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Biodiversity in : Current Status and Conservation

Karnali Province Government Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Surkhet,

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation

Karnali Province Government Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Surkhet, Nepal Copyright: © 2020 Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment, Karnali Province Government, Surkhet, Nepal

The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of Ministry of Tourism, Forest and Environment, Karnali Province Government, Surkhet, Nepal

Editors: Krishna Prasad , PhD and Prakash K. Paudel, PhD

Technical Team: Achyut Tiwari, PhD, Jiban Poudel, PhD, Kiran Magar, Yogendra Poudel, Sher Bahadur Shrestha, Rajendra Basukala, Sher Bahadur Rokaya, Himalaya Saud, Niraj Shrestha, Tejendra Rawal

Production Editors: Prakash Basnet and Anju Chaudhary

Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder.

Citation: Acharya, K. P., Paudel, P. K. (2020). Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation. Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment, Karnali Province Government, Surkhet, Nepal

Cover photograph: Tibetan wild ass in valley © Tashi R. Ghale

Keywords: biodiversity, conservation, Karnali province, people-wildlife nexus, biodiversity profile

Editors’ Note Gyau Khola Valley, Upper Humla © Geraldine Werhahn

This book “Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation”, is prepared to consolidate existing knowledge about the state of biodiversity in Karnali province. The book presents interrelated dynamics of society, physical environment, flora and fauna that have implications for biodiversity conservation. This book is an outcome of exhaustive literature review, secondary data harvesting and synthesis, and field consultation. Extensive consultations were carried out with various stakeholders – academicians, key experts, members of non-governmental organizations and research institutions – in the related fields.

We acknowledge that describing the biodiversity of Karnali province is a challenging task because of several reasons. There is inadequate information on the geographical distribution of biodiversity in Karnali province. Although taxonomic bias in research is common in Nepal, most in the province remain unknown or unstudied. Furthermore, there is a considerable ambiguity in the taxonomic assignment and species delineation. This book brings together the best approximation of flora and fauna diversity from various sources. All information is credited to the original sources and provided on the "as is" basis. We acknowledge that there may be inadvertent errors and omissions. We hope this book will serve as a foundation for the future refinements.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation V The book begins with an introductory chapter, followed by chapters dedicated to physical, social and cultural aspects of Karnali province. Chapters four and five provide a detailed account of biodiversity, and its conservation status respectively. Chapter six covers the human-nature nexus. A quick overview of biodiversity research in the province is provided in chapter seven.

It is obvious that incomplete knowledge about biodiversity status impedes our attempts to protect biodiversity. We hope that the book will be a useful resource for future research and conservation in Karnali province.

Krishna Prasad Acharya, PhD Prakash Kumar Paudel, PhD

VI Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Contents

Forward by Chief Minister: Karnali Biodiversity for the Future...... i Forward by Minister: Biodiversity Conservation: Sustainable Utilization...... iii Editors’ Note...... v Contents...... vii Executive Summary...... xiii Abbreviation...... xvii Karnali Province: A Snapshot...... xix

1. Introduction...... 1

2. Physical Environment in Karnali Province...... 3 2.1 Elevation...... 3 2.2 Slope and Aspect...... 4 2.3 Physiography...... 5 2.4 Climate...... 7 2.5 Section Summary: Physical Environment...... 8

3. Socio-Cultural Environment...... 9 3.1 Demographic Overview...... 9 3.2 Lingual Community...... 10 3.3 Caste/Ethnic and Cultural Mosaic...... 11 3.4 Religion...... 11 3.5 Livelihoods...... 13 3.6 Economic Situation...... 14 3.7 Section Summary: Socio-Cultural Environment...... 14

4. Karnali Biodiversity: A Status Update...... 15 4.1 Ecoregion...... 16 4.1.1 Himalayan Subtropical Broadleaf Forests...... 16 4.1.2 Himalayan Subtropical Forests...... 16 4.1.3 Western Himalayan Broadleaf Forests...... 16

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation vii 4.1.4 Western Himalayan Subalpine Forests...... 17 4.1.5 Western Himalayan Alpine and Meadows...... 17 4.2 Vegetation and Forest Type...... 18 4.3 Land Use and Land Cover Pattern...... 26 4.4 Water Resources and Wetlands...... 27 4.5 Ramsar Site...... 27 4.6 Rangelands...... 28 4.7 Floral Diversity...... 30 4.7.1 Algae...... 31 4.7.2 Fungi...... 31 4.7.3 Bryophyte...... 32 4.7.4 Pteridophyta...... 32 4.7.5 Gymnosperm...... 32 4.7.6 Angiosperm...... 33 4.7.7 Endemic Flowering ...... 34 4.7.8 Significant Crop and Varieties...... 35 4.8 Faunal Diversity...... 36 4.8.1 Mammal...... 37 4.8.2 ...... 38 4.8.3 Fish...... 40 4.8.4 ...... 41 4.8.5 Amphibian...... 41 4.8.6 ...... 43 4.9 Species of Special Conservation Concern...... 43 4.10 Section Summary: A Status Update of Biodiversity in Karnali...... 49

5 Karnali Biodiversity: Conservation and Challenge...... 51 5.1 Protected Area...... 52 5.2 Community Forest...... 54 5.3 Protected Forest...... 54 5.4 Landscape Conservation...... 54 5.5 Important Plant Areas and Non-Timber ...... 55 5.6 Important Bird Area...... 55 5.7 Botanical Garden...... 56

viii Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 5.8 Deforestation and Fragmentation...... 56 5.9 Human Wildlife Conflict...... 57 5.10 Section Summary: Biodiversity Conservation and Challenge...... 58

6. People and Biodiversity: A Nexus in Karnali Province...... 59 6.1 Non-Timber Forest Product...... 60 6.2 Rangelands and Livelihoods...... 62 6.3 Traditional/Indigenous Communities...... 63 6.4 Traditional/Indigenous Medicine...... 63 6.5 Cultural Belief and Sacred Natural Site...... 63 6.5.1 Limi Valley...... 64 6.5.2 ...... 65 6.5.3 Valley...... 66 6.5.4 Kankre Bihar...... 66 6.6 Section Summary: Biodiversity and People...... 66

7. Biodiversity Research in Karnali Province...... 67

8. Reference...... 69

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation ix List of Tables

Table 1 Physiographic division of Karnali province ...... 5 Table 2 Land use and land cover type of Karnali province ...... 27 Table 3 Potential Gymnosperms species found in Karnali province and their elevation range ...... 33 Table 4 Globally threatened mammals reported in Karnali province...... 38 Table 5 Globally threatened known and expected to present in Karnali province ...... 39 Table 6 Globally threatened fish known and expected to present in Karnali province...... 40 Table 7 known and expected to present in Karnali Province ...... 41 Table 8 Amphibians known and expected to present in Karnali Province, Nepal ...... 42 Table 9 Mammals of special conservation concern...... 44 Table 10 Birds of special conservation concern...... 46 Table 11 Amphibian of special conservation concern...... 47 Table 12 of special conservation concern...... 48 Table 13 of special conservation concern...... 48 Table 14 Botanical gardens in Karnali Province...... 56

x Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation List of Figures

Figure 1 Administrative division of Karnali province...... 2 Figure 2 Elevational gradient of Karnali province. Area covered by elevational gradient is depicted in the bar diagram...... 4 Figure 3 Slope and aspect map of Karnali province...... 5 Figure 4 Physiographic division of Karnali Province...... 5 Figure 5 Total rainfall in Karnali region from 2000 to 2019 derived from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS)...... 6 Figure 6 Human settlement in Karnali province ...... 9 Figure 7 Dominant language (left) and language diversity of Karnali province (right). The language diversity is calculated as a Shannon's Diversity Index of lingual groups.....11 Figure 8 Dominant ethnic (left) and ethnic diversity of Karnali Province (right). The language diversity is calculated as Shannon's Diversity Index of ethnic groups...... 12 Figure 9 Ecoregions in Karnali province ...... 16 Figure 10 A map of land use and land cover of Karnali province ...... 26 Figure 11 Dominant families of flowering plants based on number of species reported (a) Press et al. (2001) and (b) Global Biodiversity Information Facility database...... 34 Figure 12 Endemic plants reported in Karnali province...... 35 Figure 13 A map of protected area and conservation landscape in Karnali province...... 52 Figure 14 Forest loss trend in Karnali province (Source Global Forest Watch) ...... 56 Figure 15 Forest connectivity in Karnali province. The connectivity measure is based on Effective Mesh Size (MESH) of forest cover...... 57 Figure 16 A map of human-wildlife conflict in Karnali province ...... 57

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation xi List of Appendices

Appendix S1 List of found in the Western Nepal. Much of them expected to occur in Karnali province...... 76 Appendix S2 Endemic plants found in Karnali province ...... 145 Appendix S3 Mammals known and expected to be present in Karnali province ...... 147 Appendix S4 Birds known and expected to be present in Karnali province...... 151 Appendix S5 Fishes known and expected to be present in Karnali province...... 164 Appendix S6 Butterflies known and expected to be present in Karnali province...... 167 Appendix S7 Major non-timber forest products (NTFP) of Karnali province...... 172 Appendix S8 Bibliography of research articles published in international journals ...... 175

xii Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Wild Yak © Geraldine Werhahn

Executive Summary

Karnali province is the largest province in Nepal. No other province in Nepal has topographies as rugged, exhilarating and diverse as Karnali province. Between meandering river south of , dense forests intercepted by a large human settlement in Jajarkot, strikingly beautiful pasturelands in and insurmountable terrains in Kalikot, navigating Karnali province is about exploring the mysteries of nature and culture, and the hard secrets of human-nature interactions.

The province

Karnali province consists of mountain landscape, with 47% of an area located above 4000 m, which are sparsely settled by humans. Birendranagar, the province headquarters, is situated in the south of the province. The middle part of the province forms spectacular alpine meadows at an altitude between 3500 m and 4500 m. These meadows are critical for sustaining people’s livelihoods. The province experiences a Western Himalayan type climate, characterized by cool, wet winters and warm and dry summers.

Biodiversity

With highly varied physiography, climate and altitude, Karnali province is home to diverse ecosystems. As a result, it has a unique assemblage of flora and fauna, a rich cultural heritage and

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation xiii stunningly beautiful landscapes. The province is expected to harbor a large proportion of Nepal’s birds (46%), mammals (42%), butterflies (22%), fishes (32%), reptiles (11%), amphibians (43%) and flowering plants (42%). Many of these flora and fauna are endemic to Nepal and are globally threatened due to human impacts such as habitat loss, fragmentation and climate change.

Fauna

Of a total of 89 mammalian species that are known and expected to be present in Karnali province, 10% are globally threatened. The iconic wild yak (Bos mutus), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), red panda (Ailurus fulgens) and musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) are major flagship mammals of the province.

Karnali province is a home to over 410 bird species – that’s more than the number of species found in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. Black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), cheer pheasant (Catreus wallichii), red-headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) and woolly-necked stork (Ciconia episcopus) are some of the globally threatened birds found in the province.

More than one-third of Nepal’s fish species are expected to be present in the province, including three endemics to Rara lake. Two of them (Schizothorax nepalensis, S. raraensis) are critically endangered according to IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species. About 43% amphibians reported in Nepal are expected to be present in Karnali province. The list includes Nanorana rarica, which is also endemic to the Rara lake. The province has 22% of Nepal’s butterflies, which include 2 vulnerable and 5 susceptible species as per Nepal Red Data Book (NRDB) status.

Flora

Karnali province consists of five ecoregions and 21 forest types, some of them are well-developed and specific to the province. More than half the province’s land surface (51%) is covered by vegetation, which includes forest (30%), shrubland (3%) and grassland (18%). Chir pine forest, hemlock forest, forest, blue pine forest, forest, forest and deodar forest are typical in Karnali province. High altitude areas, particularly pasturelands, are rich in medicinal and aromatic herbs. The collection and sale of valuable alpine medicine is one of the most important and unique livelihood strategies.

Although the enumeration of flowering plants in Karnali province is very limited, the province potentially supports 42% of flowering plants reported in Nepal. This includes Nepal’s 15% endemic flowering plants. Five endemic flowering plants are named after places of Karnali province: Pedicularis muguensis [Mugu], Astragalus jumlaensis [Jumla], Meconopsis simikotensis [], Malaxis dolpensis [Dolpa] and Prunus jajarkotensis [Jajarkot].

Nearly 46% of gymnosperms known in Nepal are found in Karnali province. Cedrus deodar and Abies pindrow are common of the province.

xiv Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Beautiful Rara Lake © Karmaphotography

Wetlands and rangelands

Karnali province is also rich in wetlands, which include two Ramsar sites: lake and Rara lake. Phokshundo is the deepest lake in Nepal whereas Rara is the largest one. The province also covers a disproportionately high proportion of high-altitude rangelands.

Protected areas and biodiversity conservation

Karnali province covers two protected areas: Shey-Phoksundo National Park (SNP) and (RNP). These two protected areas are administered by the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, a division of the Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE). These protected areas, including buffer zone, cover 17.23% area of Karnali province. There are 4483 community forests, 861 leasehold forests, 10 religious forests and one protected forest in Karnali province. The province has a total of 48 Important Plant Areas (IPAs) complexes for medicinal plants, which make up nearly 20% (n=230) of IPAs found in Nepal. The province includes four important bird areas: Limi Valley (Humla), Rara National Park, Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Barekot (Jajarkot).

People and livelihoods

Karnali province comes to national prominence for being an origin of Khas civilization and language and a home to the Bon religion. The is the dominant language spoken by 96% population as a mother tongue although the other 32 different mother tongues are spoken

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation xv here. Four lingual groups, namely, Raji, Khamchi (Raute), Kaike and Dolpali are only spoken in the province. is the most dominant ethnic group among at least 56 caste/ethnic groups present in the province. People of Dolpa, Humla and Jumla largely practice livestock husbandry where proportion of grasslands is comparatively high. The transhumance system of husbandry is popular in the Himalayan region of Humla, Dolpa and Mugu.

Jumli marshi, an indigenous cold tolerant and traditional rice variety grown in Jumla at an elevation between 2,400 m to 3,050 m, is considered to be the highest elevation at which rice is cultivated in the world.

Forests play an important role in sustaining livelihoods of the majority of population in Karnali province. The province is rich in aromatic and medicinal plants, in which Dolpa alone shares 57% (n=400) of Nepal’s medicinal and aromatic plants. People living in the northern frontiers along Nepal- borders rely on Tibetan medicine called amchi for curing various diseases. Amchi has a vast knowledge of medicinal plants and plays many roles as a physician, veterinarian and spiritual healer.

Biodiversity research

Although Karnali province is rich in biodiversity, our knowledge about its status is very limited. A quick review of published research articles in the mainstream international peer reviewed journals resulted in less than four dozen of papers on plant and animal ecology and conservation.

xvi Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Abbreviation

CBO Community Based Organization

CFUG Community Forest User Group

DFO Divisional Forest Office

DNPWC Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation

DoFSC Department of Forest and Soil Conservation

GoN

HWC Human Wildlife Conflict

MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment

MoFSC Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation

MoITFE Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NP National Park

NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product

PA Protected Area

RM Rural Municipality

UG User Groups

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

IBA Important Bird Area

IPA Important Plant Area

NRDB Nepal Red Data Book

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation xvii x Mountains offer a ‘niche or comparative advantage’ at operational levels such as medicinal herbs, tourism and hydro power. They are the most vulnerable to human disturbance and the effect of global change. A road passing through xviiimarginal agriculturalBiodiversity lands in Karnali and areas Province: susceptible Current to Status landslides and Conservation in Limi valley. Photo © Krishna Prasad Acharya Karnali Province: A Snapshot

Characteristics Nepal Karnali facts Reference So cial Total population 26,494,504 15,70,418 (6% of Nepal’s (CBS, 2012) population)

Area 147,516 km² 30,211 km² (20% of Nepal’s (KPPC, 2020) area) Caste/ethnic group 126 56 (44% of Nepal’s ethnic (CBS, 2012) groups) Lingual group 123 33 (27% of Nepal’s lingual (CBS, 2012) groups) Multi-dimensional Poverty 0.127 0.23 (Ministry of Finance, 2018) index Multi-dimensional Poverty 28.6% 51.2% (KPPC, 2020) rate Population below Poverty 18.7% 28.9% (KPPC, 2020) line Human Development 0.579 0.427 (KPPC, 2020) Index P H Elevation range 64 m - 8848 m 180 m - 7348 m (KPPC, 2020) YSICAL Largest river Karnali River Karnali River Largest lake Rara Rara www.ramsar.org Deepest lake Phoksundo Lake www.ramsar.org E c Ecoregion type 9 5 (Wikramanayake, 2002) o l

og ical Protected areas 20 2 www.dnpwc.gov.np Bird 886 410 (46% of Nepal’s birds) (DNPWC and BCN, 2018) Threatened bird 42 9 (1% of Nepal’s threatened (IUCN 2020) birds) Mammal 212 89 (42% of Nepal’s mammals) (Amin et al., 2018) Threatened mammal 31 9 (4 % of Nepal’s threatened (IUCN 2020) mammals) Fish 232 75 (32% of Nepal’s fishes) (Gurung 2016) Reptile 123 14 (11% of Nepal’s reptiles) (Schleich and Kästle, 2002) Amphibian 58 25 (43% of Nepal’s Shah and Tiwari, 2004, amphibians) AmphibiaWeb, 2020) Butterfly 651 144 (22% of Nepal’s (Smith, 1989) butterflies) Ramsar sites 10 2 www.ramsar.org Flowering plants 6076 2591 (42% of Nepal’s (Press et. al. 2000) https:// flowering plants) www.gbif.org/ Endemic flowering plants 312 47 (15% of Nepal’s endemic (Tiwari et al., 2019) flowering plants) Medicinal and aromatic 700 400 (57% of Nepal’s medicinal and (Lama et al., 2001) plants aromatic plants)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation xix x xx ShiftingBiodiversity cultivation in Karnali is an age-old Province: farming Current practice Status andin Karnali Conservation province. Forest clearance in the middle of dense forest, Jajarkot, Nepal © Prakash Kumar Paudel 1. Introduction Midhill landscape © Krishna Prasad Acharya

Karnali-Facts Karnali province is truly a mountainous District province. It occupies nearly 20% of Nepal’s area Humla, Mugu, Kalikot, Jumla, Dolpa, Jajarkot, and shares 6% of the country’s population, , Surkhet, Salyan, Rukum West making it the largest but least populated Local government province of Nepal. The province is located in 25: Municipalities north-western Nepal and covers 10 districts. 54: Rural Municipalities The province shares its boarders with province Province headquarters 5 to the south and east, Sudurpashchim Surkhet to the west, Gandaki to the east and Tibet Population Autonomous Region (TAR) of to the 1570418 (Male: 767923, Female: 802495) north (Figure 1). Total Area 30,211 km2 Karnali province is known for stunning Elevation range beautiful landscapes, cultural and natural Minimum: 180 m, Maximum: 7348 m heritages and biodiversity. The beautiful valleys

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 1 in the inner (e.g., Surkhet), middle mountains (e.g., , Sinja) and high Himalaya (e.g., Limi) offer fascinating venues of human civilizations that show a unique co-existence between people and nature.

Karnali province supports a high proportion of Nepal’s mammals (42%), birds (46%), reptiles (11%), amphibians (43%), fishes (32%) and butterflies (22%). The province is exceptionally rich in medicinal herbs and supports many globally threatened flora and fauna. The Figure 1 : Administrative division of Karnali province province is also an ethnically, culturally, and linguistically rich region.

Karnali province is truly enigmatic. From subtropical to trans-Himalayan river valleys, dense hill sal forests to alpine pasturelands, from Kankre Bihar to Bon stupa— the province is a truly fascinating and multidimensional.

Kailash-Mansarovar from Limi © Geraldine Werhahn

2 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Talung valley, Humla 2. Physical Environment © Sanej Prasad Suwal in Karnali Province

The characteristics of the physical environment such as elevation, slope, aspect, climate and their combinations allow to evolve and flourish various forms of life.

2.1 Elevation above 6000 m. Some of the most notable peaks include Hrikuti (6364 m), Changla (6563 m), Karnali province is a mountainous and highly Gurja Himal (7193 m), Nala Kankar (6062 m), heterogeneous province. The elevation range Jagdula (6556 m), Kagmara (5960 m), Kande spans from 180 m to 7348 m. More than 40% Hiunchuli (6627 m), Kanjeralawa (6612 m), province area is located at altitudes above 4000 Kanjiroba (Main Peak, 6838 m), Patarashi Himal m (Figure 2). The province has several peaks (6450 m), Shey Shikhar (6139 m) and Tripura Hiunchuli (6563 m).

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 3 Figure 2: Elevational gradient of the Karnali province. Area covered by elevational gradient is depicted in the bar diagram.

2.2 Slope and Aspect Flat areas along the river are fertile and extensively used for agriculture and human The southern part of the province is a low- settlements. River valleys are developed lying region and consists of relatively flat with abundant nutrients derived from the areas, where, Birendranagar, the province weathering of primary rock from mountainous headquarters, is located. Here, river valley regions upstream. Tila river valley, for example, along is the most fertile region of is one of the such fertile lands in the province. the province. Such flat areas are also present in Steep mountain terrains are common in the central, far-western and far-eastern parts of Kalikot, northern Mugu, Rukum West and Dolpa the province (Figure 3). The former one is the districts (Figure 3). The mountain aspects of large alpine meadows of the southern Jumla, the land surface in Karnali province are highly which are mostly rolling hills, whereas the latter varied (Figure 3). The slope and aspect modify two are trans-Himalayan regions boarding with the amount of solar radiation received by of China. the surface and thus play important roles in determining the ecological conditions at a site.

4 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Figure 3: Slope and aspect map of Karnali province

2.3 Physiography

The principal features of the physiography of the Karnali province have pronounced topographical heterogeneity and resultant spectacular scenery, and a wide variation in the local climatic conditions. The physiographic division of Karnali province, as per the classification of Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP), is illustrated in Figure 4 (Table 1). Unlike other provinces, Karnali province does not cover the Terai region.

Figure 4: Physiographic division of Karnali province Table 1: Physiographic division of the Karnali province

Physiographic region Area (%) Siwalik 6 Middle Mountain 16 High Mountain 31 High Himalayan 47

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 5 Fertile lands along Bheri River, Taranga, Surkhet © Prakash K Paudel The province covers a narrow stretch of Middle Mountain covers 16% of the province Siwalik along meandering Bheri river, south area, overlapping parts of Surkhet, Dailekh, of Birendranagar, the headquarters of the Jajarkot, Salyan and Rukum West districts. This province, and adjacent to Bardia National physiographic region is densely populated, Park (BNP). The Siwalik occupies just 6% of and forest area, therefore, is highly fragmented the province’s surface area. The Siwalik is the with an exception at mountain ridges at youngest Himalayan range and is composed altitudes between 2500 m-3500 m. High of sedimentary rock and big boulders. Most of Mountain region covers 31% of the province. It the Siwaliks are not suitable for agriculture and is extended to the central part of the province human settlements. A large dun valley between along northern Jajarkot, boarding with Jumla the Siwalik and the Mahabharat, however, is and Dolpa. The area is regarded as a repository very productive and is extensively exploited for of the high value medicinal herbs and serves agriculture and settlement. Surkhet is such a as water towers for people living downstream. dun valley of the province. High Himalayan regin occupies 47% of the province.

Figure 5: Total rainfall in Karnali region from 2000 to 2019 derived from Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) (Centre). CHIRPS is a 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset reported in mm/day. Top and bottom: Average temperate and precipitation of meteorological stations located in the Jumla and Surkhet. Data include monthly average between 2002 and 2013. Left and right: A whisker boxplot of precipitation data between 2002 and 2013 of meteorological stations located in the Jumla and Surkhet.

6 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Meandering Bheri river © Prakash K Paudel

2.4 Climate airflow from the Mediterranean and local surface heating effects (Lang and Barros, Karnali province has a diverse climatic region, 2004). The monsoon, which enters through ranging from tropical to the Nival. The province eastern Nepal and contributes more than 80% experiences a Western Himalayan type climate, of the annual total precipitation in Nepal, also characterized by cool, wet winters and warm contributes a significant precipitation in the and dry summers. The winter rain is more Karnali province. pronounced which is caused by an eastward

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 7 There are 25 meteorological stations in annual precipitation in Dunai is about 350 mm the province, most of them are situated at while the country's average is about 1800 mm the lower elevations. The rainfall recorded (DHM, 2015). in different parts of the province shows a remarkable variation within a small area 2.5 Section Summary: Physical (Figure 5). For example, Jajarkot and Surkhet Environment received a high monthly rainfall, on average, as compared to other stations. However, Karnali province is mountainous and the the highest average rainfall was in July in all largest but least populous province of Nepal. stations, except of Jumla which received the Unlike other provinces, Karnali province does highest average rainfall in August. Rainfall not cover Terai. The province has a Western gradients are exceptionally steep and are Himalayan type climate, characterized by influenced by not only altitude but also aspect cool, wet winters and warm and dry summers. and other topographic features that serve to The winter rain is more pronounced here trap rain-bearing winds. The northwestern part which is caused by an eastward airflow from (e.g., Limi valley and other areas) receives less the Mediterranean and local surface heating rainfall due to rain-shadow influence by the effects. The monsoon contributes significant north-facing sides of the and the precipitation in Karnali province although a inner or trans-Himalayan regions (DHM, 2015; lesser extent than that of Eastern Nepal. Kansakar et al., 2004). For example, the mean

8 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Dolpa Landscape 3. Socio-Cultural Environment © Geraldine Werhahn

Karnali province is well-known as an origin of the Khas civilization and language and a home to the Bon religion and Musto culture. Kankre Bihar, a place well-regarded by both Hindu and Buddhist, is located in the province. It is believed to be the oldest and largest Shikhara style stone carved temple and Bihar of Nepal (KPPC, 2020).

3.1 Demographic Overview

With 1, 570,418 people, Karnali province shares nearly 6% of Nepal’s population although the province is fairly large in area (~20% of Nepal’s area) (CBS, 2012). Districts located in the southern and eastern parts Figure 6: Human settlement in Karnali province

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 9 A typical village of midhill region of Karnali Province © Prakash K Paudel

of the province (e.g., Surkhet, Dailekh, Jajarkot, dialect of the official Khas Nepali language, Salyan, Rukum West) are densely settled. is originated in the Sinja Valley, The High Himalayan region (Figure 4), which (Sharma, 1982). The first records of Devanagari occupies nearly 47% of province area, is very script from the thirteenth century were found rugged and is sparsely settled by humans. on the cliffs in of (Bista, Dolpo is home to some of the highest villages 1991; Sharma, 1982). on Earth. Almost 90 percent of the Dolpo lies above 3,500 m and its inhabitants use complex Magar is the second Four lingual groups, livelihood strategies by synergizing agriculture, largest language (2% of namely, Raji, Khamchi animal husbandry and trade to survive in such the total population of the (Raute), Kaike and Dolpali are only inhospitable landscapes (Bauer, 2004; Lama et province). Only ten lingual spoken in the province. al., 2001). groups, namely, Nepali, Magar, Tamang, Tharu, Gurung, Sherpa, Kham, The average household size in the province is Dolpali, Bote and Maithili, have more than 5.26 person (CBS, 2012). The male and female one thousand speakers (CBS, 2012). Some of sex ratio is 0.96, with 802,495 females (51.1%) the mother tongues such as Maithali, Avadhi, and 767,923 males (48.89%). The total literacy Bhojpuri, Hindi and Urdu are very few (0.12%) rate is 62.77. The literacy rate of males and and distributed in all districts (CBS, 2012). females is 73.88 and 53.21 respectively. These groups are probably migrants from other parts of Nepal who have settled here for 3.2 Lingual Community various purposes. Sixteen mother tongues (e.g., Achhami, Bhote, Belhare, Baitadeli, Bantawa, Nepali is the dominant language spoken by Bajhangi, , Dolpali, Jumli, Khash, 96% population as a mother tongue although Khamchi (Raute), Kaike, Limbu, Tibetan, Raji, the other 32 different mother tongues are and Rai) have very localized distributions with a spoken here. The Khas Nepali language, a varying degree of intensity and coverage.

10 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Figure 7: Dominant language (left) and language diversity of the Karnali Province (right). The language diversity is calculated as Shannon’s Diversity index.

Interestingly, four lingual groups namely, Hill-Brahmin, , Gurung, Magar, Newar, Dolpali (0.1%), Gurung (0.26%), Sherpa (0.18%) , Tamang, Tharu and Sanyasi/Dashnami and Tamang (0.72%) are dominant language are distributed throughout the province. The in the five local levels, located in the northern province is also the home land of Raute and part of the province (CBS, 2012). Moreover, Raji, two endangered ethnic groups of Nepal linguistically diverse regions are located in (CBS, 2012). Southern (e.g., Surkhert ) and the certain clusters throughout the province northern districts (e.g., Humla and Dolpa) are (Figure 7). ethnically diverse in comparison with other districts (Figure 8). 3.3 Caste/Ethnic and Cultural Mosaic 3.4 Religion

There are at least 56 castes/ethnic groups in Karnali province is also religiously diverse the Karnali province (CBS, 2012). Chhetri, a although Hindu is the dominant religion (95%). hill origin caste group, is the most dominant Buddhist is the second largest religion and caste group (41.84%) and is the fourth is significantly presented in three districts: largest group (10.30%). Hill (e.g., , Dolpa, Humla and Mugu. Christian and Damain, Sarki, Badi and Gaine) are the second Muslim comprised of 1.35% and 0.19% of largest social group with 22.9% of the total the population respectively. The followers of population, which also makes Karnali province Kirant, Prakiti, Bon and Bahai are less than one the highest in terms of the population share hundred (CBS, 2012). Masto followers are found of Dalits (Nepali et al., 2018). Caste/ethnic in Humla, Kalikot, Jumla, Dailekh, Mugu and groups, namely, Chhetri, Thakuri, Kami, Badi, Jajarkot districts.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 11 Figure 8: Dominant ethnic (left) and ethnic diversity of the Karnali Province (right). The language diversity is calculated as Shannon’s Diversity index.

A typical cultural dance of Karnali Province © Krishna Prasad Acharya

12 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Bon religion is originated from Tibet. It is of Dolpa, Humla and Jumla largely practice unique to Nepal and practiced by a small group livestock husbandry where proportions of of people in Karnali province. It is believed to grasslands are comparatively higher than the be originated in the 7th century and developed rest of five districts: Jajarkot, Kalikot, Surkhet, side by side with the although there Dailekh and Salyan. The transhumance was an acrimonious relationship between system of animal husbandry is popular in the followers of Buddhism and Bon religion in Himalayan region of Humla, Dolpa and Mugu Tibet. where agriculture yields are hardly enough to meet subsistence needs. According to the In Bon religion, nature is considered sacred Nepal Labor Migration Report (2020), Karnali and its followers worship the landscape, rivers, province makes up only 3% of labor migrants rocks and wildlife (Lama, 2019). The followers of Nepal. Such a low share, however, does of this region are found in several villages not provide a full picture of its labor mobility of Dolpa such as , , Pugmo, because migration is concentrated to , Bhijor, Bhurikot, Khaliban, Baijiwar and and unrecorded. Seasonal labor migration, Bharosucho. mostly to Indian cities, is quite common for centuries (KPPC, 2020). Non-timber forest 3.5 Livelihoods products, mainly medicinal plants, play a crucial role in supporting local livelihoods. NTFP The majority of the people in the province are collection is the only means of cash income engaged in agriculture and livestock farming as and may contribute up to 50% of the annual a mainstay occupation. Subsistence agriculture average household income (Edwards, 1996; is common in Surkhet, Dailekh and Jajarkot Olsen and Larsen, 2003). NTFPs contribute (CBS 2012). Livelihood strategies evolve a large proportion of households’ income with the availabilities of resources. People for the collecting households in study area

Local people of Halji, Limi ploughing their fields by horses ©Yadav Ghimirey

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 13 of Humla (25%) (Subedi, 1999), Jumla (58%) Except of Surkhet, literacy rate is low in all (Timmermann and Smith Hall 2019) and Dolpa districts as compared to Nepal’s national districts (53%) (Shrestha and Bawa 2014). average. Dailekh and Jajarkot are the most deprived districts in terms of access to safe 3.6 Economic Situation drinking water. The highest prevalence of child malnutrition is in Humla, where more than 60 Karnali province lags behind in economic percent of children are malnourished (GoN, indices despite being rich in natural resources. 2014). The multi-dimensional poverty rate is the highest in the Karnali province (Ministry of 3.7 Section Summary: Socio- Finance, 2018). According to the Human Cultural Environment Development Report, the human development index (HDI) of Karnali province is low at 0.469, Karnali Province is diverse in terms of caste/ far below the national average (0.490) (UNDP, ethnicity, language, religious beliefs and 2019). The poor HDI value is attributed to the cultural practices. Chhetri is the largest caste low life expectancy of Dolpa (61.20), Jumla groups in terms of their presence (41.84%). (63.14), Kalikot (63.64) and Humla districts There are a total of 56 caste/ethnic groups in (64.15). The most deprived districts in terms the province. Nepali is the lingua franca in the of health care are Dolpa and Kalikot. Humla province although 32 mother tongue speaker’s and Mugu have poor educational accessibility. population reside here. The province is well- known as an origin of the Khas civilization and Nepali language. Four lingual groups, namely, Raji, Khamchi (Raute), Kaike and Dolpali are only spoken in the province. Hindu is the dominant religion (95.04%) followed by Buddhist, whose followers reside in the northern three districts: Dolpa, Humla and Mugu.

Agriculture and livestock farming is the mainstay occupations. People of Dolpa, Humla and Jumla largely practice livestock management where the proportions of grasslands are comparatively high. Seasonal labor migration, mostly to Indian cities, is quite common. The human Development Index (HDI) of Karnali province is low at 0.469, far below the national HDI average (0.490). spp. © Geraldine Werhahn

14 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Rara lake with colorful plants 4. Karnali Biodiversity: ©Karmaphotography A Status Update

Karnali province covers a part of the western Himalaya. The western Himalaya has a drier climate with a preponderance of conifer forests consisting of pine, spruce, cedar and cypress. The entire Himalayan has been regarded as a biodiversity hotspot due to high species diversity, endemism and burgeoning conservation threats (Brooks et al., 2002).

The biodiversity of Karnali province is still poorly known. This section provides an overview of the ecoregion, forest type, and faunal and floral diversity known and expected to be present in the province.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 15 4.1 Ecoregion 4.1.1 Himalayan Subtropical Broadleaf Forests The ecoregion is a large area of land or water that (1) share the majority of their species and The Himalayan subtropical broadleaved forest have similar ecological dynamics; (2) share spreads on a large strip of land running in an similar environmental conditions and (3) east–west direction along the Siwaliks and into interact ecologically in ways that are critical for gorges in the Mahabharat. River gorges and their long-term persistence (Wikramanayake, valleys with a tropical climate in the Siwaliks 2002). Karnali province consists of five and mid hills are a common phenomenon in ecoregions: (a) Himalayan subtropical broadleaf Karnali province. Hence, the extension of this forest, (b) Himalayan subtropical pine forests, ecoregion from Siwalik into the midlands is a (c) western Himalayan broadleaf forests, (d) functional outcome of the river systems. This western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests ecoregion covers 8% area of the province. and (e) western Himalayan subalpine scrub and meadows. Rock and ice areas cover a small area 4.1.2 Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests of the province (3%). This ecoregion is found throughout the Siwalik, Mahabharat and middle mountains of the province and covers nearly 15% of its area. Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) is a dominant plant species. This forest also occurs on degraded land formed as a result of the large-scale practice of shifting cultivation. Because of recurrent fire and biotic influences, chir pine forests are fragmented. This type of forest is not rich in biodiversity but provides habitats for several bird and mammal species.

4.1.3 Western Himalayan Broadleaf Forests

This ecoregion is distributed in the temperate zone between 1,500 m and 2,600 m and contains both evergreen and species. This ecoregion is dominated by with several associated species. It is severely Figure 9: Ecoregions in Karnali province degraded. This ecoregion covers 4% of the area of the province.

16 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation A broadleaved forest@ Krishna Prasad Acharya

4.1.4 Western Himalayan Subalpine Conifer Forests

This ecoregion covers 20% of Karnali province and is rich in conifer forests dominated by western species – e.g., dumosa, , Abies pindrow, Cedrus deodara, and Juniperus wallichiana (Chaudhary, 1998). Q. semecarpifolia is abundant and forms mixed forest with fir, blue pine, hemlock and spruce. It forms pure Q. semecarpifolia forest in the lower part of the subalpine zone along the Karnali River (TISC, 2002). It is the border of the forested ecoregion in the western Himalayas and supports a high mammalian diversity.

4.1.5 Western Himalayan Alpine Shrub and Meadows

This ecoregion covers 50% area of Karnali province. It covers a vast stretch of land of the Himalaya between 3,000 m and 5,000 m and is rich in biodiversity. The major types of A mixed forest in subalpine zone ©Prakash K Paudel vegetation are moist alpine and Hippophae

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 17 (Stainton, 1972). Moist alpine shrubs 2014). The vegetation of Nepal has been are dominated by several species of dwarf classified differently by different researchers (Shrestha, 1982). Major (Dobremez and Shakya, 1975; Stainton, 1972). wildlife includes blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur), Stainton (1972) delineated phyto-geographic Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus), boundaries based on climate, vegetation and Himalayan musk deer (Moschus sp.) and Great floristic composition and classified the Nepal's Tibetan sheep – argali (Ovis ammon). The forest into 35 types. Dobremez et. al (1972) important bird species are blood pheasant identified 118 ecosystems and classified Nepal (Ithaginis cruentus), satyr tragopan (Tragopan into 4 domains and 11 sub-levels based on satyra) and impeyan pheasant (Lophophorus following bio-climatic zones: (1) Tropical (below impejanus). High altitude rangelands and 1,000 m altitude), (2) Sub-tropical (1,000 m to meadows provide plentiful goods and services 2,000 m), (3) Temperate (2,000 m to 3,000 m), directly to the local pastoral societies. (4) Sub-alpine (3,000 m to 4,000 m), (5) Alpine (4,000 m to 5,000 m), (6) Nival (above 5,000 4.2 Vegetation and Forest Type m). Barnekow Lillesø et al. (2005) provided a detailed account of forest and vegetation types A great variation in topography and climate of Nepal based on climatic, physiographic makes Karnali province a unique region and agro-ecological characteristics. Because that comprises of various vegetation types, of inconsistent classification systems, and including tropical lowland forest (Shorea limited botanical expeditions, the forest and robusta), temperate forests and conifers vegetation type of Karnali province is yet to be in the mid-hills to dwarf rhododendrons and fully described. The followings are major forest alpine meadows in the higher regions (MoFSC, and vegetation types of the Karnali province based on Barnekow Lillesø et al. (2005):

Life zones (Elevation range) Forest type (Barnekow Lillesø et al. 2005) Alpine (4000 m — 5000 m) 1. Upper Alpine Meadows 2. Moist Alpine Scrub Sub Alpine (3000 m — 4000 m) 3. Birch- Forest 4. Fir Forest 5. Fir-Hemlock-Oak Forest 6. Sub-Alpine Mountain Oak Forest Temperature (2000 m-3000 m) 7. Upper Temperature Blue Pine Forest 8. Spruce Forest 9. West Himalayan Fir-Hemlock Oak Forest 10. Temperate Mountain Oak Forest 11. Cedar Forest

18 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Life zones (Elevation range) Forest type (Barnekow Lillesø et al. 2005) 12. Cypress Forest 13. Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest 14. Lower Temperate Oak Forest 15. Deciduous Walnut-- Forest 16. Olea Forest Subtropical (1000 m –2000 m) 17. Chir Pine Forest 18. Chir Pine Broadleaved Forest 19. Alder Forest Tropical (>1000 m) 20. Hill Sal Forest 21. Lower Tropical Sal and Mixed Broadleaved Forest

Alpine region Saxifragaceae etc. The alpine region of Karnali province is dominated by the xerophytic/ The alpine zone is characterized by open mesophytic patchy vegetation as compared grassland consisting of sedges and grasses, to the central and eastern Nepal. Caragana sp. including colorful alpine flowering plants and Astragalaus sp. occur abundantly forming belonging to the families of Primulaceae, a mat/cushion. Plants of high medicinal value Ranuculaceae, , Gentianaceae, (Aconitum, Nardostachys, Sedum etc.) are also Polygonaceae, Campanulaceae and found here.

