Resources in Earth Systems

UNIT 2

Lesson 1 Natural Resources ...... 76 Lesson 2 The Distribution of Natural Resources . . . . . 96 Unit Review...... 117 Unit Performance Task...... 121 ©Peter Adams/Photolibrary/Getty ©Peter Images

The Strokkur geyser in Iceland brings hot groundwater to the surface. Because much of Iceland’s rock and groundwater are heated by Earth processes, geothermal energy is a popular option for heat and electricity.

Everything people need to live can be found at or near Earth’s surface. This includes all of the materials we use to make products, develop new © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: technologies, and generate electrical energy. In this unit, you will discover what natural resources are and how they are distributed on and near Earth’s surface.

Unit 2 Resources in Earth Systems 73 UNIT 2

Why It Matters Here are some questions to consider as you work through the unit. Can you answer any of the questions now? Revisit these questions at the end of the unit to apply what you discover.

Questions Notes

What are natural resources?

What natural resources do you use every day?

Why are natural resources more common in some places than in others?

How do organisms depend on natural resources from their environment?

How do people locate

and acquire natural © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt resources?

74 Unit 2 Resources in Earth Systems © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Source: 1. 2. and locationsofthelargest bauxiteproducers. and chemicalsfrom thesoil.Thisleavesbehindconcentrated aluminum.Themapshowstheclimates Bauxite formsdeepinthesoilwhenwarmrainwater soaksintotheground andremoves someminerals Bauxite (BAWK•syt) ore, whichisrichinaluminumoxide,theworld’s primarysource ofaluminum. km Unit Starter: Analyzing Patterns in Resource Distribution inResource Patterns Analyzing Unit Starter: Natural Resource Distribution Unit Project distribution? Chooseanatural resource, and research distribution its Prepare onEarth. Natural resources are not evenly distributed around theglobe. this What uneven caused distributed and why. a booklet that describes how your resource forms, how much and where of it is it is left, mi Mostofthelarge bauxiteproducers are locatedwithin Ifyou were interested in establishing anew bauxite mining operation, where is the This isrelated to D. C. B. A. place to concentrated lookfor aluminum?best 0 0 are thickandformrapidly. and are warm.Bauxitedeposits Tropical areas havehighrainfall and formslowly. rainfall. Bauxitedepositsare thin Desert areas donothavehigh VENEZUELA VENEZUELA areas withdryconditions areas nearatropical rain forest coldareas neartheoceans areas withatemperate climateanddrywinters ,0 4,000 2,000 USGS, MineralCommoditySummaries2006 2,000 SURINAME SURINAME 4,000 cold /warm cold JAMAICAJ GUINEA GUINEA A KAZAKHSTAN KAZAKHSTAN temperatures and producer ofbauxite. Australia istheworld’s largest deposits varywidely. and temperature. Bauxite Temperate areas varyinrainfall INDIA AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA NDIA UNIT 2 A 1000s ofmetrictons Bauxite production, high/low 1 550515 25 tropical /polar RUSSIA RUSSIA CHINA CHINA 65°S 65°N A 23.5°S 23.5°N 0° rainfall amounts. Unit 2 are thinandformslowly. but are cold.Bauxitedeposits Polar areas havehighsnowfall bauxite isproduced there. The larger thecircle is,themore regions. Resources inEarthSystems Climate Classes help youplanyourproject. Unit Project Worksheet to Go onlinetodownloadthe Highlands Polar Cold Arid Tropical savannah Tropical monsoon Tropical rainforest dry summer Temperate, dry winter Temperate, no dryseason Temperate, 75 76 Unit 2 Resources inEarthSystems Natural Resources on people,andtheenvironment. use ofnatural resources onresource availability, you willbeabletoexplain theeffects ofhuman By theendofthislesson . . energy from thesun. Earth's natural resources, suchasrocks, water, plants,and This photoofIceland'sGodafoss waterfallshowsmanyof LESSON 1 LESSON

