Color Removal of Dyes Wastewater by Coagulation and Microfiltration Processes

COLOR REMOVAL OF DYES WASTEWATER BY COAGULATION AND MICROFILTRATION PROCESSES

RACHIT BHAYANI

Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering Maharaja Sayajirao University Vadodara, India June 2012

Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY

DECEMBER 2014

We hereby approve this thesis for Rachit Bhayani Candidate for the Master of Science in Civil Engineering degree for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY College of Graduate Studies

______

Thesis Chairperson, Dr. Yung-Tse Hung

______Department & Date

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Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Walter M. Kocher

______Department & Date

______

Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Lili Dong

______Department & Date

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Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Chung-Yi Suen

______Department & Date

______

Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Sailai Sally Shao

______Department & Date

Student’s Date of Defense: 12/09/2014

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Yung-Tse Hung, Ph.D., P.E., DEE, Professor of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University for serving as the chairperson of my committee. Dr. Hung has been a very integral part of all that has been produced within this research.

I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Walter M. Kocher, Associate

Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dr. Lili Dong, Associate Professor of

Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dr. Chung-Yi Suen, Professor of Mathematics

Department, and Dr. Sailai Sally Shao, Professor of Mathematics Department, Cleveland

State University, for their guidance and for agreeing to serve on my committee.

I would also like to thank Dr. Norbert Delatte, Chairman of Civil and Environmental

Engineering for all his support and also Ms. Diane Tupa, Secretary of Civil and

Environmental Engineering for her assistance in ordering supplies necessary for performing the experiments. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Jim Barker, Technician,

Engineering College, Cleveland State University for his assistance with the preparation of the equipment used within the experiments. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Yanming

Hu ,Graduate student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland

State University, and Mr. Saketh Thanneeru, Graduate student, Department of Civil and

Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University for their assistance in data collection

COLOR REMOVAL OF DYES WASTEWATER BY

COAGULATION AND MICROFILTRATION PROCESSES

RACHIT BHAYANI

ABSTRACT

Various Industries such as textiles, paper, clothing, food etc. uses significant amount of dyes and generates large volumes of effluents which are heavily loaded with pollutants, turbidity and are highly concentrated in salts and color. A significant improvement in effluent quality is required prior to discharging into the water bodies. In the present research work performances of combined process using chemical coagulation and microfiltration were investigated in treating dyes wastewater containing reactive dyes

(Disperse Yellow 3,Congo Red, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet & Pro Indigo). The main objective was the color removal from dye wastewater using stage 1 coagulation process combined with stage 2 microfiltration treatment. Also the objective was to choose appropriate coagulants with appropriate doses for each type of dye. Further objectives were to achieve reductions in the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in the dye wastewater.

Decolorization and TOC rates were highly dependent on the type of the dye, type of coagulant used and concentration of dye.

Keywords: Dye Wastewater; Chemical Coagulation; Microfiltration; TOC,

Decolorization

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

ABSTRACT ...... v

LIST OF TABLES ...... xii

LIST OF FIGURES ...... xvi

CHAPTER 1 ...... 1

I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1

1.2 OBJECTIVE ...... 4

II. DYE WASTEWATER LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 5

2.1 DEFINITION OF DYE ...... 5

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DYES ...... 6

2.2.1 Acid dye ...... 6

2.2.2 Basic dye ...... 6

2.2.3 Direct (Substantive) dye ...... 6

2.2.4 Mordant dye ...... 6

2.2.5 Vat dye ...... 7

2.2.6 Reactive dye...... 7

2.2.7 Disperse dye...... 8

vii

2.2.8 Azoic dye ...... 8

2.3 PROCESSES USED IN DYE INDUSTRY ...... 8

2.3.1 Sizing and Desizing ...... 8

2.3.2 Scouring ...... 9

2.3.3 Bleaching ...... 9

2.3.4 Mercerizing ...... 9

2.3.5 Dyeing ...... 10

2.3.6 Finishing ...... 11

2.4 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS ...... 11

2.4.1 Color ...... 12

2.4.2 Persistent organics ...... 14

2.4.3 Toxicants...... 15

2.4.4 Surfactants ...... 16

2.4.5 AOX and heavy metals ...... 17

2.5 HISTORY OF DYES ...... 18

2.6 LEGISLATION CONCERNING DYE WASTEWATER ...... 21

2.6.1 CLEAN AIR ACT (1970) ...... 21

2.6.2 CLEAN WATER ACT (1972) ...... 22

2.6.3 RCRA (1976) ...... 22

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2.6.4 EPCRA (1986) ...... 24

2.6.5 POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (1990) ...... 24

2.7. DYE WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS ...... 25

2.7.1 Conventional activated sludge systems ...... 25

2.7.2 Sequential anaerobic/aerobic reactors or fixed film reactors ...... 28

2.7.3 A combination of activated sludge and coagulation/flocculation ...... 31

2.7.4 Ozonation ...... 34

2.7.5 Filtration processes ...... 36

2.7.6 The Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + ferrous iron) ...... 39

2.7.7 Electrolysis ...... 40

2.7.8 Photocatalysis ...... 40

2.7.9 Sorption ...... 41

2.7.10 Flotation and others...... 42

2.8. CHAPTER CONCLUSION ...... 43

III. COAGULATION LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 44

3.1 DEFINITION OF COAGULATION ...... 44

3.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT ...... 49

3.2.1 Plant based polymers as coagulants ...... 51

3.2.2 Animal based polymers as coagulants ...... 53

3.2.3 Microorganism based polymer as coagulant...... 54

3.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSION ...... 55

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS ...... 57

4.1 INTRODUCTION ...... 57

4.2 CHEMICALS ...... 57

4.2.1 Ferric Chloride ...... 58

4.2.2 Aluminum Sulfate ...... 58

4.2.3 Ferric Sulfate ...... 58

4.3 DYE SOLUTIONS ...... 59

4.4 EQUIPMENTS ...... 59

4.4.1 Glassware ...... 59

4.4.2 Spectrophotometer ...... 59

4.4.3 Syringe & Syringe filters ...... 59

4.4.4TOC Analyzer ...... 59

4.5 METHODS ...... 60

4.6 ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT PROCEDURES ...... 61

V.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ...... 63

5.1 Results for Disperse Yellow 3 Dye ...... 63

5.2 Results for Congo Red Dye ...... 64

5.3 Results for Methylene Blue Dye ...... 65

5.4 Results for Crystal Violet Dye ...... 65

5.5 Results for Pro Indigo Dye ...... 66

5.6 Comparison of all runs ...... 67

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 71

6.1. CONCLUSIONS ...... 71

6.2 ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE ...... 72

6.3. RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 72

REFERENCES ...... 74

APPENDIX A: RUNNING PROTOCOLS ...... 79

APPENDIX B RESULT TABLES ...... 110

PART 1 ...... 110

PART 2 ...... 156

PART 3 ...... 187

APPENDIX C: GRAPHS OF RESULTS ...... 189

VITA ...... 266

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Protocols for Run 1-3. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant .. 80

Table 2: Protocols for Run 4-6. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

...... 82

Table 3: Protocols for Run 7-9. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant . 84

Table 4: Protocols for Run 1-3. Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 86

Table 5: Protocols for Run 1-3. Congo Red Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 88

Table 6: Protocols for Run 16-18. Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 90

Table 7: Protocols for Run 19-21. Methyl Blue Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 92

Table 8: Protocols for Run 22-24. Methyl Blue Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant 94

Table 9: Protocols for Run 25-27. Methyl Blue Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 96

Table 10: Protocols for Run 28-30. Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant .. 98

Table 11: Protocols for Run 31-33. Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

...... 100

Table 12: Protocols for Run 34-36. Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant .. 102

Table 13: Protocols for Run 37-39. Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 104

Table 14: Protocols for Run 40-42. Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant 106

Table 15: Protocols for Run 43-45. Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 108

Table 16: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 111

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Table 17: Results for Run 4-6 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye,

Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 114

Table 18: Results for Run 7-9 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 117

Table 19: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 120

Table 20: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 123

Table 21: Results for Run 16-18 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 126

Table 22: Results for Run 19-21 (after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 129

Table 23: Results for Run 22-24 (after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye,

Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 132

Table 24: Results for Run 25-27(after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 135

Table 25: Results for Run 28-30 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 138

Table 26: Results for Run 31-33 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 141

Table 27: Results for Run 34-36 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 144

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Table 28: Results for Run 37-39 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 147

Table 29: Results for Run 40-42 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 150

Table 30: Results for Run 43-45 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 153

Table 31: Results for Run 1 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 157

Table 32: Results for Run 4 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 159

Table 33: Results for Run 7 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 161

Table 34: Results for Run 10 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 163

Table 35: Results for Run 13 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 165

Table 36: Results for Run 16 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 167

Table 37: Results for Run 19 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 169

Table 38: Results for Run 22 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Methylene Blue Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 171

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Table 39: Results for Run 25 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively).. Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 173

Table 40: Results for Run 28 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 175

Table 41: Results for Run 31 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 177

Table 42: Results for Run 34 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 179

Table 43: Results for Run 37 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 181

Table 44: Results for Run 40 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 183

Table 45: Results for Run 43 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 185

Table 46: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis...... 188

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Run 1(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 190

Figure 2: Run 2(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 191

Figure 3: Run 3(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 192

Figure 4: Run 4(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 193

Figure 5: Run 5(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 194

Figure 6: Run 6(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 195

Figure 7: Run 7(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 196

Figure 8: Run 8(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 197

Figure 9: Run 9(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 198

Figure 10: Run 10(after stage 2 treatment) – Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 199

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Figure 11: Run 11(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 200

Figure 12: Run 12(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 201

Figure 13: Run 13(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 202

Figure 14: Run 14(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 203

Figure 15: Run 15(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 204

Figure 16: Run 16(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 205

Figure 17: Run 17(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 206

Figure 18: Run 18(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 207

Figure 19: Run 19(after stage 2 treatment) – Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 208

Figure 20: Run 20(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 209

Figure 21: Run 21(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant ...... 210

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Figure 22: Run 22(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 211

Figure 23: Run 23(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 212

Figure 24: Run 24(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 213

Figure 25: Run 25(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 214

Figure 26: Run 26(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 215

Figure 27: Run 27(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 216

Figure 28: Run 28(after stage 2 treatment) – Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 217

Figure 29: Run 29(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 218

Figure 30: Run 30(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant ...... 219

Figure 31: Run 31(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 220

Figure 32: Run 32(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 221

xviii

Figure 33: Run 33(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 222

Figure 34: Run 34(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 223

Figure 35: Run 35(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 224

Figure 36: Run 36(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 225

Figure 37: Run 37(after stage 2 treatment) – Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 226

Figure 38: Run 38(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 227

Figure 39: Run 39(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant ...... 228

Figure 40: Run 40(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 229

Figure 41: Run 41(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 230

Figure 42: Run 42(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant ...... 231

Figure 43: Run 43(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 232

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Figure 44: Run 44(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 233

Figure 45: Run 45(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant ...... 234

Figure 46: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 235

Figure 47: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 236

Figure 48: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 237

Figure 49: Congo Red dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 238

Figure 50: Congo Red dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 239

Figure 51: Congo Red dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 240

Figure 52: Methylene Blue dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 241

Figure 53: Methylene Blue dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 242

Figure 54: Methylene Blue dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 243

Figure 55: Crystal Violet dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 244

Figure 56: Crystal Violet dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 245

Figure 57: Crystal Violet dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 246

Figure 58: Pro Indigo dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 247

Figure 59: Pro Indigo dye, 300 ppm(after stage 2 treatment) ...... 248

Figure 60: Pro Indigo dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment) ...... 249

Figure 61: Run 1 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant ...... 250

Figure 62: Run 4 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant ...... 251

Figure 63: Run 7 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant ...... 252

Figure 64: Run 10 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant ...... 253

Figure 65: Run 13 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant ...... 254

Figure 66: Run 16 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant ...... 255

Figure 67: Run 19 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant ...... 256

Figure 68: Run 22 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant ...... 257

Figure 69: Run 25 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant ...... 258

Figure 70: Run 28 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant ...... 259

Figure 71: Run 31 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant ...... 260

Figure 72: Run 34 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant ...... 261

Figure 73: Run 37 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant ...... 262

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Figure 74: Run 40 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant ...... 263

Figure 75: Run 43 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant ...... 264

Figure 76: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis ...... 265

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Industrialization is considered a key factor in the economic development of the country. However, the improper disposal of industrial waste is the source of environmental damage. Recognizing the pollution of the environment is a global threat to public health, has caused economic and ecological reasons for environmental restoration, new initiatives. [1] The textile industry is a complex chemical water and textile processing largest user in a different stage of processing. Material from the process is discharged unused wastewater is high color, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, temperature, turbidity and toxic chemicals. [2]

These direct discharge of wastewater influent bodies like lakes, rivers and other water pollution will affect plants and animals. The effluent from the textile industry containing

different types of dyes, since the high molecular weight and a complex structure, the structure, showing a very low biodegradability. Various dyes used in the textile dyeing and finishing industry, due to customer demand of rapid change.[3] More than 100,000 commercially available dyes are known [4], and the account of world output in the dye, more than 700 × 105 tones. It is estimated that more than 10-15% of the total dye in the dye used in the textile industry and the manufacture is released into the environment in the process of their synthesis and death process [5]. Concern appears, many dyes are made from known carcinogens, such as benzidine and other aromatic compounds. In addition, this industrial wastewater directly discharged into the sewer network interference generated in the biological treatment process. These high concentrations of the effluent to produce inorganic salts, acids and the processing cost due to an increase in the biological reactor base. In addition, the traditional fabric production industry to produce volatiles we breathe, or be absorbed by the residual chemicals in the air through our skin. Some chemicals, such as heavy metals in the waste water either free form or adsorbed on suspended solids or carcinogenic even might harm the child before birth, while others may trigger allergic reactions some people.

The wavelength of the dye may absorb light in the visible region (350-700 nm); they are colored and are detectable even in 1 mg / liter concentration. Further, the light absorption due to dye textile cause problems of aquatic plants and algae photosynthesis

[6]. Discoloration and degradation is becoming a potential tool for environmental pollution control, is currently considered valid, concrete, less energy intensive and environmentally friendly methods. In the course of treatment is based on the degradation of textile wastewater treatment microorganisms stimulation. Azo and nitro compounds, 2

has been reported to reduce the aquatic bodies, thereby potentially carcinogenic amine is dispersed in the ecosystem can cause health disorders, such as precipitates, nausea, bleeding, ulceration of the skin and mucous membranes and may cause severe damage to kidney, reproductive system, liver, brain and central nervous system. These problems have led to new and / or more stringent wastewater discharge regulations regarding color, striking the dye manufacturers and customers to use "clean technology" approach [7]. In many countries, water scarcity, such a large amount of water has become unbearable, and wastewater recycling to reduce water requirements have been recommended.

From an environmental point of view, the textile industry is characterized not only by its huge water consumption (in some cases up to 3000 m3 / day), but also through the application of chemicals diversity and complexity. Waste water originating from the textile industry is closely related to the characteristics of the final product, quality, origin of raw materials (wool, cotton, linen and synthetic fibers), auxiliary chemicals and dyes, and internal pollution prevention and process management strategy [8]. The textile industry is highly concentrated chemicals; between, in particular attention to the dye, which is often of heavy metals, salts, adsorbed organic halogens (AOX), and source color. In addition, various chemicals are used for whitening, sequestering agents, anti- crease, sizing, softening, and the yarn or fabric, and a finishing agent such as anti-fungal agents, anti-mites, moth wettability, and / or antifungal chemicals, water, and an antifouling agent, a non-ferrous articles, and dithiocarbamates have also been used, all of which are well known in the potential difference between the toxicity and biodegradability [9].

Interestingly, despite hundreds of research papers have been published on the fate and dye textile dye wastewater treatment covered by only a few belong to the auxiliary chemicals than the dye and other environmental chemistry and toxicity.[10] Many microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae decolorizable dyes and even completely mineralized under certain environmental conditions in many azo dyes have been found [11,12]. This article relates to the use in the textile industry chemicals on the environment, the safety of alternatives, and the treatment of the impact of technology can produce.

1.2 OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this research was the color removal from dyes wastewater using stage 1 and stage 2 treatment processes. The percentage color removal from stage 1 and stage 2 were carefully examined based on the available results of combined (stage 1 and

2) treatment processes.

Moreover, the optimum dose of coagulant was carefully monitored in order to achieve high percentage of color removal.

Furthermore the scope of this research also included monitoring the total organic carbon (TOC) for different types of dyes of some concentration and at optimum dosage of best coagulant in order to achieve removal of TOC. The comparison between initial, stage 1 and stage 2 TOC were examined to justify the correlation of color removal with reduction of TOC at different stages of experiment.

CHAPTER II

DYE WASTEWATER LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 DEFINITION OF DYE

The dye can generally be described as a colored substance having an affinity for the substrate it is applied. Dyes generally used as an aqueous solution, and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber. [11] In contrast, the pigment generally has no affinity for the substrate, and is insoluble.

Archaeological evidence suggests that, particularly in India and the Middle East, dyeing has been carried out over 5000 years. [12]

Dye is from any animal, vegetable or mineral origin, with little or no processing obtained. [13] on an industrial scale is currently the largest source of the dye from the plant kingdom, especially the roots, fruits, bark, leaves and wood, but only a few have ever been used.

2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DYES

The first man-made organic dye, aniline purple, because the dye material to give greatly improved the performance of 1856 hundreds of thousands of dye, has been written, and quickly replaced the traditional natural dyes found William Henry Perkin.

[14] According to the classification to which the dye is used in the dyeing process.

2.2.1 Acid dye

They are applied to fibers such as silk, wool, nylon and modified polyacrylonitrile fibers from neutral to acid dye bath is a water-soluble anionic dyes. Adhered to the fiber is due, at least partially, in the dye and cationic groups between the fibers to form a salt of anionic group. [15] the acidic dyes are not substantive to the cellulose fibers.

2.2.2 Basic dye

Water-soluble cationic dye is mainly used for acrylic fibers, but find some for wool and silk. Usually acid was added to the dye bath to assist the dye on the fiber orientation.

Basic dyes can also be used for coloring the paper. [16]

2.2.3 Direct (Substantive) dye

Dyeing is usually a neutral or slightly alkaline dyebath, at or near boiling, with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (sodium sulfate). [17] The use of direct dyes for cotton, paper, leather, wool, silk and nylon. They are also used as a pH indicator and biological stains.

2.2.4 Mordant dye

As the name suggests, these dyes require a mordant. This improves the fastness of the dye on the fiber, such as water, light and perspiration fastness. Mordant choice is very 6

important, because different mordant can significantly alter the final color. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes, so if a large number of literature-based staining techniques described. [18] The most important mordant dye mordant for the synthesis of dyes wool

(Chrome dyes), 30% of the amount of these dyes include, for wool, and is particularly useful with a black and navy blue colors. Mordant used is potassium dichromate is applied as a post-treatment.

2.2.5 Vat dye

These dyes are substantially insoluble in water, can not be directly dyed fibers.

However, reducing the salt to produce an alkali-soluble dye in the alkali metal. [19] In this leuco form, these dyes have affinity for textile fibers. Subsequent oxidation reform the original insoluble dye.

