent magnet generator Concept developed and fixed pitch blades are shrouded Full scale sea trials Concept developed Full scale sea trials by a diffuser duct, intended to correct Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 directional changes in flow, control 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials turbulence and increase the velocity of the 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 water reaching the blades. The device has Status Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modellingbeen designed with as few moving parts as Tank testing or modelling The full scale concept is currently AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro Concept developed possible to reduce the need to access the Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed undergoing uni-directional performance device for maintenance. The central hole testing in tank conditions with plans for is designed to allow marine wildlife to pass installation in the Bay of Fundy in 2012. Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 through2008 2009 and regulate2010 the2011 flow 2012 to enable Array A variant device, the Orca 7, will be Array Array reduction of turbine spacing in arrays. developed for medium flows of 3.5 m/s in GWh production The device is 20m in height and 13m GWh production GWh production 40m water depths. The Orca 7 is expected GWh production in diameter, sits on the seabed (either to be developed to enable full scale testing Full scale sea trials with a gravity base foundation or piled, Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials ScotRe TGL in Brittany in 2013. Wavedragon Full scale sea trials depending on site conditions) and is wello Scale sea trials designed for water of depth 30m and a Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array peak water velocity of 3.5 – 4.0 m/s. Array Array Tank testingArra or modelliny g Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Open Hydro TankOPT testing or modelling Concept developed Pelamis Pulse Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed

Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Array 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials seagen MCT Full scale sea trials voith seatricity TEL? Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Array Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed ScotReConcept developed TGL Wavedragon wello Concept developed Concept developed

Array Array Array

200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production kawasaki Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Wavegen Full scaboltle sea tr 2ials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

GWh production ConcGWhept pr devoduelopectiond GWConch preptoduc devtieonloped Concept developed Concept developed

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling seagen MCT TEL? seatricityConcept developed Concvoithept developed Concept developed

Array Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Arra2007 y 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Array 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe28 TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Deep Gen IV Array Array Array Manufacturer: Tidal Generation Ltd GWh producTypetion of device: Deep Gen IV GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Full Scale Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: EMEC Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 1MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Device description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Alsthom Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Aquamarine ConcARCept developed AW Concept devTheelope TGLd concept is a three-bladed Concept developed Concept developed upstream tidal turbine that extracts energy during both flood and ebb tide 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

using an active yaw system. The nacelle 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Array is a buoyant design to enable towing to Array Array site and it is attached to a lightweight intention to supply devices to large array system. The turbine will output grid GWh production GWh productripodtion foundation which is pinned to the GWhprojects produc tiwithinon the next five years, working GWh production compatible 6.6kV 3-phase power. seagen MCT voithseabed. A mechanical clamp facilitates seatricitywith further industrial partners to improve TEL? Full scale sea trials Fullthe scale value sea tr propositionials and develop the Full scale sea trials Full scale seayawing trials powered by a rear mounted Status thruster. Once locked to face the flow, the products customers require. Scale sea trials Array Array Scale sea trials Array Array Scale sea trials Scale sea trialsturbine cuts in at 1m/s and reaches rated DEEP-Gen IV (DG4) is a full scale 1MW power at 2.7m/s. For higher flow speeds device which will form the basis of the GWh production Tank testing or modelling TankGW tehst pringoduc or modellintion g GWh production GWh producthetion blade pitch and generator torque TGL commercial product offering. It is Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modellinare regulatedg to maintain the turbine’s Concept developed currently in final assembly at the Rolls- Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials FuConcll scaeptle deseave trlopeialsd rated power. A gearbox is used to drive Royce Dunfermline facility in Edinburgh, Concept developed an induction generator, and a frequency and will be deployed at EMEC in Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 converter, step up transformer and June 2012. TGL is collaborating2002 2003 with2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 wet mate2008 link2009 complete2010 the2011 generating2012 developers, including Meygen, with the Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Array Deep Green Array Array Manufacturer: Minesto GWh production kawasaki GWh productionType of device: E Other GWh production GWh production bolt 2 Status: Scale prototype Wavegen Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trialsCurrent location: Tank test Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.5MW Scale sea trials Array Array Array Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling GWh producDevicetion description GWh production Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWTankh pr teoducstingti oron modelling Concept developed The wing is attached to the turbine and Full scale sea trials ConcFueptll sc dealeve selopea trdials Full scaConcle sepeat trdeialsveloped gearless-generator arrangement, with Concept developed

a rudder and servo system at the rear Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials of the device. The device is tethered 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

to the seabed in an arrangement that Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling accommodates the power cables and communication system and is connected Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Status million grant was awarded by the Swedish Open Hydro to a conventional mooring rig. The wing OPT PelamisEnergy Agency for R&D operations. Funds Pulse generates lift which moves the device at Minesto is continuing to model the device

have also been made available through 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 speeds2008 up to2009 ten times2010 that2011 of the2012 water and test scale prototypes to develop the the Carbon Trust as part of the Applied Array flow and the rudder is used to steer the technology, prove reliability by getting Array ResearchArray programme. Array device in a figure-of-eight path. As this hours in the water and develop confidence GWh production GWh productionhappens, the rotor is turned as the device and acceptance in the concept from GWh production GWh production passes through the water, generating project developers. A 1/10th scale device Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trelectricity.ials It is designed to be economical was installed in Strangford Lough in 2012 Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials at sites with deep water and low velocities. as a precursor to a 1/3rd scale device and Scale sea trials Scale sea trialsDeep Green is recoverable for servicing then full scale device which is rated at Scale sea trials Scale sea trials and maintenance and has a mass of less 0.5MW. New capital was recently injected than seven tonnes per 0.5MW unit). by the company owners and a £0.5 Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL? 29

Array Array Array Array DeltaStream

GWh productionManufacturer: Tidal Energy Ltd GWh production GWh production GWh production Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine

Full scale sea trStatus:ials Full Scale Demonstration 2012 Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Ramsey Sound

Rating: 1.2MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Device description Tank testing or modelling Alsthom Concept developed Concept developed AW Concept developed Aquamarine ARC The DeltaStream device is a 1.2MW unit Concept developed which sits on the seabed without the need for a positive anchoring system. It 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 generates200 8 electricity200 9 201 0 from 201 1 three separate201 2 Array horizontal axis turbines mounted on a Array Array Array kawasaki common frame. This avoids piling or Status GWh production significant seabed preparation. GWh production GWh production GWh production Wavegen Following a period of design development bolt 2 The use of three turbines on a single including modelling and tank testing at Full scale sea trials350 tonne and 36m wide triangular Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Cranfield university a full scale device Full scale sea trials frame produces a low centre of Array Array is planned for deployment in Ramsay Array Scale sea trials gravity enabling the device to satisfy Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Sound, Pembrokeshire in December 2012. Scale sea trials GWh production its structural stability requirements, GWh production Tank testingGW orh pr modellingoduction Licenses for the site were granted by including the avoidance of overturning Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling DECC and the Welsh Government in March ConceptFull dev scaeleloped sea trandials sliding. Each turbine is an upflow Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2011. A significant proportion of contractsTa nk testing or modelling Concept developed three blade design with hydraulic yawing Concept developed have been awarded for the manufacture of Scale sea trialssystem to turn to face the oncoming tide ConcScaeptle se deva treialsloped Scale sea trials the device and project construction.