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©ronnybas/Fotolia © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: ©Robert McGouey/Getty Images 3. 2. 1. Coal andtrees are bothnatural resources thathumansuse. Why arenewable butcoal, resource aretrees fromplants, isnot? whichcomes explain whytrees are arenewable resource butcoalis not. EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK use ofcoalandtrees? What doyouthinktheword Have youeverseencoalform?Howdothinkformsfrom plants? to fullsize? Have youeverseenatree grow? Howlongdoyouthinkittakes atree togrow CAN YOU EXPLAIN IT? IT? YOUCAN EXPLAIN As youexplore thelesson, gatherevidencetohelp renewable means?Howmightitrelate tohuman download additionallabresources. the Hands-OnLabforthislesson andto Go online toviewthedigitalversionof Lesson 1 Natural Resources 77 78 5. Earth systemisenergy from thesun. example ofaresource thatcomesfrom outsidethe minerals, soil),andhydrosphere (water).One (air), biosphere (livingthings),geosphere (rocks, four partsoftheEarthsystemare theatmosphere system orfrom outsidetheEarthsystem.The resources canbelivingornonlivingthings. natural worldandcan bematter orenergy. Natural their lives.Natural resources are obtainedfrom the humans forsurvivalandtoimprove thequalityof natural resources. the sun.Air, water, andenergy from thesunare all You breathe air, drinkwater, anduseenergy from Natural Resources 4. same basicthingstosurvive,nomatter where theyare. Plants, animals,andotherorganisms liveinmanyplacesonEarth.Yet, theyneedthe Nameonematerialyouuse from eachpartoftheEarthsystem.Giveanexample Unit 2 how itmightbeused. need tosurviveonthemoon? Discuss Exploring the Ways We Use Natural Resources Natural resources cancomefrom theEarth Resources inEarthSystems Thinkaboutthebasicthingsyouneedeveryday. What resources wouldyou Natural resources are usedby EXPLORATION 1 plant fertilizer. Fish are abiosphere resource humansuseforfoodandas and dry. the moonlooksgray oceans, thesurfaceof landmasses andblue green andbrown Compared toEarth’s

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Huebi/Shutterstock; (b) ©Len Deeley/ Getty Images © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©vilax/Shutterstock; (tr) ©Kent Knudson/PhotoLink/Photodisc/Getty Images; (cl) ©Dmitriy Sechin/Alamy; (cr) ©Elenamiv/ Shutterstock; (bl) ©Ronald Leunis/EyeEm/Getty Images; (br) ©straga/Shutterstock We harvestanduseresources from alloverEarth. Resources Material resources humansusetomake objects ortoeatasfood.For example: Examples of Material Resources ofMaterial Examples 6. • Fossil fuelsincludecoal,petroleum—commonly called • Plants andanimalsare usedforfoodandtomake materialssuchasclothing. • Freshwater lakes andriversprovide uswithfoodtoeat,suchasfish,andwaterfor • Earth’s atmosphere ismostlynitrogen andoxygenalsocontainsother • • • Write thenameofmaterialfrom theword resource itcomes from. bank intheboxthatmatchesnatural generate electricalenergy andtomake materialssuchasplasticandcarbonairfilters. formed from theburiedremains ofplantsandanimals.These resources are usedto Minerals drinking andcleaning.Oceanscontainmaterialssuchassalt,fish,seaweed. substances. Theatmosphere provides theairwebreathe. to grow plantsorusedforbuilding. Soil building materials. Rocks Minerals are usedinmanufacturingandconstruction. isaloosemixture ofrock pieces,organic material,water, andair. Itcanbeused charcoal inairfilters are solidmixtures ofminerals andorganic matter. Rocksare often usedas , suchasiron ortablesalt,are naturally occurringinorganic solids. rocks andminerals plants andanimals fossil fuels Material resources •air inaballoon •food •drinking water oil —and natural gas.They are natural the atmosphere water Lesson 1 soil •buildings •garden beds •charcoal inairfilters Natural Resources 79 80 8. 7.