2.2.6 Reactive dye

The first commercial appeared in 1956, they invented the Rattee and Stephens ICI dye our website at Brackley, England in 1954 after Manchester. [20] They are used to dye cellulose fibers. The dye-containing reactive group, which may be halogenated heterocycles or activated double bonds, i.e., when the dye is applied to the weakly basic fibers, forming a chemical bond with the cellulose fiber hydroxyl groups. Reactive dye is now the most important methods cellulsic fibers colored. Reactive dyes can also be used for dyeing wool and nylon, in which the weakly acidic conditions, the latter case the application [21].

2.2.7 Disperse dye

Originally developed for the dyeing of cellulose acetate. They are essentially water- insoluble. Grinding of the dye in the dispersing agent, and then as a paste or spray-dried and sold as the presence of powder sold. They can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate, polyester, and acrylic fibers. In some cases, for the dyeing temperature of

130°C is necessary and pressurized dyebath is used. [22] The very fine particle size gives a larger surface area to help dissolution, to allow the absorption of the fibers. Uptake rate by dispersing agent used in the milling process to significantly influence the choice.

2.2.8 Azoic dye

A staining technique in which the insoluble azo dye is produced directly on or in the fibers. This is achieved by the fibers and the diazo component and a coupling component to achieve. Reaction with a suitable adjustment of the conditions of the two components of the dye bath, an insoluble azo dye generated needs. This technique is dyed only in the final color of the diazo and coupling components by the selection control. [23]

2.3 PROCESSES USED IN DYE INDUSTRY

2.3.1 Sizing and Desizing

Winding yarn sizing process is to facilitate the work of weaving, knitting and tufting process. Polyvinyl alcohol such as by sizing (PVA), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and the application of multi-ring acid chemicals. Generate approximately 60,000 meters of fabric, the average plant will have about 750 kg waste plastic material.[13] PVA and

CMC resistant to biodegradation, but the starch is readily biodegradable. Therefore, this is the stage from the textile processing with little or no waste, waste mainly encountered

in fiber fluff, yarn waste, the size and use of the starch-based method. In the desizing stage, the waste water with a water-soluble high-load size, synthetic size, lubricants, biocides, and antistatic solvent generally used for textile processing.

2.3.2 Scouring

In this process, other non-cellulosic components of the cotton and cotton wax is hot alkali, detergents, or the like to remove the solvent refined glycerol ethers and soap solution. [14] pH of the waste water is highly alkaline range of from 10 to 11, the scouring may be batch or continuous process, which is conducive to the main organic load, the accumulation of textile wastewater from their use of NaOH, the disinfectant, insecticide agent residues, detergents, fats, oils, pectin, waxes, knitting lubricants, spinning oil, flower solvents (when the fabric is man-made).

2.3.3 Bleaching

Most of sodium hypochlorite, sodium silicate, hydrogen peroxide, and the like enzymes are used as stabilizers of organic bleaches. High levels of chloride or a peroxide may cause inhibition problems, and this contributes to the high pH value of the waste water containing little or no residual waste. Is prohibited in many countries, containing active chlorine bleach. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and sometimes use the enzyme is suitable for the bleaching.

2.3.4 Mercerizing

It improves the luster of the fabric dye uptake. For mercerized, the fabric wash 25% caustic soda through the fill. This increases the pH of wastewater. [15] In some cases, the

wax is applied to cotton in order to improve the gloss. This has a low BOD (BOD), but containing natural oil, NaOH, and cotton wax. After this step is a heat setting.

2.3.5 Dyeing

Most synthetic dyes, textile industry, typically from coal tar and petroleum-based intermediates. They are made up of atoms is responsible for the color, known as chromophores, as well as an electron-withdrawing substituents body or to, cause or aggravate chromophore, called color auxochrome's. [16] azo chromophore (-NON-), carbonyl (-COO), methine (-CH0), nitro (-NO2) and quinone groups. The most important auxochrome is an amine (-NH3), carboxy (-COOH), sulfonate (-SO3H), and a hydroxyl group (-OH). It is worth mentioning that the sulfonate groups impart a very high water solubility of dye. Auxochrome may belong reactive, acid, direct, basic, mordant, dispersion, pigment, reduction, and deep-rooted anionic, sulfur, solvent and disperse dyes. Add color staining fiber, which generally requires not only in the dye bath, and during the rinsing step of the process a large amount of water. Depending on the dyeing method, a number of chemicals may be added, such as metals, salts, surfactants, organic processing aids, and formaldehyde in order to enhance the curing of dye adsorbed on the fibers, which are the main pollutants in the wastewater. When the dye must be cleaned with ozone, nitrogen oxide, light hydrolysis, chlorine, etc. These dyes are biodegradable, they do not resent more wearable, but they give the color of the effluent is very annoying.

This is followed by printing a suspension of the release of urea, a solvent and a metal.

2.3.6 Finishing

Finishing of the fabric is prepared, which is processed in order to obtain some desired properties of the final fabric. [17] gives temporary starch finishing of cotton fabrics.

Here, using a variety of fabrics, and a small amount of which can enter into the waste.

Biocidal finishing (BF) reagent was added to impart specific properties in the final fabric antimicrobial and also protects against microbial attack finished [8]. More substantially, the antimicrobial agent (mainly halogenated alkane or phenyl ether) is suitable for sterilization, disinfection or sterilization of objects and surfaces or protective material, or by microbial degradation, in order to protect an inorganic or organosynthetic chemicals.

Fungicides, especially in the textile dye effluent toxicity related. Similarly, the textile dye carrier also gives effluent toxicity [10,14].

2.4 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

The main sources of wastewater generated by the textile wet processing industry, from the washing of natural fibers (or scrub) and bleaching and dyeing and finishing process of origin. Due to a wide variety of fibers, dyes, processing aids and finishing products in use, these processes have a strong chemical complexity and diversity without fully processing conventional sewage treatment plant effluent. [18] The chemical composition of textile wastewater is rapidly changing as a result of mobile consumer preferences. The most notable is the cotton fabrics and bright colors, resulting in more reactive and use of azo dyes, which are currently popular. A more important reason is the composition of a steering wastewater new, more stringent restrictions on the discharge of the effluent, and consumer products, e.g., those containing azo cleavage to give either 20, 1996 in

Germany consumer prohibit the specified carcinogenic aromatic amines. Another 11

example is the emergence of the United States and European environmental label, which may include emissions in the manufacturing process of textile products used in the consideration of environmental and chemical aspects. In response to these new restrictions, dyes auxiliaries manufacturers are developing new lines to meet these "eco -

Advanced" tab, such as emulsifiers did not come from alkylphenols, free of halogen substituent or heavy metals, chlorine-free bleach pigments and dyes which reduce the amount of waste synthetic thickeners.

The nature of the textile wastewater has been reviewed (BOD, COD, TSS, TS) and nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal content in the use of chemicals in the terms and parameters of the classic. [19] This section will therefore focus on these pollutants, which often cause the problems of the conventional wastewater treatment plants (such as shown in the following section), that the dye will not decompose organic matter, poison, AOX and surfactants.

2.4.1 Color

Dye molecules by chromophores that absorb visible light and aromatic structures which anchor or dye into the fibers inside. There are about 12 types of chromophore groups, the most common being the azo type, which makes up to 60-70% of all textile dyes produced, followed by anthraquinones. [20] The second classification is based on its dye pattern applies to textiles and distinguish acid, reactive dyes, metal complex, decentralized, restore, mordant, direct, basic and sulfur. Research on Textile Wastewater tend to focus on reactive dyes for three reasons. First, reactive dyes represents a growing market share, currently about 20% -30% of the total market, dyes, because they are used

to dye cotton, as the world fiber consumption constitutes about half. Second, a large part of the reactive dye is applied, usually around 30%, because in the basic hydrolysis of the dye bath is wasted. As a result, dyeing factory effluent typically contains 0.6~0.8 g of dye dm -3. Third, the conventional wastewater treatment plants, which is dependent on the adsorption and biodegradability, have a low reactivity and the removal efficiency of other water-soluble anionic dyes, which leads to, and public complaints color waterways. [21]

As a result, new restrictions have been established colored wastewater discharge, such as in Germany and the UK, often forcing the dye discolored water scene.

Because the dye is intentionally designed to be resistant to degradation, it is not surprising that small dye degradation occurs in activated sludge systems. Which tested over 100 dyes, only a handful are aerobic degradation. Degree of stability under aerobic conditions azo dye is proportional to the complexity of the structure of the molecule.

Although CI Acid Orange 7 aerobic biodegradability, 2'-methyl derivative (CI Acid

Orange 8) is less biodegradable, related acid dyes (Acid Orange 10) are not biodegradable. Under hypoxic conditions, however, easy cleavage of azo dyes, aromatic amines, since there is provided a carbon source is available to the azo bond and the presence of nitrate as an electron acceptor can be an electron transport chain. Azo bond cleavage by-product, the aromatic amine is no longer under anaerobic conditions is further metabolism in an aerobic environment readily biodegradable.[22] Note that most of the types of dyes are the partial degradation under anaerobic conditions is a very important, although less likely than dyes. The degradation rate can be reduced by the complexity of the structure of the dye, because the number of cellular uptake has been

shown to be inversely proportional to the sulfonic acid group, and is inhibited in the presence of 15-100 mg of dye azo certain acids dm -3.

2.4.2 Persistent organics

Since the transfer process chemicals used in the textile wastewater biodegradability has been steadily increasing in recent years. [23] In Flanders, for example, BOD5 / COD ratio of the total wastewater discharged 0.18 in 1991 textile wet processing in the latter value increased to 0.29 in 1994, which represents the sector in other countries, pointing towards the moderate biodegradable organic load. Present in the textile wastewater persistent molecules belonging to very diverse chemical classes, each with a relatively small amount. In addition to the dye molecule (see above), which comprises dyeing auxiliaries, such as polyacrylates, phosphonates, sequestrants (such as EDTA), deflocculants (lignin or naphthalene sulfonate), an antistatic agent, for synthetic fibers, polyester disperse dye in a carrier, in fixative direct dyeing cotton, preservatives

(substituted phenol), and lots of finishing for the misfire ─, moth- and water additives.

EDTA can reach 1 g dm-3 activity of the dye bath water. A particular example is the persistence of the original wool washing (flushing) of the effluent, comprising a cleaning agent, a stable emulsion (0.8 g dry dm-3 nonylphenol ethoxylate), animal fat (15 g of dry matter dm-3 lanolin) and suint salt (animal secretions) along with fat-soluble pesticides sprayed on sheep parasite control.[24] Cotton scouring also release enormous varieties used in cotton persistent pesticides. Finally, the carpet factory waste water may contain a modest biodegradable latex.

2.4.3 Toxicants

Textile wastewater tends to inhibit only slightly, or not at all, activated sludge of different feed. This is done by using Rodtox sensor Flanders a carpet factory effluent toxicity testing on the line to tie the results indicate.[25] During the data as long as two months of acquisition, as part of the project financing of this paper, the maximum inhibition of sludge samples heterotrophic respiration reach 10-20%. Adding a variety of acid azo dyes laboratory-scale activated sludge reactor or biofilm reactor was also detected in 10-20% decrease in COD removal capacity. Less biofilm accumulation is also observed in the presence of dye.

Unlike differences, chemoautotroph nitrification bacteria are usually substantially inhibit activated sludge and textile wastewater feed. [12] Bohm mill with water supplied from the two in a fixed bed reactor, measured by the oxygen absorption rate of nitrification. The IC25 values for 11 and 27% (v / v). Vandevivere and Verstraete

(unpublished), using a short-term nitrification inhibition test, IC 50 values (vol / vol) in the range of 10-40% as determined from the equilibrium of two Flemish carpet wastewater plant. Inhibition is mainly due to a copper chelating agent, because in addition to the elimination of waste of copper was suppressed. Gruttner like. Singled textile dyeing as the most important source of nitrification inhibitors in the industrial catchment area in Denmark.

Many large-scale studies have been conducted to assess textile wastewater toxicity to aquatic organisms. [16] A typical half-lethal concentration (96 hours) the value of the amount of 5-6% (V / V), having bleaching, dyeing, textile wastewater or mixed with

freshwater fish as test organisms. Costan like. The study found that textile effluent toxicity in second place, between the representatives of eight industrial sectors, through a series of bioassays to evaluate acute, sublethal and chronic toxicity at different trophic levels. Use the Microtox test, Unden ranked textile and other industries in 49 Swedish industry as a test of serious pollution. Resulting in the actual process chemicals such damage is still unknown. Illegal discharges of organic solvents used in the printing process is also often been linked to the activated sludge (Bianchi, unpublished) effluent toxicity or aquatic life. A lot of work has been dedicated to aquatic organisms commercial dyes potential toxicity. [17] Because of the level of exposure of the river is always much lower than the vast majority of the dye LC50 values, which are not thought cause acute toxicity to aquatic life. For most of the lack of commercial dyes and their derivatives and intermediate products of the degradation of potentially toxic and therefore remains without a chronic exposure level data. Many dyes and aromatic amines by reductive cleavage of the azo bond formation, is mutagenic.

2.4.4 Surfactants

Most textile wet processes, such as size, spinning, weaving, desizing, dyeing, cook wash consumes a lot of surfactants. [18] wool scouring waste water may contain up to

800 mg of dm-3 NPE. Combined municipal and textile wastewater in Como region containing peak concentrations of 11 and 67 mg dm -3 anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively (Bianchi, unpublished), and a silk and Lycra effluent containing typically 30 dyeing factories -40 mg dm- 3 anionic surfactant. Non-ionic surface active agent used in the weaving process there is a large part of the alkylphenol ethoxylates, such as the textile industry is the biggest consumer of these surfactants. The problem is the fact that 16

controversial opinions, alkylphenol surfactant sewer discharge is often restricted, such as

0-5 mg dm-3 phenol equivalent in Portugal, or even banned, such as: in Germany, established [19] These restrictions as alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants are biodegradable are often capable of adsorbing to the alkylphenol and accumulate in sewage sludge, in which the average concentration of up to 1000ppm have been recorded.

However, alkyl phenol, and more toxic than ethoxylated forms, there is a maximum acceptable concentration of the low ppb level. The emission limits for the other surfactants (natural water), typically set at 2 mg dm-3 (Italy, Portugal).

2.4.5 AOX and heavy metals

Traditionally, sodium hypochlorite, is generally preferred that H2O2 and because of superior cotton white linen, lower costs, and bleached by a radical from the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide produced can damage fibers. Hypochlorite bleach wastewater contains up to 100 mg of dm-3 AOX includes a considerable number of carcinogen chloroform. Hypochlorite is substituted, alkaline hydrogen peroxide bleaching. [20] waste from the chlorine shrink wool and moth may also contain organic halides, up to 39 and 12 mg dm -3. Finally, some of the reactive dyes AOX. Due to its carcinogenic nature, AOX discharge is limited in some countries, including Belgium,

Sweden and Germany, with 0-5 mg dm -3 after an emission limit countries. Gruttner like.

In the textile factory effluent measured average 0-75 mg dm -3- AOX.

The concentration of heavy metals in the dyebath wastewater, usually in the range of

1-10 mg dm -3, reviewed by Correa et al. [25] use and emissions of heavy metals in textile wet processing industry dropped by an average of 50% in the period 1991-1994 in

Flanders. 1994, textile wastewater in Flanders still generally contain about 0-15 mg of dm-3 chromium and copper (used as a metal complex dyes) and 0-8 mg of zinc dm-3.

Carpet factory effluent concentrations higher Cr and Ni (0.6-0.9 mg dm-3) and zinc (1.9 mg dm-3).

2.5 HISTORY OF DYES

The beginning, or at least at the beginning of recorded history dyes, there are three main sources: indigo, woad blue and purple. The first two, indigo and indigo, past and present are plants. Indigo, which is from "Oleander," a Latin word meaning "from India", is used for hundreds of years, is still popular today shades of blue dye. The woad plant has also created a blue dye. [3] It is the first use of a remarkable record in Gaul (now

France) 55 BC, the Romans described, how to use vegetable dyes themselves blue. The most precious and expensive during this period from the purple dye, which is a mollusk.

When Alexander the Great conquered Persia in 331 BC, he found the purple robe in the capital of the state treasury, in today's dollars would have been worth millions. Sources from the purple dye is called purpura, derived from the word "purple." India seems to occupy an important position in the history of the dye. This is not only an important source of indigo, but it is also a source of innovation. As early as 330 BC, India, Indian cotton record appears. [4] Even today, precious fabrics from India is not only the fabric itself, but because of the quality of the quality of the dye.

In the second century AD to the 10th century, purpura, sources from the purple dye, is still valuable. In fact, Aurelian, Roman emperor, his wife wanted to buy a purple robe stained purpura, was rejected. [5] Due to the high demand and over-harvesting purple,

cloth dyeing purpura pound could be worth more $ 20,000 in today's money. As expected, creating purple dye and other methods are eagerly explored. First, these imitation purple dye called "Stockholm papyrus." It was built in the third century AD, is the oldest ever found in the dye formulation. To further complicate the history of purple dye, the emperor of Byzantium, Theodosium, claiming the use of some of the purple dye in addition to AD 273 royal "pain of death" anyone illegal. On the other hand, the period from the adjacent root of the madder plant red dye end is created, thereby expanding the availability of the dye. Chinese people write batik dye called batik in 737-700. [6] Today, the word batik is still used, although it does not necessarily mean using wax resist method.

In the 13th century, the use of lichens from Minor Asia, making the practice of purple dye was rediscovered Rucellia in Florence, Italy. This is an important finding, as it provides an alternative source of precious purple shading. In the history of the dye, the dye is still the main source is a plant. Sung Blue, used to create blue dye, or very use, and planted many are still in use in Germany 1290 madder root, the red dye. Plant-based dyes in the list, weld added, because it is a yellow dye source. 1321 marks the use of brazilwood dyes to create coral, red, pink and purple hues. Needless to say, brazilwood cheaper than purple. [7]

Insects as a raw material of dyes can be added to the timeline. Rouge Mayans used to create a crimson dye. Cochineal insect grated created, it was enough to be classified as a tribute valuable Spanish conquistadors in the 16th century. [8] from another insect dye sources, in the meantime created by Pope John Paul II. He crushed cochineal to create

"the cardinal's purple," which is actually a bright red dye. This became the new purple dye that era, or luxury dye. The use of plants as the raw material for the dye remains in the meantime, is very important. In 1507, France, Germany and the Netherlands turned to the cultivation of plants used as a dye into the industry. More natural or plant-based sources of dye appeared in Britain in the 17th century, such as dye from logwood tree.

During this time, in the Netherlands named Drebble chemist using a mixture of tin and cochineal red dye. This indicates that the source of the dye by relying on natural departure. [9] as the historical progress of dyes, synthetic dyes upward trend, which began to replace the application of plant and insect dyes.