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 and2008 enable2009 generation2010 2011 on both2012 the ebb Following a successful 12 month 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

and flood tides. 2002 2003 2004 2005 Tank 2006 testing or2007 modellin2008 g 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling technical and environmental test of the Concept developed device, TEL will develop a pre-commercial Concept developed Concept developed AWS array at a site yet to beHammerfest confirmed. Strom Minesto Open Hydro 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array HS1000 Array Array Array Manufacturer: Andritz Hydro Hammerfest GWh productionType of device: Horizontal axis turbine GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Full scale prototype Full scale sea trialsCurrent location: Falls of Warness Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 1MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Tank testing or modellinDeviceg description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developeHorizontald axis, pitch regulated, three Concept developed Concept developed bladed turbine, installed in line with the Concept developed flow. A nacelle houses the gearbox, asynchronous generator and control 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 systems, and subsea cables export energy back to shore. There is an onshore frequency convertor. The device is seabed Open Hydro Status mounted using a gravity base foundation. OPT Pelamis Pulse The turbine is heavily instrumented to The HS1000 is a full-scale pre-commercial serve as a platform for future research and device following on from the HS300 development activities. This will help drive which was successfully installed, tested Array Array Array improvements in reliability and efficiency and operated as a scale prototype. It Array

GWh productionand enable reductions in the cost of is currently installed at EMEC where GWh production GWh production GWh production energy over time. measurements for product certification will

Full scale sea trials take place in 2012. This is in preparation Full scale sea trials for the 10MW Islay array (lease granted Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Scale sea trials and EIA submitted) which will begin Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials construction activities in 2013 with ScottishPower Renewables and the Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling 95MW Duncansby Head array. Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

30 kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Kawasaki 1MW tidal turbine Array Array Array Manufacturer: Kawasaki Heavy Industries GWh production GWh production Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine GWh production Status: Full scale prototype, 2013 Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Billia Croo, EMEC, Orkney Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Rating: 1MW Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Alsthom Device description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling ARC AW Concept developed Concept developed Aquamarine The 1MW device is a horizontal axis Concept developed turbine mounted on the seabed with power take-off through a gearbox 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

and permanent magnet generator 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array combination. The turbine has active Array pitch and yaw control to ensure GWh production GWh production GWh productimaximumon energy extraction from both GWh production Status flood and ebb tides. For the EMEC Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials deployment a gravity base will be KHI plan to test a 1MW prototype device used, however alternatives are under at EMEC in 2013. The 1MW turbine Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials consideration for future deployments. design will be evolved following this

Tank testing or modelling Kawasaki Heavy Industries are testing phase to be suitable for multiple Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling developing the design to simplify device arrays both in the UK and globally Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developethed device deployment and retrieval Concept developed methods. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Open-Centre Turbine Array Array ArrayManufacturer: OpenHydro GWh production Type of device: Enclosed tips GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Full scale Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale seCurrenta trials location: EMEC Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.3MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing orDevice modelling description Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed The Open-Centre tidal stream turbine is a Concept developed Concept developed seabed mounted device that consists of a rotor, duct, stator and generator. Water 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 passes2008 through2009 the2010 duct, utilising2011 2012 the Venturi effect, to the slow moving rotor with a hole to enable marine life to pass Open Hydro through. This is the only moving part. The OPT Status Pelamispermanent magnet generator is housed in Pulse the duct around the rotor. In 2006 an Open-Centre Turbine was The device has been designed to be installed on a seabed mounted test rig Array Array Array Array scalable. There is no gearbox and there are at EMEC and in 2008 the installation of a second seabed mounted turbine GWh production no seals, which reduces the number of total GWh production GWh production GWh production components . took place adjacent to this using the

Full scale sea trials OpenHydro Installer vessel. OpenHydro Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials have also deployed a 1MW (10m diameter) Full scale sea trials Scale sea trials device in Canada and plan to install a 16m Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials device in Brittany 2012. Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array Alsthom AquamarineGWh production GWhARC production GWh AWproduction GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Scale sea trials Array

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Concept developed

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed TankAWS testing or modelling Concept developed HammerfestConcept developed Strom Minesto Open Hydro Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array

GWh production AWS Hammerfest Strom MinestoGWh production OpenGWh prHydrooduction GWh production Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Array Scale sea trials Array Array ScaleArra seay trials Scale sea trials Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 Sc2006 ale sea2007 trials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed OpenConcept deHydroveloped Concept developed OPTConcept developed Pelamis Pulse 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array Array

GWh production Open Hydro OPT PelamisGWh production GWhPulse production 31 GWh production Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Scale sea trPulse-Streamials 100 Scale sea trials Array Array Array Manufacturer: Pulse Tidal Ltd Tank testing or modelling GWh production Type of device: Oscillating hydrofoil TankGWh test pringoduc or modellintion g TankGWh test pringoduc or modellintion g GWh production Tank testing or modelling Status: Scale prototype Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Decomissioned from Humber Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.1MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tank testing or modellinDeviceg description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Pulse-Stream is an oscillating hydrofoil Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed ScotRe TGLtidal stream device. It extracts power Wavedragon wello from tidal currents using horizontal blades 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 which 2008 move up2009 and 2010 down. 2011 This movement2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array drives a gearbox and generator through Array a crankshaft. This approach enables Status bringing the machine back to the surface, GWh production GWh production GWh producthetion blade length (and therefore power whereGWh pr oducit formstion a stable maintenance The Pulse-Stream 100 device is a scale ScotRe TGL Wavedragongeneration capacity) to be comparatively welloplatform. The preliminary design for this Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials prototype which was deployed in the Full scale sea trials large in a given water depth; Pulse-Stream 1.2MWFull scale s deviceea trials has been completed, with Humber in 2009 and operated through can produce 1.2MW in 18m of water, detailed design underway. The next step Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array with potential to scale up to 5MW in 35m to 2012. This proved the technology Array Array Array isSc constructionale sea trials and installation, ahead of water. Two Pulse-Stream machines concept and enabled Pulse Tidal to learn Tank testing or modelling Tankof te performancesting or modelling testing and deployment GWh production Tank testing or modelling from installing their device in the marine GWh production Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh produccantion be installed on each foundation, into arrays. Concept developed environment. The commercial device will Concept developed offering up to 10MW installed capacity per Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sfoundationea trials in a water depth of 35m. have a buoyant base, which allows it to be The turbine rises out of the water commissioned onshore and then floated Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 to site. On site, it will be connected to 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale seato trials facilitate observations, learning and 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 maintenance. a pre-installed foundation and flooded, Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling leaving it fully submerged in operation. ForTa nk testing or modelling Concept developed maintenance, the hull can be de-ballasted, Concept developed voith seatricityConcept developed Concseagenept deve MCTloped TEL? 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 SeaGen200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Array Array Array Manufacturer: Marine Current Turbines Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine GWh production GWh production GWh production voith seatricityGWh production seagen MCTStatus: Full scale device with second TEL? generation components Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Strangford Lough

