Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677

International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 10 Number 01 (2021) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.195

Natural : Extraction and Applications

Lizamoni Chungkrang*, Smita Bhuyan and Ava Rani Phukan

Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India

*Corresponding author

ABSTRACT

K eyw or ds

Coloration, , Natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as vegetable, animal or Extraction, mineral matters. These dyes are generally used in coloration of textiles, , Natural etc. food, cosmetics and drugs. This article attempts to reviews the classification of natural dyes according to the method of application Article Info available sources, mordant and its classification, different

mordanting methods, extraction methods, dyeing methods and advantages Accepted:

12 December 2020 and disadvantages of natural dyes have been discussed.

Available Online:

10 January 2021

Introduction German Legislation (Consumer Goods Ordinance). Netherlands followed a ban with Presently there is a great demand for the use effect from August 1, 1996 on similar lines. of natural colours throughout the world due to European Union is likely to impose ban on non-biodegradable and carcinogenic nature these toxic dyes shortly. India has also banned associated with synthetic dyes (Chungkrang the use of specific azo-dyes and under and Bhuyan, 2020). They are not produce any notification ―sufficient legal teeth‖ had been undesired by-products and at the same time given for taking panel action against those they help in regenerating the environment, who use these dyes (Kapoor and therefore natural dyes are the safe dyes Pushpangadan, 2001; Singh et al., 2006). (Akkewar, 1999; Darwekar et al., 1999). Government of Germany was the first to take Natural dyes are important since they are initiative to put ban on azo-dyes for better than synthetic dyes in many ways. manufacturing, dyeing and importing textiles Undeniably, the natural dyes are healthier and other consumer goods dyed with these products, purely because they do not comprise dyes from January 1, 1995 by the act of chemicals damaging to fitness (Baliarsingh et

1669

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677 al., 2013). These dyes are collected from Mordant dyes: Mordant dyes are those dyes, nature and no need to apply manufacturing which have affinity for the mordanted fibres. process to prepare them. These dyes are easily Most of the natural dyes yield different shades decomposed in nature after using and they do of colours with different . The not pollute the environment while destroying mordant dyes are classified as monogenetic them after end use (Alam et al., (2020). The and polygenetic. Monogenetic dye produce natural dyes are used mainly in coloration of only one colour according to the mordant textiles, food, drugs and cosmetics. Small present on the fiber or applied along with the quantities of dyes are also used in coloration dye materials. Polygenetic dye produces of paper, , shoe polish, , cane, different colours according to the mordant candles and such other products requiring employed. coloration (Gulrajani, 2001). Vat dyes: The vat dyes derive the name from Classification of natural dyes according to the fermented wooden called ‗vat‘ which was the method of application used at one time for reducing the dye and converting it into soluble form. The process The natural dyes can be classified into three of the solubilization of the dye is called as groups according to the method of application ‗vatting‘. The soluble form of the dye is (Gulrajani and Gupta, 1992; Dedhia, 1998; called as leuco dye. The leuco form of the dye Samanta and Konar, 2012; Jihad, 2014). is not only soluble in water but also has an affinity for the natural fibers. The dye colour Direct or substantive dyes is pale yellow but the true colour is produced only on treatment with hot soap solution. A dye, soluble in water can be taken up They include the most ancient of dyes such as directly by the material to be dyed without indigo and etc. any pretreatment, is known as direct or substantive dye. These dyes can be applied Disperse dyes: Natural dye has not been directly in a hot aqueous dye solution without classified as , however by looking the use of fixing agent or mordant. These dyes at the structure and solubility characteristics are mainly used for cellulosic fibers, protein of the natural dyes it is felt that some of the fibers and polyamides. Examples of direct natural dyes can be classified as disperse natural dyes are turmeric, annatto, berberry, dyes. Disperse dye has a low relative safflower etc. The direct dyes are further molecular mass, low solubility to the dye classified into acid dyes and basic dyes. molecule. These dyes have hydroxyl and amino groups which imparts some solubility Acid dyes: These dyes are used for wool and to the dye molecule. One such dye could be silk and are applied in the acidic medium. Lawsone. Many other flavones and They have the structure of either sulphonic or anthraquinone dyes can qualify to be carboxylic group. classified as disperse dyes.