Buhay algae bleach was introduced in Scotland in 1716. [10] It is the practice of bleaching fabrics is an important first step. Near the end of the century, its location chloride. Because indigo is expensive imports, the United Kingdom began a plant growth. However, the first chemical substance source from the blue dye indigo to reduce the dependency as a source of a blue dye. First, Prussian blue, which is by mixing iron salt and potash prussite in 1774 and aniline and bleaching powder to create a bright blue in 1834 even madder, is used to create a blue dye created to replace the chemical name alizarian. Synthetic indigo completely replace the use of natural indigo dye to create a vivid blue in 1900. Purple dye and aniline William Henry Perkin made in 1856 [11]

Historical dyes, chemicals proved cheaper than natural sources of dyes, applied more widely. However, as more and more craft returns to make cloth technology, they will return to create dyes from natural sources, as well as the art.

2.6 LEGISLATION CONCERNING DYE WASTEWATER

2.6.1 CLEAN AIR ACT (1970)

EPA has directed several federal task specifically for this particular type of contamination and design. The Clean Air Act was originally passed in 1970 exposed to the ambient air limit required by the primary and secondary industry resources, one of the core elements of the Clean Air Act is included in the National Ambient Air Quality

Standards (NAAQS), in order to protect human health and the environment [19].

1990, Chapter III Section 112, known as the Clean Air Act Amendments are assigned to control hazardous air pollutants. The "national emissions of hazardous air pollutants," has listed a series of amendments, to include 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) list reduction required in each industry, the need for monitoring, assessment, reporting, and along planning and risk potential [20]. The revised and textile industry has played a significant role in the dye, because a lot of raw material is a dye in the presence of potentially harmful air pollutants found on the list.[21] Specifically, the US

Environmental Protection Agency to establish legislative textile processing industry. Is known as the maximum achievable control technology standards (MACTS), the US

Environmental Protection Agency requirements for Hazardous Air Pollutants from having production of 10 million tons / year, 250,000 tons / year textile factory controls.[22]

2.6.2 CLEAN WATER ACT (1972)

1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (also known as the Clean Water Act) was adopted to regulate the amount of pollution discharged into surface water. A key part of the Clean Water Act National Pollution administrative discharge elimination system

(NPDES), which put in place to reduce sewage from point sources using existing technology to remove the source of the discharge device generates purpose than publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) or a sewage treatment plant (STP) and the like. To highlight determination section 301b, the conventional treatment methods, such as secondary treatment (biological treatment) and the textile industry from 8 - to join any other advanced scouring treatment, finishing, processing, woven designated waste after the proper control of the production and finishing of knitted fabrics, and carpet factories, to name a few, and 306b, respectively, and the portion 304b of the need to introduce emission limits and performance of the matrix of these emissions limits.[23]

2.6.3 RCRA (1976)

Solid waste and hazardous waste from the processing dependence of the textile industry in 1976 created the phrase Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)

"from cradle to grave" because it is considered responsible for the entire life cycle of hazardous waste produced by its generation and production treatment on its final position for the following purposes. Followed by 1984's hazardous and solid waste amendments

(HSWA), including legislation on underground storage tanks. Require legislation within two chunks include the following requirements: for example, 40 CFR Section 262 in place, the requirements for hazardous waste generated; correct term provisions 40 CFR

Section 261 hazardous wastes and solid wastes, and 40 CFR 280 detailed oil and hazardous waste underground storage tank design [10].

RCRA and HSWA textile industry is certainly significant, as mentioned earlier, many ingredients found with dyes and pigments is the purpose of necessary treatment and disposal of waste from the development of the industry. In fact, in July this year, the EPA has been celebrating 12 years of legislation, recently emphasized the disposal of hazardous waste on land. These particular amendments, followed by a part of the RCRA, it emphasizes waste as being harmful, whenever produced. These wastes azo, anthraquinone, triaryl methane dyes, pigments, food and drug and cosmetic (FD & amp;

C) colorant, from triaylmethane dyes / pigments, anthraquinone dyes and pigments sludge wastewater treatment sludge. These three types of waste have been identified damage to human health and the environment [24,25].

Textile dyes facilities are based on the provisions of Article 313, in 1986 the

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), it needs to start in 1987 of

Chapter III, specific reporting any chemical treatment is greater than 75,000 pounds, in

1988 and 1989 has been reduced to 25,000 pounds of waste per year minimum reporting requirement of 25,000 pounds. This is necessary to the production of dyes, such as

Disperse Yellow 3, Acid Green 3 in, Direct Blue 38, and the dye and the copper, chromium and cobalt-based compound for all devices.[26]

2.6.4 EPCRA (1986)

In 1986, the US Environmental Protection Agency the right to the mysterious action through contingency planning and the public. This form of legislation and the textile dye industry, in particular Article 313 requirements for the production of this particular sanction companies for all chemical releases resonate well through annual activities whether or accidental release of annual disclosure documents. It is placed in the report and the list of toxic chemicals and emissions rules for the Director of the Federal Register by the Department together in February 1988 of the Act requires the production of specific sanctions, use, or have carried out, and with 10 or more full-time employees given operating any threshold chemicals in 1987 (SARA) of the Superfund Amendments regulations. And the name of the EPA report provided based on the name and Chemical

Abstracts Service (CAS) number the list of each chemical procedures.[27]

2.6.5 POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (1990)

In another measure proper cleanup of waste in pollution prevention. This is due to its legalization in 1990 to produce a standard control waste pollution prevention law stirring.

EPA provides a valuable series of case studies is a recent adaptation is called translated and published "best management practices pollution prevention textile industry." The publication, "textiles profiles" developed in September 1997 including many entities from the previously announced. 1997 document lists several practices, a textile manufacturer can do to reduce pollution. These have been integrated into 11 practices

[10,11]:

1. textile equipment should find purchase or receive material for waste tank method does not increase pollution.

2. The pre-screening material have purchased a variety of factors, such as environmental impact, handlers, and emergency situations.

3. The purchase of materials from the reusable packaging, can be re-sent to the merchant.

4. The waste can be successfully reduced by selecting the chemical substances to reduce the amount of pollution and also constitutes a waste.

5. To provide an alternative to using chemically treated outside.

6. Optimization combined with textile and operational processes.

7. Reuse dye and wash tub.

8. The use of automated equipment that can properly adhere to the correct dyed.

9. Use the washer and consume less energy range and water.

10. The proper cleaning and housekeeping measures.

11. provide training workers.

2.7. DYE WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS

2.7.1 Conventional activated sludge systems

1994, located in Flanders mill wastewater generated by 27% of the processing site and most of the subsequent discharge to surface water. respectively, the average effluent

COD and BOD are 163 and 19 mg dm-3, while the total nitrogen and phosphorus amounted to 22 and 1 mg dm3. [26] This value exceeds the recently set up in many 25

countries, with the greatest tight emission norms permitted levels of COD and TN is usually about 80 and 10mg dm-3. Due to the above performance data apply to conventional and advanced treatment, they may overestimate the performance of conventional activated sludge systems. Other reports mention a 60-80% decrease of COD activated sludge treatment plant or laboratory-scale reactor. Taking into account the 700 mg dm-3 of typical textile wastewater COD content, these values correspond to c. 200 mg COD dm-3 sewage. Followed by four months of the activated sludge treatment plant in Flanders carpet factory effluent performance. The average effluent COD general decline in the range of 150-220 mg in the dm-3, but the peak value is higher than 250 mg dm-3 is often observed.

Conventional activated sludge system is clearly invalid, even in the case of these mixed together with sewage treatment discolored textile wastewater. In version Pixton

Engineering (UK), the discharged effluent has a higher absorption than the new discharge consent (However, it should be noted that some of the new discharge in the United

Kingdom designated agreed minimum absorbance value) times. [27] This dynamic to the time of discharge and complaints from the public point of colored waterways. Higher primary sedimentation to remove insoluble disperse dyes and vat dyes proportions, while the activated sludge removal of soluble basic medium and high proportion of direct dyes, mainly through adsorption. On the other hand, the widespread use of reactive and acid dyes rarely removed.

In addition to COD and color removal, nitrification and occasionally damaged sewage treatment plant receives untreated sewage textiles. When the mixture Alto Lura company

sewage treatment plant (Italy), it is the domestic and textile wastewater, NH4-N content in the final effluent exceeded emission limits (11.8 mg dm-3) 47 days out of 217 days monitored (ratio Bianchi, unpublished). A similar problem, pointing out the carpet in the sewage treatment plant effluent in Flanders, and NH4-N level amounted to 9.2 ± 9.7 mg dm-3 in the treated wastewater. Bortone and so on. Found that long SRT (30-40 days) is necessary to overcome the inhibitory effect of nitrification in laboratory-scale reactor processing a mixture of urban and textile wastewater. With respect to heavy metals, conventional sewage treatment plants are not designed to achieve emission limits for surface water, such as Cr and Ni still amounted to about 0.1 mg dm -3 and Zn0.7 mg dm -

3 final effluent treatment plant in the industrial Flanders.

Another problem with a seemingly high incidence of textile wastewater sewage treatment plant is Nocardia and filamentous foam expansion. [3] While these are complex and difficult to understand the phenomenon, they often occur in the sewage treatment plant of textile wastewater received may be linked to the high levels of starch and surface active agents. NPE is a surfactant widely used in the textile industry, together with the intermediate their degradation nonylphenol easily removed in the activated sludge system, in order to remove the efficiency lies between 92.5 and 99.8%. In a survey contains a large number of sewage treatment plants, treated wastewater containing up to

261 ppb up to 94 ppb of NPE and nonylphenol. These low values do not necessarily reflect almost completely degraded, because it is estimated that 60-65% of all NPE into the sewage treatment plant is actually removing excess sludge.

2.7.2 Sequential anaerobic/aerobic reactors or fixed film reactors

Several studies have shown a laboratory scale continuous anaerobic / aerobic biological treatment step, for the possibility of textile wastewater. [4] The anaerobic pretreatment provides several potential advantages, such as better removal color, AOX, and heavy metals. Improved removal of heavy metal sulfide can be produced following the same time improving the removal of color and AOX from the rapid reduction of the electron withdrawing group or a chloro group, a nitro substituted aryl azo group, azo contaminants and anaerobic conditions and cutting stems. Jianrong et al. In a laboratory- scale UASB reactor (HRT = 8 hours), followed by addition of the activated sludge reactor (HRT = 6 hours), with a manufacturing plant dark colored dye effluent feed a high strength up to 90% the COD reduced 96% color reproduction. The largest part of the color and COD reduction occurred in the UASB reactor. Other studies have shown that, however, the methane, so the COD removal efficiency, easy to suppress water from the textile. [6] to avoid the insertion of granular activated carbon treatment of textile wastewater methane inhibition in UASB reactor. This reflects the establishment of a laboratory scale is to achieve a comprehensive wastewater decolorization and COD values below 100 mg dm-3 deeply colored carpet factory wastewater feeding (Verstraete, not published). In the case of methane suppression can not be avoided, anaerobic pretreatment can keep useful, for example, a decolorizing step, which seems to be 250 mV oxidation optimally for about reduction potential, or as a biological flocculation step.

Poor degradability of organic solvents which can be achieved, such as high fat removal and is present in very high strength wastewater scouring detergents.[7]

From silk and lycra printing plant (250 m 3 days -1) Sewage is treated in Como, comprehensive denitrification / nitrification single sludge system. Operating conditions include 22 mg dm -3- administration to remove zinc sulfide, added to the denitrification reactor as a source of reducing equivalents of 330 mg dm -3 drug waste, and added with 1 mg dm -3 lyophilized bacterial nitrification plant. Tertiary treatment, including quartz bed filtration and ultraviolet disinfection, so that 30-40% of water reuse, without adversely affecting the quality of clothing fully operational in 10 months. Effluent COD

(less than 120 mg dm-3), the color and NH4-N (less than 10 mg dm-3) meet the emissions standards in Italy. Nitrification rate (0.03-0.05 g of N- g -1 MLVSS, day -1) can be obtained at much lower compared with the municipal wastewater. This low rate is due to the induced water 30-40 mg dm -3 of anionic surfactant present in the suppression.

Whether Lura company Alto Seveso and sewage treatment plant, located in Como (Italy), the textile wastewater effluent containing 80%. The Seveso plants, of which two-thirds of the water through a 'anaerobic selector "(2 g of COD g -1 MLVSS day -1, with 45 minutes of dwell time) than the Alto Lura Company plant, which This is better not to include a selector enhanced performance is reflected in the problem of the elimination of foaming and expansion, TSS effluent better phosphorus and low (average of 20 mg instead of 100 dm -3 or more Alto Lura company) [8]

Although the test shows numerous laboratory-scale anaerobic treatment of color removal of potential large-scale installations equipped with anaerobic pre-treatment is usually not achieve complete bleaching. Zaoyan like. The reaction used in this and other types of dye polyester / cotton fabric textile dyeing operations of large pilot plant (24 m 3 days -1) 9 months. [13] The plant consists of two multi-stage rotating biological 29

contactor, the first anaerobic 1 (HRT = 7 h; BV = 2 g COD day -1 dm -3), followed by a second aerobic 1 (HRT = 5 h; BV = 2 g COD day -1 dm -3). Sequential anaerobic / aerobic system achieved a high color removal (72%) than the individual aerobic systems

(<60%), but the final effluent is still dark. These two systems to achieve 78% of COD removal (155 mg dm -3), 95% of the BOD removal rate 5 anionic surfactant (13 mg dm -

3) and 70% of the active agent is removed (0.7 mg dm -3). Another pilot two-stage anaerobic / aerobic plant reaches> 70% from wastewater, color removal. The

Hammarsdale (South Africa) sewage treatment works from the traditional five stages bardenpho Nutrient Removal Process deeply colored textile wastewater. Although the entire system reaches 95 percent of bleaching, in which 60% occur in the first anaerobic conditions (in one hour and redox potential of -135 mV, HRT), the final effluent is still excessive shading. Because decolorization is the fastest, at -250 mV (2-4 h), the color removal at Hammarsdale works can be improved by increasing the residence time in the anaerobic stage. [14]

Several experiments have been carried out in South Africa to investigate the possibility of directly to the anaerobic digester treatment of primary sludge feed dye bath wastewater from sewage treatment plants. Carliell like. Mixed with a reactive dye bath effluent and sewage treatment plant in Umbilo primary sludge (6% vol / vol), before entering the digester. [20] As the color was completely removed from the digester with a control for comparison. Laboratory tests showed that the size of the side, however, methane may become a few days after the operation in high load (18%) inhibition due to accumulation of sulfur compounds from 42 g dm -3- sulfate, originating out of the dyebath. [21] The proposed measures to overcome the inhibition of human NaCl for 30

sodium, added heavy metals replacement (for example, from electroplating waste) to precipitate sulphide, or molybdic prevent sulfate reduction. Similar tests were carried out comprehensive Gravelet- Blondin like. Period of five months. No color is present in the digester overflow, but transportation costs are considered prohibitive.

Anaerobic can be obtained in a single step / a combination of active aerobic bacteria, if the bacteria in the biofilm is fixed, because the oxygen permeability of less than a few hundred microns. [22] In addition to the advantage of providing a higher SRT anaerobic / aerobic zone, fixed-film reactor provided necessary to prevent adapted microorganisms, preventing toxic scavengers such as azo dye Acid Orange 7, and low silt slag and manufacturing. Laboratory-scale research has proven that it can not degrade the acid dyes is removed up to the concentration of oxygen in a fixed-film reactor is provided in 60% of the dissolved is maintained at less than 1 mg dm -3 and the load rate of the activated sludge is high. Jian et al. Can be treated by a dye manufacturing plant using a multi-stage filtration column very efficiently immobilized bacteria decolorizing sewage. 7 months during the test, the test installation, to treat 20 m3 day -1, always remove the color and chemical oxygen demand 97%.

2.7.3 A combination of activated sludge and coagulation/flocculation

Chemical coagulation either as antenatal, postnatal or main process dyeing plant wastewater is treated according to Ga.hr, etc., the most widely used in Germany, these sewage treatment. [23] By applying the reported, but its disadvantages associated with the need to burn large amounts of toxic sludge. After many French textile manufacturers also rely on physical-chemical treatment, activated sludge below, treat yourself to a

colored wastewater. Marmagne and Coaster advocate final effluent typically contains

150-300 mg of dm-3 COD (85% removal) and color levels above the highest emission standard of 100 mg Pt.Co dm-3 is expected to be enforced in France in the near future.

Less discoloration of certain types of dyes, for example, respond poorly or flocculation of certain acid dyes. For example, a pure color to remove 20% of the pilot experiment implemented, in which poly aluminum chloride (10 mg dm of Al-3) in a dose of effluent in a mixture of activated sludge wastewater treatment and textile city of in. [26]

New flocculant, however, have developed a high affinity for the reactive dye. Some details of the report, for example, cationic polymers used successfully to allow several major British textile processing, in order to meet their colors consent for direct discharge into rivers. DAF can be effectively separated from the dye and flocculation of small production of sludge. Sewage treatment plant in a mixture of Livescia (Como, Italy) treatment of municipal and textile wastewater, and with dosing of 20 mg dm -3 in the bio-oxidation effluent treatment (Bianchi, unpublished) cationic polymers obtained 35% of the color removal. Appropriate color removal can be administered directly to the activated sludge by a cationic polymer to achieve. After adding the Wanlip sewage treatment works (UK), received from 11% of its dry weather flow mills, to meet discharge consent 5ppm of Magnafloc368 directly to the activated sludge tank and effluent absorption rate is accompanied by half. In the case under higher polymer concentration is necessary, however, a serious problem was observed inhibition of nitrification. [27] towards the nitrifying bacteria toxicity of the polymer is highly variable, the IC 50 values ranging from 8 to> 100ppm or less.

Heathcote & Co. (UK) self-discharge reactive dyeing and finishing operations 2000 m3 day -1. They realize their direct emissions permits and chemical pretreatment with lime (pH value of 11.3), ferrous sulfate and polyelectrolyte followed by percolating bed of air flow stretched porous shale. [28] together with the color, physical and chemical pretreatment, the anionic surfactant can be removed (but not including non-ionic). Many treatment chemicals, including the inside of several non-ionic surfactants and dye in a complete range of those that must be replaced by a biocompatible variety.

Coagulation / flocculation, alone or in combination with a biological process can sometimes allow the reuse of water. Courtaulds Textiles, socks, the UK's largest manufacturer, producing factory has passed, since 1995, a comprehensive purely physical and chemical processes, from their dyeing, printing and finishing mixed sewage treatment units. [14] The process consists of adding a base to the following dye adsorption and high molecular weight synthetic organic clay coagulant which is separated. Although the main fibers are cotton processing, so the main reactive dyes used in the dye; 50% water it is possible to re-use in the dyeing station. This new technology has been applied in different locations. Similarly, a leading denim air-conditioning and washing machine factory in Yorkshire recently established a comprehensive flocculation device. Water quality is within the scope of the usual consent, half are reused. Finally, the textile factory located in Cyprus recover their land irrigation wastewater (200 m 3 days -

1). Wastewater balanced first with lime, ferrous sulfate and electrolytes into its equipped with a aerobic selector to remove the activated sludge tank before expansion. [16] The third treatment including disinfection with chlorine, alum and polyelectrolyte flocculation and eventually filtered anthracite, quartz and barite. Final effluent colorless (5-18 33

turbidity units) 10 and 100-310 mg of dm-3, respectively, BOD and COD. Total operating expenses of $ 0.2 million m-3.