Rating: 1.2MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials ScaleArra seay trials ScaleArra seay trials Array Array

GWh production Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling Device description Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials The SeaGen device comprises twin horizontal axis rotors of 16m diameter, Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

each driving a gearbox and generator. 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 The generator output is rectified, Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Status Tank testing or modelling inverted and exported to the distribution Conckaept devwasakelopedi Concept developegridd (in the case of the Strangford Lough Concept developed The SeaGen design is based on project) via a step-up transformer. Twin Concept developed bolt 2 experience gained from the first UK seaWavegen turbines are independently operable. The tested tidal energy converter, SeaFlow.

rotors have full span pitch control such 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 SeaFlow was a single rotor 300kW Array that they can generate on flood and ebb Array Array experimental turbine that was installed tides. There is no yaw system. GWh production 3km north east of Lynmouth on the GWh production kawasaki The structure is surface piercing so GWh production North Devon Coast in May 2003 and Wavegenthat the drive trains can be raised clear bolt 2 decommissioned in October 2009. The Fullof sca onele sea of trials the drive trains with a second Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials of the water for easier maintenance design of a 2MW version suitable for generation unit. The SeaGen design will access. Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials array deployment is now complete. be used for the proposed Skerries and Array Array Array Since installation in 2008, the SeaGen Kyle Rhea deployments. A non-surface Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling device has undergone modifications GWhpiecing produ variantction is under development that Tank testing or modelling GWh production that most recently included replacement could form the basis of future arrays. Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling AlsthomConcept developed AquamarineTank testing or modelling ARC ConceAWpt developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array Array

GWhAWS production HammerfestGWh production Strom MinestoGWh production OpenGWh pr oducHydrotion

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Array Scale sea trials Array Scale seaArra trialsy Scale Arrasea tryials Scale sea trials GWh production Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank teGWhsting proroduc modellintion g Tank teGWhsting pr orodu modellinction g Concept developed Full scale sea trials Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Full scale sea trials ConcFueptll sca deleve selopea trdials Full scale sea trials Concept developed Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tank testing or modelling 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed AWS Hammerfest Strom MinestoConcept developed Open Hydro 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array Array Array Array

GWh production Open Hydro GWh production GWhOPT production PelamisGWh production Pulse Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

ScaArrale seya trials Array Array Array Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

TankGWh test pringoduc or modellintion g GWh production GWh production Tank teGWhsting pr oroduc modellintion g Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Full scale sea trials Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full Concscaleept sea de trveialsloped Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling OpenConcept Hydro developed ConcOPTept developed PelamisConcept developed ConcPulseept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array Array Array Array

32 GWh production ScotRe GWhTGL production WavedragonGWh production welloGWh production Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

SR250 Scale sea trials Array Array ScaleArra seay trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Manufacturer: Scotrenewables Array

Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine (A) GWh production Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Scale prototype Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Current location: EMEC FConcull sceptale desevea trlopeialsd Concept developed Concept developed FConcull scepalet de sevea trlopeialsd Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.25MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale sea2007 trials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Device description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling The Scotrenewables Tidal Turbine Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed (SRTT) is a floating tidal stream turbine. Concept developed The main structure of the SRTT is a ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

cylindrical tube to which dual horizontal 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 axis rotors are attached via retractable 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Array legs. Two counter-rotating rotors extract Array Array the kinetic energy of the tidal flow which product life cycle. The SRTT is also 2MW SRTT has been completed and the GWh production GWh production GWh production is converted to electricity though the suited to deployment in river flow. voithcompany is looking to place contracts seatricity seagenGWh produc MCTtion TEL? power take-off system. The system has Fullduring scale se a2012 trials for manufacture. Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials two configurations; operational with Status Array the rotors down to generate power and Scale sea trials Array ScaleArra seya trials The SR250 was launched in Orkney in Array Scale sea trials transport or survival mode with rotors Scale sea trials March 2011, and is currently undergoing GWh production GWh production retracted whereby loads are reduced in GWh production TankGW tehst pringoduc or modellintion g Tank testing or modelling a 24 month testing programme at the Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling heavy seas. The system is designed to Concept developed EMEC Fall of Warness tidal test site. Concept developed Full scale sea trials FullConc scaleep ts deeave trialsloped be installed, operated and maintained Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Concept developed Longer term grid connected deployments using a multi-cat workboat. No specialist are planned for Spring / Summer 2012. Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

vessels are required at any stage in the 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 A baseline design for the next generation 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed voith seatricity seagen MCT ConcTEL?ept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

Array Array Voith Hy Tide 1000-16 Array Array Manufacturer: Voith Hydro Ocean GWh production kawasaki GWh production GWh production Current Technologies GWh production bolt 2 Type of device: Horizontal axis turbine Wavegen Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Status: Scale prototype Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: EMEC Array Array Scale seArraa trialsy Rating: 1MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Device description Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Concept developed The Voith HyTide device is a seabed- Scale sea trials Scale sea trials mounted horizontal axis tidal stream Scale sea trials 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 turbine. The three symmetrical blades Tank testing or modelling capture energy from the tidal stream Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling on the ebb and the flood flow without Status Concept developed Concept developed Conckaeptwasak developedi pitch and yaw requirements. Electricity A first turbine of this type, a 1:3 scale Wavegen bolt 2 is generated using a direct drive, 110kW device is currently being 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

permanent magnet assembly. The 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 installed by Voith Hydro Ocean Current device is lubricated with sea water. Array Array Technologies in the South Korean Array Ideal site characteristics in which waters. There are plans to deploy a farm to install the device and mono pole GWh production GWh production of approximately 100MW offshore in GWh production foundation are a minimum peak current South Korea near Jindo. Full scale sea trials speed of 3m/s and water depth of at Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Voith Hydro and RWE Innogy least 30m. completed preparatory works at EMEC Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials in summer 2011 with the turbine installation due in autumn 2012 for a Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling three-year trial operation. Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 33