Drawft rhododendron at 3900 m ©Prakash K Paudel

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 19 1. Upper Alpine Meadows of rhododendrons and (Acer species). Birch is often mixed with fir (Abies spectabilis) Upper Alpine Meadow is a typical sedge that intercepts the birch canopy. In the drier zone at an altitudinal range between 4500 m valleys that do not receive full monsoon, blue and 5000m. The region is covered by grasses pine () forms an important consisting of Carex sp., Calamogrostis sp., associate of the birch-rhododendron forest. The Agrotis micantha, Festuca leptogonum with a most notable example is found in the Upper large number of alpine flowering plants. The Bheri where blue pine, not rhododendron, meadows— where yaks, sheep and are dominates. Other species of dry habitats such grazed –provide numerous ecosystem services as Juniper indica, Cupressus torulosa, Caragana and support livelihoods. sp., Salix sp., Myricaria sp. and Hippophae sp. are often mixed in the line vegetation of the 2. Moist Alpine Scrub trans-Himalayan region.

This region is dominated by draft 4. Fir Forest rhododendrons (R. anthopogon and R. setosum etc.) and a number of draft scrubs (Juniperus Himalayan silver fir (Abies spectabilis) is a typical indica, Potentilla fructicosa etc.). Alpine tree of the lower sub-alpine zone along the meadows are common in Karnali province. Himalayan slopes in Nepal. It is widespread in This region is highly productive for livestock western Nepal and is associated with Kharsu and also for medicinal herbs. High altitude Oak (Quercus semecarpifolia). While oak forms mammals such as blue sheep, Argali, musk a pure stand on sunny, south-facing slopes deer and Himalayan tahr, including iconic prey (Stainton, 1972), fir maintains its dominance on species—snow leopard— roam in the region. wetter northern slopes. In dry valley and parts of the trans-Himalayan region, fir forests are Sub alpine region suppressed by blue pine and juniper.

This region is distributed between the upper 5. Fir-Hemlock - Oak forest limit of tree vegetation (e.g., timberline) and This is a typical borderline forest of the sub- region that supports silver fir (Abies spectabilis). alpine and upper temperate zone at altitudes This zone is known for birch and fir including between 2800 m and 3400 m. This forest several species of rhododendrons. The major is dominated by fir (Abies spectabilies) with forest types of this region include: hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) on northern aspects and with oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) on 3. Birch-Rhododendron Forest southern aspects as important associates. This Birch-rhododendron is a typical sub-alpine forest is observed in the midhills of western forest and occurs along the tree line zone. This Nepal where humid conditions prevail along forest is common on north-facing slopes and the southern front of the Himalaya. Taxus along mountain ravines with an understory wallichaiana stands as a second layer of the

20 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation forest where climatic conditions are much drier due to the partial rain-shadow effect.

6. Sub-Alpine Mountain Oak Forest

Khasru oak (Quercus semecarpifolia) is a typical species of this type of forest. This forest is a characteristic feature of the Jumla-Humla region and extends up to the tree line on southern aspect (Station 1972).

Temperature Zone

This is an intermediary region between the sub-alpine zone at a higher elevation and the sub-tropical zone toward the foothills and the midhills. This zone is rich in forest ecosystems and dominated by both conifers Blue pine forest @ Krishna Prasad Acharya and broadleaved species. Rhododendrons, maples and laurels are important associates. 8. Spruce Forest This zone lies between 2000 m-3000 m where the upper region (2500 m-3000 m) is The spruce (Picea smithiana) is a west dominated by khasru oak and the lower region Himalayan conifer. This type of forest is located (2000-2500m) is consists of several species of at altitudes between 2000 m and 2200 m and oaks. The following are the major forest types commonly observed in the Jumla, Mugu and of this zone: Humla districts of Karnali province. This forest is confined to the areas that are least disturbed 7. Upper Temperature Blue Pine Forest by humans and do not receive full monsoon. Upper temperature blue pine forest is Spruce associates with blue pine in the human- abundant in the Karnali region. The blue pine disturbed areas (Champion and Seth, 1968). In (Pinus wallichiana) has a wide distribution from some parts, it is associated with Abies pindrow. 1900 m to 3000 m. Thus, it is not uncommon to This type of forest abundant in the west of Lake find it with chir pine at lower altitudes and with Rara and along Chandkhali mountain ridge of Abies spectabilies and Betula utilies at higher . altitudes. In Karnali region, pure blue pine 9. West Himalayan Fir-Hemlock Oak Forest forest is observed in the southern and south western slopes. Blue pine is associated with West Himalayan fir (Abies pindrow) is important spruce, hemlock, fir and oak on the northern species of West Himalayan Fir-Hemlock Oak slope. Forest. This type of forest is observed in areas

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 21 An understory of oak forest @ Krishna Prasad Acharya

lying west of the Karnali River. The pindrow 11. Cedar Forest fir is associated with hemlock (Tsuga dumosa) Cedar forests are confined to the Karnali and khasru oak (Q. semecarpifolia). In parts region, where they occur at 2000 m to 3000 of southern Dolpa, fir is represented by Abies m. Himalayan cedar (Cdrus deodara) is often spectablies in the hemlock-oak association. regarded as a magnificent tree of western This forest type often has several numbers of Himalaya where it attains a height of 40-50 m. maples (Acer sp.), walnuts (Juglans regia) and Pure cedar forests are reported from the Tila horse chesnuts (Aceslus indicus). Such forests river valley. In other areas, cedars are found are confined to wet gullies and shady slopes with other coniferous forests such as spruce facing north and north west (Shrestha, 1974). and blue pine. 10. Temperate Mountain Oak Forest 12. Cypress Forest The kharsu oak (Q. semecarpifolia) is widespread Cypress forests are observed abundantly in all along the temperate zone on the south small isolated patches in areas lying between of the main Himalayan region. Khasru oak Karnali and the Mahakali rivers. They are found forms pure forest in the lower sub-alpine zone in the Mugu Karnali valley, the valley above 3000 m in the Karnali region. It is often and the Suli Gad valley. Himalayan cypress associated with coniferous forests and does not (Cupressus torulosa) grows in dry areas, usually tend to be dominant. Often, oak is replaced by with limestone sub-strata. blue pine following human interventions such as shifting cultivation or excessive extraction of fuelwood. Oak is associated with hemlock, rhododendrons and maples.

22 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 13. Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest 15. Deciduous Walnut-Maple-Alder Forest

The Mixed Blue Pine-Oak Forest is dominated This is a typically west Himalayan type of forest by blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) and several (Shrestha 1982) with species belonging to species of oaks (Q. lanata, Q. dilatate, and European genera such as Aesculus, Juglans, Catanopsis tribuloides). The associations Acer, Populus, Betula, Corylus and Ulmus etc. between oaks and blue pine vary depending Such forest occurs along streams, rivers and on climate and human activities. This forest is ravines at an altitudinal range between 2100 m found between 2000 m and 2500 m. In most and 2900 m. cases, however, blue pine tends to colonize the 16. Olea Forest oak/rhododendron associations and form a mixed forest with several broadleaved species. Two species of olive (Olea cuspidate and O. glanulifera) occur scattered among the steppe 14. Lower Temperate Oak Forest vegetation of grasses and Artemisia along the This is a typical broadleaved forest in the floor of the upper Bheri Valley at 1500 m-2000 midhill at an altitude between 2000 m and m. This valley lies on the north of Dhaulagiri 2500 m. This forest is dominated by oaks with massif. Interestingly, the westernmost locality Rhododendron arboreum. of Schima wallichii, the easternmost locality

A typical temperate forest ©Prakash K Paudel

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 23 of Q. dilatate, the southernmost locality of of Himalayan range and middle portion of the Picea smithiana all lie in this valley (Barnekow Mahabharat range. Lillesø et al., 2005). Some other plant species 17. Chir Pine Forest belonging to the Mediterranean flora also occur (e.g., Capparis spinosa, Pistachia integerrima, Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) forest extends from Punica granatum and Cedrus deodara). west to central Nepal at altitudes between 1000 m and 2000m. Chir pine is a gregarious, Subtropical Zone fire-resistant, indigenous tree species, often forming pure forests. It has high a regeneration This zone lies at an altitude between 1000m potential and capacity to colonize degraded and 2000 m. This bioclimatic zone is warm, habitats. Because of its rapid growth and sub-humid to humid. Geographically, it covers straight cylindrical boles, this species has parts of upper portion of Siwalik, lower portion a high-volume return and is considered a

Chirpine forest ©Krishna Prasad Acharya

24 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation precious resource (Chaturvedi and Singh, Tropical zones 1987). The forest floor is generally covered with brown carpet of dried needles and does not Geographically, this zone extends throughout have second storey of small trees. This forest is the Terai, the Bhabar and flat floors of Dun not rich in biodiversity. valleys. Besides, low lying river areas in the midlands and Himalayan mountains 18. Chir Pine Broadleaved Forest correspond to this ecological zone.

The chir pine-broadleaved forest occurs 20. Hill Sal Forest between 1000 m and 2000 m. It is generally composed of Pinus roxburghii, Quercus incana, Hill sal forest (Shorea robusta) corresponds to Q. lanata, R. arboretum, Lyonia ovalifolia, upper tropical level (Dobremez, 1972). This Engelhardia spicata and Erythrina stricta. It is forest is highly disturbed by human activities common in western Nepal. In the Siwalik hills, due to its proximity to human settlement. The chir pine forest is often mixed with sal trees. hill sal forest is not rich in species on dry slopes and flat terraces. This forest, however, includes 19. Alder Forest several species of trees, shrubs and epiphytes in the moist areas such as areas along the river Nepali alder (Alnus nepalensis) has a wide range gorges and in ravines. Orchids are especially in its natural distribution form 500 m to 2700 abundant in ravine areas. Hill sal forest is found m. It forms a dense forest along moist sites in Surkhet, Salyan, Jajarkot, Dailekh and Kalikot such as ravines, river bank and fresh landslide districts. with excessive moisture in the subtropical zone (1000-2000m).

Alder forest ©Krishna Prasad Acharya Hill sal forest ©Krishna Prasad Acharya

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 25 21. Lower Tropical Sal and Mixed Shifting cultivation, expansion of human Broadleaved Forest settlements and agricultural lands, abandonment of marginal and less productive This type of forest is found along the rivers and cultivated land and selective logging of forests streams of Bhabar, Dun tracts and river valleys. are the major drivers of land use and land cover Although much of the potential areas of this change in Karnali province. forest are converted into agricultural lands and subjected to extensive human disturbance in There are several land cover and land use Karnali province, some part of the southern classification (LCLU) of Nepal, all of which Surkhet and Salyan along Bheri and Babai rivers provide slightly different results depending on may have this type of forest. This forest includes methodology and data. Department of Forest small patches of Terminalia, Khair ( Research and Survey provides a high-resolution ) and Sisau (Dalbergia sissoo). (5m X 5 m) forest cover map of Nepal at a local and provincial level, and reports 38.4% forest 4.3 Land Use and Land Cover cover in Karnali province (DFRS, 2018). The data Pattern show that Kalimati rural municipality of Salyan and Dolpo Buddha rural municipality of Dolpa Land use is the long-term or regular are the most and least forested local levels management of land by humans based on their of the province. Forest Research and Training needs and characteristics of land although Centre (FRTC) conducted national level forests natural factors also play an important role in and land cover analysis of Nepal using google land use and land cover (LULC) pattern. Karnali earth images, but no spatial data are available province has been transformed, to some to provide estimates for Karnali province extent, by human occupations, which go back (FRTC 2019). Uddin et al. (2015) provide a high to hundreds of years.

Figure 10 Land use and land cover map of Karnali province

26 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation resolution (1 km x 1 km) LCLU classification of Some of the notable lakes are: Nepal. The results show that more than half Baraha Tal: It is the largest lake in Surkhet (51% province land surface) area is covered district. The lake is severely degraded by the by vegetation, which includes forest area human encroachment and siltation. (30%), shrubland (3%) and grassland (18%) (Figure 10). Agriculture land covers only 14% Kupinde lake: Located at approximately of the province. Barren areas cover 26% of the 11 km west of Khalanga, the district province, which include rocky mountain devoid headquarters of Salyan district, the lake is of vegetation. Snow and glacier cover nearly the larget lake of Salyan district. 9% of the province. Jumli Pokhari : This lake is situated at an elevation of 1800 m in Musikot Municipality, Table 2: Land use and land cover type of Rukum West. Karnali province (Uddin et al., 2015) Shyarpu Lake: This is the largest lake Land cover and land use Percent (%) of Rukum West and offers a spectacular Forest 30 mountain view. Shrubland 3 Grassland 18 4.5 Ramsar Site Agriculture area 14 Ramsar, identifies wetlands of international Barren area 26 importance, especially those providing Snow/glacier 9 waterfowl habitat. Ramsar aims to promote conservation and wise use of wetlands through 4.4 Water Resources and local and national actions and international Wetlands cooperation.

Wetlands are among the most diverse and A total of 10 wetlands of Nepal has been listed productive ecosystems. They provide essential in the Ramsar site. Karnali province covers 2 out ecosystem services and are indispensable of 10 Ramsar sites of Nepal: Phokshundo Lake resources for human survival and development. and Rara Lake. Both of them are situated within However, they continue to be degraded and national parks. converted to other uses. Karnali province is rich in wetlands, which includes two Ramsar sites: Phoksundo Lake Phokshundo Lake and Rara Lake. Phokshundo It is situated within Shey Phoksundo National is the deepest and Rara is the largest lake in Park. It occupies 494 ha and designated as Nepal. The province has an extensive network Ramsar site on 23rd September, 2007. The Lake of water tributaries that feed mainly three is a source of freshwater for downstream, with a rivers: Karnali, Bheri and Babai.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 27 Phoksundo lake has ecological, cultural and religious significances © Krishna Prasad Acharya

waterfall (167m), 500m from the lake. The lake, assemblages of flora and fauna, including alpine meadows, and bogs provide habitat for endemic and globally threatened species. The several rare and vulnerable plants and , lake is home to three endemic fish species including the Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia), (Schizothorax macropthalus, S. nepalensis, and S. Musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) and Grey or raraensis). Tibetan Wolf (Canis lupus). The site has a great cultural and religious importance. 4.6 Rangelands

Rara Lake Grasslands, pastures and scrubland are commonly and collectively referred to as Rara lake is the largest lake in Nepal and is rangelands. Rangelands include tropical situated within Rara National Park. The lake savannah, temperate grasslands, and is famous for clear waters, and the panorama subalpine and alpine meadows, and are critical of the surrounding mountains that reflects biodiversity repository and resources for on the water, making it a traveler's dream. people’s livelihoods. Grassland covers nearly The lake and surrounding area have unique

28 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 12% of Nepal’s total area, much of them (70%) development and over exploitation. Alpine are found in the western Nepal. rangelands are also being desiccated due to rapidly changing climate (Miller 1993). Some Karnali province covers a disproportionately of the notable rangelands of Karnali Province high proportion of high-altitude rangelands. include: These rangelands serve water sources to downstream, and support people who rely on Guthi Chaur: This is a large meadow in the animal husbandry for livelihoods. The higher southern Jumla, famous for sheep pasture. elevation belt (3800 − 4200 m) is the richest in endemic flowering plants (Tiwari et al., Kuse-Junichade and Barekot pastureland: 2019). However, most of the rangelands are These stunning rangelands in northern Jajarkot being degraded rapidly due to infrastructure are rich in wildlife population and medicinal plants.

Alpine region, Jumla ©Prakash K Paudel/ Institute of Applied Sciences

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 29 Leontopodium sp© Naresh Kusi

4.7 Floral Diversity

Nepal is rich in floral biodiversity. The recent estimates indicate that there are over 1,001 species of algae, 2,182 species of fungi (Kost and Adhikari, 2015), 850 species of lichens (Søchting 2015), 1,213 species of bryophytes (Siwakoti et al 2020), 550 species of pteridophytes (Fraser-Jenkins et al., 2015), and 41 species of gymnosperms (Shrestha et al., 2018).

Karnali province is also rich in floral diversity although the region is not well known floristically due to limited scientific explorations. Pedicularis sp © Naresh Kusi

30 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 4.7.1 Algae and international markets. The most common are conica, M. esculenta, Algae represents a diverse group of primitive Laetiporus sulphureus, Agaricus bisporus, plants but they are the relatively less explored. Termitomyces clypeatus and Midhills are richer in algal biodiversity than cibarius. the high Himalayas and lower plains of Terai in Nepal. Of 1001 different algae species Morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.) are one of estimated in Nepal (Prasad, 2013), a high the high value mushrooms of Karnali province. algal diversity is reported from central Nepal They are found in temperate to sub-alpine followed by eastern and western Nepal, regions in the wet and shady areas at an suggesting a low diversity of algae in Karnali altitude of 1,800-3,500 m, mainly in pine forests. province. The mid mountains and Karnali river The most commonly traded morel mushrooms basins are potential regions of algal diversity. are M. conica and M. esculenta out of six Chlorophyceae (green algae) is well explored different species of Morchella (M. angusticeps, in comparison with Cyanophyceae (blue green M. elata (= M. conica), M. esculenta, M. smithiana, algae) and Baciilariophyceae (red algae). There M. umbrina, M. vulgaris) that are reported from is a need for algal exploration to understand the full extent of the province.

4.7.2 Fungi

Fungi are also one of the least explored biological resources in Nepal in compared to higher plants. The updated record shows that there are 2182 species of fungi in Nepal (Kost and Adhikari, 2015), but no estimates are available for Karnali province. The Himalayan caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), an entomopathogenic fungus that grows on moth larva, is considered precious commodities because of its soaring demand for Tibetan and Chinese medicine. The collection and sale of this fungus offer a crucial source of income for hundreds of thousands of people in the Himalayan region (Hopping et al, 2018).

There are limited studies on mushrooms, and some of them (e.g., Morchella) are well Morchella sp (Guchi chyau) © Naresh Kusi known due to their trading in both national

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 31 Nepal. These morel mushrooms are harvested 583 taxa (550 species and 33 subspecies) commercially from Jumla, Humla, Mugu, and of pteridophytes belonging to 32 families Dolpa for decades, which are exported to and 99 genera in Nepal (Kandel and Fraser- different countries such as France, Switzerland, Jenkins, 2020). The taxonomic enumeration Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands for a of pteridophytes in Karnali province is very very good price (Christensen and Larsen, 2005). limited. There is an urgent need for comprehensive research on morel mushrooms in Karnali region 4.7.5 Gymnosperm for their effective conservation and sustainable utilization. Gymnosperms play an important ecological role in the forest ecosystem. Chir pine (Pinus 4.7.3 Bryophyte roxburghii) forms the dominant tree species of subtropical conifer forest, whereas blue Bryophytes are the most diverse group of pine (Pinus wallichiana) covers the large land plants after flowering plants. There are area of upper temperate regions of Nepal 323 genera and 1217 bryophytes species in that occasionally reaches up to subalpine Nepal (Pradhan, 2016). Among them, class regions forming a tree line. The Anthocerotae consists of 4 genera (11 spp.), of gymnosperms in Nepal is confounding class Hepaticae comprises 107 genera (435 due to similarities in their morphology and spp.) and class Musci has with 771 species inadequate molecular evidences of taxa including 31 endemic species. Nordia delimitation. The list of gymnosperms reaches nepalensis, Entodon nepalensis, Diplophyllum 41 species (Shrestha et al., 2018), out of which trollii, Sphagnum nepalensis are endemic to only 19 species may have occurred in Karnali Nepal and are already threatened. province and western Nepal (Table 3). Cedrus deodar and Abies pindrow are characteristically Bryophyte flora in Nepal is poorly known. It is common conifers in Karnali region. C deodar expected that the temperate region may have a is confined to the drier Karnali valley and its high diversity of Bryoflora. Takakia ceratophylla adjoining areas (Shrestha, 1974). Although a is a vulnerable bryophyte found in Karnali large forest of C. deodar is not found in Karnali province. province, historical evidences suggest that a huge volume of Cedrus deodar timbers were 4.7.4 Pteridophyta exported to India for the construction of railway track (broad gauge slippers) (Shrestha, Pteridophyta represents and -allies as 1974). Moist-loving Tsuga dumosa is rare non-flowering vascular plants. Pteridophytes whereas Pinus wallichiana and Picea smithiana are widely used for food stuff, medicine are abundant in the region. and domestic animal bedding. There are

32 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Table 3 : Gymnosperms species known and expected to occur in Karnali province and their elevation range (Shrestha et al., 2018)

Family Species Distribution Elevation range Cupressaceae Cupressus torulosa C, W 1700-3400 m Juniperus communis C, W 1800-4100 m Juniperus communis var. saxatilis 2700-3200 m Juniperus indica E, C, W 3400-5000 m Juniperus recurva E, C, W 3300-4600 m Juniperus siberica C, W NA Juniperus E, C, W 3300-4400 m Ephedraceae Ephedra gerardiana E, C, W 2700-5200 m Ephedra gerardiana var. E, C, W 2300-5200 m sikkimensis Ephedra intermedia W, C NA Ephedra pachyclada W, C 2600-4100 m Ephedra saxatalis E, C, W NA Pinaceae Abies pindrow W 2100-3100 m Abies spectabilis E, C, W 2400-4000 m Cedrus deodara C, W 2000-2500 m Picea smithiana C, W 2300-3600 m Picea smithiana, var. nepalensis 800-2200 m Pinus roxburghii E, C, W NA Pinus wallichiana E, C, W 1600-4000 m Tsuga dumosa E, C, W 2100-3600 m Taxaceae Taxus contorta C, W 2300-3400 m Taxus wallichiana E, C, W 2300-3400 m

4.7.6 Angiosperm province is a confluence of various floristic elements including drier Western and Central Altogether 6,076 species of flowering plants Asiatic floral provinces, African-Indian desert have been recorded in Nepal (Press et al., elements towards the western part of Nepal 2000), which may increase when poorly known and typical Indian floristic elements in the remote regions are fully explored. Karnali southern part (Welk, 2015).

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 33 Figure 11 Dominant families of flowering plants based on number of species reported (a) Press et al. (2001) and (b) Global Biodiversity Information Facility database.

A total of 2589 species of flowering plants (42% Some endemic plants named after of Nepal’s total) are expected to be present places of Karnali province in Karnali province (Appendix S1). Press et al (2000) report 2368 species of flowering plants Pedicularis muguensis from western Nepal, many of them are likely Astragalus jumlaensis to occur in the Karnali province (See Appendix Meconopsis simikotensis S1). Enumeration of flowering plant based Malaxis dolpensis on reported location in an online database Prunus jajarkotensis maintained at Global Biodiversity Information and the phenomenon is known as endemism Facility (https://www.gbif.org/) suggest that (Primack et al., 2013). Endemism may also at least 918 species occur in Karnali province be expressed as a percentage of all extant (See Annex Appendix S1). The top ten taxa present (excluding exotics), or as the dominant families, based on Press et al (2000) absolute number of endemics in a given are , , , Rosaceae, area. Phytogeographically, Nepal hosts high , Lamiaceae, , levels of plant endemism mainly because of Cyperaceae, and Brassicaceae complex topography generating extreme (Figure 11). However, Asteraceae, niche proximity, and the fusion of eastern and Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, western Himalayan elements, admixed with Ranunculaceae, Lamiaceae, Saxifragaceae, southern Tibetan and North Indian floristic and Primulaceae are the top elements. Studies indicated that there are 312 ten dominant plant families of flowering plants species of endemic flowering plants in Nepal, in Karnali province (Figure 11). and central Nepal is rich in plant endemism 4.7.7 Endemic Flowering Plant (Tiwari et al., 2019).

Tiwari et at. (2019) reported 47 endemic Endemic plants are distributed within a species from 8 districts of Karnali province confined single restricted geographical area,

34 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation where Dolpa and Jumla districts share more than half (55%) (Figure 12). These endemic species represented 21 families, and most of them came from (n=7), Fabaceae (n=6), Asteraceae (n=4) and Poaceae (n=4) (see Appendix S2 for a complete list). 4.7.8 Significant Crop and Fruit Varieties

4.7.8 Significant Crop and Fruit Varieties

Karnali province is rich in agrobiodiversity with some of the varieties are well-known throughout the country. Some of the notable Figure 12 Endemic plants reported in Karnali province such verities are: (a) Jumli marshi, (b) , (c) common bean, (d) walnut, (e) chino and (f) Kaguno

Jumli marshi (Oryza sativa var. japonica) is a cold tolerant and traditional common rice variety grown in Jumla at an elevation between 2,400 m and 3,050 m. This variety is known for its cultivation in the highest elevation in the Apple grown in Jumla © L P Devkota world (Shahi and Heu, 1979). The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is another important legume grown as a vegetable and pulse in Karnali province.

Marshi rice © L P Devkota

Apple: Jumla is famous for apple production for its unique taste. The Jumla , mostly Common bean © Krishna Prasad Acharya grown in areas where chemical fertilizers and pesticides are banned, fetch higher prices in Persian walnut (Juglans regia) is common Kathmandu and other regional market centers along the river banks and around the villages than most imported apples. in Karnali province. It is widely used to treat

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 35 is valued by farmers for its nutritional content and health-promoting properties, ability to grow under low external input conditions and tolerance to extreme environmental stress, particularly drought.

Naked Barley (Hordeum vulgare L L. var. nudum Hook. f.): It is a popular crop in Karnali province, Juglans regia © L P Devkota particularly in the high altitudes (e.g., Limi wounds and healing arthritis. It is now being valley). commercially cultivated in the certain parts.

The proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a popular cereal crop commonly cultivated in rainfed marginal lands and terraces in the Jumla and adjoining area.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.), locally known Naked Barley @Krishna Prakash Acharya as Kaguno, is among the oldest cereal grains grown from time immemorial in the Himalayan The other notable traditional crop genetic regions of Nepal, mainly in Karnali province. It varieties of the province include Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) and Buckwheat (Fagopyrum spp.).

4.8 Faunal Diversity

The precise number of faunal species in Karnali province is unknown and difficult to estimate because of limited scientific expeditions. Proso millet © L P Devkota Much of the research is limited to mammals and birds, and invertebrates have never been investigated. Despite this, a review of published research articles, reports and global/ regional species distribution maps, although undoubtedly underestimates, suggests the province’s diverse faunal diversity.

Foxtail millet © L P Devkota

36 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Red panda © Red Panda Network

4.8.1 Mammal

Karnali province is expected to harbor a total of 89 mammalian species, which make up 42% of Nepal’s mammals. A complete list of mammalian species is given in appendix S3. Among them, 10% are globally threatened (Table 4), which is similar to the national proportion (14.6%). A total of 20 mammals found in Karnali province are listed as threatened by the national red list (22% of the province mammals). Himalayan wolf © Geraldine Werhahn/Wolf Conservation Project Research on mammal fauna in Karnali province did not emerge until the 2010s. Paudel et al. (2012, 2015) extensively surveyed the distribution of Himalayan serow, Himalayan goral and barking deer in the parts of Dailekh, Jajarkot and Dolpa. They documented local extinction of serow form much of the region due to habitat loss, fragmentation and hunting (Paudel and Kindlmann, 2012; Paudel et al., 2015). Paudel et al. (2019) conducted a month- long biodiversity expedition in Jajarkot and documented the presence of red panda, red fox, Himalayan serow and the Himalayan goral. Tibetan argali © Tashi R. Ghale

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 37 Table 4: Globally threatened mammals known and expected to be present in Karnali province

Common Name Scientific name IUCN Status (global) Red panda Ailurus fulgens EN Alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster EN Himalayan black bear Ursus thibetanus VU Common leopard Panthera pardus VU Snow leopard Panthera uncial VU Wild yak Bos mutus VU Dhole Cuon alpinus EN Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa VU Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla CR

(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species category: CR- Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable)

Acharya et al., 2016, reported the first time the presence of wild yak (Bos mutus) in the Limi valley of , which is believed to be locally extinct in the region. Lama et al. (2018) provided the first photographic evidence of snow leopard Panthera uncia, in the same place. Mugu, Dolpa and Humla districts support a good population of snow leopards.

Baral et al., 2019 reported Yellow-Bellied Weasel (Mustela Kathiah) in Barekot Rural Municipality, . Kusi et al. (2019) observed a young Tibetans argali Ovis ammon, in Dolpa. Werhahn et al. (2019) encountered a Himalayan wolf in Humla. Three mammal species— Kiang (Kiang Equus), Tibetan Gazelle (Procapra picticaudata), Eurasian (lynx Lynx) — are believed to be found mainly in Karnali province. The province is also the westernmost boundary of red panda in Himalaya (Acharya et al., 2018).

4.8.2 Bird

Karnali province is rich in avian diversity largely as a result of heterogeneous landscapes Rufous-tailed rock © Naresh Kusi

38 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Tibetan sandgrouse©Naresh Kusi ranging from subtropical to alpine regions. first time. Some of the notable avian fauna The province harbors 46% (n=410) of Nepal’s include chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar), birds, which include 1% of globally threatened black-necked crane (Grus nigricollis), Tibetan birds found in Nepal (Table 5). The complete sandgrouse (Syrrhaptes tibetanus), brown- list of avian species expected to be present in headed (Gull Larus brunnicephalus), common Karnali province is provided in appendix S4. tern (Sterna hirundo) and ibisbill (Ibidorhyncha The list is based on the distribution estimates struthersii). of birds of Nepal and a few ornithological surveys in Limi Valley, Rara national park (n= The Karnali province is also rich in vultures. 284, BCN 2012) and Shey Phoksundo national Paudel et al. (2019) reported four species of park. Over 300 species of birds are recorded in vultures in Jajarkot, which included the red- (Kusi at al. 2018). Rara Lake serves headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus), Egyptian as an important halting station for migratory vulture (Neophron percnopterus), bearded waterfowls across the Himalayas. vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) and Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis). Red headed vulture Acharya and Ghimirey (2015.) recorded 114 and Egyptian vulture are critically endangered species of birds in the area between Simikot according to IUCN’s Red List of Threatened and Chyakpalung of Limi Valley. Among them, Species. KC et al. (2019) observed 66 nesting 16 species were recorded in the region for the

Table 5: Globally threatened birds known and expected to be present in Karnali province

Common name Scientific name IUCN Status Cheer pheasant Catreus wallichii VU Common pochard Aythya ferina VU Saker falcon Falco cherrug EN Red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus CR Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis EN Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus EN Black-necked crane Grus nigricollis VU snipe Gallinago nemoricola VU Woolly-necked stork Ciconia episcopus VU

(IUCN Red List of Threatened Species category: CR- Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 39 sites of Egyptian vultures in Rukum. et al. (2019) found Red-headed, Egyptian, Himalayan griffon and bearded vulture in Salyan district. Paudel & Bhusal (2015) identified nests of red- headed, Himalayan griffon, Egyptian vultures and bearded vulture in Jajarkot district.

Schizothorax raraensis in underwater © Tej Kumar Shrestha 4.8.3 Fish

Appendix S5 is a checklist of the fish expected to be present in Karnali province based on Shrestha (1999), Bhagat (2002) and (Bhuju et al., 2007). The checklist contains 75 fish species, which accounts for more than one third of Nepal’s fish species, including five globally threatened fishes (Table 6). Karnali province is also home to three endemic species of Schizothorax in Lake Rara. In addition, 27 species of fishes are confirmed in Karnali river basin based on environmental DNA (Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Unpublished data, pers. comm. with Adarsh Sherchan/CMDN). Endemic fish © Tej Kumar Shrestha

Table 6: Globally threatened fish known and expected to be present in Karnali province

Local name Scientific name Common name IUCN status Nepali asla Schizothorax nepalensis Snow trout CR Kalo Rara asla S. raraensis Snow trout CR Mahaseer Tor putitora Golden Mahaseer EN B. dayi Gangetic loach VU Bowari, Buhari, Padani Wallago attu Catfish, Sheet-fish, VU Freshwater shark Common snowtrout S. richardsonii VU

(IUCN red list of threatened species category: CR- Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable)

40 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Two species (Schizothorax nepalensis, S. confirmed species and 2 potential based on the raraensis) are critically endangered and are distribution range (Table 7). reported from Rara lake. Another species (S. macrophthalmus) is also endemic to Rara lake, 4.8.5 Amphibian but is not assessed as a threatened one. A total of 25 species Nanorana 4.8.4 Reptile of amphibians are rarica is expected to occur in endemic to the The detailed work on reptile species occurring Karnali province, which in Nepal is very limited, and such work in the is 43% of amphibians Rara Lake Karnali province is very scanty. An extensive reported in Nepal (Table 8). Among them, review of literature suggests that the province Nanorana rarica is endemic to Rara lake. has at least 14 reptile species, which include 12

Table 7 : Reptile species known and expected to be present in Karnali province Source: Baral et al., 2014; Nanhoe and Ouboter, 1987 ; Rawat et al., 2019; Swan et al., 1962

Common name Scientific name IUCN Status Common leopard gecko Eublepharis macularius LC rock agama Laudakia tuberculata NA Greater forest agama Japalura major NA Himalaya ground skink Asymblepharus himalayanus NA Ladak ground skink Asymblepharus ladacensis NA Himalayan keelback Herpetoreas platyceps NA Himalayan pit viper Gloydius himalayanus NA Hodgson's rat Elaphe hodgsonii NA MacClelland’s coral Snake Sinomicrurus macclellandi univirgatus NA Theobald's toad-headed agama Phrynocephalus theobaldi LC Blackbelly Worm-eating snake Trachischium fuscum NA King cobra Ophiophagus hannah VU White-lipped pit viper Trimeresurus albolabris Least Concern Common garden Calotes versicolor Least Concern lizard

(IUCN red list of threatened species category: CR- Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 41 Table 8: Amphibians species known and expected to be present in Karnali province (https:// amphibiaweb.org/data.html, Baral et al. 2014)

Common name Scientific name IUCN status Himalayan toad Duttaphrynus himalayanus LC high altitude toad Scutiger sikimmensis LC Southeast Asian toad Duttaphrynus melanostictus LC Indus valley toad Duttaphrynus stomaticus LC Alpine cricket frog Fejervarya limnocharis LC Indus valley bullfrog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus LC Blanford's paa frog Nanorana blanfordii LC Torrent paa frog Nanorana ercepeae NT Liebig pa frog Nanorana liebigii LC High Himalaya frog Nanorana parkeri LC Polunin's paa frog Nanorana polunini LC Rara paa frog Nanorana rarica DD Nepal paa frog Nanorana minica VU Rastogi paa frog Nanorana rostandi VU Burrowing frog Sphaerotheca breviceps LC Boulenger high altitude toad Scutiger boulengeri LC Nepal lazy toad Scutiger nepalensis VU Scutiger nyingchiensis LC Ornate narrow-mouthed toad * Microhyla ornate LC torrent frog Amolops formosus LC Himalaya frog Amolops himalayanus LC Terai tree frog Polypedates taeniatus LC Skittering frog Euphlictys cyanophlictys NA Nepalese cricket frog Limnonectes nepalensis NA Liebig’s paa frog Paa liebigii LC

(IUCN red list of threatened species category: CR- Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable, * Occurrence is debatable—pers. comm. Prakash C. Aryal)

42 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Nepal Argus (Paralasa nepalica) © Sanej Prasad Suwal

4.8.6 Butterfly (Zophoessa nicetas). Research on butterflies in Karnali province is very limited and confined Butterflies are the most readily identifiable and within protected areas. Suwal et al. (2020) best-known . Appendix S6 is a checklist observed Paralasa nepalica, the only species of 144 butterflies found in Karnali province found in Nepal among 30 species of Paralasa (Suwal, 2020). This accounts for nearly 22% of recorded globally, in Talung Valley of Upper butterfly species reported in Nepal. The list Humla. includes 2 vulnerable and 5 susceptible species as per Nepal Red Data Book status. Among all 4.9 Species of Special species, Nepal Argus (Paralasa nepalica) and Conservation Concern Nepal Comma (Polygonia c-album agnicula) may be endemic to Nepal (Smith, 1994). A species of special conservation concern (SSCC) is a plant or animal species which is Suwal et al. (2019) reported Polygonia c-album either (a) poorly known (e.g., data deficit), or in Rara national park. The park is rich in (b) assessed as being threatened (critically butterflies including Nepal meadow blue endangered, endangered and vulnerable) in (Polyommatus nepalensis), dusky hedge blue both global and national assessments, or (c) (Oreolyce vardhana), eastern blue sapphire restricted in small area of the Karnali province. (Heliophorus oda) and yellow wood brown

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 43 Table 9: Mammals of special conservation concern

Common name Scientific name Global National Red panda Ailurus fulgens EN EN Alpine musk deer Moschus chrysogaster EN EN Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadactyla CR EN Himalayan black bear Ursus thibetanus VU EN Common leopard Panthera pardus VU VU Snow leopard Panthera uncia VU EN Himalayan wolf Canis lupus himalayanus LC EN Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis NT VU Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC VU Himalayan serow Capricornis thar NT DD Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak LC VU Wild yak Bos mutus VU CR Dhole Cuon alpinus EN EN Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa VU EN Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx LC VU Altai weasel Mustela altaica NT DD Ermine Mustela erminea LC DD Asiatic golden cat Pardofelis temminckii NT DD Tibetan fox Vulpes ferrilata LC DD Red fox Vulpes vulpes LC DD Himalayan water shrew Chimarrogale himalayica LC EN

44 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Plateau Pika in Chyakpalung, Limi valley @Yadav Ghimirey Common name Scientific name Global National Black giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor NT EN Hairy-footed flying squirrel Belomys pearsonii DD DD Tibetan dwarf hamster Cricetulus alticola LC DD Horsefield’s shrew Crocidura horsieldii DD DD Pale grey shrew Crocidura pergrisea DD DD Himalayan mole Euroscaptor micrura LC DD Bobak marmot Marmota bobak LC DD Elegant water shrew Nectogale elegans LC DD Himalayan brown bear Ursus arctos LC CR Plateau pika Ochotona curzoniae LC DD Large-eared pika Ochotona macrotis LC DD Nubra pika Ochotona nubrica LC DD Royle’s pika Ochotona roylei LC DD Moupin pika Ochotona thibetana LC DD Hodgson’s giant glying squirrel Petaurista magniicus NT DD Eurasian pygmy shrew Sorex minutus LC DD Anderson’s shrew Suncus stoliczkanus LC DD Brown big-eared bat Plecotus auritus LC DD Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica LC DD Striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena NT EN Kiang Equus kiang LC VU Tibetan argali Ovis ammon NT DD Tibetan gazelle Procapra picticaudata NT CR

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 45 Snow leopard © Shey-Pokundo National Park (Courtesy: Gopal Khanal) Table 10: Birds of special conservation concern

Common name Scientific name IUCN Status National Status Bearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus NT VU Black-and-yellow grosbeak Mycerobas icterioides LC DD Black-chinned yuhina Yuhina nigrimenta LC VU Black-headed gull Larus ridibundus LC VU Black-necked crane Grus nigricollis VU DD Brown fish owl Ketupa zeylonensis LC VU Brown-headed gull Larus brunnicephalus LC VU Cheer pheasant Catreus wallichii VU EN Cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus NT EN Demoiselle crane Grus virgo LC VU Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus EN VU Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata NT CR Eurasian eagle owl Bubo bubo LC DD Ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca NT VU Garganey Anas querquedula LC VU Golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos LC VU Golden-naped finch Pyrrhoplectes epaulette LC VU Hen harrier Circus cyaneus LC VU Himalayan vulture Gyps himalayensis NT VU Hume’s bush warbler Horornis brunnescens LC VU Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii LC EN Koklass pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha LC VU Little bunting Emberiza pusilla LC VU Northern pintail Anas acuta LC EN Red-headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus CR EN Rock eagle-owl Bubo bengalensis LC VU Saker falcon Falco cherrug EN EN Satyr tragopan Tragopan satyra NT VU Short-eared owl Asio flammeus LC VU Spot-bellied eagle-owl Bubo nipalensis LC EN Steppe eagle Aquila nipalensis EN VU Tibetan lark Melanocorypha maxima LC DD Tibetan sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus LC VU Tibetan serin Serinus thibetanus LC VU Tytler’s -warbler Phylloscopus tytleri NT DD Upland buzzard Buteo hemilasius LC DD Wood snipe Gallinago nemoricola VU VU

46 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Red-headed Vulture © Tulsi Subedi/Himalayan Nature

Nepal Comma (Polyommatus nepalensis) © Sanej Prasad Suwal Black-necked crane ©Naresh Kusi

Table 11: Amphibian of special conservation concern

Scientific name Conservation Status IUCN Category National Scutiger nepalensis VU Not assessed Nanorana minica VU Not assessed Nanorana rostandi VU Not assessed

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 47 Table 12: Butterflies of special conservation concern

Name Scientific name Nepal argus Paralasa nepalica * Nepal comma Polygonia c-album agnicula Nepal meadow blue Polyommatus nepalensis * Lofty bath white Pontia callidice

*Potentially endemic to Nepal

Table 13: Plant species of special conservation concern

Scientific name IUCN Category Ulmus wallichiana VU Dalbergia latifolia VU Taxus wallichiana EN Takakia ceratophylla VU Taxus contorta EN Scaphophyllum speciosum VU Cypripedium cordigerum VU Nardostachys jatamansi CR

Ibisibis ©Naresh Kusi

48 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 4.10 Section Summary: A poorly known to science. Karnali river basin Status Update of Biodiversity is a potential region for exploration of algal in Karnali diversity. Fungi is the least known in the province, analogous to other parts of Nepal. The province, however, is well known for Karnali province is rich in biodiversity. The high value wild mushrooms called Morchella, province covers a part of five ecoregions: some of which are traded internationally. Himalayan Subtropical Broadleaf Forests, Besides, Cordyceps sinensis, a that Himalayan Subtropical Pine Forests, Western parasitizes larvae of Thitarodes moths in the Himalayan Broadleaf Forests, Western alpine grasslands, is considered as a valuable Himalayan Subalpine Conifer Forests. Karnali commodity in the province. The collectors, province has 21 forest types, some of them are mostly local people, get an attractive cash well developed and specific to the province: income, which is critical for local livelihoods. Chir pine Forest, Tsuga dumosa Forest and Nearly 50% gymnosperms known to Nepal are Deodar Forest. More than half (51% province found in Karnali province. Cedrus deodar and land surface) is covered by vegetation, which Abies pindrow are characteristically common includes forest (30%), shrubland (3%) and conifers of Karnali region. grassland (18%). A vast landscape is barren (26%), which includes rocky mountain devoid Although an enumeration of flowering plants of vegetation. The area covered by the snow in Nepal is incomplete and even poor in Karnali and glacier cover is nearly 9% of the province. province, the province is expected to have 42% of flowering plants reported in Nepal. Karnali province is also rich in wetlands, which This includes 5% of endemic flowering plants include two Ramsar sites: Phokshundo lake reported in Nepal. The province is also rich in and Rara lake. Phokshundo is the deepest agrobiodiversity. Some of the varieties well- lake whereas Rara Lake is the largest one known in Nepal include (a) Jumli marshi, (b) in Nepal. Several wetlands are distributed apple, (c) common bean, (d) walnut, (e) chino throughout the province including Baraha Tal, and (f) Kaguno. Jumli marshi, an indigenous Kupinde lake, Shyarpu Lake. The province also rice variety, is a cold-tolerant and traditional covers a disproportionately high proportion common rice variety grown in Jumla at an of high-altitude rangelands. These rangelands elevation between 2,400 m to 3,050 m, the are exceptionally rich in high value medicinal highest elevation at which rice is cultivated in herbs, home to globally threatened flora and the world. fauna, water sources to downstream, and support people who rely on animal husbandry A total of 89 mammalian species are believed for livelihoods. to be occur in Karnali province, which makes up 39% of mammals found in Nepal. Among them, The floral diversity of the province is not 13% of mammals are globally threatened. Wild well-explored and that of lower forms is

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 49 yak, vultures, red panda, kiang, snow leopard Rara lake. About 19% amphibians reported in and Tibetan gazelle are iconic mammals of Nepal are found in Karnali province. Among Karnali province. The province harbors 46% them, Nanorana rarica is endemic to the Rara (n=410) of Nepal’s birds, which include 2% Lake. The province has 22% of Nepal’s butterfly of globally threatened birds found in Nepal. diversity, which includes 2 vulnerable and 5 Nearly one third of Nepal’s fish species are susceptible species as per Nepal Red Data Base found Karnali province, which include five (NRDB) status. globally threatened, and three endemics to

50 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Women visiting market to sell firewood in Jumla 5. Karnali Biodiversity: © L P Devkota Conservation and Challenge

Biodiversity conservation and management in Karnali province has been carried out through formal and informal institutions at multiple levels. Formal institutions include the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) which foresees the management of protected areas (PAs). Department of Forest and Soil Conservation (DoFSC) has a shared responsibility to protect and manage forests outside of PAs. The Ministry of Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment, Karnali Provincial Government develops policies and executes conservation program through Divisional Forest Offices. Similarly, botanical gardens offer ex-situ conservation of endangered and important flora. There are several cultural and religious practices that have directly/indirectly contributed to the conservation of landscapes, including flora and fauna. Such informal conservation mechanisms need to be well-acknowledged in future conservation strategies.