Although most of the coagulation / flocculation systems depend on the lime, a laboratory study valid color removal (90%) from the waste bath a reactive dye, with Fe3

+ ions or under acidic conditions, 50 ppm aluminum ions. The final clarified water and salts to allow reuse without loss of light or washing fastness. [17]

2.7.4 Ozonation

Ozone decolorization of all dyes, except insoluble reaction slowly disperse and vat dyes. Ozone is less efficient because the high strength wastewater of textile material, preferably as a final treatment using ozone only, or at least the following chemical condensation. [18] In addition to color, AOX, and the ozone also removes a large proportion of the surfactant. Typical products are ozonized dicarboxylic acid and an aldehyde, which explains the decrease in the small COD (0-20%), but a significant increase in BOD of the ozonation process.

Ozonation is becoming more and more popular as a final treatment to remove color and other persistent substances. The sewage treatment plant leeks receive 60% of the total load (76 000 inhabitants equivalent) from 7 dye. [19] respectively require considerable expansion of the following work closely discharge consent since 1992 as a pilot-scale survey, the desired color can be removed to achieve the 9.5 ppm of O3 for 20 minutes of

HRT, a tertiary treatment involving lagoon, sand filters and ozonation plant was built in £

5 million of capital costs. About 1 year, 39 analyzes have not agreed to the color of only four samples. [20] It is believed that ozone can be treated wastewater, in which the ratio

of sewage colored dyewaste high enough to justify the cost of funds. In one case, an ozone generator installed in the sewage treatment plant emissions tax billing textile enterprises doubled, from 0.4 to 0.8 pounds m -3. Alto Lura Company sewage treatment plant (Como, Italy) to 75% and 25% of textiles municipal wastewater mixture with pre- denitrification, sludge, sand filtration and ozonation sequences. Ozone generator built in

1992 in order to reduce the color of the surface-active agent and in the final effluent.

These objectives are in the range of 0.5-2 mg formaldehyde dm 3 (Bianchi, unpublished) achieved with 20 mg O3 dm -3, but the formation of undesirable by-products, especially aldehydes. Scheme from the previous sand filter plus three flocculation means to reduce the formation of aldehydes.

Many textile wet processors also use ozone for water reuse. However, the cost of capital, high. [21] A dye houses, one hundred cubic meters of wastewater produced h-1, the most recent in a $ 13 million, of which the total cost of 20% is allocated to the sewage treatment plant (built in Italy clarification, equalization, activated sludge, decanting filtration and ozonation). In the case of Lycra Como the yarn and printing plant, laboratory tests have shown that up to 65% of the reuse, in the washing and the printing unit, it will be possible through the ozonation reactor (20 mg dm -3 O 3 ), the elimination of the residual color and non-ionic surfactants. In Wervik, Belgium, Levi finishing plant has recently faced groundwater exploitation and stringent emission limits. Use tap water or water of the river is not sufficient. In a pilot plant with coagulation / flocculation or ultrafiltration reuse tests showed deterioration in the quality of the clothing. Activated charcoal filtration to obtain the removal rate and quality of the clothes better COD and color, but the formation of sulfide odor problems in the filter. [23] Finally, the solution 35

was found by sequence coagulation / flocculation, activated sludge, and a processing flow of the mixture 10 minutes and finally the ozone step. Three pilot tests confirmed the feasibility of the 70% of water reuse without degradation of quality clothing.

A large number of laboratory scale experiments have proved separate dyebath ozonated wastewater effluent and reuse several decolorization, excellent color reproducibility is feasible. [24] For example, the dye can be refurbished and spending activity through the coarse filter after ozonation reuse. Re-use with salt (80 g dm -3 in a reactive dye bath) associated cost savings of up to 30 times more water to re-use the associated big savings. Even if (up to 1g dm -3), may require a substantial amount of O3 to almost completely remove the color due to high concentration of the dye (a few hundred ppm) and the interference dyeing auxiliaries, the theoretical short payback period of 1.3 years is claimed. About involve separate the dye wastewater reuse strategy ozonation a comprehensive application notes, however, apparently lacking. The reason for this is that sometimes may be quite low bleaching rate, up to 20 times, in the dye bath additives, such as EDTA, in the presence of a silicone antifoam agent, ethoxylated alcohol surfactants, leveling agents, benzoic acid-butyl ester carrier, guar gum and its salts. [24] As a Therefore, the amount of ozone necessary to close completely discolored can become very expensive.

2.7.5 Filtration processes

Ultrafiltration, nanofiltration and reverse osmosis has been used for nearly two decades of comprehensive treatment of water and chemicals in South Africa textile wet processing and recycling. [27] The specific filter configuration has been developed wool

detergent and bleach wastewater reuse spent sizing desizing and wine, flowers dye bath.

Filtering techniques may be adopted by the penetration of the high cost, and size of the complex salt used to achieve significant cost savings offset (such as a polymer, suitable for warp yarns to facilitate weaving). Meanwhile, carefully selected membrane system, using pre-filter and cleaned regularly to eliminate fouling problems, the economic vitality of centralized waste treatment and disposal remains uncertain. In South Africa, the filtering technique is widely used in water, the concentrate for reuse is often dumped in the sea or to the sewer arrangement.

Desizing wastewater typically contains 25-50% of the total organic load, and in 5-10% of the total effluent volume. [28] As early as 1978, ultrafiltration, using a commercially recycled polyvinyl size from desizing wastewater. Reserve size and permeate both be reused. Polyacrylate size is successfully recovered and UF pilot plant using high- temperature desizing wastewater reuse. Reuse of heat generated permeate savings in heat and water.

Shampoo can also be treated by filtration technology. Norway's largest yarn factory to produce cleaner heat Shampoo contains a high PH value, up to 100 g COD dm-3. [26] A comprehensive ultrafiltration treatment plant has been removed COD, grease and suspended solids since 1989> 80%. Permeate been arranged into a sewer and concentrate

(10% v / v) must be trucked to the high cost of the lagoon. Membrane life of 1 year at 60 dm 3 m -2 h -1, the average flow velocity. AOX, of which 50% is in the solid form of wool exudates, but also significantly reduce the filtering technology. Shampoo is also using dynamic ultrafiltration membrane recycling full-scale plant. No replacement of the

latter film, as it is in situ hydrated advantage of a colloidal suspension of zirconia is deposited on a porous support formed. Film, which transform every two months, to achieve up to 90% of TS inhibition and allows 85% of the water recycling.

Dyehouse wastewater has also been successfully re-using the following reverse osmosis. In this case, only the reuse of water is possible. [25] Coagulation microfiltration is necessary to prevent membrane fouling. Treffry-Goatley like. Points alum coagulation reported successful treatment and dyeing factory wastewater reuse pilot plant (50 m 3 days -1), the sequence microfiltration and reverse osmosis. Concentrated volume was only 5-10% and RO membrane life 2 years. Similarly, Barkley alum coagulation - microfiltration, reverse osmosis treatment of 40 m3 day-1 sequence of cotton / polyester dyeing plant effluent reports. UF plant is equipped with a dynamic membrane has been achieved since 1985, 85% water recovery rate of 80%, the ion rejection, 95% of color thrown in a textile dyeing polyester / viscose fibers. Application of filtering technology still exists, however, due to the disposal of the program by the currently used, such as severe problems concentrated stream exiting the evaporator or sea limits or unacceptable economically and environmentally.

Because the dye salts may have a 10-fold higher than the value of the water, it may be preferred in the treatment and reuse of the dye and to separate rinse water and to allow salt passage, but retain the dye film. Such a strategy is described by way of multiplex

Erswell et al. To the Chinese cotton dyeing factory. [24] In this case, UF membrane with a dye bath is used to charge the water, 90% salt and water to allow reuse, while 10%

(volume / volume) of the concentrate was processed. Concentrated volume flow is

reduced to only 2% by Werner et al elegance reuse scheme. In a mill (160 tons monthly) situation. The flushing fluid is reused sequence following ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. The concentrate was mixed, and it is subjected to the sequence of UF and NF the water effluent of the electrolyte bath is reused. Barkley on NF reactive dye liquor factory processing reports from cotton dyeing plant (200 tons per month). Penetration and reuse electrolyte produces less than 3 year payback period. [17] The use of microfiltration even been using insoluble disperse dye bath polyester case. Slight residual color of the permeate does not affect the re-use dyeing or washing units.

2.7.6 The Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + ferrous iron)

Several comprehensive Fenton reagent plant recently built mill wastewater treatment in South Africa. This technique is effective in a wide range of dye decolorization. [16]

According to Lin and Peng, said Fenton's reagent works by radical oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron and H2O2 simultaneously split into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. The latter dye is oxidized, and the precipitate of ferric iron, the former together with the organic material. Reagent is preferably used at a pH of about 3-4. As the divalent iron, but only a few ppm of the requirements, if a high temperature iron seems effective. For example, 1 g of dry matter -3 direct dye is completely within 30 minutes, in the presence of 1.5g 98 °C bleaching dm -3 H 2 O 2 in 2 mg dm - 3 of the Fe. At normal temperature, the Fe2 + 50~100 mg dm -3 is required. Lin and Peng in a pilot-scale device is actually treated wastewater textile chemical precipitation, Fenton reagent and activated sludge order to achieve a good performance. After the Fenton reagent after obtaining complete the final stages of discoloration and COD, activated sludge, only 80 mg dm -3. The

estimated total operating costs, excluding sludge disposal, was $ 0.4 million m-3, it's cheaper than conventional treatment. [17]

2.7.7 Electrolysis

By Fe (OH) 2 production and iron electrodes sacrifice, electrolysis can be used very effectively by adsorption to remove the precipitated iron and acid dyes by the Fe (II) drive to restore the azo-aryl amines. [18] contains 50mg Solutions dm -3 were 100% dye bleach 100-150 mg Fe dm -3. A real textile effluent is greater than 80% in a laboratory- scale test decolorization is achieved by applying 2 kwh / m -3. This process is very successful and Peng Lin apparatus for processing in a pilot-scale dyeing from cotton / polyester raw sewage and Taiwan finishing mill. Sewage, containing 15 kinds of different dyes and 800-1600 mg COD dm-3, in the electrolytic cell (HRT = 18 minutes) along with

50% reduction of COD was completely decolorized. The overall process, including the electrolytic activation of the coagulation of sludge, less expensive (operating costs, excluding sludge disposal -3 to $ 0.3 million) and more efficient (COD = 80 in the final effluent mg dm -3) than existing treatment. Other pilot-scale tests have proved equally successful.

2.7.8 Photocatalysis

UV light has been combined with hydrogen peroxide or solid catalysts such as TiO2 combination of decolorizing dye solution were tested. [19] Although there have been slow in the UV / H2O2 treatment, costly and potentially less effective full application, the combination of UV / titania seems more promising. Since the dye solution is an ultraviolet transmittance inherent limitations, Huang et al. Found the best use of UV

technology as a post-ozonation, post-processing. Not only is the complete removal of residual color, residual total organic carbon is also almost 90% of the effluent is removed from the two mills. Wedeco is again in the mobile device using O3 / UV / H2O2 such combinations German company.

2.7.9 Sorption

Despite the fact that effective bleaching is often shown by adsorption to activated carbon is feasible as a final step, the full use of this technology clearly has not been reported, high capital and regeneration costs and possible consequences of the stench of a possible [20] Canadian International Development Department SRL currently fully activated carbon filter in the Alto Lura company sewage treatment plant as part of a research project to test the support of this article. It seems that the final effluent suitable for reuse silk desizing unit, but not in the silk dyeing units. Comprehensive biological activated charcoal filter is also under investigation at the scene. Although the cost of processing certain types of microorganisms considerable amount of dye sorption (up to 3 grams of sulfur dyes, and 0.45g per gram of biomass reactive dyes), estimates are still too high (2.6 ~ 3 one million US dollars). Adsorption capacity is almost twice the polyamide

- epichlorohydrin - cellulose particles, but the reaction rate seems to be too high. Several authors tested the use of industrial or agricultural waste as a low-cost alternative in developing countries. And corn cobs, chromium electroplating sludge obtained from [21]

As a result, the residual ash or biogas slurry is disappointing. Laszlo review the effectiveness of anionic dyes for the removal of all biological adsorbent. PH 3-4 at the highest affinity for the adsorbent is a crosslinked chitosan. The best choice is a

quaternary ammonium lignocellulosic biomass, to provide a high adsorption capacity, low cost, fast kinetics and advantages may be regenerated.

2.7.10 Flotation and others

Luo Lin showed potential and froth flotation as an effective and simple bleaching technique dyehouse wastewater. 70 mg dm -3 surfactant mixed wastewater and air a few minutes later, 90 percent of discoloration and 40% COD removal. Color and COD recovered after a highly concentrated stream of foam, leaving the top of the contact chamber through a bubble breaker has passed. The solvent extraction may also be applied to the recovery from the waste water bath dyes. [27] For example, a sulfonated dye with a long chain amine may be rendered hydrophobic, at pH2.5 and concentrated up to 1000- fold in the solvent phase. Dyes, solvents and surface-active agents are used repeatedly.

Phanerochate bacteria and other fungal species peroxidation way through all types of dyes mineralization at very fast speeds. Van der Waarde like. Develop the necessary substrate decolorization technology and based on a combination of in situ electrochemical fungal degradation of hydrogen peroxide production, for fungal activity.

They realized several anthocyanin complete decoloring liquids (reactive and disperse dyes) in a continuous gas lift reactor. [28]

At 150-250 °C, 0.35-1.4 MPa O2 partial pressure, a concentrated solution of the dye is completely bleaching, almost entirely mineralized within 4 h. Because when the COD over 20 g dm -3 no external energy is required, the wet oxidation treatment of the problem can be provided, by filtration or flotation technology to produce a foam solution was concentrated stream. [29]

2.8. CHAPTER CONCLUSION

Conventional sewage treatment plant depends on the activated sludge system is not sufficient for textile wastewater, neither at the scene, there is no dilution of sewage treatment in the sewage treatment works. Activated sludge and other types of bioreactors can not delete enough color, COD, N, surfactants and other trace contaminants present in textile wastewater. Three coagulation / flocculation often with different results, but almost completely discoloration and water reuse is possible when using; however, the sludge disposal remains, out of the question. Ozone is increasingly used as a final step, the formation of an aldehyde to prevent the cost and it is more widely accepted. Sub-flow membrane filtration process by allowing water, chemicals and heat re-use to produce significant cost savings. However, the treatment and disposal of concentrated flow is still a serious limitation to the filtration process. Given the need for a technically- and satisfactory treatment technology on the economy, is being proposed and the commercialization of emerging technologies at different stages of testing brings confusion. In these promising biological activated charcoal filter, froth flotation, electrolysis, photocatalysis, (bio) adsorption and Fenton oxidation. In the current treatment options, new technologies and the integration of these wider validation will most likely in the near future, rendering them both efficient and economically feasible

[30].

CHAPTER III

COAGULATION LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 DEFINITION OF COAGULATION

Chemical coagulation is a complex phenomenon involving various interrelated parameters, so it is critical to define how and under given conditions coa gulant willingness to function. On the basis of the validity of textile wastewater decolourise chemical coagulants in three parts, the classification in the following description. It has been reported pre-hydrolysed metal salt is often found, such as aluminum sulfate (alum), ferric chloride and ferric sulfate is soluble in water that is more efficient than the hydrolysis of a metal salt. [31] prehydrolyzed coagulant such as aluminum chloride hydrochloride (polymeric aluminum), basic ferric chloride (PAFCl),

Polyferrous sulphate (PFS) and polyferric chlorine (PFCL) seems even at low temperatures to give better color removal, may also lower the amount of sludge produced. In this regard, Gregory and Rossi have studied various pre-coagulant

hydrolysis efficiency of wastewater treatment, and reported to be more rapid polymerization aluminum floc flocculation and stronger than in the equivalent dose of alum. This can be by the fact that: such a coagulant is pre-neutralized, with little effect on the pH of the water, thus reducing the pH value of the correction needs to be attributed.

Most uses in the textile industry with a negatively charged dye, thus the cationic polymer is a preferred anionic and non-ionic polymer, the dye is removed due to the superior performance. However, the mechanisms of these products has not been established yet. In addition, in order to carry out the job evaluation, it is necessary to consider only the most important control parameter. The most important parameters are considered for each of the recommended value and the pH in the coagulation is applied to the metal ion

(coagulant), such as alum, ferric chloride, magnesium chloride, PAC (polyaluminum), lime and ferrous sulfate, and organic polymeric matter flocculant concentration [32].

In addition, stirring speed and time, temperature and residence time also affect the color removal efficiency. [33] Therefore, the optimization of these factors can significantly improve the efficiency of the process. Different coagulant effect of different degrees of instability. The valence of the counterion, the higher, it is more destabilizing effect, and less is required for condensation of the dose. If the pH value is lower than the isoelectric point of the metal hydroxide, and precipitation of colloids by different coagulants suitable polymeric support, and then subject to a positively charged polymer and the adsorption of the active polymers may destabilize negatively charged colloid and by a charge of. The isoelectric point of the above, the anionic polymer is dominant, in which the particle is unstable and the bridge can be formed by the adsorption occurs.

When high doses of metal ions (coagulant), and a sufficient degree of supersaturation, the 45

rapid precipitation of a large amount of metal hydroxide, enmeshing them as sweep floc colloidal particles. For example, when iron (III) salt is used as a coagulant, monomers and polymerization of iron speciation, the formation of which is highly dependent on pH.

Some reports chemical coagulation technologies and their performance are summarized.

Each study by researchers indicated, pH value of the ferric chloride solution is acidic nature described. However, efficient removal can be achieved when the color of the pH value is kept near neutrality, but it again depends on the type of dye is removed. [34]

Thus, by adding an alkali to maintain the pH value becomes the first requirement. Lime or sodium hydroxide may be used for this purpose. However, the addition of lime sludge may generate additional. However, the addition of polyelectrolyte as a coagulant is usually improved performance clotting agent. As can be seen, the optimum pH is close to neutral as alum, and thus a higher color removal efficiency can be obtained at this pH.

Moreover, addition of polyelectrolyte generally improved color removal performance.

However, a large amount of sludge is associated with the process such that it is not attractive.

Aggregation of aluminum products are aluminum-based coagulants. They are similar to alum, has several important differences:

- Partially pre-neutralized (higher alkalinity than alum)

- Containing chloride ions, rather than SO42-

- Contains up to 3 times the aluminum content

- Quickly gathering speed, larger and heavier floc

Further, the polymerization pH range of 7-10, said aluminum wider better color removal efficiency. The optimum pH for the ferrous sulfate is alkaline range 7-9, and gives a high color removal within this pH range. Different researchers have also revealed that in addition to the polyelectrolyte usually increases turbidity and solve sludge volume.