Unit 2 Construction for Used Resources Material and identifythenatural resource itcamefrom. or abus.Draw oneofthevehicles.Labelatleastthree materialsusedinthevehicle, Draw Ahouseismadefrom manymaterialresources. Write thenameof to showwhichpartsofthehouseeachresource isusedtoconstruct. each materialresource inthecorrect boxtoidentifythatresource and Resources inEarthSystems Thinkaboutdifferent typesoftransportation, suchasabicycle,car, aplane, oil limestone clay limestone trees sand

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (tl) ©Photodisc/Getty Images; (tr) ©Danny Lehman/Corbis/VCG/Getty Images; (bl) ©sciencephotos/Alamy; (br) ©Antony Edwards/The Image Bank/Getty Images; (cr) ©Anthony Buckingham/Alamy Images © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits:(t) ©Flash-ka/Shutterstock; (b) ©Pascal Deloche/Corbis Documentary/Getty Images material. burned forheatormadeintofuelcalled Earth. Biomass isplantmatter, suchaswoodorcrop waste,thatis Geothermal energy isthermal energy thatcomesfrom deepwithin water, geothermal energy, biomass materials,andnuclearmaterials. are burned.Othersources ofenergy includewind, sunlight,moving coal, natural gas,andpetroleum. Fossil fuelsrelease energy whenthey to another. However, energy cannotbecreated ordestroyed. Energy existsinmanydifferent forms,anditcanchangefrom oneform lighting, industry, transportation, communication, andentertainment. People useenergy resources forthingssuchasheating,cooling, Natural resources thatpeopleuseforenergy are called Energy Resources 9. 10. Thesunisanimportantnatural resource. Howdoyouthinkpeople Matcheachtypeofenergy resource withanexampleofhowitisused.Write the use thesunasanatural resource? energy resource from theword bankinthe correct boxofthetable. The mostcommonlyusedenergy resources are fossil fuelssuchas •moving fuel • fossil • nuclear • wind • solar • biomass WORD BANK water Type ofenergy resource biomass biofuel . Uranium isanuclear of aturbine andgenerate electrical energy. movingairtoA windmilluses turn blades the to electrical energy. Energy from sun isabsorbed andconverted the andlight.heat Natural gasisburned to generate energy as release energy. Atoms ofuranium are to splitapart electrical energy. ofaturbineturn blades andgenerate the Water flows through ahydroelectric damto and light. Wood isburned to generate energy asheat Example of how the resource isusedExample ofhowthe energy resources . and cookthefoodinsidepot. Plant matter isburnedtoheatthepot space intotheEarthsystem. Energy from thesunradiates through Lesson 1 Natural Resources 81 Energy Resource Use Most of the energy that people use comes from fossil fuels. The graph shows the sources of energy used in the United States. A total of 81% of the energy used in the United States in 2014 was from fossil fuel energy. Wind and sunlight can be used to generate energy without mining, processing, or transportation. Most fossil fuels have to be mined or drilled, transported, and processed in order to be used to generate energy.

United States Energy Consumption by Energy Source in 2014

4.8% 2.4% 1.9% 0.5% 0.2% Petroleum (oil) Natural gas Coal 9% Nuclear 36% Biomass Hydroelectric Wind 16% Solar Geothermal 29% Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, April 2016

Language SmArts Analyze Energy Usage

Use the circle graph and the information you have read to answer the questions.

11. Use evidence from the graph to support the statement that 81% of the energy used in the United States in 2014 was fossil fuel energy.

12. Use evidence from the graph to explain whether the following statement is true. © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt In the United States, more energy was generated in 2014 from coal than from wind, solar, and hydroelectric sources combined.