Wave Devices

5.2 Wave device principles (device Wave energy device concepts (graphics courtesy of EMEC) classification by EMEC)

Waves are created by the interaction of wind with the surface of the sea, sometimes over very long distances. The size of the waves is influenced by wind, the local seabed bathymetry (which can focus or disperse the energy of the waves) and currents. Waves offer a large source of energy which can be The motion of waves causes the The motion of waves causes the floating converted into electricity by a wave elements of the device to move relative element to move relative to the anchor energy converter (WEC). Some wave to each other. This oscillating movement point. This linear oscillating movement is energy converters have been developed is used to generate electricity. used to generate electricity. to extract energy from the shoreline, others from waters offshore, some with a hydraulic power take-off system and some with an electrical power take-off system. EMEC has identified six main types of wave energy converter that are outlined below.

A water column is formed using a partially By positioning of guides interacting with submerged, hollow structure. The motion waves, water is forced upwards and of the waves causes the water level to into a reservoir before returning back rise and fall and this movement is used to down to the sea via a low head turbine. compress and force air through a turbine. The rotation of the turbine is used to The rotation of the turbine is used to generate electricity. generate electricity.

The motion of wave surges causes the The motion of the waves causes the sea device to move with a pendulum-like level to rise and fall above the device, motion. This oscillating movement is used inducing a pressure differential. The to generate electricity. alternating pressure is used to pump fluid to turn a hydraulic motor. The rotation of the motor is used to generate electricity. Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array Alsthom GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Aquamarine ARC AW

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Array

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWhTank pr oductestingtion or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array 34 GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials AWS-III Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale seArraa tryials Scale seaManufacturer: trials Array Array Array AWS Ocean Energy Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling Status: 1/9 Scale prototype Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept devCurrenteloped location: Loch Ness Full scale sea trials Rating: 2.5MW (full-scale proposal) Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Device description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed The AWS-III consists of a number of Concept developed Concept developed seagen MCT Concept developed voith seatricity inter-connected flexible wave energy TEL? absorber cells mounted on a common 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 floating structure. The flexible membrane 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array Array absorbers convert wave energy to compress air within each cell as a wave GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production is incident on the cell. The compressed Status Open Hydro air is used to drive a turbine connected OPT Pelamis Pulse Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials to a generator. AWS is backed by Alstom who recently for the first phase of Costa Head which The device is slack moored in water signed a joint venture agreement with is expected to be deployed in 2016. Scale seArraa tryials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trialsdepths of around 100m using conventional SSE Renewables for the development Accordingly, AWS expect to deploy a full- Array Array Array mooring spreads which reduces wave of a 200MW wave energy farm at scale 2.5MW prototype AWS-III at EMEC Tank testing or modelling Tank teGWhsting pr oroduc modellintion g Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling loadings on the device. The sealed air Costa Head, north-west of the Orkney in 2014 and are currently constructing full Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed system ensures that there are no moving mainland. It is intended that this project Fuscalell scale secomponentsa trials including a full wave Concept developed Full scale sea trials parts, increasing survivability and the uses the AWS-III wave energy converter absorber cell for testing during 2012. Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

ancillary systems are protected within a technology. ScThisale s eawork trials is supported by the Scottish Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 hull which200 8 can200 9 be accessed201 0 201 1 for practical201 2 AWS is conducting a programme to Enterprise WATERS grant scheme.

maintenance and inspection. deliver and qualify the AWS-III technology Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

kawasaki Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Wavegen bolt 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 BOLT 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Manufacturer: Fred Olsen Array Type of device: Point absorber GWh production GWh production GWh productiStatus:on Full scale ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello Current location: SW England Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.25MW

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Array Device description Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling TankGWh test pringoduc or timodellinon g GWh production GWh production The BOLT 2 device is a near shore, GWh production Concept developedmoored, floating point absorber. The Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials unit is manufactured in composites and Full scale sea trials

steel. Each unit may be autonomous or Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 remotely operated.

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Status Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Fred Olsen has tested a scale device in Norwegian waters since 2008. A 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 prototype is planned to be launched 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 at FaBTest in Cornwall during 2012. BOLT 2 received funding through the TSB to manufacture and deploy the seagen MCT prototype, working with private sector voith seatricity TEL? and academics. This test will be expanded with Array Array array testing and trial grid connection Array Array at a suitable location, potentially at GWh production GWh production WaveHub. GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki 35 Wavegen bolt 2

Limpet Array Array Array Manufacturer: Voith Hydro Wavegen GWh production GWh production Type of device: Oscillating water column GWh production Status: Full scale Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Islay Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Rating: 0.5MW

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Device description Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed The Limpet device is a shore-mounted oscillating water column which has been

tuned to capture energy from annual 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 average wave intensities of between 15 and 25kW/m. It comprises an air chamber with an opening below the water. The Status wave action moves the water level up The Limpet 500 was installed in 2000 and down the air chamber, compressing and is grid-connected. This device is the air.. The air flow is captured by two also used as a developmental facility, to counter-rotating Wells turbines, which demonstrate new systems and improve each have a 250kW generator, on each power output, such as testing a variable surge and ebb of the wave. pitch turbine. A near shore application of Its shoreline location avoids offshore the technology is under development. construction, installation and service requirements.

Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Oyster 800 Array Array Array Manufacturer: Aquamarine Power

GWh producTypetion of device: Oscillating wave GWh production GWh production GWh production surge converter Full scale seaStatus: trials Full scale prototype Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: EMEC Scale sea trRating:ials 0.8MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Device description Concept developed Concept developed Oyster is a nearshore wave-powered 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

pump which pushes high pressure 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 water to drive an onshore hydro-electric 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 turbine. The mechanical offshore device AWSis connected to the seabed in around Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro ten metres water depth, typically within located onshore using hydro-electric hours. The full-scale next-generation Oyster a kilometre from the shore facility. The equipment (existing technology) and 800 device was installed in 2011. Arrapumpy is a buoyant hinged flap which is the submerged nature of the device Array almost entirely underwater and pitches reduces visual impact and wave loading Array Array GWh producbacktion and forth due to wave motion. This in extreme waves. GWh production GWh production GWh production drives two hydraulic pistons which pump Full scale sehigha trials pressure water through a subsea Status Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials pipeline to shore to drive the hydro- Scale sea trials The first full-scale 0.315MW Oyster was electric turbine. installed and grid-connected at EMEC in Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Key design features of the Oyster are Tank testing or modelling 2009. The device withstood two winters that there are no offshore electronics, Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling and delivered over 6,000 offshore operating Concept develectricityeloped generation equipment is Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Alsthom Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling AW Tank testing or modelling AquamarineConcept developed ARC Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array Array Array Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWhAWS production Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Scale sea trials Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production Concept developed GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Full scale sea trials Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale2007 sea trials2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed AWS Hammerfest Strom MinestoConcept developed Open Hydro Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array

GWh production OpenGWh produc tiHydroon OPTGWh produc36tion GWh production Full scale sea trials Pelamis Pulse Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trArraialsy Scale sea trPelamisials P2 Scale sea trials Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Manufacturer: Pelamis Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Wave Power GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Type of device: Attenuator (A) Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale seaStatus: trials 2nd generation full scale Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: North Berth, EMEC Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale se2007 a trRating:ials 2008 0.75MW 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modellinDeviceg description Tank testing or modelling Open Hydro OPTConcept developed PelamisConcept devTheelope Pelamisd is a semi-submerged, ConcPulseept developed Concept developed floating device that faces into the direction of the waves. Five tube sections 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array are joined by universal joints which allow Array flexing in two directions with identical, GWh production GWh production GWh productionindependently operating hydraulic power GWh production seabed by a slack, chain catenary system take-off systems in each joint. As waves Full scale sea trials ScotRe TGL with a yaw restraint line. Wavedragon Full scale sea trials wello Full scale sea trialspass down the length of the machine, Full scale sea trials the tube sections move relative to each Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Status Scale sea trials Scale sea trials other and hydraulic cylinders in the joints Array Array Array resist the wave-induced motion, pumping The first Pelamis machine (P1) was Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testGWhing orpr oducmodellintiong fluid into high pressure accumulators. installed in 2004 and 2011 saw the Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developeThisd allows generation to be smooth manufacture of the sixth full scale machineConc ept developed Full scale sea trials and continuous. The resistance can be and second utility customer (E.ON and Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials controlled to optimise the device for use ScottishPower Renewables). Vattenfall Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale sea2007 trinials varying2008 wave2009 climates.2010 2011 A standard2012 has also committed2002 as a2003 third. The2004 E.ON2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials subsea cable and equipment is used to P2 Pelamis is operating at EMEC with the Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling connect the device / array of devices ScottishPower Renewables P2 Pelamis Tank testing or modelling Concept devtoelope shore.d A Pelamis is anchored to the soon to be installed alongside. ScotRe TGLConcept developed Wavedragon welloConcept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Penguin 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Array Array Array Manufacturer: Wello Oy

GWh production Type of device: Other (G) GWh production GWh production GWh production Status: Full scale seagen MCT TEL? seatricity Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials voith Current location: Billia Croo, Orkney, EMEC Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Rating: 0.6MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Array

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Device description Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developedThe Penguin is a floating asymmetric Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale seavessel trials which houses an eccentric rotating mass. The device is shaped so 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 Scale sea200 7 trialsthat waves200 8 200 9 passing201 0 it cause201 1 the201 2 mass to Scale sea trials rotate on a vertical shaft and this motion Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modellingis converted to electricity. The 1600 Tank testing or modelling Concept developedtonne vessel, approximately 30 meters Concept developed Concept developed seagen MCT Status voith seatricity in length, is held in place by three wires TEL? Concept developed anchored to the seabed below. Only The 1:8 scale prototype “Baby about two meters of each unit is visible

Penguin” The 1:8 scale prototype, 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 Arra2006 y 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array above the surface. All operational parts “Baby Penguin”, was tested in Finland

GWh production are housed inside of its protective cover. and the full scale Penguin is at Lyness GWh production GWh production GWh production kawasaki Wharf, Orkney. It is being prepared for

Full scale sea trials installation on an EMEC test berth inWavegen Full scale sea trials bolt 2 Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials 2012 for a year-long test programme.

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale se2007 a trials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling kawasaki Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Wavegen bolt 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Alsthom Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Aquamarine ARC AW Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array Array Array Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto Open Hydro Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials ScaleArra seay trials Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed GWh production GWh production GWh production Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Scale s2007 ea trials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling AWS Concept developed Hammerfest Strom MinestoConcept developed Open Hydro Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production OpenGWh pr oducHydrotion GWh production 37 Full scale sea trials OPT Pelamis Pulse Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials

Scale seaArra trialsy Scale sea trials Scale sea trials PowerBuoy – PB150 Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Manufacturer: Ocean Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh producPowertion Technologies Concept developed GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Type of device: Point absorber (B) Concept developed Full scale sea trials Status: Scale prototype Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Invergordon, Scotland 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Rating: 0.15MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Open Hydro Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling OPTConcept deveDeviceloped description PelamisConcept developed ConcPulseept developed Concept developed The PowerBuoy is constructed as two main hull elements, the spar and the Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Array 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array float. The spar is designed to remain as Array stationary as possible whilst the float GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh productirespondson actively and dynamically to Full scale sea trials ScotRewave forces. The difference in motion Full scale sea trials active in the USA and Spain and has TGL Wavedragon wello between the two hulls is captured as Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials projects for both England and Scotland. Scale sea trials mechanical energy and converted via Scale sea trials It is committed to Wave Hub, Hayle, Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array onboard generators. The intent of the Array with a proposed array and successfully Array Array PowerBuoy control system is to tune Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling deployed the PB150 PowerBuoy off Tank testing or modelling GWh producthetion response of the system to maximise GWh production GWh production Invergordon in April 2011. During this GWh production Concept developed Concept devepowerloped capture from each wave. Concept developed Concept developed project tests focused on issues such as Full scale sea Conventionaltrials mooring systems are used Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials examining the response of the structure Full scale sea trials to tether each PowerBuoy. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials and mooring system2002 in the2003 offshore2004 2005 Sc2006 ale sea tr2007 ials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Scale sea trials environment and the power production, Scale sea trials Status using real-time data and wave data fromTank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Ocean Power Technologies has been a nearby resource buoy. Concept developed ScotRe ConcTGLept developed Wavedragon welloConcept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Array 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 Array 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Array Wave Dragon Array Manufacturer: Wave Dragon GWh production GWh production GWh productiTypeon of device: Overtopping GWh production Status: Sea-installed scale prototype seagen MCT Full scale sea trials TEL? Full scale sea trials Fuvoithll scale sea trials seatricity Current location: Denmark Full scale sea trials Rating: 1.5 MW Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Array Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh producDevicetion description GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed The Wave Dragon is a floating Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale seaovertopping trials wave energy converter 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 with wave-reflecting wings. Waves are 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 Scale200 6 sea trials200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trialschanneled up an adjustable ramp to a