Basic dyes: These dyes on ionization give Mordant and its classification: Nearly all coloured action, which form electrovalent natural dyes require mordants to give bonds with the carboxylic acid groups of wool substantativity. The term mordant has been and silk. These dyes are applied in neutral to derived from the Latin word mordeo, which mildly acidic pH. means ―to bite‖ or to ―take hold of (Gohl and Vilensky, 1983). The majority of natural dyes

1670

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677 need a chemical in the form of metal salts to Oil or Oil Mordants: Oil –mordants are create on affinity between the fiber and the mainly used in the dyeing of Turkey red pigment. These chemicals are known as colour from madder. The main function of the mordants (Bisht and Goel, 1999; Singh and oil-mordant is to form a complex with alum Srivastava, 2015; Vankar et al., 2009). used as the main mordant. Since alum is soluble in water and does not have affinity for Classification cotton, it is easily washed out from the treated fabric. The naturally occurring oils contain Three type‘s mordants are used in dyeing fatty acids such as palmitic, stearic, oleic, textiles materials, metallic mordants, ricinolic etc. and their glycerides. The – and tannic acid and oil mordants (Agarwal COOH groups of fatty acids react with metal and Patel, 2000). salts and get converted into –COOM, where M denotes the metal, for instance in the case Metal Salts or Metallic Mordants: Several of alum it would be Al. subsequently, it was different metal salts can be used for found that the treatment of oils with mordanting such as Alum (Potassium concentrated sulphuric acid produces aluminum sulphate), Copper (Copper sulphonated oils which possess better metal sulphate), Chrome (Potassium dichromate), binding capacity than the natural oils due to Iron (Ferrous sulphate) and Tin (Stannous the introduction of sulphonic acid group, - chloride, Stannic chloride) SO3H. The sulphonic acid can react with metal salts to produce –SO3M. The bound and Tannic acid: Tannin and metal can then form a complex with the Tannic acid is present in the barks, , mordant dye such as madder to give Turkey and of many . The word red colour of superior fastness and hue. ‗tannin‘ comes from the early French word Tan, which means of an . The term Mordanting Methods tannin was introduced by Sequin in the year 1976 to indicate various plants extracts which Mordanting is classified on the basis of have capacity to convert hides and skins into application time of mordants (Gohl and leather. Tannins are classified into two Villensky, 1983). These are pre-mordanting categories: (before dyeing), simultaneous mordanting and post mordanting (after dyeing). (i) Condensed or flavonoid ( type) tannins based on polymeric flavor, obtained Pre-mordanting: In this method, the textile from acacia . Tannins such as tannic material is first immersed into the mordant acid, harda etc are considered as natural solution for 30 to 60 minutes at the room mordants. temperature or higher temperature with a liquor ratio of 1:5 to 1:20. Then dyed the (ii) Hydrolysable (Pyrogallot type) tannins textile material treated with mordant. After based on esters of gallic acid, obtained from dyeing, the dyed material is wash. myrobalan , oak bark, gallnuts, pomegranate rind etc. Simultaneous mordanting: For this method, the textile material, mordant and dye are In the same different parts like bark, nut, immersed in a dyebath simultaneously. For and wood may contain different types of the optimization of dyeing conditions, dyeing tannins (Dwivedi, 1993). process variables can be studied for the

1671

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677 specific fibre-mordant-natural dye system in used which helps in hydrolysis of glycosides order to improve the colour yield of textiles. resulting in better extraction. Acidic method After dyeing, the textile material is wash is used in extraction of tesu natural dye from properly. tesu flower. Alkaline medium is used for those colour extraction which contain Post-mordanting: In this method, the dyeing phenolic groups. Extraction of colour from lac process is carried out on the textile material insect, annatto seeds, safflower petals are without mordant. After dyeing, the dyed extracted by this method. fabric is treated in another bath containing the mordant solution. Treatment condition may Ultrasonic microwave extraction: In this vary depending on the type of fibre, dye and extraction method, raw material is treated in mordant system being used. After dyeing, aqueous solution using microwave or wash the textile material properly. ultrasonic rays, so that the high temperature, less time and faster rate of extraction can be Extraction methods of natural dyes done. Colour from butterfly pea and annatto seeds are extracted by using this method. Extraction of colour materials from natural resources is a complicated process. They need By fermentation: In this extraction method, specific technique to extract dye from their micro-organisms present raw materials are original sources. The different techniques for used to carry out the fermentation and thus extraction of natural colourants are as help the extracting metod. Colour from follows: turmeric, indigo, annatto seeds extracted by using this method. Time consuming, bad Aqueous extraction: In this method, if the smell due to microbial action, immediate raw material is in dry form, broken into small extraction of colour after harvesting are some pieces or powdered by grinding and soaked in disadvantages of this method wate to loosen the cell structure. If the raw material is in wet form then it is chopped into Enzymatic Extraction: Commercially fine pieces or grinded to fine paste. Then available enzymes including cellulase, boiled and is filtered to remove the non- amylase, and pectinase have been used to colouring matters from the dye liquor. Both loosen the binding material present in natural can be used easily to impart colour in materials like bark, or any hard part of different things. plant.