82 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: © Remsberg Inc./Design Pics/Getty Images 13. candles, andplastic. biofuel. Petroleum isprocessed foruseasafuel. It isalsousedtomake paint,crayons, Resources suchaswheat,corn,andsoybeansare food.Theycanalsobemadeinto A singlenatural resource canbebothamaterial resource andanenergy resource. Some Resources Are Both Material andEnergy Resources Thinkaboutallthewayscorncanbeused.Is 15. Outcomes Analyze 16. or both?Explainyouranswer. corn amaterialresource oranenergy resource Supposeanewinventionallowstractors torunonfuelmadefrom potatoes.If Whichoftheseare possible positiveoutcomesof the useofpotatoesforfuel? the supplyofpotatoesforfood? potato fuelisfoundtobeagoodreplacement forfossil fuels,howmightthataffect C. B. A. Circle allthatapply. 14. EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK EVIDENCE Potato fuelwillsignificantlycutthe useoffossil fuelsthroughout theworld. Potato farmerswillhavemore optionsforsellingtheircrops. Thecostofpotatofoodproducts willincrease. your evidence. Describe andcategorizetrees andcoalasnatural resources. Record and cereals. fuel, plastics, andhumanfoodproducts suchassweeteners Corn isharvestedandprocessed tomake animalfeed, Lesson 1 Natural Resources 83 84 18. how quicklytheycanbereplaced. are easilyreplaced. Resources canbecategorizedby are usedup,nomore isavailable.Otherresources grown, mined,orprocessed. Whensomeresources a resource dependsonhowmuchofitcanbefound, resource, itssupplydecreases. Theabilitytoreplace used up,unless itcanbereplaced. Aspeopleusea The more aresource isused,thesooneritwillbe Resources Natural of Availability The 17. gone. as youwantwhengethome.Butrightnowyourwatersupplyis all ofyourwatersoonerthanexpected.You candrinkasmuchwater bottles andstartoutonyourride.Thedayishot,youbothdrink Imagine thatyouandafriendtake alongbike ride. You fillyourwater Unit 2 Look atthelistbelow. Thinkabouthoweach Write lifetimes (slowly). (quickly) orwhetheritwouldtake manyhuman it couldbereplaced withinahumanlifetime resource grows orforms.Determinewhether materials youused? some thingsthataffect howquicklyyouare abletoreplace the Discuss D. C. B. A. each resource canbereplaced. F. E. coal trees petroleum cotton soil fish Resources inEarthSystems quickly Thinkabouteverythingyouuseinaday. Whatare quickly or slowly Comparing Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Nonrenewable todescribehowfast EXPLORATION 2 a growing seasonoraslongahuman lifetime. replaced quickly. Quicklymaymeanatimeperiodasshort Crop resources, suchasthecotton shownhere, canbe water todrink. This bike riderhasuseduphissupplyof

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©HMH; (b) ©sframe/Fotolia © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©rep0rter/iStock/Getty Images Plus/Getty Images; (b) ©Science Source resources are nonrenewable. form rocks, minerals, orfossil fuels.Therefore, these control orspeedupthegeologicprocesses that not formasquicklytheyare used.People cannot years. Coal,petroleum, natural gas,anduranium do minerals formbeneathEarth’s surfaceovermillionsof cannot bereplaced asquicklyitisused.Rocksand A Resources Nonrenewable 19. resources isnotaffected byhuman use. renewable resources becausethesupplyofthese inexhaustible up byhumanactivity. Theyare considered tobe hunted toextinction. passenger pigeons,suchastheoneinphoto,were they maynotbeabletoreplaced. For example, are notusedtooquickly. Iftheyare usedtooquickly, resources could beusedup.Theyare called animals are examplesofrenewable resources that quickly thanitcanbereplaced. Water, biomass, and be managedsothatitisnotpollutedorusedmore fish tobemaintained. designed toallowthepopulationsofthosespecies conservation limitsfishcatches.Theseare means todieoutcompletely. Today insomeplaces, species offishtonearextinction.To become used tocatchasmanyfishpossible, causingsome do notrunout.For example,somecommercial fishers resources. Theseresources canbemanagedsothey fish, animals,andplantsare renewable material biomass are renewable energy resources. Air, water, Hydroelectric energy, windenergy, solarenergy, and can bereplaced atthesamerate itisused,orfaster. A Resources Renewable nonrenewable resource renewable resource Thefollowingconditionsoccurred atatownonesummer. Whichcouldnegatively D. C. B. A. affect thereplacement rate ofthetown’s waterresources? Circle allthatapply. Some renewable resources cannotbeused Water canbearenewable resource. Butitmust Temperatures were higherthannormal. More rain fellthannormal. Thetownputalimitonhowoften peoplecouldwatertheirlawns. Twice asmanytouristsvisitedthetownthannormal. becausetheyare onlyrenewable ifthey . Windandsolarenergy are inexhaustible isanatural resource that isanatural resource that potentially renewable extinct