If the concentration of the polymer electrolyte is less than 2 mg / l for this undesirable effect can be eliminated. [35]

The optimum pH for chloride 12.9 to change it provides a good bleaching performance, if you use lime. However, it will generate a lot of sludge may lead to sludge disposal problems, but also involves additional costs. Alumina and magnesium chloride, a large amount of sludge due to the generation and production of alkaline wastewater after treatment, may not be considered good coagulant. However, both ferric chloride and alum to give substantially high efficiency at low concentrations, the color removal efficiency of the few reports of ferric chloride. However, a significant improvement in color removal has been reported that if a small amount of cationic polymer ferric chloride. According to the study PFS coagulant used [36] Very limited information is available. Coagulant PFS makes it attractive, because it is in fact soluble in water, and form a large multimeric complex ions such as ( Fe2 (OH) 3) 3 +, ( Fe2 (OH) 2) 2+ (FE8

(OH) 20) 4- +, it is prone to flocculation. This is advantageous in terms of the following:

- Fast and stable floc

- Compatibility with a wide range of pH

- Low iron contamination

- High heavy metal removal

- Easy sludge dewatering

Principles clotting mechanism that is similar to the polymerization of aluminum adsorption and charge neutralization. In the high turbidity, coagulation can follow scan condensation. [37]

Gao et al. After investigation PAFCl application petrochemical wastewater discoloration and reports, PAFCl provide better turbidity removal at pH range and good bleaching dyes 7.0-8.4 suspended in other selected coagulant, such as PFS and polymeric aluminum . In addition to better coagulation effect bleaching properties, which also reflects the ability to quickly form a floc. Rapid formation of floc and excellent color removal efficiency of capacity, may be due to the PAFCl combination of aluminum and iron salts, it is possible to quickly form a floc in a more cumbersome and the advantages of rapid subsidence of coagulation reason. This novel coagulant has not been extensively studied for textile wastewater treatment, and therefore very limited information is available. PAFCl principle mechanism is electrical neutralization and bridging. [38]

Recently, Ciabatti like. Polyamine polymer combination has been studied using Ferrate

Treatment of dyeing wastewater and found excellent discoloration and COD reduction.

Because Ferrate (VI) ion is a strong oxidant, in the entire pH range, reduction of Fe (III) ions or iron hydroxide after oxidation treatment, therefore, it has the ability as a coagulant. Therefore, ferrate is a unique dual function (oxidant and coagulant), chemical reagents, can be an effective alternative to current practices for water and wastewater treatment.

3.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Help coagulant chemical coagulation as discussed above is conveyed to the biological treatment under before then if need be selected decolorization method for a textile wastewater. However, it also has some disadvantages, such as the treatment efficiency is strongly dependent on the pH value. Furthermore, the coagulation process is not always sufficiently effective because under different environmental conditions, at extreme pH values and at very low or very high temperature, for example, it may produce a very sensitive and fragile flocs , thereby resulting in precipitation poor. Any type of physical forces of these flocs may be broken under. To improve the process of blood coagulation, the molecular weight of the compound No. efficiency, such as may be recommended by a polymer of synthetic or natural origin. These polymers can be used as a coagulant or flocculant itself forms / biological flocculant, depending on waste water and polymer properties. These polymers are usually macromolecular structure with a variety of functional groups, they can either work as a coagulant by mainly by adsorption and neutralization process, or may be made between the functional groups attached to the unstable particles work as a coagulant to stable stable charged particle bridging. Here is an organic polymeric compound than inorganic material, which posses several novel features, such as their production of large, dense, compact floc is strong and has good settling characteristics capacity. [31] In contrast, some of the traditional use of coagulants such as alum, an organic polymer is because of the lower dosage requirements, favorable temperatures and low efficiency, a small amount of sludge produced, and inorganic polymers, chemical coagulation agent usually involves a higher cost, less biodegradability and toxicity. For example, acrylamide was very toxic and gives severe

neurotoxicity. Toxic effects on plants is due to the cationic polymer has been established long back. [32] In this regard, Bolto and Gregory also reported that, especially for low to aquatic organisms anionic and non-ionic polymers typically toxicity compared to the cationic polymer. The main advantages of natural polymers is its non-toxic to the environment and biodegradability. Thus, the effluent can be treated after the natural polymer treated by biological methods, if desired. This will not be any damage to the effluent of the biological organism, such as is provided by the device if it is a synthetic coagulant treatment. Moreover, the sludge produced from natural biological polymers may be further treated or can be safely discarded as a soil conditioner, because of their non-toxic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the establishment of textile wastewater treatment cost of natural polymers.

In this view, many researchers have studied the effectiveness of the treatment of a variety of natural coagulant extracted from plants or animals of textile wastewater. [33]

These natural flocculants can also prove the effectiveness of chemical coagulant coagulant if used with. Most part of the natural polysaccharide flocculant species is also known as a polymer coagulant. Produced on the basis of origin, the natural coagulant can be divided into three categories, as shown. Unlike synthetic flocculant, natural flocculant generally exhibit two types of body, the i) adsorption and neutralization of charge, and ii) between adsorption and particulate bridging. Because of their high molecular weight, and the structure containing a long chain, thus providing a large number of available adsorption sites. Charge neutralization and adsorption and the adsorption means that two oppositely charged ions of the belt, bridging between the particles occurs when the polysaccharide chains coagulant adsorbed microparticles. Between adsorption and 50

particles between dye molecules and polysaccharides is due to the presence of bridging interaction dye and OH- group of polysaccharides, the π- electron system was first used by Yoshida et al suggested. Then reviewed by Blake and Burkinshaw and Yin. [34]

3.2.1 Plant based polymers as coagulants

Polymer extracted from various plants, such as condensation inside the starch, guar gam, gum arabic, Nirmali seeds, tannins, moringa and cacti and other generally known by the scientific community. These polymers have a large numberofindustrial applications, since these polysaccharides having different commercial applications, e.g., in the paper industry, as food additives, the effectiveness of the aid of a natural polymer as flocculant,

Sanghi like. Have studied the use of Ipomeoa dasysperma seed gum and guar gum as a coagulant and polymeric aluminum, and found that 86% and 87% removal of acid dyes

1mg / L and polymeric aluminum dose I. dasysperma seed gum and guar gum dose of 5 each 1mg / L, the optimum pH 9.5 in order. The order of 73% and 80% of significant clearing has also been reported for direct dyes coagulant and coagulant, and the same dose of the same at 9.5 pH.[35]

Adinolfi and so on. It is reported that Strychni potatorum polysaccharide extract

(Nirmali) seeds can be effectively reduced by up to 80% kaolin solution turbidity.

Moringa, known as the drumstick tree some parts of India, Asia, Africa and the Americas over the widespread. Tree bark, roots, fruits, flowers, leaves and seed gum is also useful as pharmaceuticals. Seeds of these trees are also used as a coagulant and / or flocculant in water and wastewater treatment. Beltran - Heredia and so on. Have studied the use of

Moringa oleifera seed extract to remove anthraquinone dye and reporting dye removed to

95% of the coagulant dose of 100 mg / l and a pH of 7. Furthermore, Lea investigated turbid water treatment efficacy Moringa seed extract, it was found 99.5% turbidity removal is 400 mg / liter dosage. Normally, increasing the amount of the seed extract is not increased after the removal of the maximum adsorption of the dye. This may be due to the fact that no more new adsorption sites on the surface can be maintained in the seed extract. Moringa seed is also considered an excellent source of biofuel for biodiesel. [36]

Gum arabic, also known as gum arabic are highly branched having 250,000-750,000 daltons, water and fat-soluble polysaccharides having a molecular weight β- galactose backbone. This novel study using natural coagulant solidified yet to be established.

Although the mechanism of coagulation and natural flocculants have not been extensively studied, but the presence of hydroxyl groups along the polysaccharide chain to provide a large number of particles may result between the polysaccharide and the dye molecules bridging phenomenon as shown in the available adsorption sites.

Paulino and so on. Hydrogel help of modified gum arabic, polyacrylates and polyacrylamides and reported 98% removal of dye in the maximum adsorption capacity of 48 mg per gram of hydrogel-dye forming pH8 to achieve removal of ethylene A blue.

However, the gum arabic and guar gum used for color removal due to dye widely used in the textile industry has not been established. In the application of natural coagulant connection, many researchers have studied animal extracted polymers as flocculants for industrial wastewater treatment efficiency [37].

3.2.2 Animal based polymers as coagulants

Chitosan is a D- glucosamine (deacetylated unit) and natural polymers composed of chitin, significant deacetylation generate N- acetyl glucosamine -D- (acetylated unit) linear copolymer. [35] The degree of deacetylation can be determined by the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chitin is a structural element in the exoskeleton of crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, etc.), and within the bones in other invertebrates.

Chitosan has several inherent characteristics such as non-toxicity, biodegradability and its chelating its outstanding performance, making it an effective coagulant and / or flocculant to remove contaminants dissolved state. Various studies on the treatment of industrial wastewater with chitosan has been carried out in the late 1970s by branches and colleagues [36], they have a variety of food processing from chitosan on blood coagulation and waste disposal suspended solids (SS ) the efficacy of industrial recovery and discovery of novel coagulant is very effective for efficiently reducing the COD and

SS and turbidity removal. Many works claimed to participate in a dual mechanisms, including blood coagulation by charge neutralization, flocculation by bridging mechanism, chitosan [37]. Between the dye molecules and the possible interaction of chitosan has been demonstrated. Zhang et al. There carboxymethyl chitosan used in dyeing wastewater treatment. Experimental results show that in Wastewater and COD reduction carboxymethyl chitosan, are superior to other commonly used polymer flocculant. Szygula like. Reported that about 99% of color removal from the group consisting of Acid Blue 9. The optimum pH 92 maintained in the continuation of this,

Mahmoodi other analog textile wastewater in the preferred chitosan dose 100mg / L of.

Acid Green studied were kept in the optimum stirring speed 200rpm pH2 for 10 minutes 53

is reported about 75% and 95% removal effectiveness of chitosan removed 25 and Direct

Red 23 and a dye. [38]

3.2.3 Microorganism based polymer as coagulant

Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide by bacterial coating of Xanthomonas rape, used as a food additive and rheology modifier derived. [35] It is produced by glucose fermentation by Bacillus ten canola. After fermentation, the polysaccharide is separated from the growth medium, separating the solvent with the help of technology, the dried and ground to a fine powder. [36] xanthan gum used in textile wastewater treatment using no reports in the literature yet. Due to the high complexity of structure and xanthan gum (250,000-

750,000 Dalton) molecular weight, as compared with guar gum (about 220,000-250,000 daltons), which may also be considered to be promising and coagulant / or coagulant for the treatment of a textile wastewater. Therefore, requires a lot of research to carry out, in order to establish xanthan gum textile wastewater treatment effectiveness of various facts.

Can also be observed by the bridge between xanthan gum solidified as a possible mechanism observed in guar gum.

It can be summarized as plant extracts extracted coagulant coagulant encourage textile wastewater treatment in animals from the above discussion, due to the fact that non-plant origin have limited potential for mass production as compared to plant sources. Based on the cost of additional processing involved in microbial coagulants may not be an attractive option. Plant-based applications will become if coagulant coagulant production plants are indigenous people more attractive.

The main advantage of coagulation and flocculation in the waste stream is due to the dye molecules decolourisation removed from the dye bath in the effluent, and not due to a partial decomposition of the dye, which may lead to a more hazardous and toxic aromatic compounds. Coagulation / flocculation process is to produce the main drawback of sludge. However, if highly colored dye bath only a small volume can be obtained by chemical treatment after the dyeing process, the amount of sludge to be directly eliminated can be minimized [37].

3.3 CHAPTER CONCLUSION

All decolorization method described in the review has some advantages, and some disadvantages, and their selection will be used and the concentration of the same class of dyes, pH, organic content, heavy metals, etc. [38] in the different physical characteristics of most of the wastewater treatment of the textile chemical, biological, and advanced chemical oxidation, chemical coagulation and flocculation is still a cost comparison of alternative textile industry wastewater, and through small to large scale industries are widely used. Chemical coagulation and flocculation between technology, compared to pre-hydrolyzed coagulants such as polymeric aluminum, PFCL, PFS and PAFCl can be considered due to its excellent color removal even in small doses and emotions in a wider pH range of wastewater better coagulant. Ferrous sulfate, can also be considered preferred over other hydrolyzable metal salt coagulant. [39] In addition, since some of the novel properties of the natural flocculant, such as the ability to non-toxic, biodegradable, environmentally friendly, packaging, etc., which may be considered to be promising coagulant and coagulant aids used in textile wastewater treatment, particularly in the first stage, this will not interfere with the biological treatment (if needed), because the residual 55

coagulant may be used as the microorganism nutrition. [40] However, up to date for these natural coagulant is very limited applicability of textile wastewater. Studies to assess its decolorization of textile wastewater applications require more and more, especially in the high pH of textile wastewater behavior.

CHAPTER IV

MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the materials and methods used during this research which includes jar test methodology, dye dosage procedure coagulant dosage procedure with advanced treatment solutions.

4.2 CHEMICALS

The following were the chemicals used during the course of this project: Iron(III) chloride-Anhydrous 98% (CAS# 7705-08-0; Fisher Scientific, Springfield,

NJ),Aluminium Sulfate-Reagent grade, crystal (CAS# 7681-11-0; Fisher

Scientific),Ferric Sulfate (CAT# 158042; MP Biomedicals, LLC), Disperse Yellow 3

(CAT# 157883; MP Biomedicals, LLC), Congo Red (CAT# 105099; MP Biomedicals,

LLC);,Methylene Blue (CAS# 7220-79-3; Fisher Scientific); Crystal Violet (CAS# 548-

62-9 ; Fisher Scientific),Pro Indigo (2oz; Pro Chemical & Dye)

4.2.1 Ferric Chloride

Ferric chloride is an effective coagulant at PH in between 4 and 11.It consumes more alkalinity as compared as compared to aluminum sulfate when mixed with water. Ferric chloride,FeCl3 (anhydrous) or FeCl3.6H2O (Crystalline) has a brownish yellow or orange colour in crystalline form and is very hygroscopic in nature. It is extracted from ores containing iron and titanium oxides.

4.2.2 Aluminum Sulfate

The common form of aluminum sulfate is Al2(SO4)3.18 H2O and can exist with varying proportions of water. Aluminum sulfate also known as alum ia a white crystalline product which is readily soluble in water but almost insoluble in anhydrous alcohol.

Major use of Aluminum Sulfate or alum is in the purification of drinking water. Its a widely used industrial chemical.

4.2.3 Ferric Sulfate

A greenish crystalline compound used as pigment, fertilizer and feed additive in water and wastewater treatment and also as a medicine in the treatment of iron deficiency. It is an effective coagulant at PH values between 4 and 11.

4.3 DYE SOLUTIONS

The dye solutions were prepared by pipetting a known amount of dye in 1 liter (L)

Erlenmeyer flask and diluting it with a known amount of distilled water. Five reactive concentrated dyes (Disperse Yello 3, Congo Red, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet and Pro

Indigo ) were used to perform experiments.

4.4 EQUIPMENTS

4.4.1 Glassware

All the glassware used during experiments were washed with standard dishwashing detergent (Sparkleen, Fisher Scientififc), rinsed with tap water and copious amounts of

Nanopure water,Type I Standard methods, (Barnstead,Inc., Dubuque, IA) and then allowed to dry. Proper monitoring was done in order to check proper draining.

4.4.2 Spectrophotometer

The Spectrophotometer Thermo Spectronic Genesys 20 was used to measure dye concentration and color removal before and after the stage 1 and stage 2 treatment.

4.4.3 Syringe & Syringe filters

NORM-JECT (60 mL) syringe & Tisch Scientific 0.2 um syringe filters were used especially for performing advanced stage 2 treatment (Microfiltration).

4.4.4TOC Analyzer

Shimadzu autosampler for the TOC analyzer Model TOC-5000 (A) were used to obtain

TOC data of the dye solutions. This analyzer’s range of measurement is in between 0 and

1000 ppm.

4.5 METHODS

Stage 1

First step was to prepare dye solutions with different concentrations of 100,300 and

500 mg/L, respectively. Coagulants were allowed to mix into each solution, which were then mixed in fast or rapid shaker with rapid speed of 120 RPM and then followed by 30 minutes of slow mixing with 50 RPM. The solution was then kept still for 30 minutes for coalescence to be precipitated.

Lastly, the supernatant of the solution was leached out to measure the colour & TOC removal .See appendix A for run protocols.

Consider one run,the procedure were as follows: The concentration of the dye solution was kept fixed with varying coagulant dosages of 0,50,100,150,200,250 and 300 mg/L respectively. As there were 7 different coagulant doses, a single run would contain 7 different cups of dye solution.Same procedure was followed for all other runs with different concentration of dye solution.

For one type of dye, 3 different type of coagulants and 3 different dye concentration,hence the total number of run protocols for one type of dye were 9 runs. As these were five kinds of dye being experimented, the research required 45 runs in total.

Stage 2

Stage 2 is an advanced treatment following stage 1. The main purpose of this stage were to further get more colour and TOC removal containing in the supernatant by passing through Tisch Scientific 0.2 um syringe filter using NORM-JECT (60 mL) syringe.

4.6 ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT PROCEDURES

4.6.1TRANSMITTANCE PROCCEDURES

1. Turn the machine on and waiting at least 30 minutes, set the wavelength to 350 nm using the wavelength selector available option on the machine and vary wavelength as per different types of dyes.

2. Calibrate the spectrometer by filling a sample vial with distilled water .

2. Place the distilled water sample into the machine and using the %Transmittance button, press until the spectrometer reads “100% Transmittance.” Remove the distilled water sample.

3. Allow some of the wastewater sample to pour into another vial. Place the wastewater sample into the machine and allow it run to determine the transmittance.

6. Record and repeat procedure for all samples tested.

4.7 Run Protocols

There are a total of 45 runs. Run protocols are listed in Appendix A.

CHAPTER V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The result study are presented in this chapter.

5.1 Results for Disperse Yellow 3 Dye

The results for disperse yellow 3 dye includes run 1-run 9.The concentration of disperse yellow 3 dye was taken 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Ferric chloride demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure 46, 47

& 48 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 46, the highest percentage transmittance of about 96.8% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride coagulant for 100 ppm disperse yellow 3 dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 46 shows the second highest

percentage transmittance of about 94.7% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 100 ppm dye concentration Figure 47 shows the third highest percentage transmittance of about 91.1% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 61 indicates Run 1 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm disperse yellow 3 dye concentration for all the three coagulants at

300 ppm dose.

5.2 Results for Congo Red Dye

The congo red dye includes run 10- run 18.The concentration of congo red dye was taken 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Ferric chloride demonstrated fair performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure 49, 50 & 51 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100,300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 49, the highest percentage transmittance of about 78.4% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride coagulant for 100 ppm congo red dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 64 indicates Run 10 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm congo red dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.3 Results for Methylene Blue Dye

The results for methylene blue dye includes run 19 and run 27. The concentration of methylene blue dye was taken 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure 52, 53

& 54 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100,300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 52, the highest percentage transmittance of about 98.7% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm methylene blue dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 53 shows the second highest percentage transmittance of about 96.3% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 54 shows the third highest percentage transmittance of about 92.1% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 500 ppm dye concentration Figure

68 indicates Run 22 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates

TOC analysis for 100 ppm methylene blue dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.4 Results for Crystal Violet Dye

The results for crystal violet dye includes run 28 and run 36. The concentration of crystal violet dye was taken 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure 55, 56

& 57 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 55, the highest percentage transmittance of about 96.2% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm crystal violet dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 56 shows the second highest percentage transmittance of about 94.3% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 57 shows the third highest percentage transmittance of about 91.1% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 500 ppm dye concentration Figure

71 indicates Run 31 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates

TOC analysis for 100 ppm crystal violet dye concentration for all the three coagulants at

300 ppm dose.