reservoir, creating a head differential. Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modellinWaterg is then passed through a number Status Concseagenept developed MCT Concept developed seatricityConcept deveoflope lowd head propeller hydro turbines to TEL? voith Concept developed generate electricity. This means that A 1:3 scale 1.5 MW device was installed there are few moving parts, aimed at offshore at Nissum Bredning in Denmark

Array 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array Array Array reducing maintenance requirements. The from 2003 - 2010 to model how the device is slack-moored to the sea bed. device behaves in the North Sea GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production kawasaki climate. Wave Dragon intends to install a pre-commercial demonstrator off the Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials bolt 2 Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials coast of Milford Haven, Wales and has Wavegen submitted an Environmental Impact Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Assessment and application for consent. Scale sea trials Array Array Array Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling GWh production GWh production GWh production Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 Sca200 6 le sea trials200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 Scale sea trials 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 Sc2006 ale sea tr2007 ials 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling kawasaki Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Wavegen bolt 2

Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 38

Alsthom Aquamarine ARC AW

WaveRoller Array Array Array Array Manufacturer: AW Energy

GWh production GWh production GWh producTypetion of device: Oscillating wave GWh production surge convertor Full scale sea trials Full scale Status:sea trials Scale prototype Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Current location: Portugal Scale sea trials Scale seaRating: trials 0.8MW (per plate) Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Tank testing or modelling Device description Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed The WaveRoller device is a flap anchored to the seabed at its base. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

The back and forth movement of the 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 wave surge moves the flap, transferring the kinetic energy to piston pumps, AWS Hammerfest Strom Minesto which feed into an onshore generator Status Open Hydro system. The nominal capacity of a single commercial-scale flap ranges between The first prototypes were designed as Array 0.5MW to 1MW, depending on the wave early as 1999. Open sea trails started in Array Array Arraresourcesy available on the site. The plant 2004 and included deployment in the Gulf GWh production construction is modular; therefore, it of Finland, at EMEC and at AW-Energy’s GWh production GWh production GWh production offers a high level of scalability. own testing site Peniche, Portugal. The Full scale sea trials latest demonstration farm consisting of Full scale sea trials Full sca le se Thea trials WaveRoller is designed such Full scale sea trials that large waves pass above the device, three 100kW WaveRoller units is to be Scale sea trials thus reducing extreme loading. Other deployed also in Peniche, Portugal, during Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials design considerations are accessibility the second quarter of 2012. The company Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testingfor or maintenance, modelling simple installation has already secured all the necessary Tank testing or modelling Concept developed permits and holds a licence for 1MW grid Concept developed through using a float and submerge Concept developed Conceptmethod develope dand minimal visual impact connection. on the deployment site. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Open Hydro OPT Pelamis Pulse

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

ScotRe TGL Wavedragon wello

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 voith seatricity seagen MCT TEL?

Array Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 200 2 200 3 200 4 200 5 200 6 200 7 200 8 200 9 201 0 201 1 201 2

kawasaki Wavegen bolt 2

Array Array Array

GWh production GWh production GWh production

Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials Full scale sea trials

Scale sea trials Scale sea trials Scale sea trials

Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling Tank testing or modelling

Concept developed Concept developed Concept developed 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 39

6. UK and Abroad

The wave and tidal sector extracts energy 6.1 UK position The successful deployment of this from naturally occurring, abundant and planned 1.6GW of wave and tidal clean resources. Globally, it is estimated The UK is regarded as the world’s leading energy is, however, dependent on that there is 180TWh2 of economically market for both wave and tidal project successfully proving individual devices accessible tidal energy and over 500TWh development. It has: and the subsequent deployment of small of economically accessible wave energy • A significant share of the global demonstration arrays. The Crown Estate available annually. The tidal resource economically accessible wave and tidal has undertaken separate individual is heavily dependent on local seabed resource. leasing activities to enable these single geometry, and wave energy relies on • Industry leading testing infrastructure in and multiple device deployments. areas of sea where the wind can interact place at EMEC, Narec, WaveHub and Figure 6.1 indicates current areas of with the sea surface over long distances FabTest. activity around the UK. It is expected (a long fetch). • A market support mechanism ithat is that the first small arrays (5-10MW) will regarded as the most attractive tariff begin installation in 2013 with several As an island, the UK has substantial currently available. operational by 2016. The move to natural wave and tidal energy resources. • Frameworks for project leasing and equalise ROC awards between Scotland Despite having less than one per cent consenting that are being proactively and the rest of the UK will influence the of the world’s population, it has been developed in consultation with project development rates of projects in both estimated that UK waters contain around developers, The Crown Estate and English and Welsh waters. 15 per cent 3 of the world’s economically statutory planning bodies. accessible tidal resource and over 10 per cent of the world’s economically In March 2010, The Crown Estate accessible wave resource.4 This tidal announced that it had entered into resource is estimated at 29TWh, and agreements for the lease of projects with wave is 50TWh.5 a potential capacity of up to 1.2GW, split equally between wave and tidal projects. In October 2010, a further 0.4GW of tidal energy was added. This leasing activity far exceeds current planned capacity in any other single country. The Crown Estate report Pentland Firth and Orkney waters: How the projects could be built provides an overview of the activity required to deliver this target along with details of individual leases. 40

Figure 6.1 The Crown Estate current wave and tidal activity

EMEC: Billia Croo Oyster 800 – 0.8MW Pelamis P2 – 0.75MW Pelamis P2 – 0.75MW Pengiun – 0.6MW Seatricity – 0.3MW

EMEC: Fall of Warness AR-1000 – 1MW DeepGenIV – 1MW HS1000 – 1MW Hy Tide 1000-16 – 1MW Open Centre Turbine – 0.3MW SR250 – 0.25MW

SeaGen – 1.2MW

Pulse Stream – 0.1MW

Delta Stream – 1.2MW

Wave Hub test centre no project installed

Full scale wave test site Full scale tidal test site Proposed device arrays Grid connected tidal project (independent of test sites) 41