There are some disadvantages associated with Solvent extraction: Organic solvents like aqueous extraction method like time acetone, petroleum, ether, chloroform and consuming for extracting colour, high ethanol are used in the extraction of natural temperature requirement, required large dyes. Solvent extraction method is more volume of water, heat sensitive colouring efficient than aqueous method. The yield of substances gets reduced at high temperature dye is good quality, required low temperature low dye yield, only water soluble colouring and the quantity of water requirement is also components can be extracted etc. less.

Acidic or alkaline extraction: Extraction of Supercritical Fluid Extraction: In this dye is done under acidic or alkaline medium. extraction method, a fluid having physical For this dilute acidic or alkaline can also be properties between gas and fluid is used. It

1672

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677 has low surface tension, low viscosity and Advantages and disadvantages of natural good diffusivity properties which results dyes better interaction with the substrate. Advantages of natural dyes Dyeing methods Usually biodegradable and renewable also Conventional Dyeing System Non-toxic, non-allergic and non-carcinogenic as these are obtained from animals or Textile dyeing started in past carried out vegetable matters without any chemical conventionally. Textile materials were processing directly processed with the dye bath at high Easy to extract and purify temperatures. Coloration method for textiles No disposal problems with natural dye waste using chemically formed gels with Colours produced by natural dyes are usually considerable freedom for making color soft, lustrous and soothing to the eyes designs and precise pattern prints, and can be used with conventional dyeing and printing Disadvantages of natural dyes equipment was developed. With the time, dyeing also matured with the development of Non-standardized colour recipes and methods optimization of dyeing parameters, and in Requires skilled workmanship and therefore recent times advanced technologies evolved natural dyes are costly like plasma treatment and enzymatic Applicable to natural fibres only (cotton, processing etc. (Bohrn and Moggio, 1980). wool, silk and linen) Inadequate fastness properties Advanced Dyeing Systems Some of the mordants are harmful

Advanced technologies or methods are Application of natural dyes trending in dyeing in recent times owing to their improved results over the conventional Natural dyes are generally applied in dyeing. Plasma treatment and ultrasonic industries such as textile, food, leather dyeing methods are technically advanced and (Sivakumar et al., 2011), cosmetics (Yusuf et sustainability compatible methods used in al., 2017), pharmaceutical (Chigurupati et al., technologically evolved textile industry. 2002) etc. Improved results in ultrasound-assisted dyeing are generally attributed to cavitations According to the literature, natural dyes such phenomena and other mechanical effects are as Walnut shells (Mirjalili and Karimi, 2013), produced such as dispersion (breaking up of Onion shells (MIAH et al., 2016; Nurunnesa aggregates with high relative molecular et al., 2018), Cassia singueana (Teklemedhin mass), degassing (expulsion of dissolved or et al., 2018) Curcuma longa L. (Ibrahim et entrapped air from fiber capillaries), diffusion al., 2010), catechu (Ansari et al., (accelerating the rate of diffusion of dye 2018), Butea monosperma (Daberao et al., inside the fiber) and intense agitation of the 2016), Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis (Bose and Nag, liquid. 2012), Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Chungkrang et al., 2018), Orange & Lemon peels (Kumar The acceleration in dyeing rates observed by and Dhinakaran, 2017), many workers might be the cumulative effects Oliv. (Shahid et al., 2012), Saraca asoca and of all these factors (Vajnhandl and Marechal, Albizia lebbeck (Baliarsingh et al., 2012) and 2005). 1673