5.5 Results for Pro Indigo Dye

The results for pro indigo dye includes run 37 and run 45. The concentration of pro indigo dye was taken 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure 58, 59

& 60 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 58, the highest percentage transmittance of about 98.9% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm pro indigo dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. It can be seen from figure 59, the second

highest percentage transmittance of about 98.2% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 300 ppm pro indigo dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment.

Figure 74 indicates Run 40 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm pro indigo dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.6 Comparison of all runs

5.6.1 Comparison of all runs for Disperse Yellow 3 dye Ferric chloride demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for

100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations

Figure 46,47 & 48 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100,300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 46, the highest percentage transmittance of about 96.8% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride coagulant for 100 ppm disperse yellow 3 dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure

46shows the second highest percentage transmittance of about 94.7% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 100 ppm dye concentration Figure 47 shows the third highest percentage transmittance of about 91.1% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 61 indicates Run 1 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm disperse yellow 3 dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.6.2 Comparison of all runs for Congo Red dye Ferric chloride demonstrated fair performance on color and TOC removal for 100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations Figure

49,50 & 51 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100,300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 49, the highest percentage transmittance of about 78.4% at 300 ppm dose of ferric chloride coagulant for 100 ppm congo red dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 64 indicates Run 10

(% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for

100 ppm congo red dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.6.3 Comparison of all runs for Methylene Blue dye Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for

100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations

Figure 52, 53 & 54 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 52, the highest percentage transmittance of about 98.7% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm methylene blue dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 53 shows the second highest percentage transmittance of about 96.3% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 54 shows the third highest

percentage transmittance of about 92.1% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 500 ppm dye concentration Figure 68 indicates Run 22 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm methylene blue dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.6.4 Comparison of all runs for Crystal Violet dye Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for

100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations

Figure 55, 56 & 57 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 55, the highest percentage transmittance of about 96.2% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm crystal violet dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 56 shows the second highest percentage transmittance of about 94.3% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 300 ppm dye concentration Figure 57 shows the third highest percentage transmittance of about 91.1% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate for 500 ppm dye concentration Figure 71 indicates Run 31 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm crystal violet dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

5.6.5 Comparison of all runs for Pro Indigo dye

Aluminum sulfate demonstrated excellent performance on color and TOC removal for

100 ppm dye concentration amongst all other coagulants and different dye concentrations

Figure 58, 59 & 60 were compared to determine highest percentage transmittance obtained after stage 2 treatment for different dose of coagulants and concentrations of dye as 100, 300 and 500 ppm respectively. It can be seen from figure 58, the highest percentage transmittance of about 98.9% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 100 ppm pro indigo dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. It can be seen from figure 59, the second highest percentage transmittance of about 98.2% at 300 ppm dose of aluminum sulfate coagulant for 300 ppm pro indigo dye concentration obtained after stage 2 treatment. Figure 74 indicates Run 40 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Figure 76 indicates TOC analysis for 100 ppm pro indigo dye concentration for all the three coagulants at 300 ppm dose.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of Jar tests, chemical coagulation combined with microfiltration and TOC removal, many useful conclusion can be made regarding the treatment of dye wastewater. The summary of conclusion is as follows:

1. The combination of stage 1 and stage 2 treatment process gives the maximum

results in almost all the cases. Some coagulants provide superior color removal

with certain type of dye.

2. Stage 2 microfiltration was able to provide decent color removal in the case were

the color removal from stage 1 was not taking place.

3. For disperse yellow 3 dye the best coagulant was ferric chloride at dosage of 300

ppm with 96.8% color removal for the combined two stage treatment.

4. For congo red dye the best coagulant was ferric chloride at dosage of 300 ppm

with 78.4% color removal for the combined two stage treatment.

5. For methylene blue dye the best coagulant was aluminum sulfate at dosage of 300

ppm with 98.7% color removal for the combined two stage treatment.

6. For crystal violet dye the best coagulant was aluminum sulfate at dosage of 300

ppm with 96.2% color removal for the combined two stage treatment.

7. For pro indigo dye the best coagulant was aluminum sulfate at dosage of 300 ppm

with 98.9% color removal for the combined two stage treatment.

6.2 ENGINEERING SIGNIFICANCE

The combined two stage treatment consist of coagulation and microfiltration can be used effectively to remove color from different dye wastewater.

However cost effective analysis can be performed regarding microfiltration processes.

Limitation of microfiltration regarding wastewater flow must be considered.

6.3. RECOMMENDATIONS

…..After rapid and slow mixing, the settling time provided was 30 minutes. The coalescence needs more amount of time to precipitate. The more the settling time the

cleaner is the supernatant. Providing appropriate setting time can increase the efficiency of color removal and can achieve some good results. The same applies to rapid and slow mixing time.

Also providing appropriate PH, the efficiency of color removal can be increased with some great results.

Formation of sludge after chemical coagulation contained dye and other chemicals which is toxic to the water bodies. There is need for a potential treatment for the sludge to neutralize and to reduce the level of toxicity before disposal of it as a hazardous solid waste in the landfill.

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APPENDIX A: RUNNING PROTOCOLS

Table 1: Protocols for Run 1-3. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 0 100

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 50 100

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 100 100

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 150 100

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 200 100

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 250 100

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 300 100

Run 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 0 300

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 50 300

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 100 300

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 150 300

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 200 300

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 250 300

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 300 300

Run 3 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 0 500

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 50 500

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 100 500

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 150 500

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 200 500

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 250 500

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeCl3 300 500

Table 2: Protocols for Run 4-6. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 4 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 0 100

2 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 50 100

3 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 100 100

4 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 150 100

5 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 200 100

6 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 250 100

7 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 300 100

Run 5 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 0 300

2 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 50 300

3 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 100 300

4 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 150 300

5 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 200 300

6 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 250 300

7 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 300 300

Run 6 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 0 500

2 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 50 500

3 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 100 500

4 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 150 500

5 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 200 500

6 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 250 500

7 Disperse Yellow 3 Al2(SO4)3 300 500

Table 3: Protocols for Run 7-9. Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 7 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 0 100

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 50 100

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 100 100

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 150 100

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 200 100

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 250 100

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 300 100

Run 8 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 0 300

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 50 300

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 100 300

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 150 300

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 200 300

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 250 300

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 300 300

Run 9 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 0 500

2 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 50 500

3 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 100 500

4 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 150 500

5 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 200 500

6 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 250 500

7 Disperse Yellow 3 FeSO4 300 500

Table 4: Protocols for Run 1-3. Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 10 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeCl3 0 100

2 Congo Red FeCl3 50 100

3 Congo Red FeCl3 100 100

4 Congo Red FeCl3 150 100

5 Congo Red FeCl3 200 100

6 Congo Red FeCl3 250 100

7 Congo Red FeCl3 300 100

Run 11 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeCl3 0 300

2 Congo Red FeCl3 50 300

3 Congo Red FeCl3 100 300

4 Congo Red FeCl3 150 300

5 Congo Red FeCl3 200 300

6 Congo Red FeCl3 250 300

7 Congo Red FeCl3 300 300

Run 12 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeCl3 0 500

2 Congo Red FeCl3 50 500

3 Congo Red FeCl3 100 500

4 Congo Red FeCl3 150 500

5 Congo Red FeCl3 200 500

6 Congo Red FeCl3 250 500

7 Congo Red FeCl3 300 500

Table 5: Protocols for Run 1-3. Congo Red Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 13 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 0 100

2 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 50 100

3 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 100 100

4 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 150 100

5 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 200 100

6 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 250 100

7 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 300 100

Run 14 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 0 300

2 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 50 300

3 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 100 300

4 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 150 300

5 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 200 300

6 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 250 300

7 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 300 300

Run 15 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 0 500

2 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 50 500

3 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 100 500

4 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 150 500

5 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 200 500

6 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 250 500

7 Congo Red Al2(SO4)3 300 500

Table 6: Protocols for Run 16-18. Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 16 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeSO4 0 100

2 Congo Red FeSO4 50 100

3 Congo Red FeSO4 100 100

4 Congo Red FeSO4 150 100

5 Congo Red FeSO4 200 100

6 Congo Red FeSO4 250 100

7 Congo Red FeSO4 300 100

Run 17 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeSO4 0 300

2 Congo Red FeSO4 50 300

3 Congo Red FeSO4 100 300

4 Congo Red FeSO4 150 300

5 Congo Red FeSO4 200 300

6 Congo Red FeSO4 250 300

7 Congo Red FeSO4 300 300

Run 18 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Congo Red FeSO4 0 500

2 Congo Red FeSO4 50 500

3 Congo Red FeSO4 100 500

4 Congo Red FeSO4 150 500

5 Congo Red FeSO4 200 500

6 Congo Red FeSO4 250 500

7 Congo Red FeSO4 300 500

Table 7: Protocols for Run 19-21. Methyl Blue Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 19 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeCl3 0 100

2 Methyl Blue FeCl3 50 100

3 Methyl Blue FeCl3 100 100

4 Methyl Blue FeCl3 150 100

5 Methyl Blue FeCl3 200 100

6 Methyl Blue FeCl3 250 100

7 Methyl Blue FeCl3 300 100

Run 20 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeCl3 0 300

2 Methyl Blue FeCl3 50 300

3 Methyl Blue FeCl3 100 300

4 Methyl Blue FeCl3 150 300

5 Methyl Blue FeCl3 200 300

6 Methyl Blue FeCl3 250 300

7 Methyl Blue FeCl3 300 300

Run 21 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeCl3 0 500

2 Methyl Blue FeCl3 50 500

3 Methyl Blue FeCl3 100 500

4 Methyl Blue FeCl3 150 500

5 Methyl Blue FeCl3 200 500

6 Methyl Blue FeCl3 250 500

7 Methyl Blue FeCl3 300 500

Table 8: Protocols for Run 22-24. Methyl Blue Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 22 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 0 100

2 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 50 100

3 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 100 100

4 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 150 100

5 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 200 100

6 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 250 100

7 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 300 100

Run 23 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 0 300

2 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 50 300

3 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 100 300

4 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 150 300

5 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 200 300

6 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 250 300

7 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 300 300

Run 24 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 0 500

2 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 50 500

3 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 100 500

4 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 150 500

5 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 200 500

6 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 250 500

7 Methyl Blue Al2(SO4)3 300 500

Table 9: Protocols for Run 25-27. Methyl Blue Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 25 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeSO4 0 100

2 Methyl Blue FeSO4 50 100

3 Methyl Blue FeSO4 100 100

4 Methyl Blue FeSO4 150 100

5 Methyl Blue FeSO4 200 100

6 Methyl Blue FeSO4 250 100

7 Methyl Blue FeSO4 300 100

Run 26 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeSO4 0 300

2 Methyl Blue FeSO4 50 300

3 Methyl Blue FeSO4 100 300

4 Methyl Blue FeSO4 150 300

5 Methyl Blue FeSO4 200 300

6 Methyl Blue FeSO4 250 300

7 Methyl Blue FeSO4 300 300

Run 27 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Methyl Blue FeSO4 0 500

2 Methyl Blue FeSO4 50 500

3 Methyl Blue FeSO4 100 500

4 Methyl Blue FeSO4 150 500

5 Methyl Blue FeSO4 200 500

6 Methyl Blue FeSO4 250 500

7 Methyl Blue FeSO4 300 500

Table 10: Protocols for Run 28-30. Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 28 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeCl3 0 100

2 Crystal Violet FeCl3 50 100

3 Crystal Violet FeCl3 100 100

4 Crystal Violet FeCl3 150 100

5 Crystal Violet FeCl3 200 100

6 Crystal Violet FeCl3 250 100

7 Crystal Violet FeCl3 300 100

Run 29 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeCl3 0 300

2 Crystal Violet FeCl3 50 300

3 Crystal Violet FeCl3 100 300

4 Crystal Violet FeCl3 150 300

5 Crystal Violet FeCl3 200 300

6 Crystal Violet FeCl3 250 300

7 Crystal Violet FeCl3 300 300

Run 30 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeCl3 0 500

2 Crystal Violet FeCl3 50 500

3 Crystal Violet FeCl3 100 500

4 Crystal Violet FeCl3 150 500

5 Crystal Violet FeCl3 200 500

6 Crystal Violet FeCl3 250 500

7 Crystal Violet FeCl3 300 500

Table 11: Protocols for Run 31-33. Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 31 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 0 100

2 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 50 100

3 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 100 100

4 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 150 100

5 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 200 100

6 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 250 100

7 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 300 100

Run 32 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 0 300

2 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 50 300

3 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 100 300

4 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 150 300

5 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 200 300

6 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 250 300

7 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 300 300

100

Run 33 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 0 500

2 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 50 500

3 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 100 500

4 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 150 500

5 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 200 500

6 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 250 500

7 Crystal Violet Al2(SO4)3 300 500

101

Table 12: Protocols for Run 34-36. Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 34 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeSO4 0 100

2 Crystal Violet FeSO4 50 100

3 Crystal Violet FeSO4 100 100

4 Crystal Violet FeSO4 150 100

5 Crystal Violet FeSO4 200 100

6 Crystal Violet FeSO4 250 100

7 Crystal Violet FeSO4 300 100

Run 35 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeSO4 0 300

2 Crystal Violet FeSO4 50 300

3 Crystal Violet FeSO4 100 300

4 Crystal Violet FeSO4 150 300

5 Crystal Violet FeSO4 200 300

6 Crystal Violet FeSO4 250 300

7 Crystal Violet FeSO4 300 300

102

Run 36 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Crystal Violet FeSO4 0 500

2 Crystal Violet FeSO4 50 500

3 Crystal Violet FeSO4 100 500

4 Crystal Violet FeSO4 150 500

5 Crystal Violet FeSO4 200 500

6 Crystal Violet FeSO4 250 500

7 Crystal Violet FeSO4 300 500

103

Table 13: Protocols for Run 37-39. Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 37 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeCl3 0 100

2 Pro Indigo FeCl3 50 100

3 Pro Indigo FeCl3 100 100

4 Pro Indigo FeCl3 150 100

5 Pro Indigo FeCl3 200 100

6 Pro Indigo FeCl3 250 100

7 Pro Indigo FeCl3 300 100

Run 38 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeCl3 0 300

2 Pro Indigo FeCl3 50 300

3 Pro Indigo FeCl3 100 300

4 Pro Indigo FeCl3 150 300

5 Pro Indigo FeCl3 200 300

6 Pro Indigo FeCl3 250 300

7 Pro Indigo FeCl3 300 300

104

Run 39 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeCl3 0 500

2 Pro Indigo FeCl3 50 500

3 Pro Indigo FeCl3 100 500

4 Pro Indigo FeCl3 150 500

5 Pro Indigo FeCl3 200 500

6 Pro Indigo FeCl3 250 500

7 Pro Indigo FeCl3 300 500

105

Table 14: Protocols for Run 40-42. Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 40 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 0 100

2 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 50 100

3 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 100 100

4 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 150 100

5 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 200 100

6 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 250 100

7 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 300 100

Run 41 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 0 300

2 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 50 300

3 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 100 300

4 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 150 300

5 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 200 300

6 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 250 300

7 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 300 300

106

Run 42 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 0 500

2 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 50 500

3 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 100 500

4 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 150 500

5 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 200 500

6 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 250 500

7 Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 300 500

107

Table 15: Protocols for Run 43-45. Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 43 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeSO4 0 100

2 Pro Indigo FeSO4 50 100

3 Pro Indigo FeSO4 100 100

4 Pro Indigo FeSO4 150 100

5 Pro Indigo FeSO4 200 100

6 Pro Indigo FeSO4 250 100

7 Pro Indigo FeSO4 300 100

Run 44 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeSO4 0 300

2 Pro Indigo FeSO4 50 300

3 Pro Indigo FeSO4 100 300

4 Pro Indigo FeSO4 150 300

5 Pro Indigo FeSO4 200 300

6 Pro Indigo FeSO4 250 300

7 Pro Indigo FeSO4 300 300

108

Run 45 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Conc. (ppm) (ppm)

1 Pro Indigo FeSO4 0 500

2 Pro Indigo FeSO4 50 500

3 Pro Indigo FeSO4 100 500

4 Pro Indigo FeSO4 150 500

5 Pro Indigo FeSO4 200 500

6 Pro Indigo FeSO4 250 500

7 Pro Indigo FeSO4 300 500

109

APPENDIX B RESULT TABLES

PART 1

110

Table 16: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

Run 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeCl3 0 100 0.373659633 42.3 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeCl3 50 100 0.021363052 95.2 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeCl3 100 100 0.019542108 95.6 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeCl3 150 100 0.018181393 95.9 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeCl3 200 100 0.016373713 96.3 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeCl3 250 100 0.014573526 96.7 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeCl3 300 100 0.014124643 96.8 Yellow 3

111

Run 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeCl3 0 300 0.379863945 41.7 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeCl3 50 300 0.041436117 90.9 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeCl3 100 300 0.040958608 91.0 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeCl3 150 300 0.038104526 91.6 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeCl3 200 300 0.037630664 91.7 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeCl3 250 300 0.036448266 91.95 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeCl3 300 300 0.036212173 92.0 Yellow 3

112

Run 3 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeCl3 0 500 0.381951903 41.5 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeCl3 50 500 0.061480275 86.8 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeCl3 100 500 0.056011125 87.9 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeCl3 150 500 0.056011125 87.9 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeCl3 200 500 0.056011125 87.9 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeCl3 250 500 0.056011125 87.9 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeCl3 300 500 0.056011125 87.9 Yellow 3

113

Table 17: Results for Run 4-6 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye,

Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 4 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.274905479 53.1 Yellow 3

2 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.043351421 90.5 Yellow 3

3 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.037157319 91.8 Yellow 3

4 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.035269079 92.2 Yellow 3

5 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.030584088 93.2 Yellow 3

6 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.028724151 93.6 Yellow 3

7 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.023650021 94.7 Yellow 3

114

Run 5 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 0 300 0.308034897 49.2 Yellow 3

2 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 50 300 0.100179498 79.4 Yellow 3

3 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 100 300 0.096910013 80.0 Yellow 3

4 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 150 300 0.087777943 81.7 Yellow 3

5 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 200 300 0.080398976 83.1 Yellow 3

6 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 250 300 0.078833949 83.4 Yellow 3

7 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 300 0.078833949 83.4 Yellow 3

115

Run 6 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 0 500 0.312471039 48.7 Yellow 3

2 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 50 500 0.106238238 78.3 Yellow 3

3 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 100 500 0.105130343 78.5 Yellow 3

4 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 150 500 0.101274818 79.2 Yellow 3

5 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 200 500 0.098541679 79.7 Yellow 3

6 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 250 500 0.095825632 80.2 Yellow 3

7 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 500 0.095825632 80.2 Yellow 3

116

Table 18: Results for Run 7-9 (after stage 2 treatment). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 7 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeSO4 0 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeSO4 50 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeSO4 100 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeSO4 150 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeSO4 200 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeSO4 250 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeSO4 300 100 0.254144805 55.7 Yellow 3

117

Run 8 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeSO4 0 300 0.272458743 53.4 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeSO4 50 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeSO4 100 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeSO4 150 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeSO4 200 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeSO4 250 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeSO4 300 300 0.252588192 55.9 Yellow 3