6.2 Global developments 6.3 Export on research by the Carbon Trust, it has stated that the value of the global The EU member states have a target to The UK is quickly building a track record industry would be of the order of £340 deploy around 2GW of marine energy in the design and manufacture of wave Billion by 2050. The UK’s Share of this by 2020, while the USA and Canada are and tidal devices and construction market could be as high as £76 Billion coordinating approaches to develop and operation of projects that put if action is taken to foster the marine markets and commercialisation. Across it in a strong position to export this energy capability within our borders. Europe there is a significant ambition to capability to other markets. The potential The correct policy measures, including develop marine energy, notably in the for this export could be hindered by an enabling level of support provided countries on the Atlantic arc (UK, Ireland, requirements for local content in some through the Electricity Market Reform France, Spain and Portugal). markets technology knowledge is likely to mechanism, could catalyse a low carbon Between 2002 and 2006, support be highly valued. industrial revolution and provide real totalling €17.3 million was provided Marine Current Turbines and value to the UK on the longer term. to nine wave power demonstration OpenHydro have both secured leases projects, ranging in size from €0.8 in the Bay of Fundy in Canada. Ocean million to €2.4 million per project. In the Power Technologies and Aquamarine 6.4 Import Seventh Framework Programme (FP7), Power will deploy devices to the US the European Commission has invested market and Pelamis, along with other The industry-leading market conditions n over the past four years €20 million developers, is in negotiations to supply in the UK have already attracted in four demonstration projects (three devices in other parts of Europe. EMEC device and project developers to wave projects and one tidal project), and has also been approached by New the UK to test devices and develop €21 million on “soft actions” including Zealand and Australia to collaborate with projects. Hammerfest Strom now has environmental monitoring. Table 6.1 plans for their respective marine energy its development and design team lists any countries that have publically test programmes. headquartered in the UK following announced plans for wave and tidal The Energy and Climate change relocation from Norway and organisations deployments or that have disclosed select committee has identified a large such as Kawasaki, Siemens, ABB and details of devices currently under test. export opportunity for the UK. Based Alstom have taken interests in UK-based manufacturers and projects.

Table 6.1 Global Project Development

Country Wave Tidal Description

Australia Installed Ocean linx and Carnegie have deployed units with plans for further device deployment in arrays. FORCE (Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy) in the Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia is the centre for testing of tidal device with: Canada Installed • Initial deployments of a 1MW OpenHydro device by Nova Scotia Power complete • Negotiations ongoing with another two developers; using MCT and Alstom Hydro technology.

China Installed 1MW wave device installed in Guanzhou province with significant plans for additional capacity.

Denmark Installed Testing of a scale Wave Dragon device has been ongoing at the Nissum Bredning test facility since 2003.

France Planned In 2012 EDF plan to install the first of four OpenHydro 2MW turbines in Brittany.

India Planned The state of Gujurat is planning installation of 50MW of tidal stream capacity. With the next five years

Tidal stream capacity installed at Jindo Uldolmok in 2009 with plans for 100MW once device technology has Korea Installed been tested and proven.

New Zealand Planned Plans to harness tidal energy in the Cook Strait in place since 2008 when initial consent was awarded.

Norway Installed Testing complete in 2010 for a tidal sail technology at Lukksundet.

Three Pelamis P1 devices were installed off the coast for a short period of time. Significant long term plans for Portugal Installed wave energy still active. The WaveRoller device is currently being deployed. Developments along Northern Spain at Cantabria include testing of an OPT PB40 dVevice with plans for small Spain Installed arrays. Uppsala University has conducted wave energy tests at the Lysekil test site since 2005 with long term plans to Sweden Installed deploy large arrays. West coast US has active development programme for the installation of wave energy devices focussed in USA Installed Installed initially around Oregon. This complements the existing test deployment of OPT in Hawaii. New York’s East river has housed a single Verdant 1MW turbine with plans for large arrays in the coming years. 42

7. Industrial Partnerships

The entry of large-scale industrial It is a natural development for existing • Financial security and assurances that organisations into the wave and tidal device manufacturers either to partner will support the attraction of further sector is seen both as a positive sign for with organisations with the necessary private and public sector funding. the commercial status of the industry and experience or grow their own internal • Access to a experienced resources to a necessary step to ensure timely ramp capability. The move of ABB, Alstom, cover technical issues and to manage the up of supply chain capability to deliver this Andritz, Siemens, Voith Hydro and higher volume production activities. what will be needed in this growing market. others to invest in the industry show • Support from an established supply Device manufacturers by necessity must that this partnering is taking place. The chain to increase competition for supply. grow from small technology incubator device-specific technical knowledge and • Experience engaging with governments, organisations to large scale suppliers of experience of deploying and operating stakeholders and suppliers to facilitate commercial power generation equipment. wave and tidal devices is retained by the project development, manufacture and To do this successfully, the practices and device manufacturer but the industrial construction activities. approaches of other industrial sectors must partner typically brings: be applied.

7.1 Industy Case Studies

ABB Profile Involvement Relevant market: Power and automation ABB is a global leader in power and ABB Technology Ventures invested £7m Base location: Switzerland automation technologies that enable utility in Aquamarine in 2011. A new office has UK presence: Manufacturing since 1988 and industry customers to improve their been established in East Kilbride that will Global turnover: £27 billion (2011) performance while lowering environmental act to serve the expanding renewable impact. ABB’s capability includes low, energy markets including wave and tidal. medium and high voltage products ABB has capability in power transmission including DC transmission and high voltage and automation both onshore and offshore switchgear. They are also active in offshore that places them in a strong position to power technology and process automation. supply this growing industry. ABB has also supplied Pelamis Wave Power with specially designed generators.

Alsthom Profile Involvement Relevant market: Alstom is a global leader in the world of Alstom has a dedicated Ocean Energy Power generation and transmission power generation, power transmission base in Nantes, from which the Base location: France and rail infrastructure. Alstom provides development of their Ocean Current UK presence: Manufacturing since 1889 turnkey integrated power plant solutions turbine is being led. They have also Global turnover: £18 billion (2011) and associated services for a wide variety acquired a 40 per cent stake in AWS of energy sources, including hydro, Ocean Energy and entered a joint venture nuclear, gas, and wind, and it offers with SSE for the Costa Head Wave a wide range of solutions for power Project in the Pentland Firth. Alstom aims transmission, with a focus on smart grids. to develop a leading position in both wave and tidal energy to complement its position in the hydro and wind sectors. 43

Andritz Profile Involvement Relevant market: International technology Group Andritz Andritz Hydro increased its ownership Relevant market: Hydro power is a globally leading supplier of plants, of Hammerfest Strøm to a majority and process technology equipment, and services for in March 2012. Tidal energy sits as Base location: Austria stations, the pulp and paper industry, a complementary sector to its hydro UK presence: Various solid/liquid separation in the municipal power operations, which includes the Global turnover: £4 billion (2011) and industrial sectors, the steel industry, supply of turbines to the world’s largest and the production of animal feed and tidal barrage at Sihwa, India. Andritz pellets. Hydro will be involved in both project and device development alongside other key shareholders.