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677 so forth produce natural pigments are used in In conclusion due to the non-biodegradable textile dyeing industries. and carcinogenic nature associated with the synthetic dyes, people started using natural In addition to their biodegradability and colours. Textile industry is the main field for compatibility with the environment, natural application of natural dyes but it can also be dyes have been recently discovered to exhibit used in other fields such as foods, cosmetics, other functional properties such as drugs, paper printing etc. There are many antimicrobial activity (Khan et al., 2012; research works that has been carried out by Shahid et al., 2013), anti-fungal, anti-viral many researchers/scientists belonging to activity (Gupta et al., 2004), insect repellent industry, small and medium entrepreneurs, (Kato et al., 2004; Ali et al., 2013), UV social organizations (NGO‘s), Government protection (Sun and Tang, 2011; Hou et al., organizations, researchers in various 2013) and deodorizing agents (Lee et al., educational institutes and research 2009), dye-sensitized solar cells (Zhou et al., organizations etc. on the revival of natural 2011; Narayan,2012). dyes, but more researches are required to standardize the methods for its application. Varieties of natural pigments like safflower (Cho et al., 2000), turmeric, quinines (Yusuf References et al., 2017), anthocyanins (Wrolstad, 2004), betalains (Azeredo, 2009), chlorophylls Agarwal, B.J. and Patel, B.H. (2000). The (Humphrey, 2004), carotenoids (Mortensen, reincarnation of natural colourants – A 2006), tannins (Khanbabaee, 2001) etc. are review. Chemical Weekly. 16(5): 139- used in coloration of foods. They have 146. different groups of chemical compounds Akkewar, D.M. (1999). National colour of which may be used directly as colorants or in commercial importance. Convention on chemically modified form to produce Natural Dyes. 9-11th December, different hues ranging from green through Department of Textiles Technology, yellow, orange, red, blue, and violet, IIT, Delhi. pp. 132. depending on the source of colorant or Alam, S.M.M., Islam, S. and Akter, S. (2020). increased stability. Reviewing the Sustainability of Natural Dyes. Advance Research in Textile The cosmetic industry now employs many Engineering, 5(2): 01 – 06. natural dyes due to the fact they will cause Ali, M.A.; Almahy, H.A. and Band, A.A.A. fewer side affect than the employment of (2013). Extraction of carotenoids as synthetic dyestuffs but they can also provide natural dyes from the Daucus carota extra properties such as UV protection, skin Linn (carrot) using ultrasound in moisturizing and anti-aging (Chengaiah et al., Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Research 2010). Natural pigments obtained from Journal of Chemical Sciences, 31: 63- natural resources with active functional 66. components have shown high biological Ansari, T. N.; Iqbal, S. and Barhanpurkar, S. activities and exhibited different properties (2018). Ecofriendly Dyeing with depending on each kind of pigments which Senegalia catechu Using Biomordant. make them excellent colouring materials for International Journal of Creative natural cosmetics and functional health foods Research Thoughts, 6(1): 1351-1354. (Yusuf et al., 2017). Azeredo, H. (2009). Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and stability–a