118

Run 9 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Disperse FeSO4 0 500 0.379863945 41.7 Yellow 3

2 Disperse FeSO4 50 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

3 Disperse FeSO4 100 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

4 Disperse FeSO4 150 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

5 Disperse FeSO4 200 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

6 Disperse FeSO4 250 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

7 Disperse FeSO4 300 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3

119

Table 19: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 10 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeCl3 0 100 0.28567024 51.8 Red

2 Congo FeCl3 50 100 0.108462542 77.9 Red

3 Congo FeCl3 100 100 0.108462542 77.9 Red

4 Congo FeCl3 150 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red

5 Congo FeCl3 200 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red

6 Congo FeCl3 250 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red

7 Congo FeCl3 300 100 0.105683937 78.4 Red

120

Run 11 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeCl3 0 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

2 Congo FeCl3 50 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

3 Congo FeCl3 100 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

4 Congo FeCl3 150 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

5 Congo FeCl3 200 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

6 Congo FeCl3 250 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

7 Congo FeCl3 300 300 0.331614083 46.6 Red

Run 12 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeCl3 0 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

2 Congo FeCl3 50 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

3 Congo FeCl3 100 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

4 Congo FeCl3 150 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

121

5 Congo FeCl3 200 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

6 Congo FeCl3 250 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

7 Congo FeCl3 300 500 0.347753659 44.9 Red

122

Table 20: Results for Run 1-3 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 13 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

2 Congo Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

3 Congo Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

4 Congo Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

5 Congo Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

6 Congo Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

7 Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.316052869 48.3 Red

123

Run 14 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo Al2(SO4)3 0 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

2 Congo Al2(SO4)3 50 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

3 Congo Al2(SO4)3 100 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

4 Congo Al2(SO4)3 150 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

5 Congo Al2(SO4)3 200 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

6 Congo Al2(SO4)3 250 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

7 Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 300 0.37675071 42.0 Red

Run 15 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo Al2(SO4)3 0 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

2 Congo Al2(SO4)3 50 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

3 Congo Al2(SO4)3 100 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

4 Congo Al2(SO4)3 150 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

124

5 Congo Al2(SO4)3 200 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

6 Congo Al2(SO4)3 250 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

7 Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

125

Table 21: Results for Run 16-18 (after stage 2 treatment). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 16 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeSO4 0 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

2 Congo FeSO4 50 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

3 Congo FeSO4 100 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

4 Congo FeSO4 150 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

5 Congo FeSO4 200 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

6 Congo FeSO4 250 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

7 Congo FeSO4 300 100 0.223298816 59.8 Red

126

Run 17 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeSO4 0 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

2 Congo FeSO4 50 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

3 Congo FeSO4 100 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

4 Congo FeSO4 150 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

5 Congo FeSO4 200 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

6 Congo FeSO4 250 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

7 Congo FeSO4 300 300 0.375717904 42.1 Red

127

Run 18 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Congo FeSO4 0 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

2 Congo FeSO4 50 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

3 Congo FeSO4 100 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

4 Congo FeSO4 150 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

5 Congo FeSO4 200 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

6 Congo FeSO4 250 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

7 Congo FeSO4 300 500 0.389339837 40.8 Red

128

Table 22: Results for Run 19-21 (after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

Run 19 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeCl3 0 100 0.269217724 53.8 Blue

2 Methyl FeCl3 50 100 0.162411562 68.8 Blue

3 Methyl FeCl3 100 100 0.159893906 69.2 Blue

4 Methyl FeCl3 150 100 0.15490196 70.00 Blue

5 Methyl FeCl3 200 100 0.1123827 77.2 Blue

6 Methyl FeCl3 250 100 0.1123827 77.2 Blue

7 Methyl FeCl3 300 100 0.103473783 78.8 Blue

129

Run 20 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeCl3 0 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

2 Methyl FeCl3 50 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

3 Methyl FeCl3 100 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

4 Methyl FeCl3 150 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

5 Methyl FeCl3 200 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

6 Methyl FeCl3 250 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

7 Methyl FeCl3 300 300 0.290730039 51.2 Blue

130

Run 21 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeCl3 0 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

2 Methyl FeCl3 50 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

3 Methyl FeCl3 100 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

4 Methyl FeCl3 150 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

5 Methyl FeCl3 200 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

6 Methyl FeCl3 250 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

7 Methyl FeCl3 300 500 0.364516253 43.2 Blue

131

Table 23: Results for Run 22-24 (after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye,

Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 22 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.202732459 62.7 Blue

2 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.059483515 87.2 Blue

3 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.032452024 92.8 Blue

4 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.015472687 96.5 Blue

5 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.015472687 96.5 Blue

6 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.01278077 97.1 Blue

7 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.005682847 98.7 Blue

132

Run 23 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 0 300 0.209011525 61.8 Blue

2 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 50 300 0.063989204 86.3 Blue

3 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 100 300 0.037157319 91.8 Blue

4 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 150 300 0.033858267 92.5 Blue

5 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 200 300 0.028724151 93.6 Blue

6 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 250 300 0.017276612 96.1 Blue

7 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 300 300 0.016373713 96.3 Blue

133

Run 24 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 0 500 0.226213555 59.4 Blue

2 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 50 500 0.079876674 83.2 Blue

3 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 100 500 0.067526235 85.6 Blue

4 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 150 500 0.055517328 88.0 Blue

5 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 200 500 0.048176965 89.5 Blue

6 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 250 500 0.037157319 91.8 Blue

7 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 300 500 0.03574037 92.1 Blue

134

Table 24: Results for Run 25-27(after stage 2 treatment). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 25 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeSO4 0 100 0.213248578 61.2 Blue

2 Methyl FeSO4 50 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

3 Methyl FeSO4 100 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

4 Methyl FeSO4 150 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

5 Methyl FeSO4 200 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

6 Methyl FeSO4 250 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

7 Methyl FeSO4 300 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue

135

Run 26 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeSO4 0 300 0.298432015 50.3 Blue

2 Methyl FeSO4 50 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

3 Methyl FeSO4 100 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

4 Methyl FeSO4 150 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

5 Methyl FeSO4 200 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

6 Methyl FeSO4 250 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

7 Methyl FeSO4 300 300 0.294136288 50.8 Blue

136

Run 27 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Methyl FeSO4 0 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

2 Methyl FeSO4 50 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

3 Methyl FeSO4 100 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

4 Methyl FeSO4 150 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

5 Methyl FeSO4 200 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

6 Methyl FeSO4 250 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

7 Methyl FeSO4 300 500 0.320572103 47.8 Blue

137

Table 25: Results for Run 28-30 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

Run 28 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeCl3 0 100 0.281498311 52.3 Violet

2 Crystal FeCl3 50 100 0.110138279 77.6 Violet

3 Crystal FeCl3 100 100 0.107905397 78.0 Violet

4 Crystal FeCl3 150 100 0.103473783 78.8 Violet

5 Crystal FeCl3 200 100 0.102372909 79.0 Violet

6 Crystal FeCl3 250 100 0.101274818 79.2 Violet

7 Crystal FeCl3 300 100 0.100726813 79.3 Violet

138

Run 29 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeCl3 0 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

2 Crystal FeCl3 50 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

3 Crystal FeCl3 100 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

4 Crystal FeCl3 150 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

5 Crystal FeCl3 200 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

6 Crystal FeCl3 250 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

7 Crystal FeCl3 300 300 0.297569464 50.4 Violet

139

Run 30 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeCl3 0 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

2 Crystal FeCl3 50 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

3 Crystal FeCl3 100 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

4 Crystal FeCl3 150 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

5 Crystal FeCl3 200 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

6 Crystal FeCl3 250 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

7 Crystal FeCl3 300 500 0.367542708 42.9 Violet

140

Table 26: Results for Run 31-33 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 31 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.210419288 61.6 Violet

2 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.025949097 94.2 Violet

3 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.023191663 94.8 Violet

4 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.017728767 96.0 Violet

5 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet

6 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet

7 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet

141

Run 32 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 0 300 0.219106891 60.38 Violet

2 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 50 300 0.048662481 89.4 Violet

3 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 100 300 0.034328029 92.4 Violet

4 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 150 300 0.028724151 93.6 Violet

5 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 200 300 0.025949097 94.2 Violet

6 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 250 300 0.025488307 94.3 Violet

7 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 300 0.025488307 94.3 Violet

142

Run 33 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 0 500 0.239577517 57.6 Violet

2 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 50 500 0.042871802 90.6 Violet

3 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 100 500 0.045275209 90.1 Violet

4 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 150 500 0.040481623 91.1 Violet

5 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 200 500 0.040481623 91.1 Violet

6 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 250 500 0.040481623 91.1 Violet

7 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 500 0.040481623 91.1 Violet

143

Table 27: Results for Run 34-36 (after stage 2 treatment). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 34 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeSO4 0 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

2 Crystal FeSO4 50 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

3 Crystal FeSO4 100 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

4 Crystal FeSO4 150 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

5 Crystal FeSO4 200 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

6 Crystal FeSO4 250 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

7 Crystal FeSO4 300 100 0.20481541 62.4 Violet

144

Run 35 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeSO4 0 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

2 Crystal FeSO4 50 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

3 Crystal FeSO4 100 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

4 Crystal FeSO4 150 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

5 Crystal FeSO4 200 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

6 Crystal FeSO4 250 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

7 Crystal FeSO4 300 300 0.268411235 53.9 Violet

145

Run 36 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Crystal FeSO4 0 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

2 Crystal FeSO4 50 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

3 Crystal FeSO4 100 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

4 Crystal FeSO4 150 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

5 Crystal FeSO4 200 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

6 Crystal FeSO4 250 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

7 Crystal FeSO4 300 500 0.287350298 51.6 Violet

146

Table 28: Results for Run 37-39 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

Run 37 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeCl3 0 100 0.21275212 61.27 Indigo

2 Pro FeCl3 50 100 0.20481541 62.4 Indigo

3 Pro FeCl3 100 100 0.202040356 62.8 Indigo

4 Pro FeCl3 150 100 0.200659451 63.0 Indigo

5 Pro FeCl3 200 100 0.197226275 63.5 Indigo

6 Pro FeCl3 250 100 0.196542884 63.6 Indigo

7 Pro FeCl3 300 100 0.196542884 63.6 Indigo

147

Run 38 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeCl3 0 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

2 Pro FeCl3 50 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

3 Pro FeCl3 100 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

4 Pro FeCl3 150 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

5 Pro FeCl3 200 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

6 Pro FeCl3 250 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

7 Pro FeCl3 300 300 0.220403509 60.2 Indigo

148

Run 39 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeCl3 0 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

2 Pro FeCl3 50 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

3 Pro FeCl3 100 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

4 Pro FeCl3 150 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

5 Pro FeCl3 200 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

6 Pro FeCl3 250 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

7 Pro FeCl3 300 500 0.341035157 45.6 Indigo

149

Table 29: Results for Run 40-42 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 40 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.18243463 65.7 Indigo

2 Pro Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.054531415 88.2 Indigo

3 Pro Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.008773924 98.0 Indigo

4 Pro Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.008330993 98.1 Indigo

5 Pro Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo

6 Pro Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.007004902 98.4 Indigo

7 Pro Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.004803708 98.9 Indigo

150

Run 41 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro Al2(SO4)3 0 300 0.197910742 63.4 Indigo

2 Pro Al2(SO4)3 50 300 0.009661145 97.8 Indigo

3 Pro Al2(SO4)3 100 300 0.009661145 97.8 Indigo

4 Pro Al2(SO4)3 150 300 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo

5 Pro Al2(SO4)3 200 300 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo

6 Pro Al2(SO4)3 250 300 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo

7 Pro Al2(SO4)3 300 300 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo

Run 42 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro Al2(SO4)3 0 500 0.213248578 61.2 Indigo

2 Pro Al2(SO4)3 50 500 0.011441043 97.4 Indigo

3 Pro Al2(SO4)3 100 500 0.011441043 97.4 Indigo

4 Pro Al2(SO4)3 150 500 0.011441043 97.4

151

Indigo

5 Pro Al2(SO4)3 200 500 0.011441043 97.4 Indigo

6 Pro Al2(SO4)3 250 500 0.011441043 97.4 Indigo

7 Pro Al2(SO4)3 300 500 0.011441043 97.4 Indigo

152

Table 30: Results for Run 43-45 (after stage 2 treatment). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 43 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeSO4 0 100 0.202040356 62.8 Indigo

2 Pro FeSO4 50 100 0.051098239 88.9 Indigo

3 Pro FeSO4 100 100 0.044793462 90.2 Indigo

4 Pro FeSO4 150 100 0.032920266 92.7 Indigo

5 Pro FeSO4 200 100 0.019542108 95.6 Indigo

6 Pro FeSO4 250 100 0.016824928 96.2 Indigo

7 Pro FeSO4 300 100 0.015472687 96.5 Indigo

153

Run 44 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeSO4 0 300 0.224025669 59.7 Indigo

2 Pro FeSO4 50 300 0.069560405 85.2 Indigo

3 Pro FeSO4 100 300 0.063989204 86.3 Indigo

4 Pro FeSO4 150 300 0.059483515 87.2 Indigo

5 Pro FeSO4 200 300 0.058488567 87.4 Indigo

6 Pro FeSO4 250 300 0.040005162 91.2 Indigo

7 Pro FeSO4 300 300 0.034798299 92.3 Indigo

Run 45 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance Conc. (ppm) (%) (ppm)

1 Pro FeSO4 0 500 0.219682688 60.3 Indigo

2 Pro FeSO4 50 500 0.084600165 82.3 Indigo

3 Pro FeSO4 100 500 0.068542129 85.4 Indigo

4 Pro FeSO4 150 500 0.066006836 85.9

154

Indigo

5 Pro FeSO4 200 500 0.053547735 88.4 Indigo

6 Pro FeSO4 250 500 0.05207638 88.7 Indigo

7 Pro FeSO4 300 500 0.04769199 89.6 Indigo

155

APPENDIX B RESULT TABLES PART 2

156

Table 31: Results for Run 1 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 1 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage 1 (ppm)

1 Disperse FeCl3 0 100 56.3 Yellow 3 0.249492 0

2 Disperse FeCl3 50 100 86.9 Yellow 3 0.06098 54.35169

3 Disperse FeCl3 100 100 88.46 Yellow 3 0.053253 57.12256

4 Disperse FeCl3 150 100 90.5 Yellow 3 0.043351 60.746

5 Disperse FeCl3 200 100 91.0 Yellow 3 0.040959 61.6341

6 Disperse FeCl3 250 100 91.3 Yellow 3 0.039529 62.16696

7 Disperse FeCl3 300 100 92.6 Yellow 3 0.033389 64.47602

157

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Disperse FeCl3 0 100 0.373659633 42.3 Yellow 3 0

2 Disperse FeCl3 50 100 0.021363052 95.2 Yellow

3 50.3861

3 Disperse FeCl3 100 100 0.019542108 95.6 Yellow 3 50.3861

4 Disperse FeCl3 150 100 0.018181393 95.9 Yellow 3 51.1583

5 Disperse FeCl3 200 100 0.016373713 96.3 Yellow 3 51.1583

6 Disperse FeCl3 250 100 0.014573526 96.7 Yellow 3 51.1583

7 Disperse FeCl3 300 100 0.014124643 96.8 Yellow 3 51.35135

158

Table 32: Results for Run 4 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 4 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 0 100 41.5 Yellow 3 0.381952 0

2 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 50 100 45.2 Yellow 3 0.344862 8.915663

3 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 100 100 63.8 Yellow 3 0.195179 53.73494

4 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 150 100 64.3 Yellow 3 0.191789 54.93976

5 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 200 100 65.7 Yellow 3 0.182435 58.31325

6 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 250 100 74.2 Yellow 3 0.129596 78.79518

7 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 100 78.4 Yellow 3 0.105684 88.91566

159

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.274905479 53.1 Yellow 3 0

2 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.043351421 90.5 Yellow 3 70.43315

3 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.037157319 91.8 Yellow 3 72.88136

4 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.035269079 92.2 Yellow 3 73.63465

5 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.030584088 93.2 Yellow 3 75.51789

6 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.028724151 93.6 Yellow 3 76.27119

7 Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.023650021 94.7 Yellow 3 78.34275

160

Table 33: Results for Run 7 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Disperse Yellow 3 Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 7 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Disperse FeSO4 0 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

2 Disperse FeSO4 50 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

3 Disperse FeSO4 100 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

4 Disperse FeSO4 150 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

5 Disperse FeSO4 200 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

6 Disperse FeSO4 250 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

7 Disperse FeSO4 300 500 38.4 0 Yellow 3 0.415669

161

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Disperse FeSO4 0 500 0.379863945 41.7 Yellow 3 0

2 Disperse FeSO4 50 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

3 Disperse FeSO4 100 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

4 Disperse FeSO4 150 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

5 Disperse FeSO4 200 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

6 Disperse FeSO4 250 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

7 Disperse FeSO4 300 500 0.250263684 56.2 Yellow 3 34.77218

162

Table 34: Results for Run 10 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 10 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Congo FeCl3 0 100 34.5 Red 0.462181 0

2 Congo FeCl3 50 100 59.1 Red 0.228413 71.30435

3 Congo FeCl3 100 100 60.8 Red 0.216096 76.23188

4 Congo FeCl3 150 100 62.4 Red 0.204815 80.86957

5 Congo FeCl3 200 100 63 Red 0.200659 82.6087

6 Congo FeCl3 250 100 64.1 Red 0.193142 85.7971

7 Congo FeCl3 300 100 65.9 Red 0.181115 91.01449

163

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Congo FeCl3 0 100 0.28567024 51.8 Red 0

2 Congo FeCl3 50 100 0.108462542 77.9 Red 50.3861

3 Congo FeCl3 100 100 0.108462542 77.9 Red 50.3861

4 Congo FeCl3 150 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red 51.1583

5 Congo FeCl3 200 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red 51.1583

6 Congo FeCl3 250 100 0.106238238 78.3 Red 51.1583

7 Congo FeCl3 300 100 0.105683937 78.4 Red 51.35135

164

Table 35: Results for Run 13 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 13 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Congo Al2(SO4)3 0 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

2 Congo Al2(SO4)3 50 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

3 Congo Al2(SO4)3 100 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

4 Congo Al2(SO4)3 150 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

5 Congo Al2(SO4)3 200 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

6 Congo Al2(SO4)3 250 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

7 Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 100 42 0 Red 0.376751

165

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Congo Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

2 Congo Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

3 Congo Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

4 Congo Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

5 Congo Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

6 Congo Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

7 Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.316052869 48.3 0 Red

166

Table 36: Results for Run 16 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Congo Red Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 16 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Congo FeSO4 0 100 42.9 Red 0.367543 0

2 Congo FeSO4 50 100 46.2 Red 0.335358 7.692308

3 Congo FeSO4 100 100 46.3 Red 0.334419 7.925408

4 Congo FeSO4 150 100 46.3 Red 0.334419 7.925408

5 Congo FeSO4 200 100 46.5 Red 0.332547 8.391608

6 Congo FeSO4 250 100 47.1 Red 0.326979 9.79021

7 Congo FeSO4 300 100 47.1 Red 0.326979 9.79021

167

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Congo FeSO4 0 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

