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Laboratory Guide Industrial Chemistry LA BO R A T O R Y G U I D E IN DU ST R IA L C H EMIST RY BY R ALLEN ROGE S, PH . D. I STR CTOR IN INDUSTRIAL CHEH ISTRY PRATT INSTITU TE OOKL N U , , B R YN ; I EHB EE AKERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY; SOCIETY OF CH MCAL INDUSTRY; AHE RICAN LEATH ER CHEMI STS ASSOCIATION N E W Y O R K D N O T R N D C MP N Y . V A N S A O A E ' 23 MURRAY AND 1 908 27 WA RR N Srs . o ri ht 1 08 C py g , 9 D AN N TRAND MP Y BY . V OS CO AN The filimflon Pre ss N w ood Mass . FACT S WHICH SHOULD BE REMEMBERED l Do r igh t and you will be succe ssfu . k wh i h i for u n d do i with smil c o . Do th e tas s se t be e y , a t a e im r r Do not be a t e se ve . ’ Do not use your ne igh bor s standa rd solution for accurate de te r i m nations . D n rr w r o ot bo o appa atus . Ke e our de sk and a aratus cle an if ou h o e to obta in satis p y pp , y p r facto y re sults . Alwa h ow l d n e in o r de sk and use th e m wh e n ys ave a t e an spo g y u , r h d you le a ve fo t e ay . - ill r dr d h e fl r Glass ware w b e ak if oppe to t oo . r old u i Ne ve r touch a mach ine until you a e t h ow to se t . Ne ve r run a mach in e with out oil . Le ave your mach ine or ke ttle in be tte r condition th an you foun d it . PREFACE IN the average course of chemistry as taught in our tech nical sch ools there is little or no attempt made to bring h the student in close touch wit manufacturing conditions . h ff is x ffi n T is state of a airs e ceedingly di cult to u derstand, when we consider the large amount of time devoted to prac i tical work in some of our engineer ng courses . Th e factory is surely no less fertile a depar tment of this industrial era than the railroad or the foundry . For in the manufacturing plant there is more need of techno-practical (if such a term may be used) trained men than in any other branch of industry . Unquestionably it is necessary to have z a and organi ation for the m nipulation of power, machinery, so as labor, to obtain the maximum of production with the But minimum of expenditure or depreciation of plant . in s th e addition , it is highly es ential that we understand chemi se cal principles upon which these industries are ba d . T h e is object of this book, therefore, to acquaint the s student of chemistry with a few commercial proces es, by introducing practical methods of handling materials on a large scale ; the care and use of machinery ; the cost of raw material ; transportation ; wage system ; the handling of men and shop discipline . The subjce t -matter of this book presupposes a certain knowledge of chemistry ; and purposely leaves many of the ut minor details to be worked o by the student . Great lee way is also given to the instructor in order that he may e xe r vii viii PREF ACE i A h s . cise own originality few suggestions, however , may not to be out of place, and may serve as a guide those engaged in this important branch of teaching. The first chapter has been introduced in order to insure that the student understands the use and value of the various for methods employed taking the density of liquids, and the tests given should be conducted by each individual . a The work in the second chapter, de ling with inorganic preparations is best conducted on the foremansh ip system which is carried out at Pratt Institute as follows : One man is assigned as foreman of the chemical works and has as h is i T h assistants three or more of h s classmates . e work which he is given may be the manufacture of bar ium chlorid for He example . first has his men make an analysis of witherite to determine the percentage content of barium and also test ‘ f In the strength o the hydrochloric acid . orde r that the work may be more commercial he is told to estimate the of . cost producing lbs , it being understood that all weighings are made in grams . The necessary quantity of is h mineral then weig ed , crushed and treated with the diluted acid in the kettle as described under that prep aration . During such a preparation as th e one cited it will be u necessary to remove impurities, this being reg lated by analytical tests . Chapter three is devoted to the dyeing of textile fibers . Here it will be advantageous to have all tests mounted with an names of color, method employed , and y other data written under each skein . In the fourth chapter the preparations given have bee n se lected with the view of manufacturing commercial products rather than following the usual custom of making su s an to i H e organic b t ces llustrate typical organic groups. er PREF ACE ix it has been found advisable to have the student save a - of h h e 4 dram sample each compound , w ich seals and I th e th e l - on . n s mounts cardboard ca e of coa tar colors, - the student should make dye tests with the same , mounting th . e skeins and color on the same card In order, also, to illustrate the use of his colors in the manufacture of lakes h e on should prepare dry and pulp colors , mounting them card h - board toget er with rub outs in glue and Japan . h h In the c apters devoted to soap, paint , leat er and paper the work outlined comes again under the h ead of foremanship method and should be conducted along the same line as re S on for inor ganic chemicals . The foreman should be held p sible for the quality as well as quantity of the output from h is plant ; he should see that a"machinery is left in perfect condition , and that his factory is clean . The advantages gained by this foremanship system are e - s lf evident , giving the student more confidence in his own ability than by any other possible means . As we are only beginning to se e the first faint light of dawn - of l in this all important branch education , the author wi l e of be gratified , inde d , if this book proves to be any service to those who are attempting to solve the great prob u l E all lem of Ind stria ducation , and espe ci y the teaching of Industrial Chemistry . s h i In conclu ion , the author desires to express s appre c ia tion of the kindness and courtesy shown to h im by his man y friends for the many valuable suggestions which have so h im been helpful to in the preparation of this volume . AL LEN ROGERS. P ATT I STITUT R N E . B roo l n Se te mbe r 1 k y , p , 9 08 . TABLE OF CONT ENT S PREFACE GENERAL PROCESSES INORGANIC PREPARATIONS DYEING OF T EX TILE FIB ERS COMM CIAL O A IC COMPOU DS COAL-TA COLO AND ER RG N N , R RS SYNTHETIC O ILS PIGMENTS AND LAKE S D I S VA ISH S PAI TS A D STAI S R ER , RN E , N N N SOAP AND ALLIED PRODUCTS LEATHER MANUFACTURE O F B P P P P WO D I ER, UL AND A ER USEFUL DATA CHAPT ER I GENERAL PROCESSES Lixi iati n W hl 000 I v o . eigh out roug y 5 grams of crude h as salt, which been ground to a fairly fine powder in the A 0 mill . gitate with 3 liters of water in a kettle or receptacle h as provided with an arbor. When all soluble matter dis or to a . solved , run into kettle tanks and allow st nd until clear 06 su e rn ate nt Next draw the p solution , wash the residue a sever l times with fresh water, or until a test portion shows f only minute traces o chlorides in solution . This process demonstrates the method employed in extracting soluble substances from products containing varying amounts of soluble and insoluble matter. 2 ntan e ou Eva orati n S o s o . p p In the warmer climates ’ h advantage is taken of the sun s eat to produce evaporation . al c This may so be accomplished in cooler lo alities , only less sun . on rapidly, by the and wind To dem strate this process th e solution obtained above is placed in Shallow pans ex sun e va o posed to the and wind in the open air, the rate of p r ration being noted f om day to day .
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