Overexploitation of high-value medicinal plants, land-use change and climate change are the major conservation challenges in Karnali province. Increased efforts are required to prevent further losses to biodiversity and ecosystem services.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 51 5.1 Protected Area river watershed and is located in a transition zone between the eastern and western Karnali province covers two protected areas: Himalayas. The predominant ecosystem in the Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Rara trans-Himalayan region is treeless, dry, high National Park. These protected areas, including altitude cushion-plant and shrub formations. buffer zone, cover 17% area of province. Xerophytic mat vegetation covers 20% of the park while 17% is glaciers, snow and rock. Shey-Phoksundo National Park Less than 5% of the park is forested, along river valleys on the southern flanks of the Himalayas. Thirty-two species of mammals Shey- Phoksundo National Park (SPNP) is the occur, notably a good population of the largest national park in Nepal and is known threatened snow leopard and its main prey, the for its unique landscapes, mountain ungulates blue sheep. Other notable species include great and snow leopards. The park was established Tibetan sheep (Ovis ammon), Himalayan wolf in 1984, and covers a total area of 3555 km2 of (Canis lupus), Tibetan antelope (Pantholopus Dolpa and Mugu districts of Karnali province. hodgsoni), musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) The Phoksundo lake, a Ramsar site situated and red panda (Ailurus fulgens). Almost 200 in the in the southern section of the park, is a species of birds have been recorded. Avifauna major physical feature of the park. like Danphe (Lophophorus impejanus), Monal (Trygopan satyra), cheer pheasant (Catreus The one-third area of the park area is rugged mountains, rising to 6883m at Mount Kanjiroba. The park protects eastern portion of the Karnali

Figure 13 A map of protected area and conservation landscape in Karnali province.

52 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation wallichii), Tibetan partridge (Perdix hodgsoniae), oak (Quercus semicarpifolia), Himalayan cypress white-throated tit (Aegithalos niviogularis) and (Cupressus torulosa), birch (Betula utilis), deodar snow cock (Tetraogallus hymalayensis), are (Cedrus deodara), lauth salla (Taxus wallichiana), found in the park. walnut (Juglans regia) and Himalayan poplar (Popolus ciliata). Rangelands are dominated SPNP is also inhabited by people with a by herbs and grass species like Carex transhumant pastoral way of life. There are atrofusca, Juncus himalensis, Kobresia duthei, numerous cultural artifacts including 24 Parnsia nubicola, Polygonum spp. Juniperus monasteries and hundreds of "chortens"—a indica, J. lindleyana and Aletris pauciflora. An symbol of the Bonpo religion of Dolpo. endemic species of snow trout (Schizothorax raraensis) is found here. Major non–timber The park is famous for non-timber forest forest products (NTFPs) and medicinal plants products especially for medicinal plants. include kutki (Neopicrorhiza scrophulariflora), Yarsagumba (Ophyocordiceps sinensis) is found panchaunle (Dactylorhiza hatagirea), jatamansi in the meadows of the park. (Nardostachys grandiflora), satuwa (Paris polyphylla), sugandhwal (Valeliana jatamansi), Rara National Park attis (Aconitum heterophyllum), padmchal (Rheum emodii) and guchi chayau (Morchella Located in the Mugu district, Rara National Park conica). (RNP) covers an area of 106 km2 including 10.8 km2 of lake Rara (Figure 13). The lake is declared A total of 52 species of mammal and 272 a wetland of international importance in 2007 species of avifauna have been recorded in the under the Ramsar convention. Interestingly, RNP. The park is home to musk deer (Moschus this smallest national park of Nepal holds chrysogaster), Himalayan black bear (Ursus Nepal’s largest lake. The park harbors 1,024 thibetanus), red panda (Ailurus fulgens), leopard plant species, and 1,070 species of vascular cat (Prionailurus bengalensis), Himalayan plants, more than 50 mammalian species, 292 ghoral (Nemorhaedus goral), Himalayan thar species of birds, 3 species of fish, one species (Hemitragus jemlahicus) and wild dog (Cuon of amphibian (Rana rara) and one species of alpines). herpetofauna (Amphiesma platyceps). Rara lake serves as an important transit point The park covers blue pine forest, fir forest, birch for migratory waterfowls across the Himalayas. rhododendron forest and alpine meadows. Tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), mallard (Anas The majority of vegetation in the park is platyrhynchos), great-created grebe (Podiceps dominated by blue pine and different species nigricollis), red-crested pochard (Netta ragina) of rhododendrons. The other major species and gulls (Larus spp.) visit the park during include Himalayan spruce (Picea smithiana), winter.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 53 5.2 Community Forest 5.4 Landscape Conservation

The community forest is a part of government Landscape conservation is a new conservation forests, where day-to-day management rests paradigm that adopts a holistic approach with forest-user communities. This enables to address conservation challenges such communities to make better use of knowledge as habitat fragmentation and climate and needs to promote more efficient, equitable, change and addresses the need for habitat and sustainable multifunctional landscapes. conservation at large spatial scales (Curtin Community forestry of Nepal has been lauded and Tabor, 2016). Government of Nepal for restoring degraded areas, sustainable forest (GoN) has adopted a landscape conservation use and reduce rural poverty. There are 4483 approach and has endorsed five landscapes: community forests, 861 leasehold forests, 10 Terai Arc Landscape (TAL), Sacred Himalayan religious forests and one protected forest in Landscape (SHL), Kailash Sacred Landscape Karnali province (KPPC, 2020). (KSL), Chitwan Annapurna Landscape (CHAL) and Kanchenjunga Landscap (KL) (MoFSC, 5.3 Protected Forest 2016). Karnali province overlaps with some parts of Terai Arc Landscape and Kailash Sacred Kankri Bihar Protected Forest, an archeological Landscape (Figure 13). TAL covers a large site and adjoining areas covering an area of swath of lowland Nepal along the Nepal-India 175.5 hectares, is the only protected forest boarder, including northern slope of Churia located in Karnali province and the first one in (southern part of Surkhet and Salyan districts) Nepal. It was established on May 13, 2002 to as these forests are likely to serve as climate protect the archeological site and promote the refugia. The Kailash Sacred Landscape (KSL), a ecotourism. joint conservation initiative of China, India and

Kankre Bihar Protected Forest© Krishna Prasad Acharya

54 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Nepal, covers parts of Humla, Bajhang, Baitadi, threatened species, species richness, and the and Darchula. Karnali Conservation Landscape presence of threatened habitats. (KCL) is one of the two proposed conservation landscapes and covers the most of area of Karnali province overlaps with 10 important Karnali province (MoFSC, 2016). plant area complexes and harbors at least 48 IPAs, which make up nearly 21% of IPAs 5.5 Important Plant Areas and determined in Nepal. Non-Timber Forest Product 5.6 Important Bird Area Hamilton and Radford (2007) determined 54 important plant area complexes in Nepal, Important Bird Area (IBA) is an area of high which include 230 important plant areas (IPA). conservation significance of birds that needs IPAs are sites of international significance for better protection. Karnali province has four the conservation of global plant diversity based IBAs: Limi Valley (Humla district), Rara National on three standard criteria: the presence of Park, Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Barekot (Jajarkot district).

Kankre Bihar © Anju Chaudhary

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 55 Table 14: Botanical gardens in Karnali province

Name Established year Conservation significance Mulpani Botoanical Garden, Salyan 1998 375 economically valuable plant species are conserved Dhitachaur Botanical Garden, Jumla 1998 47 economically important plants are conserved, including many other high Himalayan species

5.7 Botanical Garden products are the major contributing factors for forest loss, deterioration and fragmentation in Karnali Province has two botanical gardens: the province. Karnali province gained ~9 km2 (a) Mulpani Botanical Garden, Salyan and (b) and lost ~ 103 km2 of forest area covered by Dhitachaur Botanical Garden, Jumla. The details trees between 2000 and 2019 with a substantial of these two botanical gardens are given Table spatial and temporal variation (Global Forest 14. Watch, 2014). The highest forest loss occurred in 2012 (13 km2), followed by 2010 (10 km2) and 5.8 Deforestation and 2017 (10 km2) although the trend of forest loss Fragmentation is slow since 2010 (Figure 14).

Forest clearance for cultivation and timber The forest landscape is better connected in extraction, overgrazing, uncontrolled burning central part of the province. There is a large of undergrowth and overexploitation of forest

Figure 14: Forest loss trend in the Karnali province (Source Global Forest Watch)

56 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation patch of connected forest along the borders of Jajarkot and Dailekh that extends to the southern Jumla and Dolpa (Figure 15). Forest fragmentation depicted in the map could be either result of forest loss or natural grasslands/alpine pastures. The province has the possibility of conservation/restoring forest landscapes along an altitudinal gradient, which is important to conserve biodiversity under climate change scenarios.

5.9 Human Wildlife Conflict

Figure 15: Forest connectivity in the Karnali province. Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) is one of the The connectivity measure is based on Effective Mesh Size most complex but unavoidable challenges (MESH) of forest area

Figure 16: A map of human-wildlife conflict in Karnali province

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 57 of biodiversity conservation, especially in the province. Shey Pokhundo is the largest national human dominated landscape. The main cause park of Nepal. Phoksundo Lake, which lies in of HWC is the competition between people the park, is the deepest lake and designated as and wildlife for shared but limited resources, a Ramsar site. Rara National Park, the smallest which are manifested as crop-raiding, livestock national park, holds the largest lake (Rara Lake) predation, property damage, human death and of Nepal. The lake is home to four endemic injury, and retaliatory killings of wildlife. Karnali species (3 fishes and one amphibian). province has a diverse landscape ranging from a subtropical river basin in the south to the There are 4, 483 community forests, 861 trans-Himalayan region in the north. Therefore, leasehold forests, 10 religious forests and there is a spatial dimension of conflict, based one protected forest in Karnali province. The on the availability of species. Human-wildlife province has only one protected forest: Kankri conflict is reported throughout Karnali Bihar. It is the first protected forest and was province. The conflict is persistent in nearly established to protect the archeological site. 50% of local levels, but the severity of conflict Karnali province overlaps with some parts is highly localized in the certain clusters (Figure of Terai Arc Landscape and Kailash Sacred 17) (MoITFE, 2020). Bear are the most common Landscape. (>65%) conflict species, causing human death/ injury. They are also reported in livestock and Karnali Province consists of a total of 48 crop depredation. The major wildlife species important plant areas (IPAs) for medicinal involved in the livestock depredation are plants and two botanical gardens. Forest area common leopard, snow leopard, jackal, bear, occupies nearly 30% of the Karnali Province, wolf and wild boar. Common leopard, bear which is fragmented throughout the regions. and jackal are the top three wildlife involved Karnali province gained ~9 km2 and lost ~ 103 in the livestock depredation. and sheep km2 of forest area between 2000 and 2019 with comprised of nearly 50% of total livestock loss substantial spatial and temporal variations. The (MoITFE, 2020). forest landscape is better connected in central part of the province. There is a large patch of 5.10 Section Summary: connected forest along in Jajarkot and Dailekh Biodiversity Conservation and that extends to the southern Jumla and Dolpa. Challenge Human-wildlife conflict is reported throughout Karnali province. The conflict is persistent in Karnali province covers two protected areas: nearly 50% of local levels, with considerable Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Rara variations in the severity of the conflict. National Park. These protected areas, including buffer zone, cover nearly 17% area of the

58 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Ladies returning from Hilsa with their goats 6. People and Biodiversity: ©Yadav Ghimirey A Nexus in Karnali Province

Biodiversity provides essential products to people, including the regulation of climate and the production of wood in forests, livestock forage in rangeland and fish in rivers. People’s dependence on biodiversity is inevitable but such dependency is very critical for people’s livelihood in Karnali province. There are also forest dependent castes/ethic communities that have distinct social and cultural systems.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 59 6.1 Non-Timber Forest Product

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are tremendously important for rural livelihoods, local economies and income generation. Karnali province is very rich in NTFPs and their contributions to people’s livelihoods have been acknowledged in policy sectors. There is an increasingly recognition of NTFPs for province’s economic development and prosperity. A list of major NTFPs of the Karnali province is given in appendix S7. Dolpa alone shares 57% (n=400) of Nepal’s medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) (Lama et al., 2001). MAPs are extensively used in traditional medicine (Kunwar et al., 2006; Larsen, 2002). Species like jatamansi (N. grandiflora) and kutki (N. scrophulariiflora), paanch aunle (D. hatagirea), satuwa (P. polyphylaasm), guchu chau (M. conica Pers) and yarsaguma (C. sinensis) are given special value by the locals for their local medicinal uses (Ghimire and Aumeeruddy- Thomas, 2002).

NTFPs contributes about 15% of Nepal’s GDP (Edwards, 1996), which is expected to be very Panch Aule high in Karnali province. Himalayan caterpillar © Bishnu Prasad Thapaliya Rara National Park fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis), for example, is one of the world’s most valuable biological has generated widespread concern over the commodities, providing a crucial source of sustainability of its collection (Hopping et al., income for thousands of collectors. The local 2018). price of this fungus has increased by 2300% over the last 10 years (Shrestha & Bawa 2015). Five years royalty and trade volume data of Thousands of people gather in the alpine NTFP of Nepal and that of Karnali province pasture to collect the caterpillar fungus, hoping suggest that the province alone shares nearly to make cash income. For example, Chhetri and 40% national trade volume and two-third of Gotame (2017) reported 40,000 people from 21 royalty (e.g., the tax generated from NTFP) districts of Nepal in Dolpa during its collection (Figure 16). time. The growing harvesting boom, however,

60 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Caravan of people in search of Himalayan caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis). Himalayan caterpillar fungus in natural habitat and collected ones are shown in . All photos ©Raju Chhetri

Appendix S7 provides a list of commonly region. Chiuri (Diploknema butyracea) is a traded and mostly collected NTFPs from natural multipurpose species, valued highly for its habitats. Some of the important NTFPs include: sociocultural uses (Bist and Bhatta, 2014). The plant is naturally occurring throughout the Morchella conica, commonly known as Guchchi subtropical region. Similarly, the province is Chyau or morel mushroom, is collected for known for good cultivation of zinger (Zingiber commercial and subsistence uses in the Karnali officinale) in Salyan, Surkhet and Dailekh

Figure 17 Five years royalty and trade volume data of NTFP of Nepal and that of Karnali province

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 61 districts (Khanal, 2018), and timur (Zanthoxylum Beekeeping (Apis cerana) is a common practice, spp.) in Surkhet, Dailekh, Jajarkot, and Jumla which provides a major source of income, districts (Budhathoki and Manandhar, 2020). particularly in Humla district.

Karnali province has an extensive cover 6.2 Rangelands and of chir-pine forest. The extraction of pine Livelihoods is common in Rukum West, Salyan, Jajarkot, Dailekh and Surkhet districts. It Rangelands, 18% of the province land area, are has contributed, to some extent, in revenue important biodiversity repository and play a collection and supporting people’s livelihoods. crucial role in supporting livelihoods in Karnali For example, 1,412,405 kg resin were collected province. They have been extensively used for from 44 community forest user groups (CFUGs) animal husbandry and collection of medicinal in Dailekh district in fiscal year 2072/2073. herbs. The proportion of rangelands in Jumla, These CFUGs generated revenue totaling NRs. Humla, Dolpa, and Mugu is higher than that of 11,299,236 and created a total of 88,400 man- agricultural lands in corresponding districts, days employment, where an average monthly where animal husbandry is largely practiced income was NRs. 12,500.

Raute have a tradition of carving wooden materials ©Mun Rawat

62 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation as a mainstay livelihood. Average livestock of Raute is 149 (CBS, 2012). They remain in a heads owned by a farm household is 18.1 in place for 2-3 weeks before moving to another Dolpa, 16.2 in Mugu, 15.4 in Humla and 9.3 in place. Rautes are also known as Ban Rawat, Jumla, far more than the province average (8.2) Banmanus, Rautiya and Ban Raja (Frontier, (Department of Livestock, 2018). 2011). They have a patriarchal society, but women are well respected and are involved in 6.3 Traditional/Indigenous the decision-making process. Communities 6.4 Traditional/Indigenous Karnali province is a culturally heterogeneous, Medicine ecologically diverse and multi-linguistic province. The northern part, a region People living in high altitude areas uses geographically connected with TAR of China, ancient system of healing for various ailments. is predominantly inhabited by Dolpo, Sherpa, Amchi is one of the widely practiced systems. Tamang and Bhote people. They speak This system involves extensive use of locally languages belonging to the Sino-Tibetan available herbs for curing human and animal family, dress in the Tibetan style, follow Tibetan diseases. Amchi plays many roles: physician, Buddhism and Bon religion (the indigenous, veterinarian and spiritual healer and contribute shamanistic religion of Tibet) and have Tibetan for conservation of herbal plants and their institutions (Fisher, 1987). In the mid and habitats (Baur 2004). western parts of the province, both and Shamanism are practiced. The south-east 6.5 Cultural Belief and Sacred and southern part of the province is inhabited Natural Site by hill Hindu caste groups.

Sacred sites are areas of special spiritual Raji and Raute communites are indigenous to significance to people and communities. They the Karnali province. Rajis are found in Surkhet include natural areas recognized as sacred in a small number (n= 1271) (CBS, 2012). The by indigenous and traditional peoples. Such main occupations of Raji people are foraging, areas are also used as places for worship and hunting, fishery and weaving of grass remembrance. Most of such sites are also baskets. integral parts of ethnic identity and play a key role in traditional cultures and lifestyles. Raute, the only nomads of Nepal, roam in Cultural sites and practices are also influenced western hill including Karnali province and by the local environment, including ethnicity have been living in Nepal for the last 1000 years and religion. For example, the northern part (Reinhard, 1974). They hunt monkeys, gather of the province is dominated by followers of yams and other plants in forests, but do not Buddhism or Bon or Bonpo religion. People kill other wild animals. The total population

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 63 Halji Monastery, Halji Village in Limi © Krishna Prasad Acharya

believe in local gods and consider landscapes Case: Cut down of trees and as sacred natural sites. Monasteries play hunting is a cultural taboo around important role in conserving biodiversity. Mt. Phoksundo Lake Shelmogang, located at Nyin valley of Humla, Phoksundo Tal is a famous glacier lake is considered as the 21 sub-mountains of in Karnali province. Kham and Gurung Sacred Kailash Mountain, which is a holy place communities are living in the area for for Buddhists, and Shamanic devotees many generations who follow the Bonpo (Lama, 2012). religion. The tree close to the lake is important for the religion. The human 6.5.1 Limi Valley activities like the hunting of wild animals and cutting of trees, pelting stones and Limi valley, a trans-Himalayan valley, is located dirtying water is a cultural taboo. The in the northwestern part of Humla district. water from the lake is considered clean The valley covers an area of 1201.29 km2, and pure and it has remained a religious custom to carry water from this same including three villages (Halji, Jang, and Til). place to offer to the sacred shrine situated It is one of the most isolated and unexplored on a high mountain to the village. valleys in the Nepal Himalaya. The valley is exceptionally rich in high altitude ecosystem (Source: WWF, 2009) and wildlife species common in the trans-

64 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Himalayan region. The Tibetan pasturelands Himalayan wolf, snow leopard, Tibetan argali, and rolling mountains intercepted by several musk deer, Himalayan brown bear and Eurasian rivers make the northern part of Limi valley lynx. The valley is home to 132 avifauna. spectacular. The south-western part is covered Tibetan Lark Melanocorypha maxima is the by precipitous cliffs and steep mountains that first record in Nepal. The black-necked crane, are thrilling and adventurous. The local cultures a vulnerable bird, is a resident of the valley. that evolved hundreds of years learning with Nowhere in Nepal has as unique culture-nature mountains hardships are cultural heritages and interactions as Limi valley. People have a high are fascinating for outsiders (Goldstein, 1974). level of devotion and faith on religion, which is Polyandrous system and sky burial, a traditional both fascinating and inspiring. practice of feeding the body of the deceased to vultures and other creatures, are some of such 6.5.2 Sinja Valley examples. Sinja valley is known as the place for the origin The valley is home to 27 species of mammals of Khas language. Since the late 1700 and early and some of them are very rare and found in 1800 century, this language has been used as few areas in Nepal such as wild yak, wild ass, the national language of Nepal. The valley is

Limi Valley © Krishna Prasad Acharya

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 65 historically and archeologically rich as reflected 6.6 Section Summary: on available artifacts and historical writings on Biodiversity and People stone and bronze. Historical sites in the valley include Kankasundari, Panda-Gupha (cave), Forests play an important role in sustaining the King ’s palace and Khas king’s palace. Sinja livelihoods of the majority of the population valley is also famous for cold tolerance variety in the Karnali province. Such dependency is of rice commonly known as Jumli Marsi. a result of an exceptionally high availability of aromatic and medicinal plants. Dolpa 6.5.3 Dolpo Valley shares nearly 57% (n=400) of medicinal and aromatic plants reported in Nepal. Caterpillar Dolpo is a high region within the Tibetan fungus and Morchella conica are important sedimentary zone, northeast of Dhaulagiri, NFPFs. Jatamansi (N. grandiflora), Kutki (N. the sixth-highest mountain in the world scrophulariiflora), Paanch Aunle (D. hatagirea), (8,172 meters). The region has a wide altitude Satuwa (P. polyphylaasm), Guchu Chau (M. range— between 3,000 m and 5,000 m—and conica Pers) and Yarsaguma (C. sinensis) are consist of large alpine rangelands which are the most valued NTFPs for both trade and the main summer grazing region for livestock. ethnopharmacological uses. Beekeeping is a It is a region of the highest permanent villages common in Humla. Similarly resin collection is in the world, where people have adopted also a source of income for the people living in unique livelihoods strategies. Agricultural the southern part of the province. land is scarce. Such precious resources are well maintained through polyandrous system There are 56 caste and ethnic groups in the (Bauer, 2004). province. Two ethnic groups, namely, Raji and Raute, the most endangered and economically 6.5.4 Kankre Bihar deprived indigenous communities of Nepal, are found mostly in Karnali province. Both of them Kankre Bihar, a culturally and archeologically largely rely on forests for their livelihoods. important site, is located 1.5 km to the south of Surkhet. The site is believed to be constructed The province is diverse in terms of caste/ in the 12th century. Such cultural sites are not ethnicity, cultural beliefs/values, language and only culturally and archeologically important livelihoods. The pluralism in socio-cultural and but also valuable for biodiversity conservation. economic life is itself a valuable source for the conservation and management of biodiversity.

66 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Biodiversity research in Jajarkot 7. Biodiversity Research and Jumla © Prakash K Paudel in Karnali Province

Karnali province has unique assemblages of flora and fauna, rich cultural heritages and stunningly beautiful landscapes. Our knowledge about the province’s biodiversity and natural heritages is very limited. To build a more sustainable province, the province’s conservation policies must be underpinned by research.

Biodiversity research is critical to make a good conservation plan. A quick review of published research articles in the mainstream international journals resulted in less than four dozen of research papers on plant and animal ecology and conservation. There are, however, some articles in local and regional journals. A bibliography of research articles published in the international journal is given in Appendix S 8.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 67 Manandhar (1986) published a paper on dominated landscape of Karnali province ethnobotany in 1986, which is followed by covering Jajarkot, Dailekh, Surkhet and Dolpa. several similar papers on non-timber forest In recent years, there are a few papers on products, mainly on medicinal plants. This snow leopard, birds, human-wildlife conflict, has not changed over time. Research articles including the general biodiversity of high on animal ecology and conservation, first, altitudes regions. Surprisingly – the number of appeared in 2012 by Paudel and Kindlmann papers dealing with lower plants and those on whose seminal work provided a comprehensive herpetofauna and insects are negligible. assessment of wildlife distribution in a human

x Wildlife survey © Prakash K Paudel

68 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 8. Reference

Acharya, K.P., Shrestha, S., Paudel, P.K., Sherpa, A.P., Jnawali, S.R., Acharya, S., Bista, D., 2018. Pervasive human disturbance on habitats of endangered red panda Ailurus fulgens in the central Himalaya. Global ecology and conservation 15, e00420.

Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., n.d. The remote trans-Himalayan landscapes of Limi valley, Humla district, north-west Nepal 9.

Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Adhikary, B., Kunwar, B., 2016. Wild yak Bos mutus in Nepal: rediscovery of a flagship species. Mammalia 80. https://doi.org/10.1515/ mammalia-2015-0066

AmphibiaWeb. 2020. University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 10 Aug 2020.

Amin, R., Baral, H.S., Lamichhane, B.R., Poudyal, L.P., Lee, S., Jnawali, S.R., Acharya, K.P., Upadhyaya, G.P., Pandey, M.B., Shrestha, R., 2018. The status of Nepal’s mammals. Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, 11361–11378.

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Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 75 Appendix S1: List of flowering plant found in the Western Nepal. Much of them expected to occur in Karnali province

Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1 Acanthaceae Barleria cristata L. Shrub 200 2000 √ 2 Acanthaceae Barleria strigosa Willd. Shrub 300 600 √ 3 Acanthaceae Dicliptera bupleuroides Nees Shrub 500 2000 √ √ 4 Acanthaceae Dicliptera paniculata (Forssk.) I.Darbysh. Herb 200 1000 √ 5 Acanthaceae Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews Shrub or Herb 200 1200 √ 6 Acanthaceae Eranthemum purpurascens Wight ex Nees Shrub or Herb 300 1700 √ 7 Acanthaceae Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Herb 200 700 √ 8 Acanthaceae Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T.Anderson Herb 200 1200 √ 9 Acanthaceae Hypoestes triflora (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult. Herb 1200 2600 √ √ 10 Acanthaceae Justicia adhatoda L. Shrub 500 1600 √ 11 Acanthaceae Justicia pubigera (Nees) Wall. ex C.B.Clarke Herb? 1700 1700 √ 12 Acanthaceae Lepidagathis cuspidata Nees Shrub 300 700 √ 13 Acanthaceae Lepidagathis incurva Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 200 1400 √ 14 Acanthaceae Lepidagathis purpuricaulis Nees Herb 900 900 √ 15 Acanthaceae Nelsonia canescens (Lam.) Spreng. Herb 200 600 √ 16 Acanthaceae Petalidium barlerioides (Roth) Nees Shrub 400 500 √ 17 Acanthaceae Phlogacanthus pubinervius T.Anderson Shrub 400 1700 √ √ 18 Acanthaceae Rostellularia diffusa (Willd.) Nees Herb? 1000 2300 √ 19 Acanthaceae Ruellia beddomei C.B.Clarke Herb 150 1000 √ √ 20 Acanthaceae Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Herb 300 2000 √ 21 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes angustifrons C.B.Clarke Shrub 600 2750 √ 22 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes auriculata Nees ? 1100 1200 √ 23 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes bheriensis (Shakya) J.R.I.Wood Shrub? 2100 2900 √ √ 24 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes divaricata (Nees) T.Anderson Herb 1500 2100 √ 25 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes extensa (Nees) Nees Herb 1500 2100 √ 26 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes glutinosa Nees Shrub 1000 2800 √ 27 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes hirta (Vahl) Blume Herb or Shrub 200 300 √ 28 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes pentastemonoides (Nees) T.Anderson Shrub 1300 3400 √ 29 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes sabiniana (Wall. ex Lindl.) Nees Shrub 1900 1900 √ 30 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes tomentosa (Nees) J.R.I.Wood Shrub 300 2400 √ 31 Acanthaceae Strobilanthes wallichii Nees Herb 2700 3500 √ 32 Acanthaceae Thunbergia coccinea Wall. ex D.Don Herb/climber 300 2000 √ 33 Acoraceae Acorus calamus L. Herb 1700 2300 √ 34 Actinidiaceae Actinidia callosa Lindl. Shrub/climber 1300 3000 √ 35 Alismataceae Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Herb 1000 1000 √ 36 Alismataceae Butomopsis latifolia (D.Don) Kunth herb 600 600 √

76 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 37 Alismataceae Sagittaria guayanensis Kunth Herb 100 1300 √ 38 Alismataceae Sagittaria trifolia L. Herb 600 600 √ 39 Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Herb 100 2900 √ 40 Amaranthaceae Acroglochin persicarioides (Poir.) Moq. Herb 2100 3000 √ √ 41 Amaranthaceae Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Bl. Shrub/climber 150 1400 √ 42 Amaranthaceae Allium carolinianum Redouté Herb 4800 5100 √ 43 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera pungens Kunth √ 44 Amaranthaceae Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Herb 200 2000 √ 45 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus caudatus L. √ 46 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. √ 47 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus lividus Herb 1500 2300 √ √ 48 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus powellii S.Watson √ 49 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb 150 1200 √ √ 50 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus viridis L. √ 51 Amaranthaceae Axyris hybrida L. Herb 2600 3400 √ √ 52 Amaranthaceae Celosia argentea L. Herb 1500 1600 √ 53 Amaranthaceae Chenopodiastrum badachschanicum (Tzvelev) S.Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch √ 54 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium album L. Herb 2000 4000 √ √ 55 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium atripliciforme Murr √ 56 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium ficifolium Sm. Herb 1100 2100 √ 57 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. √ 58 Amaranthaceae Chenopodium perttii Sukhor. √ 59 Amaranthaceae Cyathula tomentosa (Roth) Moq. Shrub 1400 2400 √ √ 60 Amaranthaceae Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr. Shrub/climber 600 1500 √ √ 61 Amaranthaceae Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants √ 62 Amaranthaceae Dysphania neglecta Sukhor. √ 63 Amaranthaceae Dysphania nepalensis (Link ex Colla) Mosyakin & Clemants √ 64 Amaranthaceae Gomphrena celosioides Mart. √ 65 Amaranthaceae Psilotrichum ferrugineum (Roxb.) Voigt Herb? 760 920 √ 66 Amaranthaceae Salsola jacquemontii Moq. √ 67 Amaryllidaceae Allium fasciculatum Rendle Herb 2800 4500 √ √ 68 Amaryllidaceae Allium prattii C.H.Wright Herb 2400 4500 √ 69 Amaryllidaceae Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Spreng. Herb 2300 2600 √ √ 70 Amaryllidaceae Allium wallichii Kunth Herb 2400 4650 √ 71 Amaryllidaceae Spinacia oleracea L. √ 72 Anacardiaceae Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R.Almeida Tree 150 2000 √ 73 Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggygria Scop. Tree or Shrub 1100 2400 √ 74 Anacardiaceae Dobinea vulgaris Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 1500 2300 √ 75 Anacardiaceae Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Tree 100 1400 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 77 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 76 Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L. Tree 300 700 √ 77 Anacardiaceae Pegia nitida Colebr. Shrub/climber 450 1200 √ 78 Anacardiaceae Pistacia chinensis Bunge Tree 2100 2100 √ 79 Anacardiaceae Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Tree 750 1300 √ 80 Anacardiaceae Rhus punjabensis J.L.Stewart ex Brandis Tree 2100 2300 √ 81 Anacardiaceae Rhus succedanea var. sphaerocarpa Tree 1100 2400 √ √ 82 Anacardiaceae Searsia parviflora (Roxb.) F.A.Barkley Shrub 700 1100 √ 83 Anacardiaceae Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Tree 150 1200 √ 84 Anacardiaceae Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz Tree 300 1400 √ 85 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron hookeri (Sahni & Bahadur) C. Y. Wu Tree √ & T. L. Ming 86 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron wallichii (Hook.f.) Kuntze Tree 300 2800 √ √ 87 Apiaceae Cortia candollei (DC.) Leute Herb 3000 3800 √ 88 Apiaceae Hymenidium dentatum (DC.) Pimenov & Kljuykov Herb 3200 4500 √ 89 Apiaceae Seseli roylei (Lindl.) Pimenov & Kljuykov Herb 2500 3800 √ 90 Apiaceae Acronema handelii H.Wolff Herb 3800 4000 √ 91 Apiaceae Acronema nervosum H.Wolff Herb 2000 3750 √ √ 92 Apiaceae Acronema paniculatum (Franch.) H.Wolff Herb 3500 4200 √ 93 Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. Herb 1300 2300 √ 94 Apiaceae Anthriscus nemorosa (M.Bieb.) Spreng. Herb 2500 3800 √ 95 Apiaceae Bupleurum candollei Wall. ex DC. Herb 2400 4000 √ 96 Apiaceae Bupleurum falcatum var. marginatum (Wall. ex DC.) C. Herb 1500 3800 √ B. Clarke 97 Apiaceae Bupleurum hamiltonii N.P.Balakr. Herb 1300 3200 √ √ 98 Apiaceae Bupleurum lanceolatum Wall. ex DC. Herb 2250 3050 √ 99 Apiaceae Bupleurum longicaule Wall. ex DC. Herb 3000 4900 √ 100 Apiaceae Carum carvi L. Herb 2500 5100 √ √ 101 Apiaceae Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Herb 500 2100 √ 102 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum reflexum Lindl. Herb 2100 3500 √ 103 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum reflexum var. acuminatum (Lindl.) Hedge Herb 2200 2200 √ & Lamond 104 Apiaceae Chaerophyllum villosum Wall. ex DC. Herb 2100 3500 √ √ 105 Apiaceae Chamaesium novem-jugum (C.B.Clarke) C.Norman Herb 4100 4700 √ 106 Apiaceae Cortia depressa (D.Don) C.Norman Herb 3600 4900 √ √ 107 Apiaceae Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Herb 2300 2300 √ 108 Apiaceae Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC. Herb 2200 3800 √ √ 109 Apiaceae Hydrocotyle himalaica P.K.Mukh. Herb 1500 2500 √ 110 Apiaceae Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb. Herb 1200 2700 √ 111 Apiaceae Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. Herb 600 2500 √