2 Congo FeSO4 50 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

3 Congo FeSO4 100 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

4 Congo FeSO4 150 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

5 Congo FeSO4 200 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

6 Congo FeSO4 250 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

7 Congo FeSO4 300 100 0.223298816 59.8 0 Red

168

Table 37: Results for Run 19 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 19 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Methyl FeCl3 0 100 38.5 Blue 0.414539 0

2 Methyl FeCl3 50 100 62.5 Blue 0.20412 62.33766

3 Methyl FeCl3 100 100 64.8 Blue 0.188425 68.31169

4 Methyl FeCl3 150 100 65.3 Blue 0.185087 69.61039

5 Methyl FeCl3 200 100 65.9 Blue 0.181115 71.16883

6 Methyl FeCl3 250 100 66.1 Blue 0.179799 71.68831

7 Methyl FeCl3 300 100 66.2 Blue 0.179142 71.94805

169

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Methyl FeCl3 0 100 0.269217724 53.8 Blue 0

2 Methyl FeCl3 50 100 0.162411562 68.8 Blue 27.88104

3 Methyl FeCl3 100 100 0.159893906 69.2 Blue 28.62454

4 Methyl FeCl3 150 100 0.15490196 70.00 Blue 30.11152

5 Methyl FeCl3 200 100 0.1123827 77.2 Blue 43.49442

6 Methyl FeCl3 250 100 0.1123827 77.2 Blue 43.49442

7 Methyl FeCl3 300 100 0.103473783 78.8 Blue 46.4684

170

Table 38: Results for Run 22 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Methylene Blue Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 22 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 0 100 53.8 Blue 0.269218 0

2 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 50 100 85.1 Blue 0.07007 58.17844

3 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 100 100 85.9 Blue 0.066007 59.66543

4 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 150 100 86.5 Blue 0.062984 60.78067

5 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 200 100 89.8 Blue 0.046724 66.9145

6 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 250 100 90.6 Blue 0.042872 68.40149

7 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 300 100 92.1 Blue 0.03574 71.18959

171

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.202732459 62.7 Blue 0

2 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.059483515 87.2 Blue 39.07496

3 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.032452024 92.8 Blue 48.00638

4 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.015472687 96.5 Blue 53.9075

5 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.015472687 96.5 Blue 53.9075

6 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.01278077 97.1 Blue 54.86443

7 Methyl Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.005682847 98.7 Blue 57.41627

172

Table 39: Results for Run 25 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively).. Methylene Blue Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 25 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Methyl FeSO4 0 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

2 Methyl FeSO4 50 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

3 Methyl FeSO4 100 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

4 Methyl FeSO4 150 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

5 Methyl FeSO4 200 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

6 Methyl FeSO4 250 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

7 Methyl FeSO4 300 100 58.9 0 Blue 0.229885

173

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Methyl FeSO4 0 100 0.213248578 61.2 Blue 0

2 Methyl FeSO4 50 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

3 Methyl FeSO4 100 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

4 Methyl FeSO4 150 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

5 Methyl FeSO4 200 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

6 Methyl FeSO4 250 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

7 Methyl FeSO4 300 100 0.197226275 63.5 Blue 3.75817

174

Table 40: Results for Run 28 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 28 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Crystal FeCl3 0 100 45.4 Violet 0.342944 0

2 Crystal FeCl3 50 100 72.5 Violet 0.139662 59.69163

3 Crystal FeCl3 100 100 72.8 Violet 0.137869 60.35242

4 Crystal FeCl3 150 100 74.6 Violet 0.127261 64.31718

5 Crystal FeCl3 200 100 75.3 Violet 0.123205 65.85903

6 Crystal FeCl3 250 100 76.1 Violet 0.118615 67.62115

7 Crystal FeCl3 300 100 76.4 Violet 0.116907 68.28194

175

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Crystal FeCl3 0 100 0.281498311 52.3 Violet 0

2 Crystal FeCl3 50 100 0.110138279 77.6 Violet 48.37476

3 Crystal FeCl3 100 100 0.107905397 78.0 Violet 49.13958

4 Crystal FeCl3 150 100 0.103473783 78.8 Violet 50.66922

5 Crystal FeCl3 200 100 0.102372909 79.0 Violet 51.05163

6 Crystal FeCl3 250 100 0.101274818 79.2 Violet 51.43403

7 Crystal FeCl3 300 100 0.100726813 79.3 Violet 51.62524

176

Table 41: Results for Run 31 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 31 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 0 100 56.8 Violet 0.245652 0

2 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 50 100 88.3 Violet 0.054039 55.45775

3 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 100 100 91.4 Violet 0.039054 60.91549

4 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 150 100 91.5 Violet 0.038579 61.09155

5 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 200 100 92.1 Violet 0.03574 62.14789

6 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 250 100 92.8 Violet 0.032452 63.38028

7 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 100 92.9 Violet 0.031984 63.55634

177

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.210419288 61.6 Violet 0

2 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.025949097 94.2 Violet 52.92208

3 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.023191663 94.8 Violet 53.8961

4 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.017728767 96.0 Violet 55.84416

5 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet 56.16883

6 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet 56.16883

7 Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.016824928 96.2 Violet 56.16883

178

Table 42: Results for Run 34 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Crystal Violet Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 34 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Crystal FeSO4 0 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

2 Crystal FeSO4 50 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

3 Crystal FeSO4 100 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

4 Crystal FeSO4 150 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

5 Crystal FeSO4 200 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

6 Crystal FeSO4 250 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

7 Crystal FeSO4 300 100 42.6 0 Violet 0.37059

179

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Crystal FeSO4 0 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

2 Crystal FeSO4 50 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

3 Crystal FeSO4 100 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

4 Crystal FeSO4 150 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

5 Crystal FeSO4 200 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

6 Crystal FeSO4 250 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

7 Crystal FeSO4 300 100 0.20481541 62.4 0 Violet

180

Table 43: Results for Run 37 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

Run 37 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Pro FeCl3 0 100 52.6 Indigo 0.279014 0

2 Pro FeCl3 50 100 56.2 Indigo 0.250264 6.844106

3 Pro FeCl3 100 100 56.2 Indigo 0.250264 6.844106

4 Pro FeCl3 150 100 57.8 Indigo 0.238072 9.885932

5 Pro FeCl3 200 100 58 Indigo 0.236572 10.26616

6 Pro FeCl3 250 100 58.1 Indigo 0.235824 10.45627

7 Pro FeCl3 300 100 58.5 Indigo 0.232844 11.21673

Stage 2

181

# Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Pro FeCl3 0 100 0.21275212 61.27 Indigo 0

2 Pro FeCl3 50 100 0.20481541 62.4 Indigo 1.844296

3 Pro FeCl3 100 100 0.202040356 62.8 Indigo 2.497144

4 Pro FeCl3 150 100 0.200659451 63.0 Indigo 2.823568

5 Pro FeCl3 200 100 0.197226275 63.5 Indigo 3.639628

6 Pro FeCl3 250 100 0.196542884 63.6 Indigo 3.80284

7 Pro FeCl3 300 100 0.196542884 63.6 Indigo 3.80284

182

Table 44: Results for Run 40 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 40 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Pro Al2(SO4)3 0 100 48.3 Indigo 0.316053 0

2 Pro Al2(SO4)3 50 100 82.6 Indigo 0.08302 71.01449

3 Pro Al2(SO4)3 100 100 88 Indigo 0.055517 82.19462

4 Pro Al2(SO4)3 150 100 88.9 Indigo 0.051098 84.05797

5 Pro Al2(SO4)3 200 100 90.3 Indigo 0.044312 86.95652

6 Pro Al2(SO4)3 250 100 93.5 Indigo 0.029188 93.58178

7 Pro Al2(SO4)3 300 100 93.6 Indigo 0.028724 93.78882

183

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Pro Al2(SO4)3 0 100 0.18243463 65.7 Indigo 0

2 Pro Al2(SO4)3 50 100 0.054531415 88.2 Indigo 34.24658

3 Pro Al2(SO4)3 100 100 0.008773924 98.0 Indigo 49.16286

4 Pro Al2(SO4)3 150 100 0.008330993 98.1 Indigo 49.31507

5 Pro Al2(SO4)3 200 100 0.007888512 98.2 Indigo 49.46728

6 Pro Al2(SO4)3 250 100 0.007004902 98.4 Indigo 49.77169

7 Pro Al2(SO4)3 300 100 0.004803708 98.9 Indigo 50.53272

184

Table 45: Results for Run 43 (detailed investigation after stage 1 and 2 treatment respectively). Pro Indigo Dye, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

Run 43 Stage 1 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 1

1 Pro FeSO4 0 100 58.3 Indigo 0.234331 0

2 Pro FeSO4 50 100 85.8 Indigo 0.066513 47.16981

3 Pro FeSO4 100 100 89.6 Indigo 0.047692 53.68782

4 Pro FeSO4 150 100 91.9 Indigo 0.036684 57.63293

5 Pro FeSO4 200 100 92.7 Indigo 0.03292 59.00515

6 Pro FeSO4 250 100 93.0 Indigo 0.031517 59.51973

7 Pro FeSO4 300 100 93.2 Indigo 0.030584 59.86278

185

Stage 2 # Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Absorbance Transmittance % Colour Conc. removal (ppm) (%) from Stage (ppm) 2

1 Pro FeSO4 0 100 0.202040356 62.8 Indigo 0

2 Pro FeSO4 50 100 0.051098239 88.9 Indigo 41.56051

3 Pro FeSO4 100 100 0.044793462 90.2 Indigo 43.63057

4 Pro FeSO4 150 100 0.032920266 92.7 Indigo 47.61146

5 Pro FeSO4 200 100 0.019542108 95.6 Indigo 52.2293

6 Pro FeSO4 250 100 0.016824928 96.2 Indigo 53.18471

7 Pro FeSO4 300 100 0.015472687 96.5 Indigo 53.66242

186

APPENDIX B: RESULT TABLES PART 3

187

Table 46: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis

Dye Coagulant Dose Dye Initial Stage 1 Stage 2 Conc.(ppm) TOC(ppm) TOC(ppm) TOC(ppm) (ppm)

Disperse FeCl3 300 100 41.8 0 0 Yellow 3

Disperse Al2(SO4)3 300 100 252.6 2.4 0 Yellow 3

Disperse FeSO4 300 100 382.4 321.9 43.9 Yellow 3

Congo FeCl3 300 100 38.5 0 0 Red

Congo Al2(SO4)3 300 100 32.5 0 0 Red

Congo FeSO4 300 100 39.53 12.3 9.7 Red

Methylene FeCl3 300 100 63.8 3.4 0 Blue

Methylene Al2(SO4)3 300 100 193.8 0 0 Blue

Methylene FeSO4 300 100 53.5 4.8 2.3 Blue

Crystal FeCl3 300 100 225.8 1.8 0 Violet

Crystal Al2(SO4)3 300 100 48.6 0 0 Violet

Crystal FeSO4 300 100 88.6 12.8 0 Violet

Pro Indigo FeCl3 300 100 186.3 23.7 8.4

Pro Indigo Al2(SO4)3 300 100 38.6 0 0

Pro Indigo FeSO4 300 100 45.8 0 0

188

APPENDIX C: GRAPHS OF RESULTS

189

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance

Transmittance 0.4

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 1: Run 1(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

190

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 2: Run 2(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

191

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6 Absorbance 0.5

0.4 Transmittance 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 3: Run 3(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

192

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance

0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 4: Run 4(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

193

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Absorbance Transmittance 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 5: Run 5(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

194

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Absorbance Transmittance 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 6: Run 6(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

195

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 7: Run 7(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

196

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance

0.2 Transmittance

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 8: Run 8(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

197

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 9: Run 9(after stage 2 treatment) - Disperse Yellow 3 Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

198

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Absorbance 0.3 Transmittance 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 10: Run 10(after stage 2 treatment) – Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

199

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 Absorbance 0.2 Transmittance 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 11: Run 11(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

200

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 Absorbance 0.2 Transmittance 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 12: Run 12(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

201

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance 0.2 Transmittance

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 13: Run 13(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

202

0.43

0.42

0.41

0.4

0.39 Absorbance 0.38 Transmittance

0.37

0.36

0.35 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 14: Run 14(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

203

0.41

0.405

0.4

0.395 Absorbance Transmittance 0.39

0.385

0.38 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 15: Run 15(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

204

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

Absorbance 0.3 Transmittance

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 16: Run 16(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

205

0.43

0.42

0.41

0.4

0.39 Absorbance

0.38 Transmittance

0.37

0.36

0.35 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 17: Run 17(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

206

0.41

0.405

0.4

0.395 Absorbance

0.39 Transmittance

0.385

0.38 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 18: Run 18(after stage 2 treatment) - Congo Red Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

207

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Absorbance Transmittance 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 19: Run 19(after stage 2 treatment) – Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

208

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 20: Run 20(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

209

0.44

0.42

0.4

0.38 Absorbance 0.36 Transmittance

0.34

0.32 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 21: Run 21(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Ferric

Chloride as Coagulant

210

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance Transmittance 0.4

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 22: Run 22(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

211

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 23: Run 23(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

212

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 24: Run 24(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

213

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 25: Run 25(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

214

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 26: Run 26(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

215

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance

0.2 Transmittance

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 27: Run 27(after stage 2 treatment) - Methylene Blue Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

216

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4 Absorbance Transmittance 0.3

0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 28: Run 28(after stage 2 treatment) – Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

217

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 29: Run 29(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

218

0.44 0.43 0.42 0.41 0.4 0.39 0.38 Absorbance 0.37 Transmittance 0.36 0.35 0.34 0.33 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 30: Run 30(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as Coagulant

219

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance Transmittance 0.4

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 31: Run 31(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

220

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 32: Run 32(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

221

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 Absorbance 0.3 Transmittance 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 33: Run 33(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum

Sulfate as Coagulant

222

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

Absorbance 0.3 Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 34: Run 34(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

223

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 35: Run 35(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

224

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 36: Run 36(after stage 2 treatment) - Crystal Violet Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as Coagulant

225

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3 Absorbance Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 37: Run 37(after stage 2 treatment) – Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

226

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

Absorbance 0.3 Transmittance 0.2

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 38: Run 38(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

227

0.5 0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 Absorbance 0.2 Transmittance 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 39: Run 39(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Chloride as

Coagulant

228

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance

0.4 Transmittance

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 40: Run 40(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

229

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance Transmittance 0.4

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 41: Run 41(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

230

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance Transmittance 0.4

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 42: Run 42(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as Coagulant

231

1.2

0.8

0.6 Absorbance

0.4 Transmittance

0.2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 43: Run 43(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 100 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

232

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 44: Run 44(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 300 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

233

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Absorbance 0.4 Transmittance 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 DOSE (PPM)

Figure 45: Run 45(after stage 2 treatment) - Pro Indigo Dye 500 ppm, Ferric Sulfate as

Coagulant

234

100

50 FeCl3

40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 46: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

235

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 47: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

236

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 48: Disperse Yellow 3 dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

237

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 49: Congo Red dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

238

100 90

70 60 50 FeCl3 40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance 30 FeSO4 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 50: Congo Red dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

239

100

50 FeCl3

40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 51: Congo Red dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

240

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 52: Methylene Blue dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

241

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 53: Methylene Blue dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

242

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 54: Methylene Blue dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

243

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 55: Crystal Violet dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

244

100 90 80

70 60 50 FeCl3 40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 56: Crystal Violet dye, 300 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

245

100

50 FeCl3 Al2SO4 40

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 57: Crystal Violet dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

246

100

50 FeCl3

40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance FeSO4 30

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 58: Pro Indigo dye, 100 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

247

100 90 80

70 60 50 FeCl3 40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance 30 FeSO4 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 59: Pro Indigo dye, 300 ppm(after stage 2 treatment)

248

100 90 80

70 60 50 FeCl3 40 Al2SO4

Transmittance (%) Transmittance 30 FeSO4 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 60: Pro Indigo dye, 500 ppm (after stage 2 treatment)

249

FeCl3 100 90

70 60 50 Color removal of stage 1 40 Color removal of stage 2

30 Color removal (%) removal Color 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 61: Run 1 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant

250

Al2SO4 100

60 Color removal of 40 stage 1 Color removal of

Color removal (%) removal Color 20 stage 2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 62: Run 4 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant

251

FeSO4 40

20 Color removal of stage 1 15 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 2 10

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 63: Run 7 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Disperse Yellow 3

Dye, 100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant

252

FeCl3 100 90

70 60 50 Color removal of stage 1 40 Color removal of stage 2

30 Color removal (%) removal Color 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 64: Run 10 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant

253

Al2SO4 1 0.9

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 Color removal of stage 1 0.4 Color removal of stage 2 0.3 Color removal (%) removal Color 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 65: Run 13 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant

254

FeSO4 12

6 Color removal of stage 1

4 Color removal of stage 2 Color removal (%) removal Color

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 66: Run 16 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Congo Red Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant

255

FeCl3 80 70

60 50 40 Color removal of stage 1 30 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 20 2 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 67: Run 19 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant

256

Al2SO4 80

40 Color removal of stage 1 30 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 2 20

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 68: Run 22 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant

257

FeSO4 4 3.5

3 2.5 2 Color removal of stage 1 1.5 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 1 2 0.5 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 69: Run 25 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Methylene Blue Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant

258

FeCl3 80

60 50 40 Color removal of stage 1 30 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 20 2 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 70: Run 28 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant

259

Al2SO4 70

40 Color removal of stage 30 1 Color removal of stage

Color removal (%) removal Color 20 2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 71: Run 31 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant

260

FeSO4 1 0.9

0.8

0.7 0.6 0.5 Color removal of stage 1 0.4 Color removal of stage 0.3 Color removal (%) removal Color 2 0.2 0.1 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 72: Run 34 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Crystal Violet Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant

261

FeCl3 12

6 Color removal of stage 1

4 Color removal of

Color removal (%) removal Color stage 2

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 73: Run 37 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively).Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Chloride as coagulant

262

Al2SO4 100 90

70 60 50 Color removal of stage 1 40 Color removal of

Color removal (%) removal Color 30 stage 2 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 74: Run 40 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Aluminum Sulfate as coagulant

263

FeSO4 70

40 Color removal of 30 stage 1 Color removal of 20 Color removal (%) removal Color stage 2 10

0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Dose (ppm)

Figure 75: Run 43 (% color removal after stage 1 & 2 respectively). Pro Indigo Dye,

100ppm, Ferric Sulfate as coagulant

264

450 400 350 300 250 200

150 Initial 100 Stage 1 50 Stage 2 0

Figure 76: Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Analysis

265

VITA

The author, Rachit Bhayani, was born on May 8, 1990 in Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. to

Bimal and Parul Bhayani. He is the eldest with one sister, Vishwa Bhayani. Rachit enrolled at Maharaja Sayajirao University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India in 2008 and graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering in December 2012. He pursued graduate studies and completed his Master of Science in Civil Engineering in

December 2014. He will be returning to Cleveland State University in December 2014, to participate in the Commencement ceremony.

Permanent address:

Rachit Bhayani

1700 East 13th Street, Apt#16SE

Cleveland, Ohio-44114

Email: [email protected]

266