1674

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677

review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol., Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Ber) and its 44(12): 2365–2376. properties. Journal of Baliarsingh, S.; Jena, J.; Das, T and Das, N.B. Applied and Natural Science, 10 (3): (2013). Role of cationic and anionic 1046 -1052. surfactants in textile dyeing with natural Chungkrang, L. and Bhuyan, S. (2020). dyes extracted from waste plant Natural Dye Sources and its materials and their potential Applications in Textiles: A Brief antimicrobial properties. Industrial Review. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Crops and Products, 50: 618-624. Sci, 9(10): xx-xx. Baliarsingh, S.; Panda, A.K.; Jena, J.; Das, T. Daberao, A. M.; Kolte, P. P. and Turukmane, and Das, N.B. (2012). Exploring R. N. (2016). Cotton Dying with sustainable technique on natural dye Natural Dye. International Journal of extraction from native plants for textile: Research and Scientific Innovation, identification of colourants, 3(8): 157-161. colourimetric analysis of dyed yarns Darwekar, M.; Gorpade, B. and Vankar, P.S. and their antimicrobial evaluation. (1999). Microwave assisted improved Journal of Cleaner Production, 37: synthesis of indigoid dyes and 257–264. anthaquinoid dyes, indigo, yellow 3G, Bisht, B.G. and Goel, A. (1999). Dyeing of tyrian blue, alizarin, orange and alizarin natural fibre – Bhimal with natural dye. blue. Convention on Natural Dyes. 9- Kilmora. Tex. Trends 42(5): 33-35. 11th December, Department of Textiles Bohrn, W.J. and Moggio, W.A. (1980). Technology, IIT, Delhi. pp. 132. Coloration method for textiles. U.S. Dedhia, E.M. (1998). Natural dyes. Patent No. US4, 222,740 A. Colourage, 16(3): 45. Bose, S. and Nag, S. (2012). Isolation of Dwivedi, A.P. (1993). The non-wood Natural Dyes from the Flower of resources. International Book Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis. American Distributors, Dehradun. pp. 213-214. Journal of Pharm Tech Research, 2(3): Gohl, E.P.G. and Vilensky, L.D. (1983). 761-770. Textile Science – An explanation of Chengaiah, B.; Rao, K.M.; Kumar, K.M.; fibre properties. CBS publisher and Alagusundaram, M. and Chetty, C.M. distribution. New Delhi. pp. 68. (2010). Medicinal importance of natural Gupta, D.; Khare, S.K. and Laha, A. (2004). dyesa review. International Journal of Antimicrobial properties of natural dyes Pharm Tech Research, 2(1):144-154. against Gram-negative bacteria. Chigurupati, N.; Saiki, L.; Gayser, C. and Coloration Technology, 120 (4): 167- Dash, A.K., (2002). Evaluation of red 171. cabbage dye as a potential natural color Gulrajani, M.L. (2001). Technology for for pharmaceutical use. Int.J. production and application of natural Pharmaceut., 241(2): 293–299. dyes on textiles. In conventional Cho, M.H.; Paik, Y.S. and Hahn, T.R. (2000). proceedings natural dyes. Department Enzymatic conversion of precarthamin of Textile Technology, December 17- to carthamin by a purified enzyme from 18, IIT, Delhi. pp. 3-9. the yellow petals of safflower. J. Agric. Gulrajani, M.L. and Gupta, D. (1992). Natural Food Chem., 48(9): 3917–21. dye and their application to textiles. Chungkrang, L.; Phukan, A.R. and Kalita, Department of Textile Technology, B.(2018). Eco-dyeing of wool yarn with Indian Institute of Technology, New