78 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 112 Apiaceae Hymenidium apiolens (C.B.Clarke) Pimenov & Kljuykov Herb 3600 4500 √ 113 Apiaceae Hymenidium brunonis (DC.) Lindl. Herb 4400 5000 √ √ 114 Apiaceae Hymenidium wilsonii (H.Boissieu) Pimenov & Kljuykov Herb 3400 3600 √ 115 Apiaceae Kedarnatha hameliana (Farille & S.B.Malla) Pimenov & Herb 3600 4600 √ Kljuykov 116 Apiaceae Keraymonia cortiformis Cauwet & S.B.Malla Herb 4900 6200 √ √ 117 Apiaceae Keraymonia nipaulensis Cauwet & Farille Herb 4300 4600 √ 118 Apiaceae Meeboldia achilleifolia (DC.) P.K.Mukh. & Constance Herb 1200 3200 √ 119 Apiaceae Osmorhiza aristata (Thunb.) Rydb. Herb 2500 3200 √ 120 Apiaceae Peucedanum nagpurense Prain Herb 300 300 √ 121 Apiaceae Pimpinella acuminata (Edgew.) C.B.Clarke Herb 3300 3700 √ 122 Apiaceae Pimpinella diversifolia DC. Herb 2000 3200 √ 123 Apiaceae Pimpinella diversifolia var. stolonifera Handel-Mazzetti Herb 3200 3400 √ 124 Apiaceae Pimpinella inundata (Farille & S.B.Malla) P.K.Mukh. & Herb 2600 4900 √ √ Constance 125 Apiaceae Pimpinella tongloensis P.K.Mukh. Herb 2000 2500 √ 126 Apiaceae Pleurospermum angelicoides (DC.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 2500 4000 √ 127 Apiaceae Sanicula elata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 1600 3500 √ 128 Apiaceae Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & H.O.Saxena Herb 2700 4800 √ 129 Apiaceae Sinocarum normanianum (Cauwet & Farille) Farille Herb 4000 4600 √ 130 Apiaceae Sium medium Fisch. & C.A.Mey. √ 131 Apiaceae Tetrataenium canescens (Lindl.) Manden. Herb 2300 2300 √ 132 Apiaceae Tetrataenium lallii (C.Norman) Cauwet, Carb. & Farille Herb 3000 4200 √ √ 133 Apiaceae Tetrataenium nepalense (D.Don) Manden. Shrub 1800 3700 √ √ 134 Apiaceae Tongoloa elata H.Wolff Herb 2800 2800 √ 135 Apiaceae Tordyliopsis brunonis Wall. ex DC. Herb 3300 4600 √ 136 Apiaceae Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. √ 137 Apiaceae Vicatia nepalensis E. V. Kljuykov Herb 2800 2800 √ 138 Apiaceae Vicatia thibetica H.Boissieu Herb 3500 4200 √ √ 139 Apocyanaceae Vincetoxicum auriculatum (Royle ex Wight) Kuntze Herbaceous climber 2000 3700 √ √ 140 Apocyanaceae Apteranthes staintonii (H.Hara) Meve & Liede Herb? 1300 2100 √ 141 Apocyanaceae Asclepias curassavica L. Herb 700 1500 √ 142 Apocyanaceae Balanophora involucrata Hook.f. & Thomson Parasitic herb 2900 3400 √ 143 Apocyanaceae Calotropis gigantea (L.) W.T.Aiton shrub 100 1000 √ √ 144 Apocyanaceae Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don Herb or Shrub 150 1500 √ 145 Apocyanaceae Ceropegia nepalensis (Radcl.-Sm.) Bruyns Herbaceous climber? 3100 3100 √ 146 Apocyanaceae Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston Woody climber 400 1800 √ 147 Apocynaceae Cynanchum acidum (Roxb.) Oken woody climber √ 148 Apocynaceae Cynanchum annularium (Roxb.) Liede & Khanum woody climber 800 800 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 79 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 149 Apocynaceae Cynanchum dalhousiae Wight Herbaceous climber 1500 2500 √ 150 Apocynaceae Gongronema napalense (Wall.) Decne. Woody climber 600 2100 √ 151 Apocynaceae Gymnema inodorum (Lour.) Decne. woody climber √ 152 Apocynaceae Heterostemma alatum Wight & Arn. woody climber 1200 1800 √ 153 Apocynaceae Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Shrub or tree 100 1500 √ 154 Apocynaceae Hoya arnottiana Wight woody climber 300 300 √ 155 Apocynaceae Hoya edenii King ex Hook. fil. woody climber 1300 2500 √ 156 Apocynaceae Hoya fusca Wall. woody climber 1200 2300 √ 157 Apocynaceae Hoya lanceolata Wall. ex D. Don woody climber 1000 2000 √ 158 Apocynaceae Hoya linearis var. sikkimensis Hook. f. Epiphytic shrub None None √ 159 Apocynaceae Hoya longifolia Wall. ex Wight Epiphytic shrub 1400 2300 √ 160 Apocynaceae Hoya serpens Hook.f. Shurb 1200 1700 √ 161 Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Woody climber 150 900 √ 162 Apocynaceae Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn. woody climber 250 300 √ 163 Apocynaceae Marsdenia calesiana Wight woody climber 1200 1500 √ 164 Apocynaceae Marsdenia lucida Edgew. ex Madden woody climber 2100 2700 √ 165 Apocynaceae Marsdenia roylei Wight woody climber 1400 2400 √ √ 166 Apocynaceae Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon woody climber √ 167 Apocynaceae Marsdenia tinctoria R.Br. woody climber 500 1200 √ 168 Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. Shrub or tree 600 1000 √ √ 169 Apocynaceae Orthanthera viminea Wight shrub 200 800 √ 170 Apocynaceae Periploca calophylla (Wight) Falc. √ 171 Apocynaceae Plumeria rubra L. Tree 600 1200 √ 172 Apocynaceae Telosma pallida (Roxb.) Craib woody climber √ √ 173 Apocynaceae Trachelospermum lucidum (D.Don) K.Schum. Woody climber 300 2200 √ √ 174 Apocynaceae Vallaris solanacea (Roth) Kuntze Climbing Shurb 150 1000 √ 175 Apocynaceae Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. √ √ 176 Apocynaceae Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf Woody climber 400 1400 √ 177 Aquifoliaceae Ilex dipyrena Wall. Tree 2500 3000 √ 178 Aquifoliaceae Ilex excelsa (Wall.) Voigt Shrub or tree 600 2100 √ 179 Aquifoliaceae Ilex pseudodorata Loes. Tree? 600 600 √ 180 Arisaema consanguineum Schott Herb 2200 2700 √ 181 Araceae Arisaema flavum (Forssk.) Schott Herb 2400 3800 √ √ 182 Araceae Arisaema intermedium Blume Herb 3500 3500 √ 183 Araceae Arisaema jacquemontii Blume Herb 2700 4000 √ 184 Araceae Arisaema propinquum Schott Herb 2500 3800 √ 185 Araceae Arisaema tortuosum (Wall.) Schott Herb 1300 2900 √ √ 186 Araceae Arisaema utile Hook.f. ex Schott Herb 2500 3800 √ 187 Araceae Arisaema vexillatum H.Hara & H.Ohashi Herb 3500 3500 √

80 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 188 Araceae Colocasia affinis Schott herb 2000 2000 √ 189 Araceae Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott herb 300 1200 √ 190 Araceae Colocasia fallax Schott herb 400 2000 √ 191 Araceae Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites herb 300 300 √ 192 Araceae Lemna minor L. Acquatic herb 3000 3000 √ 193 Araceae Lemna perpusilla Torr. Acquatic herb 600 2300 √ 194 Araceae Pistia stratiotes L. herb aquatic 200 600 √ 195 Araceae Remusatia hookeriana Schott herb 1500 2400 √ 196 Araceae Remusatia pumila (D.Don) H.Li & A.Hay herb 1200 2400 √ 197 Araceae Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott herb 900 2100 √ 198 Araceae Sauromatum diversifolium (Wall. ex Schott) Cusimano herb 2400 4300 √ & Hett. 199 Araceae (Dryand. ex Aiton) Kunth herb 900 2500 √ 200 Araceae Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott woody climber 200 300 √ 201 Araliaceae Aralia cachemirica Decne. shrub or tree 2400 4200 √ 202 Araliaceae Aralia leschenaultii (DC.) J.Wen Tree or climbing 1600 3700 √ shrub 203 Araliaceae Brassaiopsis hainla (Buch.-Ham.) Seem. Tree 1000 1800 √ 204 Araliaceae Eleutherococcus cissifolius (Griff. ex C.B.Clarke) Nakai ? 3000 4000 √ 205 Araliaceae Hedera nepalensis K.Koch woody climber 2000 3200 √ √ 206 Araliaceae Schefflera venulosa (Wight & Arn.) Harms climbing shrub 300 1800 √ 207 Arecaceae Phoenix acaulis Roxb. Dwarf Tree 1400 1400 √ 208 Arecaceae Phoenix loureiroi Kunth Dwarf Tree 150 900 √ 209 Arecaceae Phoenix sylvestris (L.) Roxb. Dwarf Tree 150 1500 √ 210 Arecaceae Trachycarpus takil Becc. Tree √ 211 Arecaceae Wallichia oblongifolia Griff. Shrub 250 1400 √ 212 Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia saccata Wall. Woody climber 2100 2100 √ 213 Asparagaceae Agave angustifolia Haw. Herb √ 214 Asparagaceae Agave cantala (Haw.) Roxb. ex Salm-Dyck Herb 2000 2000 √ 215 Asparagaceae Asparagus curillus Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Shrub 1100 1700 √ 216 Asparagaceae Asparagus filicinus Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 2100 2900 √ √ 217 Asparagaceae Asparagus penicillatus H.Hara Herb 2000 2400 √ √ 218 Asparagaceae Asparagus tibeticus F.T.Wang & S.C.Chen √ 219 Asparagaceae Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindl.) Baker Herb 1400 2500 √ 220 Asparagaceae Dipcadi serotinum (L.) Medik. Herb 1500 3000 √ 221 Asparagaceae Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop Herb 2400 2400 √ 222 Asparagaceae Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie Herb 2600 4200 √ √ 223 Asparagaceae Ophiopogon intermedius D.Don Herb 1200 3000 √ 224 Asparagaceae Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle Herb 1700 4600 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 81 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 225 Asparagaceae Polygonatum hookeri Baker Herb 2900 5000 √ 226 Asparagaceae Polygonatum punctatum Royle ex Kunth √ 227 Asparagaceae Polygonatum singalilense H.Hara Herb 3700 4400 √ 228 Asparagaceae Polygonatum verticillatum (L.) All. Herb 2400 4700 √ 229 Asparagaceae Theropogon pallidus (Wall. ex Kunth) Maxim. Herb 1800 2700 √ 230 Asphodelaceae Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. 1200 1400 √ 231 Asphodelaceae Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. Herb 2400 3600 √ 232 Asteraceae Artemisia dubia var. subdigitata (Mattf.) Y.R.Ling ? 2200 3000 √ 233 Asteraceae Erigeron bonariensis L. Herb 1400 2800 √ √ 234 Asteraceae Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood Herb 1000 1400 √ 235 Asteraceae Neobrachyactis roylei (DC.) Brouillet Herb 3200 4300 √ 236 Asteraceae Acanthospermum hispidum DC. √ 237 Asteraceae Acmella paniculata (Wall. ex DC.) R.K.Jansen Herb 1100 1100 √ 238 Asteraceae Adenocaulon himalaicum Edgew. Herb 2000 4000 √ 239 Asteraceae Adenostemma lavenia (L.) Kuntze Herb 200 2800 √ 240 Asteraceae Adenostemma lavenia var. elata (D. Don) Kitam. Herb 200 1200 √ 241 Asteraceae Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) √ 242 Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Herb 200 2000 √ √ 243 Asteraceae Ageratum houstonianum Mill. Herb 1300 1300 √ √ 244 Asteraceae Ainsliaea aptera DC. Herb 1600 3500 √ 245 Asteraceae Ainsliaea latifolia (D.Don) Sch.Bip. Herb 1700 3500 √ 246 Asteraceae Ajania khartensis (Dunn) Shih Herb 4000 4700 √ 247 Asteraceae Ajania nubigena (Wall. ex DC.) Muldashev Herb 2800 4400 √ √ 248 Asteraceae Allardia glabra Decne. Herb 4100 5400 √ 249 Asteraceae Allardia nivea Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke √ 250 Asteraceae Allardia tomentosa Decne. √ 251 Asteraceae Allardia tridactylites (Kar. & Kir.) Sch.Bip. √ 252 Asteraceae Anaphalis busua (Buch.-Ham.) DC. Herb 1500 2900 √ √ 253 Asteraceae Anaphalis cavei Chatterjee Herb 4100 4900 √ √ 254 Asteraceae Anaphalis contorta (D.Don) Hook.f. Herb 1700 4500 √ √ 255 Asteraceae Anaphalis contorta var. flavescens Kitam. Herb 3800 4700 √ 256 Asteraceae Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook.f. Herb 1800 3100 √ √ 257 Asteraceae Anaphalis royleana DC. Herb 1200 4200 √ √ 258 Asteraceae Anaphalis sinica var. alata (Maxim.) S.X.Zhu & R.J.Bayer herb 2700 3800 √ 259 Asteraceae Anaphalis subumbellata C.B.Clarke √ 260 Asteraceae Anaphalis tenella DC. Herb 3500 4600 √ 261 Asteraceae Anaphalis triplinervis Sims ex C.B.Clarke Herb 1800 3300 √ √ 262 Asteraceae Anaphalis triplinervis var. intermedia (DC.) Airy Shaw Herb 2900 4100 √ √ 263 Asteraceae Anaphalis triplinervis var. monocephala (DC.) Airy Shaw Herb 3400 5500 √

82 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 264 Asteraceae Anaphalis virgata Thomson Herb 2700 3200 √ √ 265 Asteraceae Anaphalis xylorhiza Sch.Bip. ex Hook.f. Herb 3400 5000 √ √ 266 Asteraceae Arctium lappa L. Herb 2100 3700 √ 267 Asteraceae Artemisia biennis Willd. Herb 3700 4600 √ 268 Asteraceae Artemisia caruifolia Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb. Herb 3900 4600 √ 269 Asteraceae Artemisia demissa Krasch. √ 270 Asteraceae Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser Herb 1200 3400 √ 271 Asteraceae Artemisia gmelinii Weber ex Stechm. Herb 2800 4300 √ √ 272 Asteraceae Artemisia indica Willd. Herb 2300 4600 √ 273 Asteraceae Artemisia japonica var. lanata Herb 2400 2900 √ √ 274 Asteraceae Artemisia roxburghiana Besser Herb 2400 5600 √ √ 275 Asteraceae Artemisia roxburghiana var. purpurascens (Jacquem. ex Herb 2600 4300 √ Bess.) Hook.f. 276 Asteraceae Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd. Herb? 2100 4300 √ 277 Asteraceae Artemisia stricta Edgew. Herb 2100 5000 √ 278 Asteraceae Artemisia tukuchaensis Kitam. ? 3200 3700 √ 279 Asteraceae Aster ageratoides subsp. alato-petiolata Kitam. ? 1800 3400 √ 280 Asteraceae Aster albescens (DC.) Wall. ex Hand.-Mazz. Shrub 1500 4200 √ 281 Asteraceae Aster altaicus Willd. Herb 3600 4200 √ 282 Asteraceae Aster asteroides (DC.) Kuntze Herb 3800 4900 √ √ 283 Asteraceae Aster barbellatus Grierson √ 284 Asteraceae Aster crenatifolius Hand.-Mazz. √ 285 Asteraceae Aster diplostephioides (DC.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 3200 4900 √ √ 286 Asteraceae Aster falconeri subsp. nepalensis Grierson Herb 3700 4300 √ √ 287 Asteraceae Aster flaccidus Bunge Herb 4200 4900 √ √ 288 Asteraceae Aster gouldii C.E.C.Fisch. √ 289 Asteraceae Aster indamellus Grierson Herb 2200 4100 √ √ 290 Asteraceae Aster peduncularis subsp. nepalensis Grierson Herb 1400 3100 √ √ 291 Asteraceae Aster stracheyi Hook.f. Herb 2900 4700 √ √ 292 Asteraceae Aster trinervius Roxb. ex D.Don Herb 1500 2600 √ √ 293 Asteraceae Baccharoides anthelmintica (L.) Moench Herb 1200 2000 √ 294 Asteraceae Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff Herb 1100 2000 √ 295 Asteraceae Bidens cernua L. Herb 2300 2600 √ 296 Asteraceae Bidens pilosa L. Herb 700 2100 √ √ 297 Asteraceae Bidens tripartita L. Herb 800 3400 √ √ 298 Asteraceae Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Herb 300 1700 √ 299 Asteraceae Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. Herb 200 2000 √ 300 Asteraceae Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz Herb 100 1200 √ 301 Asteraceae Blumea flava DC. Herb 190 1000 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 83 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 302 Asteraceae Blumea oxyodonta DC. Herb 100 2100 √ 303 Asteraceae Blumea sinuata (Lour.) Merr. Herb 300 1100 √ 304 Asteraceae Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Herb 150 1500 √ 305 Asteraceae Carduus edelbergii subsp. lanatus Kazmi Herb 2700 4000 √ √ 306 Asteraceae Carpesium abrotanoides L. Herb 1400 2200 √ 307 Asteraceae Carpesium lipskyi C.Winkl. Herb 3500 3700 √ 308 Asteraceae Carpesium nepalense Less. Herb 1900 3900 √ 309 Asteraceae Carpesium trachelifolium Less. Herb 1500 3000 √ 310 Asteraceae Catamixis baccharoides Thomson Shrub 700 700 √ 311 Asteraceae Centipeda elatinoides Benth. & Hook.f. ex O.Hoffm. √ 312 Asteraceae Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch. Herb 200 1600 √ 313 Asteraceae Chrysanthellum indicum DC. Herb 500 1900 √ 314 Asteraceae Cirsium argyracanthum DC. Herb 3000 3000 √ 315 Asteraceae Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Herb 1100 1100 √ √ 316 Asteraceae Cirsium flavisquamatum Kitam. Herb 3300 3300 √ √ 317 Asteraceae Cirsium verutum (D.Don) Spreng. Herb 750 2200 √ 318 Asteraceae Cirsium wallichii DC. Herb 1400 3500 √ 319 Asteraceae Conyza stricta var. pinnatifida (D. Don) Kitam. Herb 1000 2700 √ 320 Asteraceae Conyza stricta Willd. Herb 600 2000 √ 321 Asteraceae Cousinia thomsonii C.B.Clarke Herb 3500 4000 √ 322 Asteraceae Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S.Moore √ 323 Asteraceae Cremanthodium arnicoides R.D.Good Herb 3100 4900 √ √ 324 Asteraceae Cremanthodium decaisnei C.B.Clarke Herb 3900 5000 √ √ 325 Asteraceae Cremanthodium discoideum Maxim. Herb 4300 4800 √ √ 326 Asteraceae Cremanthodium ellisii (Hook.f.) Kitam. Herb 3600 5500 √ √ 327 Asteraceae Cremanthodium nanum (DC.) Herb 4900 5600 √ √ 328 Asteraceae Cremanthodium nepalense Kitam. Herb 4700 4700 √ 329 Asteraceae Cremanthodium oblongatum C.B.Clarke Herb 2900 5000 √ 330 Asteraceae Cremanthodium purpureifolium Kitam. Herb 3800 4900 √ √ 331 Asteraceae Crepis elongata Babc. Herb 2700 4300 √ √ 332 Asteraceae Crepis sancta (L.) Bornm. Herb 3200 3200 √ 333 Asteraceae Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Herb 100 2300 √ 334 Asteraceae Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kuntze ? 600 1800 √ 335 Asteraceae Dendranthema tenuiflorum (Jacquem. ex Besser) Kitam. Herb 3900 4600 √ √ 336 Asteraceae Dichrocephala chrysanthemifolia (Blume) DC. Herb 2500 2500 √ 337 Asteraceae Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze Herb 800 3000 √ 338 Asteraceae Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle Herb 3200 4300 √ √ 339 Asteraceae Doronicum roylei DC. Herb 2900 4600 √ 340 Asteraceae Dubyaea hispida DC. Herb 2700 4300 √ √

84 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 341 Asteraceae Duhaldea cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Pruski & Anderb. Shrub 150 2500 √ 342 Asteraceae Duhaldea nervosa (Wall. ex DC.) Anderb. Herb 1200 2900 √ 343 Asteraceae Duhaldea rubricaulis (Wall. ex DC.) Anderb. Shrub 1400 2500 √ 344 Asteraceae cornigerus DC. Herb 2400 3300 √ 345 Asteraceae Echinops niveus Wall. ex DC. Herb 1400 1700 √ 346 Asteraceae Eclipta prostrata (L.) L. Herb 200 1200 √ √ 347 Asteraceae Elephantopus scaber L. Herb 200 1500 √ 348 Asteraceae Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Herb 500 1700 √ √ 349 Asteraceae Erigeron acer var. acer L. Herb 2400 2700 √ 350 Asteraceae Erigeron acer var. multicaulis (Wall. ex DC.) C. B. Clarke Herb 1000 3500 √ 351 Asteraceae Erigeron canadensis L. Herb 450 2500 √ √ 352 Asteraceae Erigeron emodi I.M.Turner Herb 1400 4300 √ √ 353 Asteraceae Erigeron karvinskianus DC. Herb 2100 2100 √ 354 Asteraceae Erigeron monticolus Wall. ex DC. Herb 1900 2900 √ 355 Asteraceae Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. & Hook.f. Herb 2600 4400 √ 356 Asteraceae Erigeron sumatrensis Retz. Herb 200 2400 √ √ 357 Asteraceae Erigeron uniflorus L. Herb 2000 4200 √ √ 358 Asteraceae Eschenbachia japonica (Thunb.) J.Kost. Herb 600 2600 √ √ 359 Asteraceae Eschenbachia leucantha (D.Don) Brouillet Herb 700 1200 √ 360 Asteraceae Eupatorium chinense L. Shrub 2100 2100 √ 361 Asteraceae Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz Herb 1200 1200 √ 362 Asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Herb 850 3000 √ √ 363 Asteraceae Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass. Herb 900 1900 √ 364 Asteraceae Gynura pseudochina (L.) DC. √ 365 Asteraceae Hieracium umbellatum L. √ 366 Asteraceae Himalaiella abnormis (Lipsch.) Raab-Straube √ 367 Asteraceae Himalaiella albescens (DC.) Raab-Straube Herb 1700 2600 √ 368 Asteraceae Himalaiella auriculata (DC.) Raab-Straube Herb 3100 3800 √ 369 Asteraceae Himalaiella deltoidea (DC.) Raab-Straube Herb 2600 3400 √ √ 370 Asteraceae Himalaiella foliosa (Edgew.) Raab-Straube Herb 2600 3800 √ √ 371 Asteraceae Himalaiella heteromalla (D.Don) Raab-Straube Herb 550 4000 √ √ 372 Asteraceae Hippolytia dolichophylla (Kitam.) K.Bremer & Humphries Herb 3000 4400 √ √ 373 Asteraceae Inula grandiflora Willd. √ 374 Asteraceae Inula racemosa Hook.f. Herb 2500 3700 √ √ 375 Asteraceae Ixeris polycephala Cass. Herb 750 1800 √ 376 Asteraceae Jacobaea analoga (DC.) Veldkamp Herb 1400 4000 √ √ 377 Asteraceae Jacobaea graciliflora (DC.) Sennikov Herb 2500 4600 √ √ 378 Asteraceae Jacobaea nudicaulis (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) B.Nord. Herb 1100 2300 √ √ 379 Asteraceae Jacobaea raphanifolia (Wall. ex DC.) B.Nord. Herb 2300 4000 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 85 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 380 Asteraceae Klasea pallida (DC.) Holub Herb 1500 3100 √ 381 Asteraceae Kleinia grandiflora (Wall. ex DC.) N.Rani Shrub 600 1100 √ 382 Asteraceae Lactuca dissecta D.Don Herb 500 3100 √ 383 Asteraceae Lactuca dolichophylla Kitam. Herb 1700 2500 √ 384 Asteraceae Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal Herb 250 1200 √ 385 Asteraceae Launaea secunda Hook.f. Herb 1700 3400 √ √ 386 Asteraceae Leibnitzia nepalensis (Kunze) Kitam. Herb 2000 4100 √ √ 387 Asteraceae Leibnitzia ruficoma (Franch.) Kitam. Herb 3500 3500 √ √ 388 Asteraceae Leontopodium himalayanum DC. Herb 3000 5500 √ √ 389 Asteraceae Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd Herb 2700 4900 √ √ 390 Asteraceae Leontopodium monocephalum Edgew. √ 391 Asteraceae Leontopodium nanum (Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke) Herb 2300 4900 √ √ Hand.-Mazz. 392 Asteraceae Leontopodium ochroleucum Beauverd √ 393 Asteraceae Leontopodium pusillum (Beauverd) Hand.-Mazz. √ 394 Asteraceae Leontopodium souliei Beauverd √ 395 Asteraceae Leontopodium stracheyi C.B.Clarke ex Hemsl. Herb 2200 4500 √ √ 396 Asteraceae Lessingianthus plantaginodes (Kuntze) H.Rob. Herb 150 1600 √ 397 Asteraceae Leucomeris spectabilis D.Don Shrub or tree 600 1700 √ 398 Asteraceae Ligularia amplexicaulis DC. Herb 2900 3300 √ √ 399 Asteraceae Ligularia fischeri Turcz. Herb 2200 4600 √ √ 400 Asteraceae Ligularia sibirica (L.) Cass. √ 401 Asteraceae Ligularia virgaurea Mattf. ex Rehder & Kobuski Herb 3000 3000 √ √ 402 Asteraceae Melanoseris bracteata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke) Herb 2200 3600 √ N.Kilian 403 Asteraceae Melanoseris cyanea Edgew. Herb 2100 4300 √ 404 Asteraceae Melanoseris graciliflora (DC.) N.Kilian Herb 2000 3700 √ 405 Asteraceae Melanoseris lessertiana (DC.) Decne. Herb 3200 5000 √ 406 Asteraceae Melanoseris macrorhiza (Royle) N.Kilian Herb 1300 4500 √ √ 407 Asteraceae Myriactis nepalensis Less. Herb 1400 3900 √ √ 408 Asteraceae gynura (C.Winkl.) Y.Ling & Y.L.Chen ? 3200 4000 √ 409 Asteraceae Nannoglottis hookeri (C.B.Clarke ex Hook.f.) Kitam. Herb 3400 4100 √ 410 Asteraceae Neobrachyactis anomala (DC.) Brouillet Herb 2900 4100 √ √ 411 Asteraceae Neobrachyactis pubescens (DC.) Brouillet Herb 3200 4000 √ 412 Asteraceae Oreoseris gossypina (Royle) X.D.Xu & V.A.Funk Herb 1400 3500 √ 413 Asteraceae Oreoseris maxima (D.Don) X.D.Xu & W.Zheng Herb 1900 2900 √ 414 Asteraceae Oreoseris nivea DC. Herb 2800 4500 √ √ 415 Asteraceae Parasenecio chola (W.W.Sm.) Y.L.Chen ? 2900 3400 √ 416 Asteraceae Parasenecio quinquelobus (Wall. ex DC.) Y.L.Chen Herb 3100 4500 √ √

86 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 417 Asteraceae Parthenium hysterophorus L. √ 418 Asteraceae Petasites tricholobus Franch. Herb 2800 4000 √ √ 419 Asteraceae Phagnalon niveum Edgew. Shrub 1700 3000 √ √ 420 Asteraceae Picris hieracioides subsp. kaimaensis (Kitam.) Kitam. Herb 1800 3800 √ √ 421 Asteraceae Prenanthes violaefolia Decne. Herb 2200 4600 √ √ 422 Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium adnatum (DC.) Y.S.Chen Herb 800 3200 √ √ 423 Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium affine (D.Don) Anderb. Herb 600 3700 √ 424 Asteraceae Pseudognaphalium hypoleucum (DC.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt Herb 2500 2500 √ 425 Asteraceae Pulicaria petiolaris Jaub. & Spach Herb 1200 1300 √ 426 Asteraceae Saussurea candolleana (DC.) Sch.Bip. Herb 2400 4400 √ 427 Asteraceae Saussurea chrysotricha Ludlow Herb 4300 4400 √ √ 428 Asteraceae Saussurea glacialis Herder √ 429 Asteraceae Saussurea gnaphalodes (Royle ex DC.) Sch.Bip. Herb 4900 5300 √ √ 430 Asteraceae Saussurea graminifolia Wall. ex DC. Herb 3600 5600 √ √ 431 Asteraceae Saussurea hieracioides Hook.f. Herb 3700 4950 √ √ 432 Asteraceae Saussurea hookeri C.B.Clarke Herb 4600 4850 √ √ 433 Asteraceae Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz. √ 434 Asteraceae Saussurea leontodontoides (DC.) Sch.Bip. Herb 3200 5100 √ √ 435 Asteraceae Saussurea linearifolia Ludlow Herb 3300 4600 √ √ 436 Asteraceae Saussurea medusa Maxim. Herb 5000 5300 √ √ 437 Asteraceae Saussurea nishiokae Kitam. Herb 4500 4900 √ 438 Asteraceae Saussurea piptathera Edgew. √ 439 Asteraceae Saussurea platyphyllaria Ludlow Herb 4400 4700 √ 440 Asteraceae Saussurea ramchaudharyi Ghimire & H.K.Rana √ 441 Asteraceae Saussurea roylei (DC.) Sch.Bip. Herb 3000 4900 √ √ 442 Asteraceae Saussurea semilyrata Bureau & Franch. √ 443 Asteraceae Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipsch. Herb 3800 5600 √ √ 444 Asteraceae Saussurea taraxacifolia (Lindl. ex Royle) Wall. ex DC. Herb 3400 5600 √ √ 445 Asteraceae Saussurea tridactyla Sch.Bip. ex Hook.f. Herb 4500 5800 √ √ 446 Asteraceae Senecio alatus Wall. ex DC. Herb or shrub 2500 3800 √ 447 Asteraceae Senecio candolleanus Wall. ex DC. Herb or shrub 1200 5000 √ √ 448 Asteraceae Senecio ramosus Wall. Herb 1300 4100 √ 449 Asteraceae Shangwua denticulata (DC.) Raab-Straube & Yu J.Wang Herb 2900 3800 √ 450 Asteraceae Shangwua denticulata (DC.) Raab-Straube & Yu J.Wang √ 451 Asteraceae Sigesbeckia orientalis L. Herb 400 2700 √ 452 Asteraceae Solidago virgaurea L. Herb 2300 3400 √ √ 453 Asteraceae Soliva anthemifolia (Juss.) R.Br. Herb 1100 1400 √ 454 Asteraceae Sonchus asper (L.) Hill √ 455 Asteraceae Sonchus oleraceus L. Herb 2300 2800 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 87 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 456 Asteraceae Sonchus wightianus DC. Herb 600 2500 √ 457 Asteraceae Soroseris glomerata (Decne.) Stebbins Herb 4600 4800 √ 458 Asteraceae Soroseris hookeriana Stebbins √ 459 Asteraceae Soroseris hookeriana subsp. occidentalis (Stebbins) Yu Herb 4000 5600 √ J.Wang & L.M.Heng 460 Asteraceae Soroseris pumila Stebbins √ 461 Asteraceae Sphaeranthus indicus L. Herb 200 800 √ 462 Asteraceae Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. Herb 600 1000 √ 463 Asteraceae Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. √ 464 Asteraceae Synotis chenopodiifolia (DC.) M.Tang, C.Ren & Q.E.Yang Herb 3600 4400 √ √ 465 Asteraceae Synotis kunthiana (Wall. ex DC.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen Herb 3600 4100 √ 466 Asteraceae Synotis penninervis (H.Koyama) T.J.Tong, M.Tang, C.Ren ? 2800 4500 √ & Q.E.Yang 467 Asteraceae Synotis rufinervis (DC.) C.Jeffrey & Y.L.Chen Shrub 2600 3200 √ 468 Asteraceae Tagetes erecta L. Herb 900 2000 √ 469 Asteraceae Tagetes minuta L. Herb 2400 2400 √ 470 Asteraceae Taraxacum eriopodum DC. Herb 3300 4600 √ 471 Asteraceae Taraxacum lanigerum Soest Herb √ 472 Asteraceae Taraxacum mitalii Soest Herb 2500 4500 √ √ 473 Asteraceae Taraxacum mucronulatum Soest Herb 3200 3200 √ 474 Asteraceae Taraxacum nepalense Soest Herb 2700 3400 √ 475 Asteraceae Taraxacum parvulum DC. Herb 800 2800 √ √ 476 Asteraceae Taraxacum sikkimense Hand.-Mazz. Herb 4500 4700 √ 477 Asteraceae Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake ? 900 2300 √ 478 Asteraceae Tragopogon gracilis D.Don Herb 1500 3200 √ √ 479 Asteraceae Tricholepis furcata DC. Herb 1400 2800 √ √ 480 Asteraceae Tridax procumbens L. Herb 100 1500 √ √ 481 Asteraceae Tussilago farfara L. Herb 2800 3800 √ 482 Asteraceae Vernonia revoluta Buch.-Ham. Herb 900 900 √ 483 Asteraceae Vicoa indica (L.) DC. √ 484 Asteraceae Vicoa vestita (Wall. ex DC.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Herb 300 1000 √ 485 Asteraceae Xanthium strumarium L. Herb 100 2500 √ √ 486 Asteraceae Youngia gracilipes (Hook.f.) Babc. & Stebbins Herb 2800 4700 √ √ 487 Asteraceae Youngia japonica (L.) DC. Herb 230 2900 √ 488 Asteraceae Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Herb 1300 2500 √ 489 Balsaminaceae Impatiens amplexicaulis Edgew. Herb 2700 3700 √ 490 Balsaminaceae Impatiens bajurensis Shinobu Akiyama & H.Ohba Herb 1520 1520 √ 491 Balsaminaceae Impatiens balsamina L. Herb 1200 1900 √ 492 Balsaminaceae Impatiens bicolor Royle Herb 2100 2400 √

88 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 493 Balsaminaceae Impatiens bicornuta Wall. Herb 1900 2600 √ 494 Balsaminaceae Impatiens discolor DC. Herb 1900 2200 √ 495 Balsaminaceae Impatiens drepanophora Hook.f. Herb √ 496 Balsaminaceae Impatiens laxiflora Edgew. Herb 2700 3900 √ 497 Balsaminaceae Impatiens racemosa DC. Herb 1300 3900 √ 498 Balsaminaceae Impatiens radiata Hook.f. Herb 2100 3500 √ 499 Balsaminaceae Impatiens scabrida DC. Herb 1000 3600 √ √ 500 Balsaminaceae Impatiens scullyi Hook.f. Herb 2300 √ 501 Balsaminaceae Impatiens serrata Benth. Herb 2000 3600 √ 502 Balsaminaceae Impatiens sulcata Wall. Herb 1700 4100 √ √ 503 Balsaminaceae Impatiens urticifolia Wall. Herb 2700 3800 √ 504 Balsaminaceae Impatiens wallichii Hook.f. √ 505 Balsaminaceae Impatiens williamsii H.Hara Herb 2400 3100 √ 506 Begoniaceae Begonia dioica Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 2000 2900 √ 507 Begoniaceae Begonia picta Sm. Herb 600 2800 √ √ 508 Berberidaceae Berberis angulosa Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Shrub 3400 4200 √ √ 509 Berberidaceae Berberis aristata DC. Shrub 1800 3000 √ 510 Berberidaceae Berberis aristata var. floribunda (G. Don) Hook. f. & Thomson 2200 3500 √ 511 Berberidaceae Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC. Shrub 1200 2500 √ √ 512 Berberidaceae Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. Shrub 2000 3700 √ 513 Berberidaceae Berberis concinna Hook.f. Shrub 2800 4400 √ 514 Berberidaceae Berberis erythroclada Ahrendt Shrub 3000 4000 √ 515 Berberidaceae Berberis everestiana var. ventosa Ahrendt Shrub 3600 4500 √ √ 516 Berberidaceae Berberis glaucocarpa Stapf Shrub 2400 3000 √ √ 517 Berberidaceae Berberis griffithiana var. pallida (Hook.f. & Thomson) Shrub 2100 3000 √ D.F.Chamb. & C.M.Hu 518 Berberidaceae Berberis hamiltoniana Ahrendt Shrub 2700 4200 √ √ 519 Berberidaceae Berberis hobsoni Ahrendt Shrub 2700 2700 √ 520 Berberidaceae Berberis hookeri Lem. Shrub 2500 3500 √ 521 Berberidaceae Berberis insignis Hook.f. & Thomson Shrub 2000 4000 √ 522 Berberidaceae Berberis jaeschkeana var. bimbilaica Ahrendt Shrub 2700 3600 √ 523 Berberidaceae Berberis jaeschkeana var. jaeschkeana C. K. Schneid. Shrub 3100 3500 √ √ 524 Berberidaceae Berberis khasiana Ahrendt Shrub 2500 3000 √ 525 Berberidaceae Berberis koehneana C.K.Schneid. Shrub 2500 3200 √ √ 526 Berberidaceae Berberis kumaonensis C.K.Schneid. Shrub 1800 3300 √ 527 Berberidaceae Berberis kunawurensis Royle Shrub 2700 3600 √ 528 Berberidaceae Berberis lycium Royle Shrub 1800 2900 √ 529 Berberidaceae Berberis mucrifolia Ahrendt shrub 2100 4500 √ √ 530 Berberidaceae Berberis napaulensis (DC.) Spreng. Shrub 1600 2900 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 89 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 531 Berberidaceae Berberis petiolaris Wall. ex G.Don Shrub 2600 3600 √ √ 532 Berberidaceae Berberis tsarica Ahrendt shrub 3900 4300 √ 533 Berberidaceae Berberis umbellata Wall. ex G.Don shrub 2900 4200 √ √ 534 Berberidaceae Berberis virescens Hook.f. Shrub 2800 3000 √ 535 Berberidaceae Berberis wallichiana DC. shrub 1900 4100 √ 536 Berberidaceae Podophyllum hexandrum Royle Herb 3400 4500 √ √ 537 Betulaceae Alnus nepalensis D.Don Tree 500 2600 √ 538 Betulaceae Alnus nitida (Spach) Endl. Tree 2100 2200 √ √ 539 Betulaceae Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Tree 1200 2600 √ 540 Betulaceae Betula utilis D.Don Tree 2700 4300 √ √ 541 Betulaceae Carpinus faginea Lindl. Tree 1900 2100 √ 542 Betulaceae Carpinus viminea Lindl. ex Wall. Tree 1200 2600 √ 543 Betulaceae Corylus jacquemontii Decne. Shrub 2400 2400 √ √ 544 Bignoniaceae Dolichandra unguis-cati (L.) L.G.Lohmann Woody climber 1200 1500 √ 545 Bignoniaceae Incarvillea diffusa Royle Shrub 1800 3500 √ √ 546 Bignoniaceae Incarvillea emodi (Royle ex Lindl.) Chatterjee Herb 700 900 √ 547 Bignoniaceae Incarvillea mairei var. grandiflora (Wehrh.) Grierson Herb 3000 4700 √ √ 548 Bignoniaceae Incarvillea younghusbandii Sprague Herb 4400 5900 √ √ 549 Bignoniaceae Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz tree 400 1400 √ 550 Bignoniaceae Pandorea jasminoides (Lindl.) K.Schum. Woody climber 1400 1400 √ 551 Bignoniaceae Stereospermum chelonoides (L.f.) DC. Tree 150 250 √ 552 Boraginaceae Arnebia benthamii (Wall. ex G.Don) I.M.Johnst. Herb 2800 3800 √ √ 553 Boraginaceae Arnebia euchroma (Royle ex Benth.) I.M.Johnst. Herb 3500 4000 √ √ 554 Boraginaceae Bothriospermum zeylanicum (J.Jacq.) Druce Herb 1000 1000 √ 555 Boraginaceae Chionocharis hookeri (C.B.Clarke) I.M.Johnst. Herb 4800 5300 √ 556 Boraginaceae Cynoglossum lanceolatum Forssk. Herb 150 320 √ 557 Boraginaceae Cynoglossum wallichii G.Don Herb 1500 4000 √ √ 558 Boraginaceae Cynoglossum zeylanicum (Sw. ex Lehm.) Thunb. ex Brand Herb 1200 4100 √ 559 Boraginaceae Decalepidanthus racemosus (Royle ex Benth.) Dickoré Herb 2900 2900 √ & Hilger 560 Boraginaceae Ehretia acuminata var. serrata (Roxb.) I. M. Johnst. Tree 500 1800 √ 561 Boraginaceae Ehretia aspera Willd. Tree 150 1100 √ 562 Boraginaceae Eritrichium canum (Benth.) Kitam. √ 563 Boraginaceae Eritrichium minimum (Brand) H.Hara Herb 3000 5900 √ √ 564 Boraginaceae Eritrichium thomsonii (C.B.Clarke) I.M.Johnst. Herb 3600 4000 √ 565 Boraginaceae Euploca strigosa (Willd.) Diane & Hilger Herb 100 1400 √ 566 Boraginaceae Hackelia bhutanica R.R.Mill Herb 2440 4260 √ √ 567 Boraginaceae Hackelia uncinata (Royle ex Benth.) C.E.C.Fisch. Herb 2700 4200 √ 568 Boraginaceae Lappula barbata (M.Bieb.) Gürke √