Siemens Profile Involvement Relevant market: Power generation Siemens has a heritage in power Siemens owns a 90 per cent share of and transmission generation and transmission including a Marine Current Turbines, including both Base location: Germany market leading position in the offshore device and project pipelines. It is looking UK presence: Manufacturing and sales wind as a wind turbine manufacturer. to support the shift to industrial scale Global turnover: £60 billion (2011) General skills and experience lie in output of tidal energy devices and to gain design development, manufacturing and early mover advantage in this emerging industrial scale procurement. area. Tidal energy sits as a complementary sector to its division and general energy activities.

Rolls-Royce Profile Involvement Relevant market: Rolls-Royce, a world-leading provider Rolls-Royce acquired Tidal Generation Ltd Power systems & marine propulsion of power systems and services for in 2009 and are actively involved in the Base location: UK use on land, at sea and in the air, has development of both device and project UK presence: Manufacturing since 1884 established a strong position in global portfolios. It is looking to support the shift Global turnover: £11.3 billion (2011) markets - civil aerospace, defence to industrial scale output of tidal energy aerospace, marine and energy and and to gain an early entry advantage nuclear. in this emerging area. Tidal energy is complementary to it power generation and marine sector activities currently.

Voith Profile Involvement Relevant market: Power generation Voith operates in energy, oil and gas, Voith Hydro own a majority stake in both and transmission paper, raw materials, and transportation a wave and tidal technology. The Voith Base location: Germany and automotive markets worldwide. Hydro Ocean Current Technologies joint UK presence: Manufacturing and sales It manufactures paper machinery, venture is looking to deploy a 1MW tidal Global turnover: £5 billion (2011) hydroelectric equipment for power turbine at EMEC and develop project generation and drive and braking opportunities globally. Voith Hydro systems for industry, rail, road, and Wavegen owns took over the device marine markets. development of Wavegen in 2005, including UK and overseas portfolio. Marine energy is complementary to their core hydro business. 44

8. Future Challenges

Through engagement with industry, we of industrial partners into the sector will identified the following key challenges for support the justification of enhanced the sector: funding but a clear pathway for cost of energy reduction must be developed. • Bringing the lifetime cost of energy • Working with stakeholders to improve down through reduction of both device processes relating to assessment and CAPEX per MWh and OPEX per MWh, mitigation of environmental impact as based on a clear understanding of part of the consenting process. the factors that influence these costs. • Long term grid infrastructure planning, Improving reliability, maximising including interconnectors between generating performance and minimising Scottish Islands and agreement on the cost of installation and operation transmission access charges. are key components of this. • Further developing the additional infrastructure (balance of plant, installation and maintenance equipment) required to implement small and large scale arrays. • Developing a UK supply chain with the necessary skills and capacity to deliver rapid growth in the sector and to capture the socioeconomic benefits of the industry in the long term.

These will be achieved through a combination of improvements in technology and supply chain, including through the involvement of larger industrial players and drawing on experience from parallel sectors including wind, oil and gas, aerospace and commercial fishing.

There are wider issues that will affect the long term viability of the sector, along with other renewable energy technologies, that the sector is very much aware need to be resolved as soon as possible, namely:

• Electricity Market Reform – Alongside competing technologies, the marine sector must put forward clear messages on the status of the industry and requirements for ongoing support to continue its growth. The movement 45

9. Getting Involved

The wave and tidal sector growth required to deliver UK and global targets is significant and a wide range of skills and services will be required to develop a sustainable and successful industry. If you are interested in becoming involved in the sector or learning more in the first instance please contact RenewableUK:

David Krohn Wave and Tidal Energy Development Manager Tel: +44 (0)20 7901 3020 Fax: +44 (0)20 7901 3001 [email protected]

9.1 Industry directory Device manufacturers involved in the industry and featured in this publication are:

Private organisation Contact Alstom Hydro Ken Street – [email protected] Aquamarine Power Neil Davidson – [email protected] Atlantis Resources Corporation Oliver Wragg – [email protected] AW Energy Tomasz Mucha – [email protected] AWS Ocean Energy Simon Grey – [email protected] Fred. Olsen Renewables Tore Gulli – [email protected] Andritz Hydro Hammerfest Stein Andersen – [email protected] Marine Current Turbines David Ainsworth – [email protected] Minesto Anders Jansson – [email protected] Ocean Power Technologies Tim Stiven – [email protected] OpenHydro Sue Barr – [email protected] Pelamis Wave Power Richard Yemm – [email protected] Pulse Tidal Bob Smith, CEO – [email protected] Scotrenewables Tidal Power John McGlynn – [email protected] Tidal Energy Chris Williams – [email protected] Tidal Generation Rob Stevenson – [email protected] Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies Wolfgang Maier – [email protected] Voith Hydro Wavegen Matthew Seed – [email protected] Wave Dragon Hans Christian Sorensen – [email protected] Wello Heikki Paakkinen – [email protected]

46

10. End Notes

1. EMEC, Wave Developers, www.emec. org.uk/wave_energy_developers.asp; EMEC, Tidal Developers, www.emec.org. uk/tidal_developers.asp 2. The Carbon Trust, Future Marine Energy, 2006. 3. The Carbon Trust, Accelerating marine energy, 2011. 4. Energy Technology Systems Analysis Programme, Marine Energy (Technical Brief E13), Energy Technology Network, May 2010. 5. The Carbon Trust, Accelerating marine energy, 2011. 47 48

Our vision is of renewable energy playing a leading role in powering the UK.

RenewableUK is the UK’s leading renewable energy trade association, specialising in onshore wind, offshore wind and wave & tidal energy. RenewableUK Formed in 1978, we have an established, large corporate membership Greencoat House, Francis Street ranging from small independent companies, to large international London SW1P 1DH, United Kingdom corporations and manufacturers.

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