passenger pigeon diedintheCincinnatiZoo. hunting ledtoextinctionwithin 300years.In1914,thelast in NorthAmerica,numbering3–5 billionpigeons.Mass The passenger pigeonwas oncethemostcommonbird Cassiterite, themainore oftin,forms inveinsofrock. Lesson 1 Natural Resources 85 Hands-On Lab Explore Replacement of a Natural Resource

You will model and explore the rates of water use and replacement. MATERIALS • cups, paper, Procedure and Analysis 12 ounce (3) STEP 1 On the inside of each cup, measure 8 cm up from the bottom. Mark the • marker, black cups with the marker. The marks should be horizontal and about 2 cm • ruler long. Label the outside of the cups Cup 1, Cup 2, and Cup 3. • skewer, bamboo • tray (or container), STEP 2 Start with Cup 1. Using the skewer, carefully make two holes through large the bottom of the cup from the inside toward the outside of the cup. • water, 1L STEP 3 Hold Cup 1 over the tray. Pour water at a steady rate up to the mark. Continue to add water to keep the amount of water up to but not over the black mark. Record your observations in the table. STEP 4 Circle the correct word(s) to complete each sentence. In the model, the water flowing out of the holes represents the replacement rate / use of a resource. The water being poured in the cup represents the replacement rate / use of a resource. STEP 5 Decide how you could use Cups 2 and 3 to model two other water use and replacement scenarios that are different from the situation shown by what you did with Cup 1. Describe your plans for Cups 2 and 3 in the table. STEP 6 Use a liter of water to model your scenarios with Cup 2 and Cup 3. Record your observations in the table.

CupPlan Observations

1 2 medium-sized holes, pour water to keep it at the level of the black mark

86 Unit 2 Resources in Earth Systems © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt • Image Credits: (t) ©Paul Quayle/Perspectives/Getty Images; (b) ©JIM Ballard/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images STEP 8 STEP 7 40 years. About14 acres of pineare neededtobuilda1,000 ft Pine trees are harvestedasbuildingmaterialafter growing forabout bamboo standregrows andisready forharvesting inabout5 years. About 2 acres ofbambooare neededforthesamesizehouse.A 22. 21. Complete theequation. Thensolve it. Abouthowmanyharvests ofbamboocanbecollectedduring Abouthowmanytimesasacres ofpineare needed

About

20. EVIDENCE NOTEBOOK EVIDENCE the timeittakes tofullygrow onepinetree? bamboo? to produce thesameamountofbuildingmaterialasusing About x in thesametimeittakes tofullygrow onepinetree. y as usingbamboo. needed toproduce thesameamountofbuildingmaterial x y Describehowtheavailabilityoftrees andcoalisaffected bytheir and Cup 3.Compare thesemodelstothemodelmadeusingCup 1. Describe thewateruseandreplacement scenarioyoumodeledusingCup 2 Describe thewateruseandreplacement scenarioyoumodeledusingCup 1. =

= = = does eachresource form?Record yourevidence. formation. Inwhatconditionsdoeseachresource form?Howquickly Compare Rates of Renewal Do the Math

÷ harvestsofbamboocanbecollected timesasmanyacres ofpineare

2 house. flooring material. wood. Itcanbeusedasabuilding and Bamboo isafast-growing alternative to Lesson 1 Natural Resources 87