90 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 569 Boraginaceae Lasiocaryum densiflorum (Duthie) I.M.Johnst. √ 570 Boraginaceae Lasiocaryum munroi (C.B.Clarke) I.M.Johnst. Herb 3600 5100 √ √ 571 Boraginaceae Lindelofia longiflora (DC.) Baill. Herb 3300 4600 √ 572 Boraginaceae Lithospermum officinale L. Herb 2700 3000 √ √ 573 Boraginaceae Maharanga egregia (I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst. Herb 2400 3800 √ 574 Boraginaceae Maharanga emodi (Wall.) DC. Herb 2200 4500 √ 575 Boraginaceae Maharanga verruculosa (I.M.Johnst.) I.M.Johnst. Herb 2700 3000 √ 576 Boraginaceae Microula pustulosa (C.B.Clarke) Duthie Herb 3800 4700 √ √ 577 Boraginaceae Microula sikkimensis (C.B.Clarke) Hemsl. Herb 3500 4600 √ √ 578 Boraginaceae Microula tibetica Benth. √ 579 Boraginaceae Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt Herb 3200 3200 √ 580 Boraginaceae Myosotis sylvatica Ehrh. ex Hoffm. √ 581 Boraginaceae Onosma bheriense H. Hara Herb 2000 2200 √ 582 Boraginaceae Onosma bracteatum Wall. Herb 3300 5000 √ √ 583 Boraginaceae Onosma pyramidale Hook. fil. Herb 2700 3000 √ 584 Boraginaceae Trichodesma indicum (L.) Sm. Herb 200 2900 √ √ 585 Boraginaceae Trigonotis peduncularis (Trevir.) Benth. ex Hemsl. √ 586 Boraginaceae Trigonotis rotundifolia (A.DC.) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 3600 5600 √ 587 Boraginaceae Trigonotis smithii S.P.Banerjee √ 588 Boraginaceae Trigonotis tibetica (C.B.Clarke) I.M.Johnst. Herb 3200 4400 √ √ 589 Brassicaceae Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande Herb 2200 3100 √ 590 Brassicaceae Aphragmus hobsonii (H.Pearson) Al-Shehbaz & Warwick Herb 3600 4100 √ 591 Brassicaceae Aphragmus minutus (H.Hara) Al-Shehbaz, G.Q.Hao & Herb 3600 4500 √ J.Q.Liu 592 Brassicaceae Aphragmus nepalensis (H.Hara) Al-Shehbaz √ 593 Brassicaceae Aphragmus oxycarpus (Hook.f. & Thomson) Jafri Herb 3600 5800 √ √ 594 Brassicaceae Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Herb 2300 2300 √ 595 Brassicaceae Arabis amplexicaulis Edgew. Herb 2300 2300 √ √ 596 Brassicaceae Arabis pangicensis Watt Herb 2300 2300 √ 597 Brassicaceae Arabis pterosperma Edgew. Herb 2300 4400 √ √ 598 Brassicaceae Arcyosperma primulifolium (Thomson) O.E.Schulz Herb 3000 4500 √ 599 Brassicaceae Barbarea intermedia Boreau Herb 3000 3600 √ √ 600 Brassicaceae Brassica napus L. √ 601 Brassicaceae Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J.Koch Herb √ 602 Brassicaceae Braya humilis (C.A.Mey.) B.L.Rob. Herb 2700 4900 √ √ 603 Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Herb 1800 4500 √ √ 604 Brassicaceae Cardamine flexuosa With. Herb 1000 4000 √ √ 605 Brassicaceae Cardamine impatiens L. √ 606 Brassicaceae Cardamine loxostemonoides O.E.Schulz Herb 2900 5500 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 91 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 607 Brassicaceae Cardamine macrophylla Willd. √ 608 Brassicaceae Cardamine violacea (D.Don) Wall. Herb 2500 3600 √ 609 Brassicaceae Cardamine yunnanensis Franch. Herb 2000 3400 √ √ 610 Brassicaceae Crucihimalaya axillaris (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, Herb 900 2700 √ O'Kane & R.A.Price 611 Brassicaceae Crucihimalaya himalaica (Edgew.) Al-Shehbaz, O'Kane Herb 3000 3800 √ √ & R.A.Price 612 Brassicaceae Crucihimalaya lasiocarpa (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al- Herb 2300 3300 √ √ Shehbaz, O'Kane & R.A.Price 613 Brassicaceae Crucihimalaya wallichii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, Herb 2300 2300 √ √ O'Kane & R.A.Price 614 Brassicaceae Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl Herb 2200 4100 √ 615 Brassicaceae Dilophia salsa Thomson Herb 4800 5100 √ 616 Brassicaceae Diplotaxis nepalensis H.Hara Herb 1000 1200 √ 617 Brassicaceae Dontostemon glandulosus (Kar. & Kir.) O.E.Schulz √ 618 Brassicaceae Draba altaica (C.A.Mey.) Bunge Herb 3900 5000 √ √ 619 Brassicaceae Draba amoena O.E.Schulz Herb 3300 4800 √ √ 620 Brassicaceae Draba ellipsoidea Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4000 5400 √ 621 Brassicaceae Draba eriopoda Turcz. ex Ledeb. Herb 3900 3900 √ √ 622 Brassicaceae Draba glomerata Royle Herb 5700 5700 √ 623 Brassicaceae Draba gracillima Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3600 4700 √ √ 624 Brassicaceae Draba korshinskyi (O.Fedtsch.) Pohle √ 625 Brassicaceae Draba lasiophylla Royle Herb 4200 4800 √ 626 Brassicaceae Draba lasiophylla var. leiocarpa (Pamp.) O. E. Schulz Herb 4200 4500 √ 627 Brassicaceae Draba oreades Schrenk Herb 4100 6000 √ √ 628 Brassicaceae Draba radicans Royle √ 629 Brassicaceae Draba radicans Royle Herb 3000 3600 √ 630 Brassicaceae Draba staintonii Jafri ex H.Hara Herb 4000 4600 √ 631 Brassicaceae Draba stenobotrys Gilg & O.E.Schulz √ 632 Brassicaceae Draba tibetica var. duthiei O. E. Schulz. Herb 3800 3800 √ 633 Brassicaceae Erysimum benthamii Monnet √ 634 Brassicaceae Erysimum melicentae Dunn √ 635 Brassicaceae Erysimum odoratum Ehrh. Herb 1600 3800 √ √ 636 Brassicaceae Eutrema heterophyllum (W.W.Sm.) H.Hara Herb 3900 5100 √ 637 Brassicaceae Eutrema scapiflorum (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz, Herb 4400 4700 √ √ G.Q.Hao & J.Quan Liu 638 Brassicaceae Hedinia tibetica (Thomson) Ostenf. ? 3700 3700 √ √ 639 Brassicaceae Lepidium apetalum Willd. Herb 2600 4100 √ 640 Brassicaceae Lepidium capitatum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3600 5300 √ √ 641 Brassicaceae Lepidium sativum L. Herb 200 3000 √ √

92 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 642 Brassicaceae Lepidostemon williamsii (H.Hara) Al-Shehbaz Herb 4200 3200 √ 643 Brassicaceae Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. Herb 2700 4500 √ 644 Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale W.T.Aiton √ 645 Brassicaceae Noccaea andersonii (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz Herb 3800 4300 √ √ 646 Brassicaceae Noccaea cochlearioides (Hook.f. & Thomson) Al-Shehbaz Herb 2800 5800 √ 647 Brassicaceae Noccaea nepalensis Al-Shehbaz √ 648 Brassicaceae Raphanus sativus L. √ 649 Brassicaceae Solms-laubachia haranensis (Al-Shehbaz) J.P.Yue, Al- ? 5000 5900 √ Shehbaz & H.Sun 650 Brassicaceae Solms-laubachia himalayensis (Cambess.) J.P.Yue, Al- Herb or shrub 5900 6000 √ Shehbaz & H.Sun 651 Brassicaceae Solms-laubachia jafrii (Al-Shehbaz) J.P.Yue, Al-Shehbaz & H.Sun √ 652 Brassicaceae Solms-laubachia parryoides (Kurz ex Hook.f. & Herb or shrub 3800 4400 √ T.Anderson) D.A.German & Al-Shehbaz 653 Brassicaceae Thlaspi arvense L. Herb 2100 4500 √ 654 Brassicaceae Turritis glabra L. Herb 2900 2900 √ 655 Burseraceae Garuga pinnata Roxb. Tree 300 1200 √ 656 Buxaceae Buxus rugulosa var. intermedia Hatus. Shrub?or Tree? 3300 3500 √ 657 Buxaceae Buxus wallichiana Baill. Shrub or tree 2000 2900 √ 658 Buxaceae Sarcococca hookeriana Baill. shrub 1800 3500 √ 659 Buxaceae Sarcococca saligna (D.Don) Müll.Arg. Shrub 1900 2300 √ 660 Buxaceae Sarcococca wallichii Stapf √ 661 Cactaceae Opuntia monacantha Haw. shrub or tree 700 1800 √ 662 Campanulaceae Asyneuma fulgens (Wall.) Briq. Herb 1500 2500 √ 663 Campanulaceae Campanula argyrotricha Wall. ex A.DC. √ 664 Campanulaceae Campanula aristata Wall. Herb 3300 4500 √ √ 665 Campanulaceae Campanula cana Wall. Herb 1200 3400 √ √ 666 Campanulaceae Campanula dimorphantha Schweinf. Herb 300 1100 √ 667 Campanulaceae Campanula immodesta Lammers Herb 900 5100 √ 668 Campanulaceae Campanula latifolia L. Herb 2700 3800 √ √ 669 Campanulaceae Campanula pallida Wall. Herb 1000 4500 √ √ 670 Campanulaceae Campanula sylvatica Wall. Herb 1200 2500 √ √ 671 Campanulaceae Codonopsis clematidea (Schrenk) C.B.Clarke √ 672 Campanulaceae Codonopsis rotundifolia Benth. Herb 2400 3800 √ √ 673 Campanulaceae Codonopsis thalictrifolia Wall. √ 674 Campanulaceae Codonopsis viridis Wall. Herb 1200 3000 √ 675 Campanulaceae Cyananthus hookeri C.B.Clarke Herb 2600 4200 √ 676 Campanulaceae Cyananthus lobatus Wall. ex Benth. Herb 3300 4700 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 93 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 677 Campanulaceae Cyananthus macrocalyx subsp. spathulifolius (Nannf.) Herb 3200 5100 √ K.K.Shrestha 678 Campanulaceae Cyananthus microphyllus Edgew. Herb 2900 4800 √ 679 Campanulaceae Cyananthus microphyllus subsp. williamsonii K.K.Shrestha Herb 4100 5000 √ √ 680 Campanulaceae Cyananthus pedunculatus C.B.Clarke Herb 3000 4800 √ 681 Campanulaceae Lobelia alsinoides Lam. Herb 200 1000 √ 682 Campanulaceae Lobelia heyneana Schult. Herb 1200 2500 √ 683 Campanulaceae Lobelia pyramidalis Wall. Herb 1100 2300 √ 684 Campanulaceae Lobelia rosea Wall. Herb 300 1200 √ 685 Campanulaceae Lobelia seguinii var. doniana (Skottsb.) E. Wimm. Herb 1700 3200 √ 686 Campanulaceae Lobelia zeylanica L. Herb 200 600 √ 687 Campanulaceae Peracarpa carnosa (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2100 2700 √ 688 Campanulaceae Peracarpa carnosa var. circaeoides (Schmid ex Miq.) Herb 3000 3000 √ Makino ex H. Hara 689 Campanulaceae Pratia nummularia Herb 1000 2400 √ 690 Campanulaceae Pseudocodon convolvulaceus (Kurz) D.Y.Hong & H.Sun Herb 2200 4200 √ √ 691 Campanulaceae Pseudocodon vinciflorus (Kom.) D.Y.Hong √ 692 Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia marginata Herb 600 1400 √ 693 Campanulaceae Wahlenbergia peduncularis (Wall. ex A.DC.) Hook.f. & Herb 900 2100 √ Thomson 694 Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Herb 200 2700 √ √ 695 Cannabaceae Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Tree 700 2800 √ √ 696 Capparaceae Capparis spinosa L. Shrub 200 2400 √ 697 Capparaceae Capparis spinosa var. himalayensis (Jafri) Jacobs Shrub 2100 2100 √ 698 Caprifoliaceae Bassecoia hookeri (C. B. Cl.) V. Mayer & Ehrend. Herb 3000 4500 √ 699 Caprifoliaceae Dipsacus inermis Wall. Herb 1400 4100 √ 700 Caprifoliaceae Leycesteria formosa Wall. Shrub 2000 3200 √ 701 Caprifoliaceae Leycesteria glaucophylla (Hook.f. & Thomson) Hook.f. Herb 2300 3000 √ 702 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera angustifolia var. myrtillus (Hook.f. & Thomson) Shrub 2200 4200 √ √ Q.E.Yang, Landrein, Borosova & Osborne 703 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera angustifolia Wall. ex DC. Shrub 2600 3800 √ √ 704 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera caucasica subsp. govaniana (Wall. ex DC.) H.Hara Shrub 3200 3200 √ 705 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera hispida var. bracteata (Royle) Rehder ex Airy Shrub 2900 4500 √ √ Shaw 706 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera hypoleuca Decne. Shrub 3000 4200 √ √ 707 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera lanceolata Wall. ? 2700 3800 √ √ 708 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera macrantha (D.Don) Spreng. Woody climber 1500 2100 √ 709 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera minutifolia Kitam. Herb 330 4500 √ 710 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera obovata Royle ex Hook.f. & Thomson Shrub 3500 4400 √ √ 711 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera purpurascens (Jacquem. ex Decne.) Walp. Shrub 3300 3600 √

94 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 712 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera quinquelocularis Hardw. Shrub 1500 2700 √ √ 713 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera rupicola Hook.f. & Thomson Shrub 3800 4600 √ √ 714 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera spinosa (Decne.) Jacquem. ex Walp. Shrub 3600 4600 √ √ 715 Caprifoliaceae Lonicera webbiana Wall. ex DC. Shrub 2600 4300 √ 716 Caprifoliaceae Morina longifolia Wall. ex DC. Herb 3000 4200 √ √ 717 Caprifoliaceae Morina nepalensis D.Don Herb 2500 4500 √ √ 718 Caprifoliaceae Morina polyphylla Wall. ex DC. Herb 3000 4300 √ √ 719 Caprifoliaceae Nardostachys jatamansi (D.Don) DC. Herb 3200 5000 √ 720 Caprifoliaceae Triosteum himalayanum Wall. ? 2800 4000 √ √ 721 Caprifoliaceae Triplostegia glandulifera Wall. ex DC. Herb 1800 3800 √ 722 Caprifoliaceae Valeriana hardwickei Wall. Herb 1200 4000 √ √ 723 Caprifoliaceae Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb. Herb 1500 3300 √ √ 724 Caprifoliaceae Zabelia triflora (R.Br. ex Wall.) Makino Shrub 1500 4200 √ 725 Carlemanniaceae Carlemannia griffithii Benth. Herb 900 1500 √ 726 Caryophyllaceae Acanthophyllum cerastioides (D.Don) Madhani & Zarre Herb 2100 4700 √ √ 727 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria densissima Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook.f. Herb 3500 5000 √ √ 728 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria neelgherrensis Wight & Arn. Herb 1800 2400 √ 729 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria orbiculata Royle ex Edgew. & Hook.f. Herb 900 4400 √ √ 730 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria paramelandra H. Hara Herb 4200 5100 √ √ 731 Caryophyllaceae Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Herb 900 2900 √ √ 732 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium fontanum subsp. grandiflorum H.Hara Herb 1900 3800 √ 733 Caryophyllaceae Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Herb 1500 5000 √ √ 734 Caryophyllaceae Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult. Herb 2200 4300 √ 735 Caryophyllaceae Drymaria diandra Blume Herb 700 2000 √ 736 Caryophyllaceae Eremogone bryophylla (Fernald) Pusalkar & D.K.Singh Herb 4400 5900 √ √ 737 Caryophyllaceae Eremogone kansuensis (Maxim.) Dillenb. & Kadereit Herb 3900 5000 √ 738 Caryophyllaceae Eremogone mukerjeeana (Majumdar) Rabeler & Herb 3200 4400 √ √ W.L.Wagner 739 Caryophyllaceae Odontostemma depauperata (Edgew.) Satish Chandra, D. Herb 3500 4400 √ S. Rawat & Pusalkar 740 Caryophyllaceae Odontostemma glandulosum Benth. ex G.Don Herb 3000 4500 √ 741 Caryophyllaceae Odontostemma roseiflorum (Sprague) Sadeghian & Zarre Herb 3800 4200 √ √ 742 Caryophyllaceae Pseudostellaria heterantha var. nepalensis (Majumdar) Herb 3300 3800 √ H.Hara 743 Caryophyllaceae Sabulina kashmirica (Edgew.) Dillenb. & Kadereit Herb 3800 5100 √ 744 Caryophyllaceae Sagina saginoides (L.) H.Karst. Herb 2000 3600 √ 745 Caryophyllaceae Shivparvatia ciliolata (Edgew. & Hook.f.) Pusalkar & Herb 4400 5000 √ D.K.Singh 746 Caryophyllaceae Shivparvatia ciliolata var. pendula (Duthie ex Herb 4200 4200 √ F.N.Williams) Pusalkar & D.K.Singh

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 95 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 747 Caryophyllaceae Shivparvatia glanduligera (Edgew.) Pusalkar & D.K.Singh Herb 4100 5100 √ 748 Caryophyllaceae Silene baccifera (L.) Durande Herb 2500 2700 √ 749 Caryophyllaceae Silene caespitella F.N.Williams Herb 4000 4500 √ 750 Caryophyllaceae Silene conoidea L. Herb 1500 2500 √ 751 Caryophyllaceae Silene falconeriana Royle ex Benth. Herb 2500 2500 √ 752 Caryophyllaceae Silene gonosperma (Rupr.) Bocquet √ 753 Caryophyllaceae Silene gonosperma var. himalayensis (Rupr.) Bocquet Herb 3000 5500 √ 754 Caryophyllaceae Silene helleboriflora Exell & Bocquet Herb 3000 3500 √ √ 755 Caryophyllaceae Silene himalayensis (Rohrb.) Majumdar Herb 4800 5000 √ 756 Caryophyllaceae Silene holosteifolia Bocquet & Chater √ 757 Caryophyllaceae Silene indica Roxb. ex Otth Herb 2000 4500 √ 758 Caryophyllaceae Silene indica var. bhutanica (W.W.Sm.) Bocquet Herb 3500 4000 √ 759 Caryophyllaceae Silene jugora (Williams) N. C. Majumdar Herb 3100 4000 √ √ 760 Caryophyllaceae Silene kumaonensis F.N.Williams Herb 3000 4500 √ √ 761 Caryophyllaceae Silene moorcroftiana Benth. Herb 2500 4500 √ 762 Caryophyllaceae Silene nepalensis Majumdar Herb 3500 4500 √ √ 763 Caryophyllaceae Silene setisperma Majumdar Herb 3400 4700 √ √ 764 Caryophyllaceae Silene stracheyi Edgew. Herb √ 765 Caryophyllaceae Silene subcretacea F.N.Williams √ 766 Caryophyllaceae Silene vautierae Bocquet Herb 3500 5000 √ 767 Caryophyllaceae Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke Herb 2000 3000 √ 768 Caryophyllaceae Spergula arvensis L. Herb 900 900 √ 769 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria congestiflora H.Hara Herb 4200 4700 √ √ 770 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria decumbens Edgew. Herb 3200 4000 √ √ 771 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria himalayensis Majumdar Herb 2600 3400 √ 772 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Herb 1800 2700 √ √ 773 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media var. procera Klatt & Richt. Herb 1000 2600 √ 774 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria monosperma Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Herb 2600 3200 √ 775 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria monosperma var. paniculata (Edgew.) Herb 2100 3100 √ Majumdar 776 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria semivestita Edgew. Herb 2500 3000 √ 777 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria vestita Kurz Herb 1600 2500 √ √ 778 Caryophyllaceae Thylacospermum caespitosum (Cambess.) Schischk. Herb 4800 5700 √ √ 779 Celastraceae Celastrus hookeri Prain Tree 2200 2600 √ 780 Celastraceae Celastrus paniculatus Willd. √ 781 Celastraceae Elaeodendron glaucum (Rottb.) Pers. √ 782 Celastraceae Euonymus echinatus Wall. Climbing Shrub 2000 2700 √ √ 783 Celastraceae Euonymus fimbriatus Wall. Shrub or Tree 2300 3600 √ √ 784 Celastraceae Euonymus frigidus Wall. Shrub 3200 3800 √ √

96 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 785 Celastraceae Euonymus frigidus Wall. √ 786 Celastraceae Euonymus lucidus D.Don Tree 1800 2600 √ 787 Celastraceae Euonymus tingens Wall. Tree 2300 3300 √ √ 788 Celastraceae Gymnosporia rufa (Wall.) Hook.f. Tree 1300 2200 √ √ 789 Celastraceae Gymnosporia thomsonii Kurz Tree? 1000 2100 √ 790 Celastraceae Parnassia chinensis Franch. Herb 3600 4500 √ √ 791 Celastraceae Parnassia kumaonica Nekr. Herb 3600 4700 √ √ 792 Celastraceae Parnassia nubicola Wall. ex Royle Herb 2900 4200 √ √ 793 Celastraceae Parnassia tenella Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3000 3500 √ 794 Celastraceae Reissantia arborea (Roxb.) H.Hara √ 795 Circaeasteraceae Circaeaster agrestis Maxim. Herb 3000 4100 √ √ 796 Colchicaceae Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr. Herb 1100 2900 √ 797 Combretaceae Anogeissus latifolius (Roxb. ex DC.) Bedd. Herb 450 1200 √ 798 Combretaceae Combretum roxburghii Spreng. ? 200 600 √ 799 Combretaceae Combretum indicum (L.) DeFilipps Climbing shrub 200 600 √ 800 Combretaceae Terminalia alata Heyne ex Roth Tree 200 1400 √ 801 Commelinaceae Cyanotis vaga (Lour.) Schult. & Schult.f. Herb 800 2700 √ √ 802 Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Herb 900 1800 √ 803 Commelinaceae Commelina paludosa Blume Herb 300 3500 √ 804 Commelinaceae Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Herb 200 1500 √ 805 Commelinaceae Murdannia divergens (C.B.Clarke) G.Brückn. Herb 1500 2400 √ 806 Commelinaceae Streptolirion volubile Edgew. Herb 1500 2400 √ 807 Convolvulaceae Argyreia argentea var. venusta (Choisy) C. B. Clarke climbing shrub 610 2400 √ √ 808 Convolvulaceae Argyreia nervosa (Burm.f.) Bojer Climbing shrub 600 1100 √ 809 Convolvulaceae Argyreia atropurpurea (Wall.) Raizada climbing shrub 910 910 √ 810 Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. Herbaceous climber 2600 4100 √ √ 811 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta europaea var. indica Engelm. Herbaceous climber 2700 4000 √ parasitc 812 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta europaea var. nepalensis Yunck. Herbaceous climber 2300 2300 √ parasitc 813 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta gigantea Griff. Herbaceous climber 2550 2550 √ parasitc 814 Convolvulaceae Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Herbaceous climber 1100 3100 √ parasitc 815 Convolvulaceae Dinetus racemosus (Roxb.) Sweet Herbaceous climber √ 816 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Herb 5500 1100 √ 817 Convolvulaceae Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. √ 818 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. ? 200 280 √ 819 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea dichroa Hochst. ex Choisy Herbaceous climber 610 610 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 97 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 820 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) Shrub 100 400 √ √ D.F.Austin 821 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Herbaceous climber 760 2000 √ √ 822 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Herbaceous climber 460 1200 √ 823 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth Herbaceous climber 910 2400 √ 824 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea muricata (L.) Jacq. Herbaceous climber √ 825 Convolvulaceae Ipomoea quamoclit L. Herbaceous climber 460 1100 √ 826 Convolvulaceae Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Herbaceous climber 600 600 √ 827 Convolvulaceae Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty Herbaceous climber 180 1990 √ 828 Convolvulaceae Rivea hypocrateriformis (Desr.) Choisy climbing shrub 1100 1100 √ 829 Convolvulaceae Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy climbing shrub 250 460 √ 830 Coriariaceae Coriaria napalensis Wall. Herb 1200 2400 √ 831 Cornaceae Alangium chinense (Lour.) Harms Tree 300 2400 √ √ 832 Cornaceae Cornus capitata Wall. Shrub or tree 2100 3400 √ √ 833 Cornaceae Cornus macrophylla Wall. Tree 1200 3000 √ √ 834 Cornaceae Cornus oblonga Wall. ? 1200 2600 √ 835 Cornaceae Toricellia tiliifolia DC. 1600 2500 √ 836 Costaceae Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta Herb 400 700 √ 837 Crassulaceae Crassula schimperi Fisch. & C.A.Mey. √ 838 Crassulaceae Rhodiola bupleuroides (Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson) Herb 2000 5100 √ √ S.H.Fu 839 Crassulaceae Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia (H.Lév.) S.H.Fu Herb 2900 3600 √ 840 Crassulaceae Rhodiola chrysanthemifolia subsp. sacra (Raym.-Hamet) Herb 2500 3500 √ H.Ohba 841 Crassulaceae Rhodiola fastigiata (Hook.f. & Thomson) S.H.Fu Herb 3600 5500 √ √ 842 Crassulaceae Rhodiola himalensis (D.Don) S.H.Fu Herb 3700 4600 √ √ 843 Crassulaceae Rhodiola himalensis subsp. bouvieri (Raym.-Hamet) Herb 3600 3900 √ H.Ohba 844 Crassulaceae Rhodiola lobulata (N.B.Singh & U.C.Bhattach.) H.Ohba Herb 4400 4535 √ 845 Crassulaceae Rhodiola nepalica (H.Ohba) H.Ohba Herb 3700 4500 √ 846 Crassulaceae Rhodiola pamiroalaica Boriss. Herb 4090 4090 √ 847 Crassulaceae Rhodiola prainii (Raym.-Hamet) H.Ohba Herb 3600 4600 √ √ 848 Crassulaceae Rhodiola quadrifida (Pall.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Herb 3300 4200 √ 849 Crassulaceae Rhodiola rosea L. Herb 4500 5500 √ √ 850 Crassulaceae Rhodiola sinuata (Royle ex Edgew.) S.H.Fu Herb 1200 3700 √ 851 Crassulaceae Rhodiola wallichiana (Hook.) S.H.Fu Herb 3300 4200 √ √ 852 Crassulaceae Rosularia adenotricha (Wall. ex Edgew.) C.-A.Jansson Herb 2200 2200 √ 853 Crassulaceae Rosularia alpestris subsp. marnieri (Raym.-Hamet ex Herb 3500 4300 √ H.Ohba) Eggli 854 Crassulaceae Rosularia rosulata (Edgew.) H.Ohba Herb 2900 2900 √

98 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 855 Crassulaceae Sedum gagei Raym.-Hamet Herb 3900 4500 √ 856 Crassulaceae Sedum holei Raym.-Hamet Herb 2850 3900 √ 857 Crassulaceae Sedum multicaule Wall. ex Lindl. Herb? 1500 3200 √ 858 Crassulaceae Sedum oreades (Decne.) Raym.-Hamet Herb 3200 5200 √ 859 Crassulaceae Sedum przewalskii Maxim. Herb 4200 4200 √ 860 Crassulaceae Sedum roborowskii Maxim. Herb 2400 4100 √ 861 Crassulaceae Sedum trullipetalum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3600 4700 √ 862 Crassulaceae Sinocrassula indica (Decne.) A.Berger Herb 2400 2400 √ 863 Cucurbitaceae Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Herbaceous climber? 200 900 √ 864 Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melo L. Herbaceous climber 200 1700 √ 865 Cucurbitaceae Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad. Herbaceous climber? 1200 2600 √ 866 Cucurbitaceae Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C.Jeffrey Herbaceous climber? 200 1500 √ 867 Cucurbitaceae Gomphogyne cissiformis Griff. Herbaceous climber 1500 3000 √ 868 Cucurbitaceae Herpetospermum darjeelingense (C.B.Clarke) H.Schaef. Herbaceous climber 900 3200 √ & S.S.Renner 869 Cucurbitaceae Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) C.B.Clarke Herbaceous climber? 1500 3600 √ 870 Cucurbitaceae Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Herbaceous climber 200 2290 √ 871 Cucurbitaceae Momordica balsamina L. Herbaceous climber 600 600 √ 872 Cucurbitaceae Momordica charantia L. √ 873 Cucurbitaceae Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi √ 874 Cucurbitaceae Solena heterophylla Lour. Herbaceous climber? 1600 3200 √ √ 875 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes costata Blume Herbaceous climber 1100 1100 √ 876 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Herbaceous climber 400 1200 √ 877 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Herbaceous climber 600 600 √ 878 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes ovigera Blume Herbaceous climber? 200 1700 √ 879 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. Woody climber 1200 2300 √ √ 880 Cucurbitaceae Trichosanthes wallichiana (Ser.) Wight Herbaceous climber 600 2700 √ 881 Cucurbitaceae Zehneria odorata (Hook.f. & Thomson ex Benth.) Herbaceous climber 300 2700 √ M.D.Dwivedi, A.K.Pandey & H.Schaef. 882 Cyperaceae Blysmus compressus (L.) Panz. ex Link Herb 2600 4000 √ 883 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis barbata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke Herb 150 1300 √ 884 Cyperaceae Bulbostylis densa (Wall.) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 1500 3500 √ 885 Cyperaceae Carex atrata subsp. pullata (Boott) Kük. Herb 3500 4400 √ 886 Cyperaceae Carex atrofusca subsp. minor (Boott) T.Koyama Herb 4000 5600 √ 887 Cyperaceae Carex bonatiana (Kük.) N.A.Ivanova Herb 3500 3800 √ √ 888 Cyperaceae Carex clavispica S.R.Zhang Herb 3700 5700 √ √ 889 Cyperaceae Carex cruenta Nees Herb 4000 5600 √ √ 890 Cyperaceae Carex deasyi (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Herb 3500 5600 √ 891 Cyperaceae Carex dimorpholepis Steud. Herb √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 99 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 892 Cyperaceae Carex esenbeckii Kunth Herb 2900 5600 √ √ 893 Cyperaceae Carex filicina Nees Herb 1200 4000 √ 894 Cyperaceae Carex fissiglumis (C.B.Clarke) S.R.Zhang & O.Yano Herb 3700 4000 √ 895 Cyperaceae Carex fucata Boott ex C.B.Clarke Herb 2400 3500 √ 896 Cyperaceae Carex haematostoma Nees Herb 3200 4400 √ √ 897 Cyperaceae Carex inanis Kunth Herb 1800 4100 √ 898 Cyperaceae Carex kokanica (Regel) S.R.Zhang Herb 3500 4600 √ 899 Cyperaceae Carex laeta Boott Herb 2200 5000 √ √ 900 Cyperaceae Carex lehmannii Drejer Herb 3500 4100 √ 901 Cyperaceae Carex longicruris Nees Herb 1800 1800 √ 902 Cyperaceae Carex melanantha C.A.Mey. Herb 5100 5100 √ 903 Cyperaceae Carex microglochin Wahlenb. Herb 4100 4600 √ 904 Cyperaceae Carex montis-everestii Kük. √ 905 Cyperaceae Carex muricata subsp. muricata Herb 2400 2400 √ 906 Cyperaceae Carex nivalis Boott Herb 3800 4900 √ 907 Cyperaceae Carex nubigena D.Don Herb 1500 4000 √ √ 908 Cyperaceae Carex nudicarpa (Y.C.Yang) S.R.Zhang √ 909 Cyperaceae Carex obscura Nees Herb 3000 4300 √ 910 Cyperaceae Carex orbicularis Boott Herb 2300 4400 √ 911 Cyperaceae Carex ovoidispica O.Yano Herb 5600 5600 √ 912 Cyperaceae Carex parva Nees Herb 2800 4300 √ 913 Cyperaceae Carex parvula O.Yano Herb 1100 5600 √ √ 914 Cyperaceae Carex plectobasis V.I.Krecz. Herb 2900 4900 √ 915 Cyperaceae Carex pseudolaxa (C.B.Clarke) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Herb 3400 3800 √ √ 916 Cyperaceae Carex pseuduncinoides (Noltie) O.Yano & S.R.Zhang Herb 3810 4420 √ 917 Cyperaceae Carex psychrophila Nees Herb 3200 3700 √ 918 Cyperaceae Carex rufulistolon T.Koyama Herb 2290 3350 √ 919 Cyperaceae Carex setigera D.Don Herb 2400 2800 √ 920 Cyperaceae Carex setosa Boott Herb 3400 3800 √ 921 Cyperaceae Carex stracheyi Boott ex C.B.Clarke Herb 2100 3200 √ 922 Cyperaceae Carex supina Willd. ex Wahlenb. Herb 4900 5700 √ 923 Cyperaceae Carex unciniiformis Boeckeler Herb 2900 5700 √ √ 924 Cyperaceae Carex uncinoides Boott Herb 3500 4400 √ √ 925 Cyperaceae Carex vidua Boott ex C.B.Clarke Herb 4400 4400 √ 926 Cyperaceae Cyperus alulatus J.Kern Herb 1100 1100 √ 927 Cyperaceae Cyperus brevifolius (Rottb.) Hassk. Herb 100 2300 √ 928 Cyperaceae Cyperus cuspidatus Kunth Herb 1000 1700 √ 929 Cyperaceae Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze Herb 100 2400 √ 930 Cyperaceae Cyperus diaphanus Schrad. √

100 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 931 Cyperaceae Cyperus difformis L. Herb 100 2700 √ 932 Cyperaceae Cyperus digitatus Roxb. Herb 1100 1100 √ 933 Cyperaceae Cyperus distans L.f. Herb 600 1100 √ 934 Cyperaceae Cyperus esculentus L. Herb 100 2300 √ 935 Cyperaceae Cyperus flavidus Retz. Herb 200 3800 √ 936 Cyperaceae Cyperus iria L. Herb 200 1800 √ 937 Cyperaceae Cyperus niveus Retz. Herb 600 2900 √ √ 938 Cyperaceae Cyperus nutans Vahl Herb 300 2600 √ 939 Cyperaceae Cyperus rotundus L. Herb 300 2400 √ 940 Cyperaceae Eleocharis congesta D.Don Herb 200 2300 √ 941 Cyperaceae Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Herb 2000 3800 √ 942 Cyperaceae Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz Herb 2000 3400 √ 943 Cyperaceae Erioscirpus comosus (Wall.) Palla Herb 500 2600 √ √ 944 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Herb 800 1100 √ 945 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis complanata (Retz.) Link Herb 900 3100 √ 946 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl Herb 500 1500 √ 947 Cyperaceae Fimbristylis stolonifera C.B.Clarke Herb 2000 2900 √ 948 Cyperaceae Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br. Herb 2200 3800 √ √ 949 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella fuscorubens (T.Koyama) Hayas. Herb 1600 3200 √ 950 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye Herb 1500 2700 √ 951 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C.Gmel.) Palla Herb 2500 3700 √ 952 Cyperaceae Trichophorum pumilum (Vahl) Schinz & Thell. Shrub 1200 3100 √ 953 Daphniphyllaceae Daphniphyllum himalense var. chartaceum (Benth.) Tree 1400 2300 √ Mull. Arg. 954 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines Herb 200 1200 √ 955 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea bulbifera L. Herbaceous climber 150 2100 √ √ 956 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb. Herbaceous climber 450 3100 √ √ 957 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Herb 900 2200 √ 958 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook.f. Herbaceous climber 1200 1700 √ 959 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea kamoonensis Kunth Herb 1800 2200 √ 960 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea melanophyma Prain & Burkill Herbaceous climber 2000 2500 √ 961 Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill Herbaceous climber 910 910 √ 962 Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta C.F.Gaertn. Tree 150 1500 √ 963 Droseraceae Drosera lunata Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Insectivorous herb 2500 3600 √ √ 964 Ebenaceae Diospyros lancifolia Roxb. Tree 1000 1500 √ 965 Ebenaceae Diospyros malabarica (Desr.) Kostel. Tree? 500 1500 √ 966 Ebenaceae Diospyros montana Roxb. Tree 500 500 √ 967 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus kanaii Momiy. Tree? 1400 2700 √ 968 Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Tree 1300 3000 √ √ 969 Elaeagnaceae Hippophae salicifolia D.Don Shrub 2200 3500 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 101 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 970 Ericaceae Cassiope fastigiata (Wall.) D.Don √ 971 Ericaceae Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall. Shrub 1200 2600 √ 972 Ericaceae Gaultheria nummularioides D.Don Shrub 2100 4100 √ 973 Ericaceae Gaultheria trichophylla Royle Shrub 2700 4500 √ 974 Ericaceae Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude Shrub or tree 1300 3300 √ √ 975 Ericaceae Lyonia villosa (Hook.f. ex C.B.Clarke) Hand.-Mazz. Shrub?or tree? 2700 3800 √ 976 Ericaceae Monotropa hypopitys L. Parasitic herb 2400 3700 √ 977 Ericaceae Rhododendron anthopogon D.Don Shrub 3300 5100 √ √ 978 Ericaceae Rhododendron anthopogon subsp. hypenanthum (Balf.f.) Shrub 3300 5000 √ Cullen 979 Ericaceae Rhododendron arboreum Sm. Tree 1500 3300 √ 980 Ericaceae Rhododendron barbatum Wall. ex G.Don Tree 2700 3600 √ 981 Ericaceae Rhododendron campanulatum D.Don Shrub 2800 4400 √ √ 982 Ericaceae Rhododendron lepidotum var. obovatum Wall. ex G. Don Shrub 3600 4500 √ 983 Ericaceae Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G.Don Shrub 2100 4700 √ √ 984 Ericaceae Rhododendron lowndesii Davidian Shrub? Or tree? 3200 4500 √ 985 Ericaceae Rhododendron nivale Hook.f. 4600 5600 √ 986 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon cinereum R.Br. Herb 1800 2300 √ 987 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon nepalense J.D.Prescott ex Bong. Herb 1500 3000 √ √ 988 Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon oryzetorum Mart. Herb 600 600 √ 989 Euphorbiaceae Baliospermum calycinum Muell. Shrub 460 1800 √ 990 Euphorbiaceae Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh Shrub 300 910 √ 991 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia fusiformis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 450 450 √ 992 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Herb 760 1100 √ √ 993 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia himalayensis Klotzsch Herb 2100 4000 √ 994 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hirta L. Herb 150 1500 √ √ 995 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypericifolia L. √ 996 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maddenii Boiss. Herb 2400 2400 √ 997 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia neriifolia L. Shruo or tree 1800 1800 √ 998 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia parviflora L. Herb 150 2000 √ 999 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prolifera Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 910 1400 √ 1000 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Herb 300 1400 √ √ 1001 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia pseudosikkimensis (Hurus. & Yu.Tanaka) Herb 1700 2900 √ Radcl.-Sm. 1002 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia royleana Boiss. Shrub 1100 1200 √ 1003 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss. √ 1004 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stracheyi Boiss. Herb 2000 5000 √ √ 1005 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia wallichii Hook.f. Herb 2300 3700 √ √ 1006 Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria acerifolia Didr. Tree 1100 2000 √