1675

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677

Delhi. Lee, Y.; Hwang, E. and Kim, H. (2009). Humphrey, A.M. (2004). Chlorophyll as a Colorimetic assay and antibacterial color and functional ingredient. J, Food activity of cotton, silk and wool fabrics Sci., 69(5). dyed with peony, pomegranate, clove, Hou, X.; Chen, X.; Cheng, Y.; Xu, H.; Chen, Coptis chinenis and gallnut extracts. L. and Yang, Y. (2013). Dyeing and Materials, 2: 10-21. UV-protection properties of water MIAH, M.R.; Telegin, F.Y. and Rahman, extracts from orange peel. J. Clean. M.R. (2016). Eco-friendly dyeing of Prod., 52, 410–419. Wool fabric using natural dye extracted Ibrahim, N.A.; El-Gamal, A.R.; Gouda, M. from onion‘s outer shell by using water and Mahrous, F. (2010). A new and organic solvents. International approach for natural dyeing and Research Journal of Engineering and functional finishing of cotton cellulose. Technology (IRJET), 03 (09): 451-467. Carbohydrate Polymers, 82(4): 1205– Mirjalili, M. and Karimi, L. (2013). 1211. Extraction and Characterization of Jihad, R. (2014). Dyeing of Silk Using Natural Dye from Green Walnut Shells Natural Dyes Extracted From Local and Its Use in Dyeing Polyamide: Focus Plants. International Journal of on Antibacterial Properties. Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 5 Chemistry, pp. 1-9. (11): 809-818. Mortensen, A. (2006). Carotenoids and other Kapoor, V.P. and Pushpangadan, P. (2001). pigments as natural colorants. Pure Use of natural dyes in preparation of Appl. Chem., 78(8): 1477–1491. Herbal-Gulals. In conventional Narayan, M.R. (2012). Dye sensitized solar proceedings natural dyes. Department cells based on natural photosensitizers. of Textile Technology, December 17- Renew. Sust. Energy Rev., 16(1), 208– 18, IIT, Delhi. pp. 17-19. 215. Kato, H.; Hata, T. and Tsukada, M. (2004). Nurunnesa; Hossain, M. A. and Rahman, M. Potentialities of natural dyestuffs as M. (2018). Extraction of Natural Dye antifeedants against varied carpet Collected from Outer Skin of Onion and beetle, Anthrenus verbasci. J. Japan its Application on Silk Fabric. Global Agric. Res. Quart., 38(4): 241–251. Journal of Researches in Engineering: J Khan, S.A.; Ahmad, A.; Khan, M.I.; Yusuf, General Engineering, 18(3). M.; Shahid, M.; Manzoor, N. and Samanta, A.K. and Konar, A. (2012). Mohammad, F. (2012). Antimicrobial Technical Handbook on Natural Dye activity of wool yarn dyed with Rheum and Colouration, Dept. of Jute and Fibre emodi L. (Indian Rhubarb). Dyes and Tech, IJT, Calcutta University, Kolkata Pigments, 95: 206-214. 45-72. Khanbabaee, K. and Van, Ree, T. (2001). Shahid, M.; Ahmad, A. and Yusuf, M. (2012). Tannins: classification and definition. Dyeing, fastness and antimicrobial Nat. Prod. Rep., 18(6): 641–649. properties of woolen yarns dyed with Kumar, C. S. S. and Dhinakaran, M. (2017). gallnut (Quercus infectoria Oliv.) Extraction and Application of Natural extracts. Dyes and Pigments, 95(1): 53– Dyes from Orange Peel and Lemon Peel 61. Shahid, M.; on Cotton Fabrics. International Singh R. and Srivastava, S. (2015). Research Journal of Engineering and Exploration of Flower Based Natural Technology, 4(5): 237-238. Dyes - A Review. Research Journal of

1676

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2021) 10(01): 1669-1677

Recent Sciences, 4(IVC-2015): 6-8. Dyeing of Silk Fabric with Natural Dye Shahid, M.; Shahid-ul-Islam and Mohammad, Extracted from Cassia singueana Plant. F. (2013). Recent advancements in Journal of Textile Science and natural dye applications: a review. Engineering, S3: 2-6. Journal of Cleaner Production, 53: Vankar, P.S. (2000). Chemistry of natural 310- 331. dyes. Resonance, 5(10); 73–80. Singh, O.P.; Bains, S. and Goraya, G. (2006). Vajnhandl, S. and Le Marechal, A.M. (2005). Dyeing of wool with Arjun (Arjuna Dyes and Pigments, 65(2): 89–101. terninella) dye. Tex. Trends XLVIX (6): Wrolstad, R.E. (2004). Anthocyanin 29-31. pigments—Bioactivity and coloring Sivakumar, V.; Vijaeeswarri, J. and Anna, properties. J. Food Sci., 69(5), C419- J.L. (2011). Effective natural dye C425. extraction from different plant materials Yusuf, M.; Shabbir, M. and Mohammad, F. using ultrasound. Ind. Crops Prod., (2017). Natural colorants: Historical, 33(1): 116–22. Processing and Sustainable Prospects. Sun, S.S. and Tang, R.C. (2011). Apsorption Nat. Prod. Bioprospect., 7(1), 123–145. and UV protection properties of the Zhou, H.; Wu, L.; Gao, Y. and Ma, T. (2011). extract from honeysuckle onto wool. Dye-sensitized solar cells using 20 Industrial & Engineering Chemistry natural dyes as sensitizers. J. Research, 50: 4217-4224. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., Teklemedhin, T. B. and Gopalakrishnan, L. 219(2):188–194. H. (2018). Environmental Friendly

How to cite this article:

Lizamoni Chungkrang, Smita Bhuyan and Ava Rani Phukan. 2021. Natural Dyes: Extraction and Applications. Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 10(01): 1669-1677. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1001.195

1677