102 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1007 Euphorbiaceae Falconeria insignis Royle Tree 500 1800 √ 1008 Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas L. Shrub or tree 500 1200 √ √ 1009 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga denticulata (Blume) Müll.Arg. Tree? Or shrub? 900 1800 √ 1010 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Tree 150 1800 √ 1011 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Müll.Arg. Tree 150 1800 √ 1012 Euphorbiaceae Ricinus communis L. Herb, shrub or tree 150 2400 √ √ 1013 Fabaceae Abrus precatorius L. Climbing shrub 300 1100 √ 1014 Fabaceae Abrus pulchellus Wall. ex Thwaites Climbing shrub 200 1300 √ 1015 Fabaceae Aeschynomene aspera L. Herb 200 1300 √ 1016 Fabaceae Aeschynomene indica L. Herb 200 1300 √ 1017 Fabaceae julibrissin var. mollis (Wall.) Benth. Tree 1000 3000 √ 1018 Fabaceae Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Tree 250 800 √ 1019 Fabaceae Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Schumach.) J.Léonard Herb 200 1200 √ 1020 Fabaceae Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. Herb 200 1200 √ 1021 Fabaceae Argyrolobium flaccidum Jaub. & Spach Shrub 2100 2500 √ √ 1022 Fabaceae Argyrolobium roseum Jaub. & Spach Shrub 1900 3200 √ √ 1023 Fabaceae Astragalus amherstianus Benth. Herb 2100 3700 √ √ 1024 Fabaceae Astragalus chlorostachys Lindl. √ 1025 Fabaceae Astragalus concretus Benth. Herb 2500 3500 √ 1026 Fabaceae Astragalus graveolens Benth. Shrub 2100 2100 √ 1027 Fabaceae Astragalus himalayanus Klotzsch Herb 3500 4500 √ √ 1028 Fabaceae Astragalus leucocephalus Benth. Herb 1500 3700 √ 1029 Fabaceae Astragalus melanostachys Benth. ex Bunge Herb 3300 5100 √ 1030 Fabaceae Astragalus oplites Benth. ex R.Parker Shrub 3500 4100 √ 1031 Fabaceae Astragalus rhizanthus subsp. candolleanus (Royle ex Shrub 3500 4500 √ √ Benth.) D. Podl. 1032 Fabaceae Astragalus yunnanensis Franch. ? 3500 5600 √ √ 1033 Fabaceae Bauhinia purpurea L. Tree 300 1600 √ 1034 Fabaceae Bauhinia variegata L. Tree 150 1900 √ 1035 Fabaceae Biancaea decapetala (Roth) O.Deg. Shrub or woody 1000 2200 √ climber 1036 Fabaceae Butea buteiformis (Voigt) Grierson Tree 300 2000 √ 1037 Fabaceae Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze Tree 150 1200 √ 1038 Fabaceae Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth √ 1039 Fabaceae Cajanus crassus (King)Maesen Herbaceous climber 200 1000 √ 1040 Fabaceae Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars Herbaceous climber 400 1200 √ 1041 Fabaceae Campylotropis macrocarpa (Bunge) Rehder √ 1042 Fabaceae Campylotropis macrostyla (D.Don) Lindl. ex Miq. Shrub 700 1000 √ 1043 Fabaceae Campylotropis speciosa (Royle ex Schindl.) Schindl. Shrub 2000 3100 √ 1044 Fabaceae Campylotropis stenocarpa (Klotzsch) Schindl. Shrub 1900 2200 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 103 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1045 Fabaceae Caragana brevispina Benth. Shrub 2400 3200 √ √ 1046 Fabaceae Caragana brevispina subsp. tenzingii Vassilcz. Shrub √ 1047 Fabaceae Caragana campanulata Vassilcz. Shrub? √ 1048 Fabaceae Caragana gerardiana Benth. Shrub 3200 4200 √ √ 1049 Fabaceae Caragana sukiensis C.K.Schneid. Shrub? 3000 3700 √ 1050 Fabaceae Caragana versicolor Benth. Shrub 3600 4600 √ 1051 Fabaceae Cassia fistula L. Tree 150 1400 √ 1052 Fabaceae Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Herb or shrub 700 2500 √ 1053 Fabaceae Chamaecrista nomame (Sieb.) H.Ohashi Herb or shrub 1000 1100 √ 1054 Fabaceae Chesneya nubigena (D.Don) Ali ? 3600 5200 √ √ 1055 Fabaceae Cicer arietinum L. Herb 150 1300 √ √ 1056 Fabaceae Cicer microphyllum Royle ex Benth. Herb 4100 4800 √ 1057 Fabaceae Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi Shrub 400 2300 √ 1058 Fabaceae Crotalaria alata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 300 1400 √ 1059 Fabaceae Crotalaria albida B.Heyne ex Roth Herb 450 2200 √ 1060 Fabaceae Crotalaria cytisoides Roxb. ex DC. Shrub 1200 1900 √ 1061 Fabaceae Crotalaria humifusa Graham ex Benth. Shrub 1800 1900 √ 1062 Fabaceae Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Herb 2400 2500 √ 1063 Fabaceae Crotalaria mysorensis Roth Herb 1000 1100 √ 1064 Fabaceae Crotalaria prostrata Rottler ex Willd. Herb 500 2000 √ 1065 Fabaceae Crotalaria sessiliflora L. Herb 200 2800 √ 1066 Fabaceae Crotalaria tetragona Roxb. ex Andrews Shrub 200 1700 √ 1067 Fabaceae Dalbergia lanceolaria subsp. paniculata (Roxb.) Thoth. Tree 250 500 √ 1068 Fabaceae Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Tree 300 1000 √ 1069 Fabaceae Dalbergia sericea G.Don Shrub 700 2000 √ √ 1070 Fabaceae Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. Tree 200 1400 √ √ 1071 Fabaceae Dumasia villosa DC. Herbaceous climber 1800 2200 √ 1072 Fabaceae Entada rheedei Spreng. 900 1450 √ 1073 Fabaceae Eriosema chinense Vogel Shrub 900 3000 √ 1074 Fabaceae Erythrina arborescens Roxb. Herb 1500 3000 √ 1075 Fabaceae Erythrina stricta Roxb. Tree 1000 1600 √ 1076 Fabaceae Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Kuntze ex Merr. Shrub 700 1700 √ 1077 Fabaceae Flemingia procumbens Roxb. Shrub 2100 2900 √ 1078 Fabaceae Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Shrub 300 2300 √ 1079 Fabaceae Glycine max (L.) Merr. √ 1080 Fabaceae Grona heterocarpa (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 400 1700 √ 1081 Fabaceae Grona triflora (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Herb 600 2300 √ 1082 Fabaceae Hedysarum kumaonense Benth. ex Baker Herb 2400 4600 √ √ 1083 Fabaceae Hedysarum tibeticum (Benth.) B.H.Choi & H.Ohashi Shrub 4600 5700 √ √

104 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1084 Fabaceae Huangtcia renifolia (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 1000 1200 √ 1085 Fabaceae Hylodesmum podocarpum (DC.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill Herb 1600 2000 √ 1086 Fabaceae Indigofera atropurpurea Buch.-Ham. ex Hornem. Shrub 700 3200 √ √ 1087 Fabaceae Indigofera bracteata Graham ex Baker Shrub 1600 3200 √ 1088 Fabaceae Indigofera cassioides Rottler ex DC. Shrub 300 1700 √ 1089 Fabaceae Indigofera cylindracea Graham ex Baker Shrub 900 3700 √ 1090 Fabaceae Indigofera dosua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 1000 3000 √ 1091 Fabaceae Indigofera hebepetala Benth. ex Baker Shrub 2700 2800 √ √ 1092 Fabaceae Indigofera hebepetala var. glabra Ali Shrub 2400 3200 √ 1093 Fabaceae Indigofera heterantha Wall. ex Brandis Shrub 600 3100 √ √ 1094 Fabaceae Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Herb 300 1300 √ 1095 Fabaceae Indopiptadenia oudhensis (Brandis) Brenan Tree 450 450 √ 1096 Fabaceae Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet √ 1097 Fabaceae Lathyrus aphaca L. Herbaceous climber 200 1200 √ √ 1098 Fabaceae Lathyrus emodi (Wall. ex Fritsch) Fritsch ex T.Durand & Herbaceous climber 2100 3100 √ √ B.D.Jacks. 1099 Fabaceae Lathyrus pratensis L. Herbaceous climber 2300 3000 √ 1100 Fabaceae Lathyrus sativus L. Herbaceous climber 200 1100 √ √ 1101 Fabaceae Lathyrus sphaericus Retz. Herbaceous climber 1300 1600 √ 1102 Fabaceae Leptodesmia microphylla (Thunb.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Herb 1800 2300 √ 1103 Fabaceae Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.-Cours.) G. Don Herb 1900 2000 √ 1104 Fabaceae Lespedeza gerardiana Wall. ex Maxim. Herb 2400 2600 √ 1105 Fabaceae Lespedeza juncea f. variegata (Cambess.) H.Ohashi Herb 2300 3000 √ 1106 Fabaceae Lespedeza tomentosa (Thunb.) Siebold ex Maxim. Herb 2200 2300 √ 1107 Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Tree 1500 1500 √ 1108 Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus L. Herb 3000 3700 √ 1109 Fabaceae Lotus corniculatus subsp. japonicus (Regel) H.Ohashi Herb 1500 3900 √ 1110 Fabaceae Macrotyloma biflorum var. biflorum √ 1111 Fabaceae Medicago edgeworthii Sirj. Herb 2200 3600 √ √ 1112 Fabaceae Medicago lupulina L. Herb 1000 4000 √ 1113 Fabaceae Melilotus albus Medik. Herb 200 1000 √ 1114 Fabaceae Mezoneuron cucullatum (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Woody climber 150 1800 √ 1115 Fabaceae Millettia nepalensis R.Parker Woody climber 1500 2500 √ 1116 Fabaceae Mimosa rubicaulis subsp. himalayana (Gamble) H.Ohashi Tree 300 1900 √ 1117 Fabaceae Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Herbaceous climber 150 1200 √ 1118 Fabaceae Ormosia glauca Wall. Tree 600 1000 √ 1119 Fabaceae Ototropis elegans (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 1200 3000 √ √ 1120 Fabaceae Ototropis elegans var. nutans (Hook.) H. Ohashi & K. Shrub 2800 3000 √ Ohashi

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 105 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1121 Fabaceae Ototropis multiflora (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub? 1800 2600 √ 1122 Fabaceae Ototropis sequax (Wall.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 800 2200 √ 1123 Fabaceae Oxytropis arenae-ripariae Vassilcz. Herb 4500 4700 √ 1124 Fabaceae Oxytropis duthieana Ali Herb 3500 5000 √ 1125 Fabaceae Oxytropis fasciculiflorum Vassilcz. Herb 5600 5600 √ √ 1126 Fabaceae Oxytropis graminetorum Vassilcz. Herb 3800 4300 √ 1127 Fabaceae Oxytropis kansuensis Bunge Herb 4200 4500 √ 1128 Fabaceae Oxytropis pauciflora Bunge √ 1129 Fabaceae Oxytropis tatarica Hook.f. & Thomson ex Bunge √ 1130 Fabaceae Oxytropis torrentium Vassilcz. Herb 4200 4200 √ 1131 Fabaceae Oxytropis williamsii Vassilcz. Herb 2500 4400 √ √ 1132 Fabaceae Parochetus communis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 900 4000 √ √ 1133 Fabaceae Phanera retusa Benth. ? 1200 1400 √ 1134 Fabaceae Phanera vahlii (Wight & Arn.) Benth. Climbing shrub 200 1300 √ 1135 Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris L. √ 1136 Fabaceae Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. Shrub 200 500 √ 1137 Fabaceae Phyllolobium donianum (DC.) M.L.Zhang & Podlech ? 2900 4500 √ √ 1138 Fabaceae Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. Tree 200 650 √ 1139 Fabaceae Piptanthus nepalensis (Hook.) Sweet Shrub 2000 3800 √ √ 1140 Fabaceae Pisum sativum L. Herbaceous climber 1200 4000 √ √ 1141 Fabaceae Pueraria peduncularis (Benth.)Benth. Herbaceous climber 2000 3000 √ 1142 Fabaceae Pueraria sikkimensis Prain √ 1143 Fabaceae Pueraria tuberosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC. Woody climber 300 1500 √ 1144 Fabaceae Rhynchosia falconeri Baker Shrub 1900 2000 √ 1145 Fabaceae Rhynchosia himalensis Benth. ex Baker Herbaceous climber 2500 2800 √ 1146 Fabaceae Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Herbaceous climber 1800 1900 √ 1147 Fabaceae Rhynchosia nepalensis H.Ohashi & Tateishi ? 1000 1100 √ 1148 Fabaceae Rhynchosia pseudocajan Cambess. Shrub 1300 2300 √ 1149 Fabaceae catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. Tree 200 1400 √ 1150 Fabaceae Senegalia pennata (L.) Maslin Climbing shrub 200 1100 √ 1151 Fabaceae Senegalia rugata (Lam.) Britton & Rose Climbing shrub 400 800 √ 1152 Fabaceae Senna floribunda (Cav.)H.S.Irwin & Barneby Shrub 700 2200 √ 1153 Fabaceae Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Shrub 200 1400 √ √ 1154 Fabaceae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Herb or shrub 450 1300 √ √ 1155 Fabaceae Sesbania aculeata (Schreb.) Pers. Herb or shrub 150 700 √ 1156 Fabaceae Smithia ciliata Royle Herb 1200 2800 √ 1157 Fabaceae Smithia sensitiva Aiton Herb 200 1200 √ 1158 Fabaceae Sohmaea laxiflora (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 600 1000 √ 1159 Fabaceae Sophora mollis (Royle) Graham ex Baker Shrub 1700 1700 √

106 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1160 Fabaceae Spatholobus parviflorus (Roxb. ex G.Don) Kuntze ? 200 2000 √ 1161 Fabaceae Tadehagi triquetrum (L.) H.Ohashi Shrub 600 1100 √ 1162 Fabaceae Tateishia concinna (DC.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi Shrub 1300 2200 √ 1163 Fabaceae Thermopsis barbata Benth. Herb 2700 4600 √ √ 1164 Fabaceae Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H.P.Tsui Herb 3300 4600 √ √ 1165 Fabaceae Trifolium resupinatum L. √ 1166 Fabaceae Trigonella emodi Benth. Herb 1300 4900 √ 1167 Fabaceae Trigonella gracilis Benth. 2200 3400 √ 1168 Fabaceae Uraria lagopodioides (L.) DC. Shrub 150 1400 √ 1169 Fabaceae Uraria lagopus DC. Shrub 1400 2400 √ 1170 Fabaceae Uraria picta (Jacq.) Desv. ex DC. Herb? 1000 1100 √ 1171 Fabaceae Vachellia farnesiana (L.) Wight & Arn. Shrub or tree 200 1100 √ √ 1172 Fabaceae Vicia bakeri Ali Herbaceous climber 2700 3200 √ 1173 Fabaceae Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Herbaceous climber 200 2700 √ 1174 Fabaceae Vicia lens (L.) Coss. & Germ. Herbaceous climber 150 1000 √ √ 1175 Fabaceae Vicia sativa subsp. nigra Ehrh. Herbaceous climber 200 4000 √ 1176 Fabaceae Vicia tenuifolia Roth Herbaceous climber 1600 2200 √ 1177 Fabaceae Vigna angularis var. nipponensis (Willd.) Ohwi & H. Herbaceous climber? 1500 2600 √ √ Ohashi 1178 Fabaceae Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper √ 1179 Fabaceae Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi √ 1180 Fabaceae Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. √ 1181 Fabaceae Vigna vexillata var. angustifolia (Schumach. & Thonn.) Herbaceous climber 900 1900 √ Baker 1182 Fabaceae Zornia gibbosa Span. Herb 450 2200 √ 1183 Fagaceae Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A.DC. Tree 450 2300 √ 1184 Fagaceae Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus. ex Soepadmo Tree 1400 2000 √ 1185 Fagaceae Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus Tree 2100 2700 √ √ 1186 Fagaceae Quercus glauca Thunb. Tree 450 3100 √ √ 1187 Fagaceae Quercus lanata Sm. Tree 460 2600 √ √ 1188 Fagaceae Quercus oblongata D.Don √ 1189 Fagaceae Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. Tree 1700 3800 √ √ 1190 Gentianaceae Canscora alata (Roth) Wall. Herb 750 2300 √ 1191 Gentianaceae Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Herb 150 750 √ 1192 Gentianaceae Centaurium centaurioides (Roxb.) S.R.Rao & Hemadri Herb 600 600 √ 1193 Gentianaceae Comastoma pedunculatum (Royle ex G.Don) Holub Herb √ 1194 Gentianaceae Gentiana argentea (Royle ex D.Don) Royle ex D.Don Herb 1600 4400 √ √ 1195 Gentianaceae Gentiana bryoides Burkill Herb 300 4500 √ 1196 Gentianaceae Gentiana capitata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 1500 4500 √ 1197 Gentianaceae Gentiana capitata var. andersonii C.B. Clarke Herb 2000 2700 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 107 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1198 Gentianaceae Gentiana crassuloides Bureau & Franch. Herb 3600 4800 √ 1199 Gentianaceae Gentiana decemfida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 900 1200 √ 1200 Gentianaceae Gentiana karelinii Griseb. Herb √ √ 1201 Gentianaceae Gentiana micantiformis Burkill √ 1202 Gentianaceae Gentiana nubigena Edgew. Herb √ 1203 Gentianaceae Gentiana pedicellata (D.Don) Griseb. Herb 750 3800 √ 1204 Gentianaceae Gentiana stipitata Edgew. herb 3600 4500 √ 1205 Gentianaceae Gentiana straminea Maxim. Herb 3300 4300 √ 1206 Gentianaceae Gentiana tibetica King ex Hook.f. Herb 3700 4500 √ 1207 Gentianaceae Gentiana tubiflora (G.Don) Griseb. Herb 4000 5700 √ 1208 Gentianaceae Gentiana venusta (G.Don) Wall. ex Griseb. Herb 3000 5800 √ 1209 Gentianaceae Gentianella angustiflora Harry Sm. Herb 3800 4600 √ 1210 Gentianaceae Gentianella azurea (Bunge) Holub √ 1211 Gentianaceae Gentianella lowndesii Harry Sm. Herb 3500 4500 √ 1212 Gentianaceae Gentianella maddenii (C.B.Clarke) Airy Shaw Herb 2900 3300 √ 1213 Gentianaceae Gentianella moorcroftiana (Wall. ex Griseb.) Airy Shaw Herb 2900 5200 √ 1214 Gentianaceae Gentianopsis contorta (Royle) Ma Herb √ 1215 Gentianaceae Gentianopsis paludosa (Hook.f.) Ma Herb √ √ 1216 Gentianaceae Halenia elliptica D.Don Herb 2000 4500 √ 1217 Gentianaceae Jaeschkea oligosperma Knobl. √ 1218 Gentianaceae Lomatogonium carinthiacum (Wulfen) A.Braun Herb 3500 5000 √ 1219 Gentianaceae Lomatogonium sikkimense (Burkill) Harry Sm. Herb 3000 5000 √ 1220 Gentianaceae Swertia alata (D.Don ex G.Don) Royle ex C.B.Clarke Herb 2000 3600 √ √ 1221 Gentianaceae Swertia angustifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 600 2600 √ 1222 Gentianaceae Swertia angustifolia var. pulchella Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don Herb 2000 2000 √ 1223 Gentianaceae Swertia cordata (G.Don) Wall. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 2000 3000 √ √ 1224 Gentianaceae Swertia cuneata D.Don Herb 3900 5000 √ 1225 Gentianaceae Swertia kingii Hook.f. √ 1226 Gentianaceae Swertia lurida (D.Don) C.B.Clarke Herb 2500 2500 √ 1227 Gentianaceae Swertia macrosperma (C.B.Clarke) C.B.Clarke Herb 2000 3200 √ 1228 Gentianaceae Swertia multicaulis D.Don Herb 4000 4900 √ 1229 Gentianaceae Swertia nervosa (G.Don) Wall. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 700 3000 √ 1230 Gentianaceae Swertia paniculata Wall. Herb 1500 4000 √ √ 1231 Gentianaceae Swertia petiolata D.Don Herb 5600 5600 √ √ 1232 Gentianaceae Swertia purpurascens (D.Don) C.B.Clarke Herb 2800 4000 √ √ 1233 Gentianaceae Swertia racemosa (Griseb.) Wall. ex C.B.Clarke Herb 3000 5000 √ 1234 Gentianaceae Swertia speciosa D.Don Herb 3000 1400 √ 1235 Gentianaceae Swertia tetragona Edgew. Herb 2400 3300 √ 1236 Gentianaceae Tripterospermum volubile (D.Don) H.Hara Herb 2000 3200 √

108 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1237 Geraniaceae Erodium stephanianum Willd. Herb 2500 4000 √ 1238 Geraniaceae Geranium donianum Sweet Herb 3200 4800 √ √ 1239 Geraniaceae Geranium himalayense Klotzsch Herb 2500 4200 √ √ 1240 Geraniaceae Geranium lamberti Sweet Herb 3200 4200 √ 1241 Geraniaceae Geranium lucidum L. Herb 3000 3000 √ 1242 Geraniaceae Geranium nepalense Sweet Herb 1500 4000 √ √ 1243 Geraniaceae Geranium ocellatum Jacquem. ex Cambess. Herb 900 2400 √ √ 1244 Geraniaceae Geranium pratense L. Herb 2200 3500 √ √ 1245 Geraniaceae Geranium refractum Edgew. & Hook.f. Herb 3500 4800 √ 1246 Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum L. Herb 2100 2100 √ 1247 Geraniaceae Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet Herb 2100 4200 √ √ 1248 Gesneriaceae Aeschynanthus parviflorus (D.Don) Spreng. Epiphytic shrub 1200 2100 √ 1249 Gesneriaceae Corallodiscus lanuginosus (Wall. ex R.Br.) B.L.Burtt Herb 1000 3400 √ √ 1250 Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus aromaticus D.Don Herb 1600 3000 √ 1251 Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus pedicellatus R.Br. Herb 500 2500 √ 1252 Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus primulifolius D.Don Herb 1900 3200 √ 1253 Gesneriaceae Henckelia bifolia (D.Don) A.Dietr. Herb 1000 1400 √ 1254 Gesneriaceae Henckelia pumila (D.Don) A.Dietr. Herb 910 2300 √ 1255 Gesneriaceae Henckelia urticifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) A.Dietr. Herb 900 2300 √ 1256 Gesneriaceae Platystemma violoides Wall. Herb 1800 3400 √ 1257 Gesneriaceae Rhynchoglossum obliquum Blume Herb 800 2100 √ 1258 Grossulariaceae Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. Shrub 3200 3600 √ √ 1259 Grossulariaceae Ribes glaciale Wall. Shrub 2600 4400 √ √ 1260 Grossulariaceae Ribes griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson Shrub 2900 4000 √ √ 1261 Grossulariaceae Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne. shrub 2700 3500 √ √ 1262 Grossulariaceae Ribes takare D.Don Shrub 2200 3300 √ 1263 Haloragaceae Myriophyllum spicatum L. Aquatic herb 3000 3000 √ 1264 Hydrangeaceae Deutzia compacta Craib Shrub 2100 3400 √ 1265 Hydrangeaceae Deutzia staminea R.Br. ex Wall. Shrub 1700 3200 √ √ 1266 Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea anomala D.Don Climbing shrub 1900 2700 √ 1267 Hydrangeaceae Hydrangea heteromalla D.Don Shrub or tree 2400 3300 √ √ 1268 Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus tomentosus f. nepalensis (Koehne) H.Hara Shrub 2300 3300 √ 1269 Hydrangeaceae Philadelphus tomentosus Wall. ex G.Don Shrub 2000 3300 √ √ 1270 Hydrocharitaceae Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Aquatic herb 600 1600 √ 1271 Hydrocharitaceae Najas graminea Delile Aquatic herb 300 2300 √ 1272 Hydrocharitaceae Nechamandra alternifolia (Roxb. ex Wight) Thwaites Aquatic herb 600 900 √ 1273 Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria natans (Lour.) H.Hara Aquatic herb 300 300 √ 1274 Hypericaceae Hypericum choisyanum Wall. ex N.Robson Shrub 2400 3600 √ 1275 Hypericaceae Hypericum dyeri Rehder Shrub 1800 2500 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 109 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1276 Hypericaceae Hypericum elodeoides Choisy Herb 1200 3300 √ 1277 Hypericaceae Hypericum himalaicum N.Robson Herb 3000 3500 √ 1278 Hypericaceae Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Herb 150 2600 √ √ 1279 Hypericaceae Hypericum oblongifolium Choisy Shrub 800 2100 √ √ 1280 Hypericaceae Hypericum petiolulatum Hook.f. & Thomson ex Dyer Herb 2200 2600 √ 1281 Hypericaceae Hypericum podocarpoides N.Robson Shrub 800 2100 √ 1282 Hypericaceae Hypericum uralum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 1200 3600 √ 1283 Hypericaceae Hypericum williamsiiHypericum williamsii N.Robson Shrub 1800 2900 √ √ 1284 Hypoxidaceae Hypoxis aurea Lour. Herb 1700 2900 √ √ 1285 decora Wall. √ 1286 Iridaceae Iris goniocarpa Baker Herb 3600 4400 √ √ 1287 Iridaceae Iris kemaonensis Wall. ex D.Don Herb 2500 4300 √ √ 1288 Juglandaceae Engelhardia spicata Lechen ex Blume Tree 400 1700 √ 1289 Juglandaceae Engelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana Lesch. ex Blume Tree 800 1700 √ 1290 Juglandaceae Juglans regia var. kamaonia C. DC. Tree 1200 2100 √ 1291 Juncaceae Juncus articulatus L. Herb 2300 3800 √ 1292 Juncaceae Juncus bufonius L. Herb 1100 2400 √ 1293 Juncaceae Juncus concinnus D.Don Herb 1800 5200 √ √ 1294 Juncaceae Juncus inflexus L. Herb 2100 3200 √ 1295 Juncaceae Juncus kingii Rendle Herb 3200 5000 √ 1296 Juncaceae Juncus leucanthus Royle ex D.Don Herb 3000 4900 √ 1297 Juncaceae Juncus leucomelas Royle ex D.Don Herb 3000 5600 √ 1298 Juncaceae Juncus membranaceus Royle Herb 3000 3700 √ 1299 Juncaceae Juncus prismatocarpus subsp. leschenaultii (Gay ex Herb 900 1800 √ Laharpe) Kirschner 1300 Juncaceae Juncus sphacelatus Decne. Herb 4100 5200 √ √ 1301 Juncaceae Juncus thomsonii Buchenau Herb 2700 5200 √ √ 1302 Juncaceae Juncus wallichianus J.Gay ex Laharpe √ 1303 Juncaceae Luzula multiflora (Ehrh.) Lej. Herb 3200 4000 √ 1304 Juncaginaceae Triglochin maritima L. Aquatic herb 2600 4600 √ 1305 Lamiaceae Ajuga brachystemon Maxim. Herb 2700 3000 √ 1306 Lamiaceae Ajuga integrifolia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 1200 5100 √ √ 1307 Lamiaceae Ajuga lupulina Maxim. Herb 2200 4500 √ √ 1308 Lamiaceae Ajuga macrosperma Wall. ex Benth. Herb 750 1500 √ 1309 Lamiaceae Ajuga parviflora Benth. Herb 600 1500 √ 1310 Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Herb 200 2400 √ √ 1311 Lamiaceae Callicarpa arborea Roxb. Tree 250 2000 √ 1312 Lamiaceae Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl Shrub or Tree 300 1500 √ 1313 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze Shrub 200 1400 √

110 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1314 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum infortunatum L. Shrub 100 1500 √ 1315 Lamiaceae Clinopodium nepalense (Kitam. & Murata) Bräuchler & ? 1900 3600 √ √ Heubl 1316 Lamiaceae Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) K.Koch Herb 180 3400 √ √ 1317 Lamiaceae Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm. Shrub 250 1700 √ 1318 Lamiaceae Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G.Don Herb √ 1319 Lamiaceae Coleus barbatus (Andrews) Benth. ex G.Don √ 1320 Lamiaceae Colquhounia coccinea Wall. Shrub 1200 4200 √ √ 1321 Lamiaceae Craniotome furcata (Link) Kuntze Herb 1000 2400 √ 1322 Lamiaceae Discretitheca nepalensis (Moldenke) P.D.Cantino Shrub 900 2100 √ 1323 Lamiaceae Dracocephalum heterophyllum Benth. Herb 3400 5500 √ 1324 Lamiaceae Dracocephalum wallichii Sealy Herb 3000 5000 √ 1325 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth. Herb 300 2000 √ 1326 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyl. Herb 1500 3400 √ √ 1327 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia densa Benth. Herb 2400 4600 √ √ 1328 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia eriostachya (Benth.) Benth. Herb 3000 4800 √ √ 1329 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder Herb 180 4200 √ √ 1330 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia pilosa (Benth.) Benth. Herb 1500 2500 √ 1331 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia stachyodes (Link) Raizada & H.O.Saxena Herb 1200 1800 √ 1332 Lamiaceae Elsholtzia strobilifera (Benth.) Benth. Herb 1900 4800 √ √ 1333 Lamiaceae Eriophyton tuberosum (Hedge) Ryding Herb 3900 4800 √ √ 1334 Lamiaceae Eriophyton wallichii Benth. Herb 4000 5400 √ √ 1335 Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Roxb. ex Sm. Tree 200 1100 √ 1336 Lamiaceae Gomphostemma melissaefolium (Roxb.) Benth. Herb 1100 1200 √ 1337 Lamiaceae Holmskioldia sanguinea Retz. Shrub 300 1500 √ 1338 Lamiaceae Isodon lophanthoides (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Hara Herb 1500 3000 √ 1339 Lamiaceae Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (Benth.) H.Hara Herb 2400 2500 √ 1340 Lamiaceae Isodon pharicus (Prain) Murata √ 1341 Lamiaceae Isodon rugosus (Wall. ex Benth.) Codd Herb 1200 3100 √ √ 1342 Lamiaceae Lamium album L. Herb 1500 3700 √ 1343 Lamiaceae Lamium amplexicaule L. Herb 1200 3700 √ 1344 Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Herb 200 600 √ 1345 Lamiaceae Leonurus cardiaca L. Herb 2400 3600 √ 1346 Lamiaceae Leonurus pubescens Benth. √ 1347 Lamiaceae Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Herb 150 2400 √ 1348 Lamiaceae Leucas lanata Benth. Herb or shrub 700 1100 √ √ 1349 Lamiaceae Leucas mollissima Wall. ex Benth. Shrub 500 2400 √ 1350 Lamiaceae Leucosceptrum canum Sm. Shrub 1000 2800 √ 1351 Lamiaceae Marmoritis decolorans (Hemsl.) H.W.Li Herb 4300 5500 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 111 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1352 Lamiaceae Marmoritis nivalis (Benth.) Hedge Herb 4300 5500 √ √ 1353 Lamiaceae Mentha longifolia (L.) L. Herb 1600 2700 √ 1354 Lamiaceae Mentha spicata L. Herb 1800 2700 √ 1355 Lamiaceae Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze √ 1356 Lamiaceae Micromeria biflora (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Benth. Shrub 900 4000 √ √ 1357 Lamiaceae Micromeria biflora var. hispida Kitam. & Murata Shrub 2900 4000 √ 1358 Lamiaceae Nepeta ciliaris Benth. Herb 2000 3900 √ √ 1359 Lamiaceae Nepeta coerulescens Maxim. Herb 3700 5300 √ √ 1360 Lamiaceae Nepeta discolor Royle ex Benth. Herb 3300 5000 √ 1361 Lamiaceae Nepeta elliptica Royle ex Benth. Herb 1700 2700 √ 1362 Lamiaceae Nepeta hindostana (B.Heyne ex Roth) Haines Herb 1200 1200 √ √ 1363 Lamiaceae Nepeta laevigata (D.Don) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 2000 5000 √ √ 1364 Lamiaceae Nepeta lamiopsis Benth. ex Hook.f. Herb 3300 5300 √ √ 1365 Lamiaceae Nepeta staintonii Hedge Herb 4100 5000 √ √ 1366 Lamiaceae Ocimum gratissimum L. Shrub 400 1200 √ 1367 Lamiaceae Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb 400 900 √ 1368 Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare L. Herb 600 4000 √ 1369 Lamiaceae Orthosiphon rubicundus (D.Don) Benth. Shrub 900 900 √ 1370 Lamiaceae Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton Herb 600 2400 √ 1371 Lamiaceae Phlomoides bracteosa (Royle ex Benth.) Kamelin & Herb 2400 4100 √ √ Makhm. 1372 Lamiaceae Phlomoides hamosa (Benth.) Mathiesen Herb 1500 2600 √ 1373 Lamiaceae Phlomoides macrophylla (Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. Herb? Or shrub? 2300 4500 √ 1374 Lamiaceae Phlomoides macrophylla (Benth.) Kamelin & Makhm. √ 1375 Lamiaceae Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen Herb √ 1376 Lamiaceae Phlomoides spectabilis (Falc. ex Benth.) Kamelin & Herb? Or shrub? 3700 3700 √ Makhm. 1377 Lamiaceae Platostoma coloratum (D.Don) A.J.Paton Herb 150 1600 √ 1378 Lamiaceae Platostoma hispidum (L.) A.J.Paton Herb or shrub 600 900 √ 1379 Lamiaceae Pogostemon benghalensis (Burm.f.) Kuntze Herb 150 1300 √ 1380 Lamiaceae Pogostemon cruciatus (Benth.) Kuntze Herb 600 2400 √ 1381 Lamiaceae Pogostemon glaber Benth. Herb 300 1900 √ 1382 Lamiaceae Premna barbata Wall. ex Schauer Tree or Shrub 700 1500 √ 1383 Lamiaceae Premna interrupta Wall. ex Schauer Shrub/climber 1000 2400 √ 1384 Lamiaceae Prunella vulgaris L. Herb 1200 3800 √ √ 1385 Lamiaceae Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb. Shrub 400 1600 √ 1386 Lamiaceae Roylea cinerea (D.Don) Baill. Shrub 1200 3700 √ 1387 Lamiaceae Salvia asperata Falc. ex Benth. Herb √ 1388 Lamiaceae Salvia cana Wall. ex Benth. Herb 1500 3000 √ √

112 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1389 Lamiaceae Salvia coccinea Juss. ex Murr. Shrub 800 1500 √ 1390 Lamiaceae Salvia hians Royle ex Benth. Herb 2600 4100 √ √ 1391 Lamiaceae Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth. Herb 2000 3000 √ √ 1392 Lamiaceae Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sweet Herb 2100 3600 √ 1393 Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia R.Br. Herb 170 1100 √ 1394 Lamiaceae Salvia roborowskii Maxim. ? 3000 5000 √ √ 1395 Lamiaceae Scutellaria discolor Wall. ex Benth. Herb 700 2400 √ 1396 Lamiaceae Scutellaria grossa Wall. Herb 2100 3100 √ 1397 Lamiaceae Scutellaria prostrata Jacquem. ex Benth. Herb 2400 4500 √ √ 1398 Lamiaceae Scutellaria repens Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 600 2100 √ 1399 Lamiaceae Scutellaria scandens D.Don Herb 1200 2400 √ 1400 Lamiaceae Stachys melissifolia Benth. Herb 2100 4000 √ 1401 Lamiaceae Teucrium quadrifarium Herb or shrub 1200 2400 √ 1402 Lamiaceae Teucrium royleanum Wall. ex Benth. Herb 1300 2800 √ 1403 Lamiaceae Thymus linearis Benth. Herb 2400 4500 √ √ 1404 Lamiaceae Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia (Siebold & Zucc.) Shrub or Tree 600 1100 √ Hand.-Mazz. 1405 Lamiaceae Vitex negundo var. negundo Shrub or Tree 100 1200 √ 1406 Lardizabalaceae Stauntonia latifolia (Wall.) R.Br. ex Wall. Climbing shrub 2000 4000 √ 1407 Lauraceae Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisn. Tree 2100 2600 √ √ 1408 Lauraceae Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 2000 2500 √ 1409 Lauraceae Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & C.H.Eberm. Tree 450 2000 √ √ 1410 Lauraceae Dodecadenia grandiflora Nees √ 1411 Lauraceae Lindera nacusua (D.Don) Merr. Shrub or tree 1300 1800 √ 1412 Lauraceae Lindera pulcherrima (Nees) Benth. ex Hook.f. Tree 1400 2700 √ 1413 Lauraceae Litsea elongata (Nees) Hook.f. Shrub or tree 2000 2600 √ √ 1414 Lauraceae Machilus duthiei King ex Hook.f. Tree 1000 2900 √ √ 1415 Lauraceae Machilus gamblei King ex Hook.f. Tree 750 1800 √ 1416 Lauraceae Machilus odoratissima Nees Tree 1000 2000 √ √ 1417 Lauraceae Machilus sericea (Nees) Blume Tree 1350 1670 √ 1418 Lauraceae Neolitsea pallens (D.Don) Momiy. & H.Hara Shrub or tree 2000 3000 √ √ 1419 Lauraceae Phoebe cathia (D.Don) Kosterm. Tree 300 2200 √ 1420 Lauraceae Phoebe lanceolata (Nees) Nees Tree 300 1100 √ 1421 Lentibulariaceae Pinguicula alpina L. Insectivorous herb 3000 4400 √ √ 1422 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia bifida L. √ 1423 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia multicaulis Oliv. Acquatic 1400 3900 √ insectivorous herb 1424 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia recta P.Taylor Acquatic 1000 3700 √ insectivorous herb

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 113 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1425 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia striatula Sm. Acquatic 1000 3200 √ insectivorous herb 1426 Cardiocrinum giganteum (Wall.) Makino Herb 1800 3000 √ 1427 Liliaceae udensis var. alpina (Kunth ex Baker) H.Hara Herb 3200 4000 √ 1428 Liliaceae Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don Herb 3000 4600 √ √ 1429 Liliaceae Gagea flavonutans (H.Hara) Zarrei & Wilkin √ 1430 Liliaceae Gagea lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. Herb 3000 4300 √ √ 1431 Liliaceae Gagea serotina (L.) Ker Gawl. Herb 3500 4900 √ √ 1432 Liliaceae Lilium nanum Klotzsch 3700 4600 √ √ 1433 Liliaceae Lilium nepalense D.Don Herb 3400 5100 √ √ 1434 Liliaceae Lilium oxypetalum (D.Don) Baker √ 1435 Liliaceae Lloydia longiscapa Hook. Herb 4000 5000 √ √ 1436 Liliaceae Notholirion macrophyllum (D.Don) Boiss. Herb 2700 4400 √ √ 1437 Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Herb 150 3800 √ 1438 Linaceae Reinwardtia indica Dumort. Shrub 300 2300 √ 1439 Linderniaceae Bonnaya antipoda (L.) Druce Herb 500 2300 √ 1440 Linderniaceae Bonnaya ciliata (Colsm.) Spreng. Herb 700 1500 √ 1441 Linderniaceae Craterostigma nummulariifolium (D.Don) Eb.Fisch., Herb 900 2900 √ Schäferh. & Kai Müll. 1442 Linderniaceae Lindernia procumbens (Krock.) Philcox Herb 200 2400 √ 1443 Linderniaceae Torenia cordifolia Roxb. Herb 1000 1600 √ 1444 Linderniaceae Torenia crustacea (L.) Cham. & Schltdl. Herb 250 1800 √ 1445 Linderniaceae Torenia violacea (Azaola ex Blanco) Pennell Herb 400 1800 √ 1446 Linderniaceae Vandellia anagallis (Burm. fil.) T. Yamaz. Herb 300 1400 √ 1447 Linderniaceae Vandellia micrantha (D.Don) Eb.Fisch., Schäferh. & Kai Herb 200 1100 √ Müll. 1448 Loganaceae Gardneria angustifolia Wall. Climbing shrub 2100 2700 √ 1449 Loganaceae Mitreola pedicellata Benth. Herb 900 2000 √ 1450 Loganaceae Mitreola petiolata (J.F.Gmel.) Torr. & A.Gray Herb 600 1000 √ 1451 Loranthaceae Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Shrub, hemiparasitic 150 900 √ 1452 Loranthaceae Helixanthera ligustrina (Wall.) Danser Shrub, hemiparasitic 900 1700 √ √ 1453 Loranthaceae Macrosolen cochinchinensis (Lour.) Tiegh. Hemiparasitic 250 1700 √ 1454 Loranthaceae Scurrula elata (Edgew.) Danser Hemiparasitic 1600 2700 √ √ 1455 Loranthaceae Scurrula parasitica L. Hemiparasitic 200 2200 √ 1456 Loranthaceae Scurrula pulverulenta (Wall.) G.Don Hemiparasitic 200 1400 √ 1457 Loranthaceae Taxillus vestitus (Wall.) Danser Hemiparasitic 150 1500 √ 1458 Lythraceae Ammannia auriculata Willd. Herb 700 1400 √ 1459 Lythraceae Ammannia baccifera L. Herb 200 1000 √ 1460 Lythraceae Ammannia multiflora Roxb. Herb 200 1300 √ 1461 Lythraceae Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Herb 200 800 √

114 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1462 Lythraceae Rotala densiflora (Roth) Koehne Herb 1800 2700 √ 1463 Lythraceae Rotala rotundifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Koehne Herb 300 2300 √ 1464 Lythraceae Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Herb 200 1800 √ 1465 Malpighiaceae Aspidopterys nutans (Roxb. ex DC.) A.Juss. Climbing shrub 300 1100 √ 1466 Malpighiaceae Hiptage benghalensis (L.) Kurz Climbing shrub 300 1100 √ 1467 Malvaceae Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. Herb 150 1000 √ 1468 Malvaceae Abelmoschus manihot subsp. tetraphyllus var. pungens Shrub 700 1700 √ (L.) Medik. 1469 Malvaceae Corchorus aestuans L. √ 1470 Malvaceae Firmiana colorata (Roxb.) R.Br. Tree 250 250 √ 1471 Malvaceae Firmiana fulgens (Wall. ex Mast.) K.Schum. Tree 400 1500 √ 1472 Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum L. Herb or shrub 700 1400 √ 1473 Malvaceae Grewia asiatica L. Tree 400 1500 √ 1474 Malvaceae Grewia helicterifolia Wall. ex G.Don Shrub 150 1500 √ 1475 Malvaceae Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret Tree 150 1800 √ 1476 Malvaceae Grewia sapida Roxb. ex DC. Shrub √ 1477 Malvaceae Grewia serrulata DC. Tree 300 1100 √ 1478 Malvaceae Kydia calycina Roxb. Tree 150 900 √ 1479 Malvaceae Malva kashmiriana Alef. Herb 500 3600 √ 1480 Malvaceae Malva verticillata L. Herb 2100 3000 √ √ 1481 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. √ 1482 Malvaceae Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. Herb 400 1800 √ 1483 Malvaceae Sida cordifolia L. Tree 500 1100 √ √ 1484 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. √ 1485 Malvaceae Sterculia villosa Roxb. ex Sm. Tree 300 600 √ 1486 Malvaceae Thespesia lampas (Cav.) Dalzell & A. Gibson Shrub or tree 200 1100 √ 1487 Malvaceae Triumfetta annua L. Herb 1000 1700 √ 1488 Malvaceae Triumfetta pilosa Roth Herb 1000 1700 √ 1489 Malvaceae Triumfetta rhomboidea Jacq. Herb or Shrub 600 1400 √ 1490 Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Herb 200 1300 √ 1491 Martyniaceae Martynia annua L. Herb 300 1200 √ √ 1492 Mazaceae Lancea tibetica Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3300 4400 √ 1493 Mazaceae Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis Herb 200 2900 √ √ 1494 Mazaceae Mazus surculosus D.Don Herb 900 3000 √ √ 1495 Melanthiaceae Paris polyphylla Sm. Herb 1800 3000 √ √ 1496 Melanthiaceae Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D.Don Herb 2700 4000 √ √ 1497 Melastomataceae Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 1300 2600 √ 1498 Melastomataceae Sonerila tenera Royle Herb 600 1500 √ 1499 Meliaceae Heynea trijuga Roxb. Tree 700 2400 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 115 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1500 Meliaceae Melia azedarach L. Tree 700 1100 √ 1501 Meliaceae Toona hexandra (Wall.) M.Roem. Tree 200 1700 √ √ 1502 Meliaceae Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. Tree 2100 2300 √ √ 1503 Meliaceae Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. Tree 1200 1200 √ 1504 Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira L. Climbing shrub 150 2200 √ 1505 Menispermaceae Cocculus laurifolius DC. Climbing shrub 1000 1500 √ 1506 Menispermaceae Stephania gracilenta Miers Climbing shrub 2100 2400 √ 1507 Menispermaceae Stephania rotunda Lour. √ 1508 Menyanthaceae Menyanthes trifoliata L. Aquatic herb 2900 2900 √ √ 1509 arnottiana (Miq.) Miq. Tree orshrub 500 2300 √ 1510 Moraceae Ficus assamica Miq. Shrub 300 300 √ 1511 Moraceae Ficus auriculata Lour. Tree 1000 1800 √ 1512 Moraceae Ficus benghalensis L. Tree 500 1200 √ 1513 Moraceae Ficus benjamina L. Tree 150 1200 √ 1514 Moraceae Ficus hederacea Roxb. Climbing shrub 500 1400 √ 1515 Moraceae Ficus hispida L.f. Shrub or tree 450 1100 √ 1516 Moraceae Ficus lacor Buch.-Ham. Tree 500 500 √ 1517 Moraceae Ficus microcarpa L.f. Tree?,epiphytic? 300 1100 √ 1518 Moraceae Ficus palmata Forssk. Shrub or tree 600 2300 √ √ 1519 Moraceae Ficus racemosa L. Tree 300 300 √ 1520 Moraceae L. Tree,epiphytic 150 1500 √ 1521 Moraceae Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Climbing shrub 1400 2500 √ √ 1522 Moraceae Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Tree 200 1700 √ 1523 Moraceae Ficus subincisa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Tree? Or shrub? 300 1800 √ 1524 Moraceae Ficus tinctoria subsp. gibbosa (Blume) Corner Shrub, epiphytic √ 1525 Moraceae Maclura cochinchinensis (Lour.) Corner Shrub? 600 1200 √ 1526 Moraceae Morus indica L. Tree 900 2400 √ 1527 Moraceae Morus serrata Roxb. Tree 1600 2400 √ √ 1528 Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Tree 450 1200 √ √ 1529 Myrtaceae Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree 300 1200 √ 1530 Myrtaceae Syzygium nervosum A.Cunn. ex DC. Tree 200 1400 √ 1531 Myrtaceae Syzygium venosum DC. Tree √ 1532 Nartheciaceae Aletris pauciflora (Klotzsch) Hand.-Mazz. 2500 4900 √ √ 1533 Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb 300 1200 √ 1534 Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis himalaica (Edgew.) Heimerl Herb 2300 4000 √ √ 1535 Nyctaginaceae Mirabilis jalapa L. Herb 460 1800 √ √ 1536 Oleaceae Chrysojasminum humile (L.) Banfi Shrub or tree 1600 3400 √ 1537 Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. √ 1538 Oleaceae Fraxinus micrantha Lingelsh. Tree 2100 3000 √

116 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1539 Oleaceae Jasminum arborescens Roxb. Shrub or tree 200 300 √ 1540 Oleaceae Jasminum dispermum Wall. Climbing shrub 1500 2300 √ 1541 Oleaceae Jasminum elongatum (P.J.Bergius) Willd. Climbing shrub 200 2000 √ 1542 Oleaceae Jasminum grandiflorum L. Climbing shrub 1000 1400 √ 1543 Oleaceae Jasminum humile var. revolutum L. Shrub or tree 900 2000 √ 1544 Oleaceae Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andrews Climbing shrub 300 1100 √ 1545 Oleaceae Jasminum nepalense Spreng. Climbing shrub 800 2500 √ 1546 Oleaceae Jasminum nervosum Lour. Climbing shrub 200 2000 √ 1547 Oleaceae Jasminum officinale L. Climbing shrub 1200 3000 √ √ 1548 Oleaceae Ligustrum compactum (Wall. ex G.Don) Hook.f. & Shrub or tree 2000 2300 √ Thomson ex Brandis 1549 Oleaceae Ligustrum confusum Decne. Shrub or tree 800 2900 √ 1550 Oleaceae Ligustrum nepalense Wall. Shrub or tree 1200 2700 √ 1551 Oleaceae Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Tree 200 1200 √ 1552 Oleaceae Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif. Shrub or tree 1110 2600 √ 1553 Oleaceae Olea paniculata R.Br. tree 500 1400 √ 1554 Oleaceae Osmanthus fragrans var. longifolius Lour. Tree orshrub 2400 3300 √ 1555 Oleaceae Syringa emodi Wall. ex Royle Shrub 2500 3600 √ √ 1556 Onagraceae Circaea alpina L. Herb 3300 4100 √ √ 1557 Onagraceae Circaea alpina subsp. imaicola L. Herb 2400 3400 √ 1558 Onagraceae Circaea alpina subsp. micrantha (Skvortsov) Boufford Herb 3500 3500 √ 1559 Onagraceae Circaea cordata Royle Herb 2600 2600 √ 1560 Onagraceae Epilobium amurense Hausskn. Herb 2400 3200 √ 1561 Onagraceae Epilobium angustifolium subsp. circumvagum Mosquin Herb 3300 3700 √ √ 1562 Onagraceae Epilobium hirsutum L. Herb 900 2100 √ 1563 Onagraceae Epilobium royleanum Hausskn. Herb 4100 4100 √ 1564 Onagraceae Epilobium sikkimense Hausskn. Herb 3000 4600 √ √ 1565 Onagraceae Epilobium speciosum Decne. Herb 3600 4200 √ √ 1566 Onagraceae Epilobium tibetanum Hausskn. Herb 2700 3500 √ 1567 Onagraceae Epilobium wallichianum Hausskn. Herb 1700 3000 √ 1568 Onagraceae Epilobium williamsii P.H.Raven Herb 3500 4800 √ 1569 Onagraceae Ludwigia adscendens (L.) H.Hara Herb 200 600 √ 1570 Onagraceae Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G.Don) Exell √ 1571 Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven Herb 200 900 √ 1572 Onagraceae Ludwigia perennis L. Herb 200 1400 √ 1573 Onagraceae Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. Herb 500 800 √ 1574 Onagraceae Oenothera rosea L'Hér. ex Aiton Herb 1100 2500 √ √ 1575 Orchidaceae Brachycorythis obcordata (Lindl. ex Wall.) Summerh. Herb 1000 2000 √ √ 1576 Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl.) Lindl. ex Wall. Epiphytic herb 2000 2000 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 117 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1577 Orchidaceae Bulbophyllum roseopictum J.J.Verm., Schuit. & de Vogel Epiphytic herb 1500 2100 √ 1578 Orchidaceae Calanthe alpina Hook.f. ex Lindl. Herb 2800 3200 √ 1579 Orchidaceae Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl. Herb 2000 2800 √ 1580 Orchidaceae Calanthe tricarinata Lindl. Herb 1500 3200 √ √ 1581 Orchidaceae Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch Herb 1200 3200 √ √ 1582 Orchidaceae Cleisostoma aspersum (Rchb.f.) Garay Epiphytic herb 600 1800 √ 1583 Orchidaceae Coelogyne cristata Lindl. Epiphytic herb 1000 2000 √ 1584 Orchidaceae Coelogyne nitida (Wall. ex D.Don) Lindl. Epiphytic herb 1300 2400 √ 1585 Orchidaceae Coelogyne ovalis Lindl. Epiphytic herb 1300 1700 √ 1586 Orchidaceae Corallorhiza trifida Châtel. Saprophytic herb 3800 3900 √ 1587 Orchidaceae Cypripedium cordigerum D.Don Herb 2800 3800 √ 1588 Orchidaceae Cypripedium himalaicum Rolfe Herb 3000 4800 √ √ 1589 Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D.Don) Soó Herb 2800 3960 √ √ 1590 Orchidaceae Dactylorhiza viridis (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & Herb 3100 3900 √ √ M.W.Chase 1591 Orchidaceae Dendrobium denudans D.Don Epiphytic herb 1500 2100 √ 1592 Orchidaceae Dendrobium transparens Wall. ex Lindl. Epiphytic herb 700 1800 √ 1593 Orchidaceae Dendrolirium lasiopetalum (Willd.) S.C.Chen & J.J.Wood Epiphytic herb √ 1594 Orchidaceae Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz Herb 2400 4400 √ √ 1595 Orchidaceae Epipactis royleana Lindl. Herb 1600 3500 √ √ 1596 Orchidaceae Epipactis veratrifolia Boiss. & Hohen. Herb 1200 1200 √ 1597 Orchidaceae Epipogium aphyllum Sw. Saprophytic herb 3000 3400 √ 1598 Orchidaceae Eulophia dabia (D.Don) Hochr. Herb 2000 2000 √ 1599 Orchidaceae Galearis roborovskii (Maxim.) S.C.Chen, P.J.Cribb & Epiphytic herb 3600 4800 √ S.W.Gale 1600 Orchidaceae Galearis spathulata (Lindl.) P.F.Hunt Epiphytic herb 3300 5000 √ √ 1601 Orchidaceae Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.) D.Don Epiphytic herb 1500 2200 √ 1602 Orchidaceae Goodyera biflora (Lindl.) Hook.f. Herb 2000 2000 √ 1603 Orchidaceae Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hook.f. Herb 3200 4700 √ 1604 Orchidaceae Goodyera procera (Ker Gawl.) Hook. Herb 900 900 √ 1605 Orchidaceae Goodyera repens (L.) R.Br. Herb 1000 4200 √ 1606 Orchidaceae Gymnadenia orchidis Lindl. Herb 3000 4700 √ √ 1607 Orchidaceae Habenaria aitchisonii Rchb.f. Herb 3000 3500 √ 1608 Orchidaceae Habenaria commelinifolia (Roxb.) Wall. ex Lindl. Herb 300 1200 √ 1609 Orchidaceae Habenaria intermedia D.Don Herb 2000 3000 √ 1610 Orchidaceae Habenaria marginata Colebr. Herb 500 900 √ 1611 Orchidaceae Habenaria pectinata D.Don Herb 900 3200 √ 1612 Orchidaceae Habenaria plantaginea Lindl. Herb 450 650 √ 1613 Orchidaceae Hemipilia cordifolia Lindl. Herb 1800 2300 √

118 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1614 Orchidaceae Herminium clavigerum (Lindl.) X.H.Jin, Schuit., Raskoti Herb 2000 4600 √ √ & Lu Q.Huang 1615 Orchidaceae Herminium elisabethae (Duthie) Tang & F.T.Wang Herb 2900 3200 √ 1616 Orchidaceae Herminium fallax (Lindl.) Hook.f. Herb 2700 3700 √ √ 1617 Orchidaceae Herminium josephi Rchb.f. Herb 2900 4600 √ 1618 Orchidaceae Herminium josephii Rchb. f. Herb 2700 4100 √ √ 1619 Orchidaceae Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk Herb 1500 3500 √ √ 1620 Orchidaceae Herminium latilabre (Lindl.) X.H.Jin, Schuit., Raskoti & Herb 900 4000 √ Lu Q.Huang 1621 Orchidaceae Herminium mackinnonii Duthie Herb 2400 2600 √ 1622 Orchidaceae Herminium monophyllum (D.Don) P.F.Hunt & Summerh. Herb 2400 2700 √ 1623 Orchidaceae Herminium monorchis (L.) R.Br. Herb 3400 4600 √ 1624 Orchidaceae Herminium pugioniforme Lindl. ex Hook.f. Herb 4000 5000 √ √ 1625 Orchidaceae Liparis pygmaea King & Pantl. Herb 3200 3500 √ 1626 Orchidaceae Liparis rostrata Rchb.f. Herb 2900 2900 √ 1627 Orchidaceae Malaxis muscifera (Lindl.) Kuntze Herb 2600 4100 √ √ 1628 Orchidaceae Neottia acuminata Schltr. Saprophytic herb 3200 3400 √ 1629 Orchidaceae Neottia listeroides Lindl. Saprophytic herb 3000 3200 √ √ 1630 Orchidaceae Neottia nepalensis (N.P.Balakr.) Szlach. Herb 3800 3800 √ 1631 Orchidaceae Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf. Epiphytic herb 1900 2300 √ 1632 Orchidaceae Otochilus porrectus Lindl. Epiphytic herb 1900 2300 √ 1633 Orchidaceae Pecteilis triflora (D.Don) Tang & F.T.Wang Herb 400 1200 √ 1634 Orchidaceae Pinalia bractescens (Lindl.) Kuntze Epiphytic herb √ 1635 Orchidaceae Platanthera japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Herb 2600 3100 √ 1636 Orchidaceae Ponerorchis chusua (D.Don) Soó Herb 2400 4900 √ √ 1637 Orchidaceae Ponerorchis cucullata var. calcicola (W.W.Sm.) X.H.Jin, Herb 3700 5000 √ √ Schuit. & W.T.Jin 1638 Orchidaceae Ponerorchis secundiflora (Kraenzl.) X.H.Jin, Schuit. & Herb 2500 3200 √ √ W.T.Jin 1639 Orchidaceae Satyrium nepalense D.Don Herb 600 4600 √ √ 1640 Orchidaceae Satyrium nepalense var. ciliatum (Lindl.) Hook.f. Herb 2000 3500 √ 1641 Orchidaceae Spiranthes sinensis var. amoena (Pers.) Ames Herb 100 4600 √ √ 1642 Orchidaceae Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Epiphytic herb √ 1643 Orchidaceae ymbidium crassifolium Herb. Epiphytic herb 900 1500 √ 1644 Orobanchaceae Centranthera cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. Hemiparasitic herb 200 1800 √ 1645 Orobanchaceae Euphrasia nepalensis Pugsley Hemiparasitic herb 2800 4300 √ 1646 Orobanchaceae Euphrasia schlagintweitii Wettst. Hemiparasitic herb 3500 3500 √ √ 1647 Orobanchaceae Leptorhabdos parviflora (Benth.) Benth. Herb 1700 3300 √ √ 1648 Orobanchaceae Lindenbergia grandiflora Benth. Herb 700 2400 √ 1649 Orobanchaceae Lindenbergia indica (L.) Vatke Herb 300 2600 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 119 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1650 Orobanchaceae Orobanche alba Stephan ex Willd. 2300 3400 √ √ 1651 Orobanchaceae Orobanche coerulescens Stephan ex Willd. √ 1652 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis anserantha T.Yamaz. Hemiparasitic herb 3900 4000 √ √ 1653 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis anserantha var. elevatogaleata (T.Yamaz.) T.Yamaz. √ 1654 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis bifida (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Pennell Hemiparasitic herb 1000 3500 √ 1655 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis confertiflora Prain Hemiparasitic herb 4100 4900 √ 1656 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis globifera Hook.f. Hemiparasitic herb 3900 5500 √ √ 1657 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis gracilis subsp. macrocarpa (Prain) Tsoong Hemiparasitic herb 2600 3800 √ 1658 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis gracilis Wall. ex Benth. Hemiparasitic herb 2200 3800 √ √ 1659 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis heydei Prain Hemiparasitic herb 4000 5000 √ 1660 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch Hemiparasitic herb 2300 3900 √ √ 1661 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis hookeriana Wall. ex Benn. Hemiparasitic herb 2900 4800 √ √ 1662 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis kansuensis Maxim. Hemiparasitic herb 3800 4100 √ 1663 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis klotzschii Hurus. Hemiparasitic herb 2300 4500 √ √ 1664 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis lachnoglossa Hook.f. Hemiparasitic herb 3300 5000 √ 1665 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis mollis Wall. ex Benth. Hemiparasitic herb 2600 4500 √ √ 1666 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis muguensis T.Yamaz. Hemiparasitic herb 3600 4350 √ 1667 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis muscoides H.L.Li Hemiparasitic herb 4500 5700 √ 1668 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis muscoides subsp. himalayca T.Yamaz. Hemiparasitic herb 4800 5850 √ 1669 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis nodosa Pennell √ 1670 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis odontoloma T.Yamaz. Hemiparasitic herb 4700 4700 √ 1671 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis oederi Vahl Hemiparasitic herb 3000 5500 √ √ 1672 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis ophiocephala Maxim. Hemiparasitic herb √ 1673 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis pectinata Wall. ex Benth. Hemiparasitic herb 3000 4000 √ 1674 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis porrecta Wall. ex Benth. Hemiparasitic herb 3000 4000 √ √ 1675 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis regeliana Prain Hemiparasitic herb 3400 4500 √ 1676 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis rhinanthoides Schrenk Hemiparasitic herb 3300 4800 √ 1677 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis roylei Maxim. Hemiparasitic herb 3400 4800 √ √ 1678 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis roylei var. speciosa (Prain) T.Yamaz. Hemiparasitic herb 3600 4000 √ 1679 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis scullyana Prain ex Maxim. Hemiparasitic herb 3700 5000 √ √ 1680 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis siphonantha D.Don Hemiparasitic herb 3000 4400 √ √ 1681 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis wallichii Bunge Hemiparasitic herb 4000 4500 √ 1682 Orobanchaceae Pedicularis yamazakiana R.R.Mill √ 1683 Orobanchaceae Pseudobartsia glandulosa (Benth.) W.B.Yu & D.Z.Li Herb 1800 2600 √ 1684 Orobanchaceae Sopubia trifida Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Hemiparasitic herb 1200 2800 √ 1685 Orobanchaceae Striga angustifolia (D.Don) C.J.Saldanha Hemiparasitic herb 600 1900 √ 1686 Orobanchaceae Striga gesnerioides (Willd.) Vatke Hemiparasitic herb 1700 1700 √ 1687 Orobanchaceae Xylanche himalaica (Hook.f. & Thomson) Beck √ 1688 Oxalidaceae Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch Herb 1000 1000 √

120 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1689 Oxalidaceae Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. √ 1690 Oxalidaceae Oxalis acetosella L. Herb 2500 3000 √ √ 1691 Oxalidaceae Oxalis corniculata L. Herb 300 2900 √ √ 1692 Oxalidaceae Oxalis latifolia Kunth √ 1693 Paeoniaceae Paeonia emodi Royle Herb 2100 2200 √ √ 1694 Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Herb 150 1400 √ √ 1695 Papaveraceae Corydalis calycina Lidén Herb 3100 4600 √ 1696 Papaveraceae Corydalis cashmeriana Royle Herb 2700 4700 √ √ 1697 Papaveraceae Corydalis chaerophylla DC. Herb 1800 3400 √ 1698 Papaveraceae Corydalis clavibracteata Ludlow & Stearn Herb 3700 4700 √ √ 1699 Papaveraceae Corydalis cornuta Royle Herb 2300 4000 √ 1700 Papaveraceae Corydalis elegans subsp. robusta Lidén Herb 2700 3500 √ 1701 Papaveraceae Corydalis elegans Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2700 4600 √ 1702 Papaveraceae Corydalis filicina Prain Herb 3000 4500 √ 1703 Papaveraceae Corydalis filiformis Royle Herb 2500 4000 √ 1704 Papaveraceae Corydalis flaccida Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3000 5700 √ 1705 Papaveraceae Corydalis govaniana Wall. Herb 3000 4800 √ √ 1706 Papaveraceae Corydalis hendersonii Hemsl. Herb 3800 6100 √ 1707 Papaveraceae Corydalis hookeri Prain Herb 3000 5000 √ 1708 Papaveraceae Corydalis lathyroides Prain Herb 2500 4000 √ 1709 Papaveraceae Corydalis latiflora Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4200 5500 √ √ 1710 Papaveraceae Corydalis megacalyx Ludlow & Stearn Herb 3600 5500 √ √ 1711 Papaveraceae Corydalis meifolia Wall. Herb 3900 5700 √ √ 1712 Papaveraceae Corydalis nana Royle Herb 4200 6100 √ 1713 Papaveraceae Corydalis shakyae Lidén Herb 3600 3900 √ 1714 Papaveraceae Corydalis sikkimensis (Prain) Fedde Herb 4500 4900 √ 1715 Papaveraceae Corydalis simplex Lidén Herb 4000 4500 √ 1716 Papaveraceae Corydalis spicata Lidén Herb 2580 2580 √ 1717 Papaveraceae Corydalis staintonii Ludlow & Stearn Herb 3600 5300 √ √ 1718 Papaveraceae Corydalis stracheyi Duthie ex Prain Herb 3800 5000 √ 1719 Papaveraceae Corydalis stricta Stephan ex DC. Herb 4000 5400 √ 1720 Papaveraceae Corydalis uncinata Lidén Herb 3650 5300 √ √ 1721 Papaveraceae Corydalis uncinatella Lidén Herb 3600 3800 √ 1722 Papaveraceae Corydalis vaginans Royle Herb 3200 3200 √ 1723 Papaveraceae Dactylicapnos scandens (D.Don) Hutch. √ 1724 Papaveraceae Dicranostigma lactucoides Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2700 4000 √ 1725 Papaveraceae Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Herb 150 2400 √ 1726 Papaveraceae Hypecoum leptocarpum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4400 4800 √ 1727 Papaveraceae Meconopsis chankheliensis Grey-Wilson √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 121 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1728 Papaveraceae Meconopsis discigera Prain Herb 3300 4900 √ 1729 Papaveraceae Meconopsis grandis Prain Herb 3000 5200 √ √ 1730 Papaveraceae Meconopsis horridula Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3000 5800 √ √ 1731 Papaveraceae Meconopsis napaulensis DC. Herb 270 5200 √ √ 1732 Papaveraceae Meconopsis paniculata (D.Don) Prain Herb 3000 4400 √ 1733 Papaveraceae Meconopsis regia G.Taylor Herb 3500 4600 √ √ 1734 Papaveraceae Meconopsis simikotensis Grey-Wilson √ 1735 Papaveraceae Papaver dubium L. Herb 1900 2700 √ √ 1736 Papaveraceae Papaver somniferum L. Herb 1800 1800 √ √ 1737 Pedaliaceae Sesamum indicum L. Herb 600 2400 √ 1738 Pentaphylaceae Eurya acuminata DC. Shrub 1300 2500 √ 1739 Phrymaceae Mimulus strictus Benth. Herb 600 900 √ 1740 Phrymaceae Phryma leptostachya var. oblongifolia L. ? 1500 2600 √ 1741 Bischofia javanica Blume Tree 150 1200 √ 1742 Phyllanthaceae Bridelia retusa (L.) A.Juss. Shrub or tree 150 1200 √ 1743 Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Shrub or tree 250 1800 √ 1744 Phyllanthaceae Flueggea virosa subsp. himalaica D.G.Long Shrub 800 1830 √ 1745 Phyllanthaceae Leptopus cordifolius Decne. Shrub 1200 2100 √ 1746 Phyllanthaceae clarkei Hook.f. Shrub 1500 2500 √ 1747 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus emblica L. Tree 150 1400 √ 1748 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus urinaria L. Herb 760 1700 √ 1749 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus velutinus (Wight) Müll.Arg. Tree 150 1800 √ 1750 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus virgatus G.Forst. Herb? Or shrub? 150 1400 √ 1751 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. ? 2200 3200 √ 1752 Piperaceae Peperomia tetraphylla (G.Forst.) Hook. & Arn. Herb 1000 2500 √ √ 1753 Piperaceae Piper longum L. Woody climber 200 800 √ 1754 Piperaceae Piper mullesua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Woody climber 400 2500 √ 1755 Piperaceae Piper suipigua Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Woody climber? 300 1400 √ 1756 Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Herb 700 900 √ 1757 Plantaginaceae Callitriche palustris L. Aquatic herb 2300 4200 √ 1758 Plantaginaceae Callitriche stagnalis Scop. Aquatic herb 1800 3000 √ 1759 Plantaginaceae Hemiphragma heterophyllum Herb 1800 3500 √ 1760 Plantaginaceae Hippuris vulgaris L. Aquatic herb 3000 4700 √ 1761 Plantaginaceae Lagotis kunawurensis Rupr. √ 1762 Plantaginaceae Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small √ 1763 Plantaginaceae Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Herb 1300 2500 √ 1764 Plantaginaceae Nanorrhinum incanum (Wall.) Betsche Herb 300 2000 √ 1765 Plantaginaceae Nanorrhinum ramosissimum (Wall.) Betsche Herb 1200 2600 √ 1766 Plantaginaceae Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) D.Y.Hong 3500 4800 √

122 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1767 Plantaginaceae Plantago asiatica subsp. erosa (Wallich) Z. Y. Li Herb 900 4100 √ 1768 Plantaginaceae Plantago depressa Willd. √ 1769 Plantaginaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Herb 100 1200 √ √ 1770 Plantaginaceae Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. Herb 2800 4700 √ √ 1771 Plantaginaceae Veronica beccabunga L. Herb 2300 3100 √ √ 1772 Plantaginaceae Veronica biloba Schreb. ex L. Herb 2300 4200 √ 1773 Plantaginaceae Veronica cana Wall. ex Benth. Herb 2300 2500 √ 1774 Plantaginaceae Veronica ciliata Fisch. Herb √ √ 1775 Plantaginaceae Veronica deltigera Wall. ex Benth. Herb 2100 4200 √ √ 1776 Plantaginaceae Veronica emodi T.Yamaz. Herb 3700 5500 √ 1777 Plantaginaceae Veronica himalensis D.Don Herb 3000 5000 √ √ 1778 Plantaginaceae Veronica umbelliformis Pennell Herb 3600 4500 √ 1779 Plantaginaceae Veronica undulata Wall. Herb 300 3000 √ 1780 Plumbaginaceae Ceratostigma ulicinum Prain Shrub 3500 4000 √ 1781 Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Shrub or Herb 100 1300 √ 1782 Poaceae Ptilagrostis mongholica (Turcz. ex Trin.) Griseb. Herb 4100 4700 √ 1783 Poaceae Achnatherum sibiricum (L.) Keng ex Tzvelev Herb 2600 3200 √ 1784 Poaceae Agropyron thomsonii Hook.f. Herb 2900 3400 √ 1785 Poaceae Agrostis pilosula Trin. Herb 2000 4600 √ 1786 Poaceae Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. Herb 2300 2900 √ 1787 Poaceae Alopecurus geniculatus L. Herb 1700 1700 √ 1788 Poaceae Andropogon munroi C.B.Clarke Herb 2100 4000 √ √ 1789 Poaceae Anthoxanthum hookeri (Griseb.) Rendle Herb 2600 3400 √ 1790 Poaceae Anthoxanthum laxum (Hook.f.) Veldkamp Herb 3500 4100 √ 1791 Poaceae Apluda mutica L. Herb 800 2500 √ 1792 Poaceae Aristida adscensionis L. Herb 2000 2000 √ 1793 Poaceae Aristida cyanantha Nees ex Steud. Herb 900 900 √ 1794 Poaceae Arthraxon lanceolatus (Roxb.) Hochst. Herb 1000 2300 √ 1795 Poaceae Arthraxon typicus (Buse) Koord. Herb 2900 2900 √ 1796 Poaceae Arundinella hookeri Munro ex Keng Herb 2400 3500 √ 1797 Poaceae Arundinella nepalensis Trin. Herb 500 2500 √ 1798 Poaceae Arundinella setosa Trin. Herb 1800 2600 √ 1799 Poaceae Arundo donax L. 2100 2440 √ 1800 Poaceae Avena fatua L. Herb 2100 3700 √ 1801 Poaceae Avenella flexuosa (L.) Drejer Herb 3000 3000 √ 1802 Poaceae Bambusa balcooa Roxb. √ 1803 Poaceae Bambusa nepalensis Stapleton Bamboo √ 1804 Poaceae Bothriochloa bladhii (Retz.) S.T.Blake Herb 300 2600 √ 1805 Poaceae Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng Herb 200 3600 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 123 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1806 Poaceae Bothriochloa kuntzeana (Hack.) Henrard Herb 2900 2900 √ 1807 Poaceae Bothriochloa pertusa (L.) A.Camus Herb 200 3800 √ 1808 Poaceae Brachiaria villosa (Lam.) A.Camus Herb 150 2400 √ 1809 Poaceae Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv. √ 1810 Poaceae Brachypodium sylvaticum (Huds.) P.Beauv. Herb 1800 3500 √ 1811 Poaceae Briza media L. Herb 3000 3800 √ 1812 Poaceae Bromus japonicus Houtt. Herb 3700 3700 √ 1813 Poaceae Bromus nepalensis Melderis Herb 3000 3000 √ 1814 Poaceae Bromus porphyranthos Cope Herb 3800 4500 √ 1815 Poaceae Bromus tectorum L. Herb 4100 4100 √ 1816 Poaceae Calamagrostis emodensis Griseb. Herb 2900 3700 √ 1817 Poaceae Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth Herb 3000 3200 √ 1818 Poaceae Calamagrostis holciformis Jaub. & Spach Herb 3700 4300 √ √ 1819 Poaceae Calamagrostis lahulensis G.Singh Herb 2900 4600 √ √ 1820 Poaceae Calamagrostis nivicola (Hook.f.) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 4100 5700 √ 1821 Poaceae Calamagrostis pseudophragmites (Haller f.) Koeler Herb 1500 4600 √ 1822 Poaceae Calamagrostis scabrescens Griseb. Herb 3000 4600 √ 1823 Poaceae Calamagrostis staintonii G.Singh Herb 3500 4600 √ 1824 Poaceae Capillipedium assimile Herb 600 2100 √ 1825 Poaceae Capillipedium parviflorum (R.Br.) Stapf Herb 200 2700 √ 1826 Poaceae Cenchrus flaccidus (Griseb.) Morrone Herb 1700 4300 √ √ 1827 Poaceae Cenchrus orientalis (Rich.) Morrone Herb 700 2000 √ 1828 Poaceae Chionachne gigantea (J.Koenig) Veldkamp Herb 600 600 √ 1829 Poaceae Chloris virgata Sw. Herb 2900 2900 √ 1830 Poaceae Chrysopogon gryllus (L.) Trin. Herb 800 2900 √ 1831 Poaceae Coix lacryma-jobi L. Herb 900 2100 √ 1832 Poaceae Colpodium wallichii (Stapf) Bor Herb 4300 5000 √ 1833 Poaceae Cymbopogon distans (Nees ex Steud.) W.Watson Herb 2300 2400 √ 1834 Poaceae Cymbopogon iwarancusa (Jones ex Roxb.) Schult. Herb 1600 2000 √ 1835 Poaceae Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson Herb 2000 2000 √ 1836 Poaceae Cymbopogon pospischilii (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb. Herb 900 3300 √ 1837 Poaceae Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Herb 100 3000 √ 1838 Poaceae Dactylis glomerata L. Herb 3200 3700 √ √ 1839 Poaceae Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. √ 1840 Poaceae Dendrocalamus hamiltonii var. undulatus Stapleton Bamboo 1300 1500 √ 1841 Poaceae Deschampsia cespitosa (L.) P.Beauv. Herb 2900 4600 √ 1842 Poaceae Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Herb 150 1100 √ 1843 Poaceae Digitaria abludens (Roem. & Schult.) Veldkamp Herb 700 2000 √ 1844 Poaceae Digitaria cruciata (Nees ex Steud.) E.G.Camus & A.Camus Herb 1300 3500 √

124 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1845 Poaceae Digitaria stricta Roth. Herb 1000 2400 √ 1846 Poaceae Digitaria stricta var glabrescens Bor Herb 2400 2400 √ 1847 Poaceae Drepanostachyum falcatum (Nees) Keng f. Herb √ 1848 Poaceae Drepanostachyum intermedium (Munro) Keng f. Herb 1200 1200 √ 1849 Poaceae Duthiea brachypodium (P.Candargy) Keng & Keng f. Herb 4500 4500 √ 1850 Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli var. breviseta (Doell) Neilr. Herb 1800 2400 √ 1851 Poaceae Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Herb 600 2400 √ 1852 Poaceae Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Herb 700 2400 √ 1853 Poaceae Echinochloa pyramidalis (Lam.) Hitchc. & Chase Herb 200 2000 √ 1854 Poaceae Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn. √ 1855 Poaceae Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Herb 600 2600 √ 1856 Poaceae Elymus antiquus (Nevski) Tzvelev Herb 4000 4000 √ √ 1857 Poaceae Elymus dahuricus Turcz. ex Griseb. Herb 2700 3000 √ √ 1858 Poaceae Elymus longearistatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev Herb 4000 4000 √ 1859 Poaceae Elymus nepalensis (Melderis) Melderis Herb 2800 3200 √ √ 1860 Poaceae Elymus nutans Griseb. Herb 3600 4600 √ √ 1861 Poaceae Elymus schrenkianus (Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Schrenk) Herb 2700 4300 √ Tzvelev 1862 Poaceae Elymus sibiricus L. Herb 3350 4100 √ 1863 Poaceae Eragrostiella nardoides (Trin.) Bor Herb 400 1800 √ 1864 Poaceae Eragrostis nigra Nees ex Steud. Herb 900 3000 √ √ 1865 Poaceae Eragrostis nutans (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Herb 700 2000 √ 1866 Poaceae Eragrostis papposa (Roem. & Schult.) Steud. Herb 2700 2700 √ 1867 Poaceae Eragrostis tenella (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Herb 200 1000 √ 1868 Poaceae Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Herb 300 2200 √ 1869 Poaceae Eulalia mollis (Griseb.) Kuntze Herb 2000 3700 √ √ 1870 Poaceae Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Herb 150 2600 √ 1871 Poaceae Eulaliopsis sykesii Bor Herb 2600 2600 √ 1872 Poaceae Festuca leptopogon Stapf Herb 1800 3600 √ 1873 Poaceae Festuca modesta Steud. Herb 2600 2600 √ 1874 Poaceae Festuca ovina L. Herb 3600 5600 √ √ 1875 Poaceae Festuca parvigluma Steud. Herb 2400 3600 √ 1876 Poaceae Festuca poluninii E.B.Alexeev Herb 4200 4200 √ 1877 Poaceae Festuca polycolea Stapf Herb 3600 4700 √ 1878 Poaceae Festuca polycolea var. brevis Stapf Herb 3800 4600 √ 1879 Poaceae Festuca undata var. aristata Stapf Herb 3300 4100 √ 1880 Poaceae Glyceria tonglensis C.B.Clarke 1881 Poaceae Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. & Schult. Herb 400 2600 √ 1882 Poaceae Himalayacalamus fimbriatus Stapleton Bamboo 1200 1200 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 125 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1883 Poaceae Hordeum vulgare L. Herbs, Cultivated √ √ 1884 Poaceae Imperata cylindrica (L.) P.Beauv. Herb 700 2400 √ 1885 Poaceae Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Herb 200 800 √ 1886 Poaceae Lolium giganteum (L.) Darbysh. Herb 2300 2600 √ 1887 Poaceae Lolium temulentum L. Herb 900 900 √ 1888 Poaceae Melica scaberrima (Nees ex Steud.) Hook.f. Herb 3200 4000 √ 1889 Poaceae Melocanna baccifera (Roxb.) Kurz Bamboo √ 1890 Poaceae Microstegium fasciculatum (L.) Henrard Herb 500 2000 √ 1891 Poaceae Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A.Camus Herb 1800 3200 √ 1892 Poaceae Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) Hack. Herb 1100 3000 √ 1893 Poaceae Muhlenbergia duthieana Hack. √ 1894 Poaceae Muhlenbergia himalayensis Hack. ex Hook.f. Herb 2900 2900 √ 1895 Poaceae Neyraudia arundinacea (L.) Henrard Herb 200 2900 √ 1896 Poaceae Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze Herb 90 1500 √ 1897 Poaceae Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) P.Beauv. Herb 2100 2290 √ 1898 Poaceae Oryza rufipogon Griff. Herb 600 600 √ 1899 Poaceae Panicum miliaceum L. √ 1900 Poaceae Panicum sumatrense Roth Herb 600 1500 √ 1901 Poaceae Paspalum distichum L. Herb 200 2000 √ √ 1902 Poaceae Perotis hordeiformis Nees Herb 300 1000 √ 1903 Poaceae Phalaris minor var. nepalensis Retz. Herb 1100 1100 √ √ 1904 Poaceae Phleum alpinum L. Herb 2400 4400 √ 1905 Poaceae Phleum paniculatum Huds. √ 1906 Poaceae Piptatherum munroi (Stapf ex Hook.f.) Mez Herb 3800 4600 √ 1907 Poaceae Poa alberti subsp. arnoldii (Melderis) Olonova & G.H.Zhu Herb 5600 5600 √ 1908 Poaceae Poa alberti subsp. poophagorum (Bor) Olonova & Herb 4000 5800 √ G.H.Zhu 1909 Poaceae Poa alpina L. Herb 3800 3800 √ 1910 Poaceae Poa calliopsis Litv. ex Ovcz. Herb 4900 5600 √ 1911 Poaceae Poa falconeri Hook.f. Herb 3800 4100 √ 1912 Poaceae Poa hylobatis Bor Herb 3000 3000 √ 1913 Poaceae Poa imperialis Bor Herb 4400 4400 √ 1914 Poaceae Poa jaunsarensis Bor Herb 3650 3650 √ 1915 Poaceae Poa nepalensis (Wall. ex Griseb.) Duthie Herb 2300 3000 √ 1916 Poaceae Poa pagophila Bor Herb 3600 5200 √ 1917 Poaceae Poa polycolea Stapf Herb 3900 5600 √ 1918 Poaceae Poa pratensis subsp. alpigena (Blytt) Hitt. Herb 3800 4300 √ 1919 Poaceae Poa pratensis subsp. angustifolia L. Herb 2900 3600 √ 1920 Poaceae Poa sikkimensis (Stapf) Bor Herb 3200 4400 √

126 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1921 Poaceae Poa stapfiana Bor Herb 3200 4100 √ 1922 Poaceae Poa szechuensis var. szechuensis Herb 2700 3700 √ 1923 Poaceae Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Herb 900 3200 √ 1924 Poaceae Polypogon fugax Nees ex Steud. Herb 1500 3600 √ 1925 Poaceae polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Herb 400 1200 √ 1926 Poaceae Pseudopogonatherum quadrinerve (Hack.) Ohwi Herb 1500 2700 √ 1927 Poaceae Pseudopogonatherum trispicatum (Schult.) Ohwi Herb 1800 2900 √ 1928 Poaceae Ptilagrostis purpurea (Griseb.) Roshev. √ 1929 Poaceae Rostraria cristata (L.) Tzvelev Herb 2300 4200 √ √ 1930 Poaceae Saccharum filifolium Steud. Herb 2100 2400 √ 1931 Poaceae Saccharum longesetosum (Andersson) V.Naray. ex Bor Herb 300 2100 √ 1932 Poaceae Saccharum narenga (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Herb 300 700 √ 1933 Poaceae Saccharum rufipilum Steud. Herb 1400 3200 √ 1934 Poaceae Saccharum spontaneum L. Herb 200 1700 √ 1935 Poaceae Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse Herb 700 1800 √ 1936 Poaceae Setaria glauca (L.) P. Beauv. Herb 900 2300 √ √ 1937 Poaceae Setaria italica (L.) P.Beauv. √ 1938 Poaceae Setaria pallidefusca (Schumach.) Stapf & C. E. Hubb. Herb 100 2100 √ 1939 Poaceae Setaria tomentosa (Roxb.) Kunth Herb 900 1800 √ 1940 Poaceae Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. Herb 300 800 √ 1941 Poaceae Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. Herb 2300 3800 √ 1942 Poaceae Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench √ 1943 Poaceae Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton Herb 1000 2400 √ 1944 Poaceae Sporobolus pilifer (Trin.) Kunth Herb 900 2700 √ 1945 Poaceae Stipa capillacea Keng √ 1946 Poaceae Stipa staintonii Bor Herb 4000 4000 √ 1947 Poaceae Tenaxia cachemyriana (Jaub. & Spach) N.P.Barker & Herb 3300 4400 √ H.P.Linder 1948 Poaceae Tenaxia cumminsii (Hook.f.) N.P.Barker & H.P.Linder Herb 2200 4100 √ 1949 Poaceae Thamnocalamus chigar (Stapleton) Stapleton Herb 300 300 √ 1950 Poaceae Themeda anathera (Nees ex Steud.) Hack. Herb 700 2300 √ √ 1951 Poaceae Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Herb 600 3000 √ 1952 Poaceae Themeda triandra Forssk. Herb 2900 4100 √ 1953 Poaceae Tripogon purpurascens Duthie Herb 2300 2300 √ 1954 Poaceae Tripogon filiformis Nees ex Steud. Herb 1200 3500 √ √ 1955 Poaceae Trisetum aeneum (Hook.f.) R.R.Stewart Herb 4000 4300 √ 1956 Poaceae Trisetum spicatum (L.) K.Richt. 4100 5600 √ √ 1957 Poaceae Trisetum spicatum subsp. himalaicum (L.) K. Richt. Herb 3800 4600 √ 1958 Poaceae Trisetum spicatum subsp. spicatum (L.) K. Richt. Herb 4100 5600 √ 1959 Poaceae Triticum aestivum L. Herb, cultivated √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 127 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1960 Poaceae Zea mays L. √ 1961 Podostemaceae Hydrobryum griffithii (Wall. ex Griff.) Tul. Herb 1000 2000 √ 1962 Polemoniaceae Polemonium caeruleum L. Herb 3300 3700 √ 1963 Polygalaceae Polygala abyssinica R.Br. ex Fresen. Herb 1300 2700 √ √ 1964 Polygalaceae Polygala crotalarioides Buch.-Ham. ex DC. Herb 2100 3000 √ 1965 Polygalaceae Polygala crotalarioides Buch.-Ham. ex DC. √ 1966 Polygalaceae Polygala furcata Royle Herb 600 1700 √ 1967 Polygalaceae Polygala linariifolia Willd. Herb 200 2400 √ 1968 Polygalaceae Polygala longifolia Poir. ? 900 1500 √ 1969 Polygalaceae Polygala persicariifolia DC. Herb 700 1900 √ 1970 Polygalaceae Polygala sibirica L. 2700 3600 √ √ 1971 Polygalaceae Polygala sibirica var. elegans (Wall. ex Royle) H. Hara Herb 2700 3600 √ 1972 Polygalaceae Polygala tartarinowii Regel ? 1800 2900 √ 1973 Polygonaceae Aconogonum molle var. frondosum (D. Don) H. Hara Herb 2100 4000 √ 1974 Polygonaceae Aconogonum rumicifolium (Royle ex Bab.) H. Hara Herb 3300 4400 √ 1975 Polygonaceae Aconogonum sibiricum (Laxm.) H. Hara Herb 4000 4700 √ 1976 Polygonaceae Aconogonum tortuosum (D. Don) H. Hara Herb 3300 5600 √ 1977 Polygonaceae Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene Herb 3500 4800 √ √ 1978 Polygonaceae Bistorta amplexicaulis var. amplexicaulis (D. Don) Greene Herb 2100 4800 √ 1979 Polygonaceae Bistorta emodi (Meisn.) H.Hara Herb 2500 4000 √ √ 1980 Polygonaceae Bistorta macrophylla (D.Don) Soják Herb 2700 4500 √ √ 1981 Polygonaceae Bistorta milletii H.Lév. Herb 3000 3400 √ √ 1982 Polygonaceae Bistorta perpusilla (Hook.f.) Greene Herb 4100 5000 √ 1983 Polygonaceae Bistorta vaccinifolia (Wall. ex Meisn.) Greene Herb 3000 4500 √ 1984 Polygonaceae Bistorta vivipara (L.) Delarbre Herb 3300 5000 √ 1985 Polygonaceae Eskemukerjea megacarpum (H.Hara) H.Hara Herb 2400 3000 √ √ 1986 Polygonaceae Fagopyrum dibotrya (D. Don) H. Hara Herb 1500 3400 √ 1987 Polygonaceae Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn. Herb 1400 3900 √ 1988 Polygonaceae Fallopia dumetorum (L.) Holub Herbaceous climber 2100 2100 √ 1989 Polygonaceae Koenigia delicatula (Meisn.) H.Hara Herb 2700 4400 √ 1990 Polygonaceae Koenigia islandica L. Herb 3700 5000 √ √ 1991 Polygonaceae Koenigia nepalensis D.Don Herb 2800 4900 √ √ 1992 Polygonaceae Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill Herb 2400 5000 √ √ 1993 Polygonaceae Persicaria affinis Bistorta affinis (D.Don) Greene √ 1994 Polygonaceae Persicaria amphibia (L.) Delarbre Herb 2900 3800 √ 1995 Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata var. barbata (L.) H. Hara Herb 200 1100 √ 1996 Polygonaceae Persicaria barbata var. gracilis (Danser) H.Hara Herb 900 1100 √ 1997 Polygonaceae Persicaria capitata (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross Herb 600 2400 √ √

128 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 1998 Polygonaceae Persicaria chinensis var. barchiata Polygonum chinense Herb 2000 2700 √ gamma brachiatum (Lam.) Meisn. 1999 Polygonaceae Persicaria chinensis var. ovalifolia (L.) H. Gross Herb 1200 2900 √ 2000 Polygonaceae Persicaria glabra var. glabra (Willd.) M. Gomez Herb 200 900 √ 2001 Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Herb 900 2300 √ 2002 Polygonaceae Persicaria hydropiperoides (Michx.) Small √ 2003 Polygonaceae Persicaria longiseta (Bruijn) Kitag. Herb 2100 2400 √ 2004 Polygonaceae Persicaria microcephala var. sphaerocephala (Wall. ex Herb 1800 2700 √ Meisn.) H.Hara 2005 Polygonaceae Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H.Gross Herb 1200 4100 √ √ 2006 Polygonaceae Persicaria pubescens var. acuminata (Blume) H. Hara Herb 1000 2100 √ 2007 Polygonaceae Persicaria sagittata var. sibirica (L.) H. Gross ex Loesn Herb 2900 3200 √ 2008 Polygonaceae Persicaria tenella var. kawagoeana (Blume) H. Hara Herb 600 2100 √ 2009 Polygonaceae Polygonum aviculare L. Herb 2200 3800 √ √ 2010 Polygonaceae Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Herb 300 1400 √ 2011 Polygonaceae Polygonum quadrifidum Buch.-Ham. ex Meisn. Herb 2900 2900 √ 2012 Polygonaceae Polygonum recumbens Royle ex Bab. Herb 1800 2700 √ √ 2013 Polygonaceae Reynoutria polystachya (Wall. ex Meisn.) Moldenke Herb 2700 4200 √ 2014 Polygonaceae Rheum moorcroftianum Royle Herb 3600 4400 √ √ 2015 Polygonaceae Rheum spiciforme Royle Herb 3300 4800 √ √ 2016 Polygonaceae Rheum webbianum Royle Herb 2400 4200 √ 2017 Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa L. Herb 2100 4100 √ √ 2018 Polygonaceae Rumex hastatus D.Don. Herb 1100 2600 √ √ 2019 Polygonaceae Rumex nepalensis Spreng. Herb 1200 4200 √ 2020 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus clathratus Ching √ 2021 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus mehrae Fraser-Jenk. √ 2022 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus morrisonensis (Hayata) H.Itô √ 2023 Polypodiaceae Lepisorus thunbergianus (Kaulf.) Ching √ 2024 Pontederiaceae Pontederia vaginalis Burm.f. Herb 200 1800 √ 2025 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton pusillus L. Aquatic Herb 2100 3000 √ √ 2026 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus L. Aquatic Herb 600 2000 √ 2027 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton gramineus L. Aquatic Herb 2000 4700 √ √ 2028 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton lucens L. Aquatic Herb 2950 2950 √ 2029 Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Aquatic Herb 600 3000 √ 2030 Potamogetonaceae Zannichellia palustris L. Herb 600 600 √ 2031 Primulaceae Lysimachia deltoidea Wight Herb 1500 2600 √ 2032 Primulaceae Androsace delavayi Franch Herb 4300 5300 √ 2033 Primulaceae Androsace geraniifolia Watt Herb 2000 3400 √ √ 2034 Primulaceae Androsace globifera Duby Herb 3200 4700 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 129 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2035 Primulaceae Androsace henryi Oliv. √ 2036 Primulaceae Androsace jacquemontii var. robusta (R.Knuth) Govaerts Herb 3100 5600 √ √ 2037 Primulaceae Androsace lanuginosa var. glabrior Wall. Herb 1800 2800 √ 2038 Primulaceae Androsace lehmannii Wall. ex Duby Herb 3500 5300 √ √ 2039 Primulaceae Androsace lehmannii Wall. ex Duby Herb 3500 5300 √ √ 2040 Primulaceae Androsace muscooidea forma muscoidea Duby Herb 3300 5600 √ 2041 Primulaceae Androsace rotundifolia Hardw. Herb 910 3700 √ √ 2042 Primulaceae Androsace sarmentosa Wall. Herb 2500 4000 √ √ 2043 Primulaceae Androsace strigillosa Franch. Herb 2400 4700 √ √ 2044 Primulaceae Androsace tapete Maxim Herb 3800 5200 √ √ 2045 Primulaceae Androsace umbellata (Lour.) Merr. Herb 270 1500 √ 2046 Primulaceae Androsace zambalensis (Petitm.) Hand.-Mazz. √ 2047 Primulaceae Ardisia solanacea Roxb. Shrub or tree 200 1100 √ 2048 Primulaceae Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A. DC. ? 400 1600 √ 2049 Primulaceae Lysimachia alternifolia Wall. Herb 1100 2400 √ 2050 Primulaceae Lysimachia arvensis (L.) U.Manns & Anderb. Herb 600 2700 √ √ 2051 Primulaceae Lysimachia chenopodioides Watt ex Hook.f. Herb 2000 3100 √ 2052 Primulaceae Lysimachia prolifera Klatt. Herb 2400 3800 √ 2053 Primulaceae Lysimachia pyramidalis Wall. Herb 1500 2100 √ 2054 Primulaceae Maesa argentea (Wall.) A. DC. Shrub or rarely tree 1700 2100 √ 2055 Primulaceae Maesa chisia D.Don Shrub 1200 2600 √ 2056 Primulaceae Maesa montana A.DC. Shrub or tree 250 1500 √ 2057 Primulaceae Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Tree 1200 2300 √ 2058 Primulaceae Myrsine africana L. Shrub or tree 1200 2300 √ 2059 Primulaceae Myrsine semiserrata Wall. Shrub or tree 1200 2700 √ 2060 Primulaceae Primula atrodentata W.W.Sm. Herb 3500 4900 √ √ 2061 Primulaceae Primula buryana var. buryana Balf. f. Herb 3100 5600 √ √ 2062 Primulaceae Primula concinna G. Watt. Herb 4000 5200 √ √ 2063 Primulaceae Primula denticulata Sm. Herb 1500 4900 √ √ 2064 Primulaceae Primula drummondiana Carib Herb 3400 3800 √ 2065 Primulaceae Primula floribunda Wall. Herb 1100 1100 √ 2066 Primulaceae Primula glandulifera Balf.f. & W.W.Sm. Herb 3500 5600 √ 2067 Primulaceae Primula glomerata Pax Herb 3100 5200 √ 2068 Primulaceae Primula involucrata Link & Otto ex Sweet Herb 2700 4800 √ √ 2069 Primulaceae Primula irregularis Craib Herb 2800 3400 √ 2070 Primulaceae Primula macrophylla var. macrophylla D.Don Herb 3400 5600 √ √ 2071 Primulaceae Primula macrophylla var. moorcroftiana D.Don Herb 3700 5600 √ 2072 Primulaceae Primula minutissima Jacquem. ex Duby Herb 3700 5200 √ √ 2073 Primulaceae Primula nana Wall. Herb 2500 4100 √

130 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2074 Primulaceae Primula petiolaris Wall. Herb 2300 3900 √ 2075 Primulaceae Primula poluninii H.R.Fletcher Herb 4600 5100 √ √ 2076 Primulaceae Primula primulina (Spreng.) H.Hara Herb 3400 5000 √ 2077 Primulaceae Primula ramzanae W.W.Sm. & H.R.Fletcher Herb 4300 5200 √ 2078 Primulaceae Primula reidii var. reidii Duthie Herb 3700 4600 √ √ 2079 Primulaceae Primula reidii var. williamsii Ludlow Herb 3200 4800 √ 2080 Primulaceae Primula reptans Hook.f. ex G.Watt Herb 5200 5700 √ 2081 Primulaceae Primula rotundifolia Wall. Herb 3700 4900 √ √ 2082 Primulaceae Primula sessilis Royle ex Craib Herb 3700 3700 √ 2083 Primulaceae Primula sharmae H.R.Fletcher Herb 2600 4900 √ √ 2084 Primulaceae Primula sikkimensis Hook. Herb 2900 4800 √ √ 2085 Primulaceae Primula stirtoniana G.Watt Herb 2800 4500 √ √ 2086 Primulaceae Primula strumosa Balf.f. & R.E.Cooper Herb 3100 4300 √ 2087 Primulaceae Primula tanneri subsp. Nepalensis (W. W. Sm.) A. J. Herb 3400 4900 √ Richards 2088 Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Shrub or Tree 700 2700 √ 2089 Ranunculaceae Aconitum lethale Griff. Herb 1800 4200 √ √ 2090 Ranunculaceae Aconitum lethale Griff. Herb 3900 4800 √ 2091 Ranunculaceae Delphinium himalayae Munz Herb 2700 2800 √ 2092 Ranunculaceae Eriocapitella vitifolia (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Nakai Herb 1300 3300 √ √ 2093 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. Herb 1400 2500 √ 2094 Ranunculaceae Aconitum laeve Royle Herb 2900 2900 √ 2095 Ranunculaceae Aconitum lethale Griff. Herb 3900 3900 √ 2096 Ranunculaceae Aconitum naviculare var. leiocarpum Tamura Herb 4900 4900 √ 2097 Ranunculaceae Aconitum poluninii Lauener Herb 3800 3800 √ 2098 Ranunculaceae Aconitum pulchellum Hand.-Mazz. Herb 4200 4200 √ 2099 Ranunculaceae Aconitum tabatae Tamura Herb 3800 3900 √ 2100 Ranunculaceae Actaea cimicifuga L. Herb 3000 4000 √ 2101 Ranunculaceae Actaea spicata L. Herb 2500 3700 √ 2102 Ranunculaceae Adonis aestivalis L. Herb 3000 3000 √ 2103 Ranunculaceae Adonis chrysocyathus Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3600 3600 √ 2104 Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum elongatum (D.Don) Holub Herb 1800 3700 √ 2105 Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum geum (H.Lév.) Mosyakin Herb 2400 5100 √ 2106 Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum polyanthes (D.Don) Holub Herb 2700 4400 √ √ 2107 Ranunculaceae Anemonastrum smithianum (Lauener & Panigrahi) Holub Herb 3300 4600 √ 2108 Ranunculaceae obtusilloba subsp. Potentilloides (Cambess. Ex Herb √ Lauener) Chaudhary 2109 Ranunculaceae Anemone obtusiloba subsp.obtusiloba D.Don Herb 2300 4200 √ √ 2110 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Royle Herb 3800 4200 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 131 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2111 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia nivalis (Falc. ex Brühl) J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. √ 2112 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia pubiflora Wall. ex Royle Herb 2400 3200 √ √ 2113 Ranunculaceae Aquilegia rockii Munz √ 2114 Ranunculaceae Callianthemum pimpinelloides (D.Don) Hook.f. & Herb 2800 4000 √ Thomson 2115 Ranunculaceae var. himalaica Tamura Herb 2900 3600 √ 2116 Ranunculaceae Caltha palustris var. himalensis (D. Don) Mukerjee Herb 2700 5500 √ 2117 Ranunculaceae Caltha scaposa Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2700 5500 √ 2118 Ranunculaceae Clematis barbellata Edgew. √ 2119 Ranunculaceae Clematis braceteolata Tamura woddy climber 3700 3700 √ 2120 Ranunculaceae Clematis buchananiana DC. √ 2121 Ranunculaceae Clematis connata DC. woddy climber 2400 3300 √ √ 2122 Ranunculaceae Clematis grata Wall. woddy climber 1500 2700 √ √ 2123 Ranunculaceae Clematis graveolens Lindl. woddy climber 900 3000 √ √ 2124 Ranunculaceae Clematis grewiiflora DC. woddy climber 900 1500 √ 2125 Ranunculaceae Clematis montana Buch.-Ham. ex DC. woddy climber 1600 4000 √ √ 2126 Ranunculaceae Clematis napaulensis DC. woddy climber 1200 2500 √ 2127 Ranunculaceae Clematis orientalis L. woddy climber 2000 2000 √ 2128 Ranunculaceae Clematis phlebantha L.H.J.Williams Shrub 2600 3700 √ √ 2129 Ranunculaceae Clematis puberula Hook.f. & Thomson woddy climber 1000 2500 √ 2130 Ranunculaceae Clematis rehderiana Craib woddy climber 2700 3000 √ 2131 Ranunculaceae Clematis smilacifolia Wall. woddy climber 300 1800 √ 2132 Ranunculaceae Clematis tibetana Kuntze woddy climber 1700 4000 √ √ 2133 Ranunculaceae Clematis tibetana subsp. Vernayi (C. E. C. Fischer) Grey- woddy climber 1700 4150 √ Wilson 2134 Ranunculaceae Clematis tortuosa Wall. ex C.E.C.Fisch. woddy climber 2000 3900 √ √ 2135 Ranunculaceae Delphinium brunonianum Royle Herb 3500 6000 √ √ 2136 Ranunculaceae Delphinium caeruleum Jacquem. ex Cambess. Herb 3000 5800 √ 2137 Ranunculaceae Delphinium cooperi Munz Herb 4700 4700 √ 2138 Ranunculaceae Delphinium denudatum Wall. ex Hook.f. & Thomson √ 2139 Ranunculaceae Delphinium grandiflorum L. Herb 3700 3700 √ 2140 Ranunculaceae Delphinium himalayae Muzi √ 2141 Ranunculaceae Delphinium himalayai Munz Herb 3000 4500 √ 2142 Ranunculaceae Delphinium kamaonense Huth Herb 3000 4500 √ 2143 Ranunculaceae Delphinium napalense Kitam. & Tamura Herb 4000 5500 √ 2144 Ranunculaceae Delphinium nortonii Dunn Herb 5000 5000 √ 2145 Ranunculaceae Delphinium nortonii var. curvicalcaratum Tamura Herb 4500 4500 √ 2146 Ranunculaceae Delphinium pyramidale Royle Herb 2000 3500 √ 2147 Ranunculaceae Delphinium scabriflorum D.Don Herb 1500 2500 √

132 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2148 Ranunculaceae Delphinium vestitum Wall. ex Royle Herb 2700 4700 √ 2149 Ranunculaceae Delphinium williamsii Munz Herb 1900 2600 √ 2150 Ranunculaceae Eriocapitella rivularis (Buch.-Ham. ex DC.) Christenh. & Herb 1600 4000 √ √ Byng 2151 Ranunculaceae Eriocapitella rupicola (Cambess.) Christenh. & Byng Herb 2700 4800 √ √ 2152 Ranunculaceae Halerpestes tricuspis (Maxim.) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 2600 4500 √ 2153 Ranunculaceae Oxygraphis nepalensis Tamura Herb 2200 5000 √ 2154 Ranunculaceae Oxygraphis polypetala (Raf.) Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2200 5000 √ √ 2155 Ranunculaceae Paraquilegia anemonoides (Willd.) Ulbr. √ 2156 Ranunculaceae Paraquilegia microphylla (Royle) J.R.Drumm. & Hutch. Herb 3400 4900 √ 2157 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus brotherusii Freyn Herb 3000 5000 √ √ 2158 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus cantoniensis DC. Herb 1300 2000 √ √ 2159 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus diffusus DC. Herb 1500 4000 √ √ 2160 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus diffusus var. incisus Tamura Herb 1600 2000 √ 2161 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus flavidus (Hand.-Mazz.) C.D.K.Cook Herb 2700 4000 √ 2162 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus himalaicus Kadota Herb 4600 5600 √ 2163 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus hirtellus Royle Herb 2800 5500 √ √ 2164 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus laetus Wall. ex D. Don Herb 1900 2700 √ √ 2165 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus munroanus J.R.Drumm. ex Dunn Herb 3800 4200 √ 2166 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus natans C.A.Mey. Herb 3800 3800 √ 2167 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus oreionannos C.Marquand & Airy Shaw Herb 4500 5900 √ 2168 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pegaeus Hand.-Mazz. Herb 3600 4500 √ 2169 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pulchellus C.A.Mey. Herb 3600 4900 √ 2170 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus pulchellus var. sericeus Hook. f. & Thomson Herb 4600 4800 √ 2171 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus L. Herb 800 1700 √ 2172 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus trichophyllus var. trichophyllus Chaix Herb 3000 4800 √ 2173 Ranunculaceae Ranunculus tricuspis var. tricuspis Maxim. Herb 2600 4400 √ 2174 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum alpinum L. Herb 2800 5000 √ √ 2175 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum alpinum var. stipitatum Yape Herb 4100 4200 √ 2176 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum chelidonii DC. Herb 2300 3500 √ √ 2177 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum cultratum Wall. Herb 2400 4200 √ 2178 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum dalzellii Hook. Herb 1700 2000 √ 2179 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum elegans Wall. ex Royle Herb 3100 4100 √ 2180 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum foetidum L. Herb 2300 4700 √ √ 2181 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Herb 1300 3400 √ √ 2182 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum javanicum Blume Herb 2100 3000 √ 2183 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum neurocarpum Royle Herb 2800 3000 √ 2184 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum pauciflorum Royle Herb 3200 3200 √ 2185 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum platycarpum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2800 4700 √ √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 133 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2186 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum punduanum Wall. Herb 1200 2500 √ 2187 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum rostellatum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2300 3200 √ √ 2188 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum rutifolium Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4300 4300 √ 2189 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum saniculiforme DC. Herb 2000 2800 √ 2190 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum squamiferum Lecoy. Herb 3500 5600 √ 2191 Ranunculaceae Thalictrum virgatum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2400 450 √ √ 2192 Ranunculaceae Trollius acaulis Lindl. Herb 3600 3700 √ 2193 Ranunculaceae Trollius pumilus D. Don Herb 3500 5700 √ 2194 Ranunculaceae Trollius pumilus forma sikkimensis (Bruhl) H. Hara Herb 4300 5800 √ 2195 Rhamnaceae Berchemia edgeworthii M.A.Lawson Shrub 2400 4400 √ 2196 Rhamnaceae Berchemia flavescens (Wall.) Wall. ex Brongn. Climbing shrub 2300 3500 √ 2197 Rhamnaceae Helinus lanceolatus Brandis Climbing Shrub 400 900 √ 2198 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus procumbens Edgew. Shrub 1800 3000 √ 2199 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus purpureus Edgew. Tree 2100 2900 √ √ 2200 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus triqueter (Wall.) M. A. Lawson Shrub 2100 2100 √ 2201 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus virgata Roxb. √ 2202 Rhamnaceae Rhamnus wightii Wight & Arn. Shrub 700 1400 √ 2203 Rhamnaceae Sageretia filiformis (Roth) G.Don Tree or Shrub 800 1800 √ 2204 Rhamnaceae Sageretia thea var. bornmuelleri (C.K.Schneid.) Shrub 2500 2900 √ √ M.C.Johnst. ex H.Hara 2205 Rhamnaceae Zizyphus acuminata Royle Shrub or Tree 1400 1400 √ 2206 Rosaceae Argentina anserina (L.) Rydb. Herb 3600 4600 √ √ 2207 Rosaceae soongoricus (Regel & Herder) Popov Shrub 3900 4000 √ 2208 Rosaceae domestica (Suckow) Borkh. Tree 2450 2450 √ 2209 Rosaceae niveus Thunb. Herb 2100 2900 √ √ 2210 Rosaceae Argentina aristata (Soják) Soják √ 2211 Rosaceae Argentina festiva (Soják) Soják 1900 4200 √ 2212 Rosaceae Argentina leuconota (D.Don) Soják Herb 3300 3800 √ 2213 Rosaceae Argentina lineata (Trevir.) Soják Herb 1600 4800 √ 2214 Rosaceae Argentina micropetala (D.Don) Soják Herb 3200 4000 √ √ 2215 Rosaceae Aruncus dioicus (Walter) Fernald Herb 3000 4000 √ 2216 Rosaceae Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl. Shrub 2500 3700 √ √ 2217 Rosaceae Cotoneaster adpressus Bois Shrub 3200 4500 √ √ 2218 Rosaceae Cotoneaster affinis Lindl. Tree or Shrub 1800 2800 √ √ 2219 Rosaceae Cotoneaster buxifolius Wall. ex Lindl. √ 2220 Rosaceae Cotoneaster frigidus Wall. ex Lindl. Tree 2200 3400 √ 2221 Rosaceae Cotoneaster hebephyllus Diels Shrub 330 3900 √ 2222 Rosaceae Cotoneaster inexspectus Klotz 2100 2100 √ √ 2223 Rosaceae Cotoneaster integrifolius (Roxb.) G.Klotz Shrub 1800 3500 √

134 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2224 Rosaceae Cotoneaster linearifolius (G.Klotz) G.Klotz 1100 1100 √ 2225 Rosaceae Cotoneaster ludlowii G.Klotz Shrub 1900 4000 √ √ 2226 Rosaceae Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall. ex Lindl. Shrub 2000 5400 √ √ 2227 Rosaceae Cotoneaster paradoxus Klotz 3100 3100 √ 2228 Rosaceae Cotoneaster poluninii G.Klotz 2500 2900 √ 2229 Rosaceae Cotoneaster racemiflorus (Desf.) Schltdl. √ 2230 Rosaceae Cotoneaster sanguineaus T. T. Yu Herb 3600 4000 √ 2231 Rosaceae Cotoneaster schlechtendalii Klotz Shrub 3300 3300 √ 2232 Rosaceae Cotoneaster sherriffii G.Klotz √ 2233 Rosaceae Cotoneaster simonsii Baker Shrub √ √ 2234 Rosaceae Cotoneaster staintonii Klotz Shrub 3660 3660 √ 2235 Rosaceae Cotoneaster virgatus Klotz. 3000 3200 √ 2236 Rosaceae Dasiphora parvifolia(Fisch. ex Lehm.) Juz. √ 2237 Rosaceae Eriobotrya elliptica Lindl. Tree 300 2100 √ 2238 Rosaceae Filipendula vestita (Wall. ex G.Don) Maxim. Herb 2300 3200 √ √ 2239 Rosaceae Fragaria nubicola (Lindl. ex Hook.f.) Lacaita Herb 1600 4000 √ √ 2240 Rosaceae Fragaria sikkimensis Kurz Herb 2000 2800 √ 2241 Rosaceae Geum elatum forma rubrum Ludlow Herb 3500 4400 √ 2242 Rosaceae Geum elatum Wall. ex G.Don Herb 3600 4200 √ √ 2243 Rosaceae Geum roylei Wall. Herb 2500 3500 √ √ 2244 Rosaceae (L.) Borkh. Tree 1800 3600 √ 2245 Rosaceae Malus sikkimensis (Wenz.) Koehne Shrub 2500 2800 √ 2246 Rosaceae Neillia thyrsiflora D.Don √ 2247 Rosaceae Potentilla argyrophylla Wall. ex Lehm. Herb 3900 4600 √ √ 2248 Rosaceae Potentilla biflora D.F.K.Schltdl. Herb 4100 5800 √ √ 2249 Rosaceae Potentilla eriocarpa Wall. ex Lehm. Herb 3600 5050 √ √ 2250 Rosaceae Potentilla exigua Sojak 3800 4500 √ 2251 Rosaceae Potentilla forrestii var. caespitosa W. W. Sm. 3800 4600 √ 2252 Rosaceae Potentilla fructicosa var. ochreata L. Shrub 3700 4600 √ √ 2253 Rosaceae Potentilla fructicosa var. pumila L. Shrub 5500 6000 √ 2254 Rosaceae Potentilla fructicosa var. rigida L. Shrub 2700 4300 √ √ 2255 Rosaceae Potentilla griffithii Hook.f. Herb 2400 3400 √ √ 2256 Rosaceae Potentilla griffithii var. metallica Sojak Herb 2400 2800 √ 2257 Rosaceae Potentilla indica (Andrews) Th.Wolf Herb 1000 2500 √ √ 2258 Rosaceae Potentilla lancinata Cardot √ 2259 Rosaceae Potentilla leschenaultiana Ser. Herb 1800 3000 √ 2260 Rosaceae Potentilla monanthes Lindl. ex Wall. Herb 3000 4500 √ 2261 Rosaceae Potentilla multifida L. √ 2262 Rosaceae Potentilla nepalensis Hook. Herb 2300 2600 √ 2263 Rosaceae Potentilla penduncularis D. Don Herb 3000 4700 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 135 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2264 Rosaceae Potentilla reptans L. Herb 3800 5100 √ √ 2265 Rosaceae Potentilla saundersiana Royle √ 2266 Rosaceae Potentilla spodiochlora Soják 2500 3900 √ 2267 Rosaceae Potentilla supina L. Herb 1000 1400 √ 2268 Rosaceae Potentilla tetrandra (Bunge) Hook.f. Herb 4500 6000 √ 2269 Rosaceae Potentilla venusta J. Soják √ 2270 Rosaceae Prinsepia utilis Royle Shrub 1500 2900 √ 2271 Rosaceae Prunus buergeriana Miq. Tree or Shrub 1600 3200 √ 2272 Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Tree or Shrub 2300 2600 √ 2273 Rosaceae Prunus cerasoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Tree 1300 2400 √ 2274 Rosaceae Prunus cornuta (Wall. ex Royle) Steud. Tree 2600 3500 √ √ 2275 Rosaceae Prunus davidiana (Carrière) Franch. Tree or Shrub 2100 2700 √ 2276 Rosaceae Prunus jajarkotensis H.Hara Tree or Shrub 1000 1000 √ 2277 Rosaceae Prunus mira Koehne Shrub or Tree 2700 4000 √ 2278 Rosaceae Prunus napaulensis (Ser.) Steud. Tree 1600 2600 √ 2279 Rosaceae Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Tree √ 2280 Rosaceae Prunus pygeoides Koehne √ 2281 Rosaceae Prunus rufa Wall. ex Hook.f. Tree 3000 3800 √ √ 2282 Rosaceae Pyracantha crenulata (D.Don) M.Roem. Shrub 1200 2500 √ 2283 Rosaceae Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Tree 750 2600 √ √ 2284 Rosaceae Rosa brunonii Lindl. Shrub 1500 2400 √ 2285 Rosaceae Rosa macrophylla Lindl. √ 2286 Rosaceae Rosa multiflora var. carnea Thunb. Climbing shrub 800 1500 √ 2287 Rosaceae Rosa sericea Lindl. Shrub 2200 4600 √ √ 2288 Rosaceae Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle Shrub 2300 2300 √ 2289 Rosaceae Rubus acuminatus Sm. Climbing shrub 1000 2300 √ 2290 Rosaceae Rubus amabilis Focke Shrub 3300 3800 √ 2291 Rosaceae Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Shrub 2100 3300 √ 2292 Rosaceae Rubus cordifolius D. Don Climbing shrub 1600 2600 √ 2293 Rosaceae Rubus ellipticus Sm. Shrub 1700 2300 √ √ 2294 Rosaceae Rubus hoffmeisterianus Kunth & C.D.Bouché Shrub 2300 2300 √ 2295 Rosaceae Rubus macilentus Cambess. Shrub 2100 2800 √ 2296 Rosaceae Rubus mesogaeus Focke Shrub 2200 3200 √ 2297 Rosaceae Rubus nepalensis (Hook.f.) Kuntze Herb 2100 3200 √ 2298 Rosaceae Rubus niveus var. micranthus (D.Don) H.Hara Shrub 1200 2600 √ 2299 Rosaceae Rubus niveus var. niveus Thunb. Shrub 2000 2900 √ √ 2300 Rosaceae Rubus pentagonus Wall. Shrub 2100 3000 √ 2301 Rosaceae Rubus treutleri Hook.f. Shrub 2200 3000 √ 2302 Rosaceae Sanguisorba diandra Wall. Herb 3000 4400 √

136 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2303 Rosaceae Sibbaldia cuneata Edgew. Herb 2400 4900 √ √ 2304 Rosaceae Sibbaldia purpurea Royle Herb 3900 5600 √ 2305 Rosaceae Sibbaldianthe bifurca (L.) Kurtto & T.Erikss. Herb 3500 5200 √ 2306 Rosaceae Sorbaria tomentosa (Lindl.) Rehder Shrub 2100 2900 √ √ 2307 Rosaceae Sorbus cashmiriana Hedl. √ 2308 Rosaceae Sorbus foliolosa (Wall.) Spach Tree 2500 4500 √ √ 2309 Rosaceae Sorbus lanata (D.Don) S.Schauer Tree 2500 3400 √ √ 2310 Rosaceae Sorbus microphylla (Wall. ex Hook.f.) Wenz. Herb 3000 4500 √ 2311 Rosaceae Sorbus ursina (Wall. ex G.Don) S.Schauer Tree 2900 4300 √ 2312 Rosaceae Sorbus vestita (Wall. ex G.Don) Lodd. Tree 2700 3700 √ 2313 Rosaceae Sorbus wallichii (Hook.f.) T.T.Yu √ 2314 Rosaceae Spiraea arcuata Hook.f. Shrub 3500 4900 √ 2315 Rosaceae Spiraea bella Sims Shrub 1900 4200 √ 2316 Rosaceae Spiraea canescens D.Don Shrub 1500 3200 √ 2317 Rosaceae Spiraea diversifolia Dunn Shrub 2700 4400 √ 2318 Rosaceae Spiraea hypoleuca Dunn Shrub 2300 3300 √ 2319 Rosaceae Spiraea micrantha Hook.f. Shrub 1400 3000 √ 2320 Rosaceae Spiraea vaccinifolia D.Don Shrub 2100 2500 √ 2321 Rosaceae nussia (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Decne. Shrub 900 2500 √ 2322 Rubiaceae Adina cordifolia (Roxb.) Brandis Tree 150 800 √ 2323 Rubiaceae Argostemma sarmentosum Wall. 300 2100 √ 2324 Rubiaceae Catunaregam spinosa (Thunb.) Tirveng. Shrub or Tree 100 1200 √ 2325 Rubiaceae Coffea benghalensis B.Heyne ex Schult. Shrub 300 900 √ 2326 Rubiaceae Exallage ulmifolia (Wall.) Bremek. Herb 1000 1800 √ 2327 Rubiaceae Galium acutum Edgew. Herb 2000 4100 √ √ 2328 Rubiaceae Galium aparine L. Herbaceous climber 2700 3600 √ √ 2329 Rubiaceae Galium asperifolium var. asperifolium Wall. Herbaceous climber 1500 3000 √ √ 2330 Rubiaceae Galium asperifolium var. sikkimense (Gand.) Cufod. Herbaceous climber 1700 2600 √ √ 2331 Rubiaceae Galium asperuloides Edgew. Herb 2500 2500 √ √ 2332 Rubiaceae Galium elegans Wall. ex Roxb. √ 2333 Rubiaceae Galium exile Hook.f. √ 2334 Rubiaceae Galium hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. Herb 1900 3400 √ √ ex R.R.Mill 2335 Rubiaceae Galium paradoxum Maxim. Herb 2500 3800 √ 2336 Rubiaceae Galium saipalense Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. 4700 4700 √ 2337 Rubiaceae Galium serpylloides Royle ex Hook.f. Herb 4000 4000 √ 2338 Rubiaceae Galium spurium L. Herbaceous climber 900 3600 √ √ 2339 Rubiaceae Hedyotis pruinosa Wight & Arn. Herb 200 2400 √ 2340 Rubiaceae Himalrandia tetrasperma (Wall. ex Roxb.) T.Yamaz. Shrub 1300 2600 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 137 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2341 Rubiaceae Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. Herb 150 1100 √ 2342 Rubiaceae Kohautia coccinea Royle 1600 2700 √ 2343 Rubiaceae Kohautia gracilis (Wall.) DC. 1500 1500 √ 2344 Rubiaceae Leptodermis kumaonensis R.Parker Shrub 2500 3800 √ √ 2345 Rubiaceae Leptodermis lanceolata Wall. Shrub 2000 3500 √ √ 2346 Rubiaceae Leptodermis stapfiana H.J.P.Winkl. Shrub 1400 3500 √ 2347 Rubiaceae Luculia gratissima (Wall.) Sweet Shrub 1000 2100 √ 2348 Rubiaceae Mussaenda treutleri Stapf 400 1700 √ 2349 Rubiaceae Neanotis calycina (Wall. ex Hook.f.) W.H.Lewis Herb 100 300 √ 2350 Rubiaceae Neanotis hirsuta (L.f.) W.H.Lewis Herb 700 2400 √ 2351 Rubiaceae Rubia wallichiana Decne. Herbaceous climber 1500 3200 √ 2352 Rubiaceae Spermacoce alata Aubl. √ 2353 Rubiaceae Spermacoce articularis L.f. Herb 150 1100 √ 2354 Rubiaceae Spermacoce pusilla Wall. Herb 150 1800 √ 2355 Rubiaceae Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre Tree √ 2356 Rubiaceae scandens (Sm.) Wall. Climbing shrub 700 1700 √ 2357 Rubiaceae Wendlandia coriacea (Wall.) DC. Tree or Shrub 200 1900 √ 2358 Rubiaceae Wendlandia luzoniensis var. luzoniensis Tree 150 1400 √ 2359 Rubiaceae Wendlandia puberula DC. Tree 700 2000 √ 2360 Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa Tree 600 1100 √ 2361 Rutaceae Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn. Herb 600 3300 √ √ 2362 Rutaceae Citrus medica L. Shrub or Tree 700 1200 √ 2363 Rutaceae Clausena heptaphylla (Roxb.) Wight & Arn. Shrub 100 250 √ 2364 Rutaceae Clausena pentaphylla DC. Shrub or Tree √ 2365 Rutaceae Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Tree 150 1450 √ 2366 Rutaceae Skimmia anquetilia N.P.Taylor & Airy Shaw Shrub 2600 3000 √ √ 2367 Rutaceae Skimmia laureola (DC.) Decne. Shrub 2400 3000 √ 2368 Rutaceae Tetradium ruticarpum (A.Juss.) T.G.Hartley Tree 2100 2600 √ 2369 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC. √ 2370 Rutaceae Zanthoxylum armatum DC. Tree 1100 2500 √ √ 2371 Sabiaceae Meliosma dilleniifolia (Wall. ex Wight & Arn.) Walp. Tree 1800 2900 √ 2372 Sabiaceae Meliosma yunnanensis Franch. 1800 2400 √ 2373 Sabiaceae Sabia campanulata Wall. Woody Climber 1800 2400 √ 2374 Sabiaceae Sabia paniculata Edgew. ex Hook.f. & Thomson 300 1700 √ √ 2375 Salicaceae Casearia graveolens Dalzell Shrub or tree 300 2000 √ 2376 Salicaceae Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Trere 200 500 √ 2377 Salicaceae indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Tree or shrub 300 600 √ 2378 Salicaceae (Lour.) Raeusch. Tree 900 1200 √ 2379 Salicaceae Homalium napaulense (DC.) Benth. Tree 700 1800 √

138 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2380 Salicaceae Populus ciliata Wall. ex Royle √ 2381 Salicaceae Salix babylonica L. Tree 1400 3650 √ 2382 Salicaceae Salix bhutanensis Flod. Shrub or tree 2400 4600 √ √ 2383 Salicaceae Salix denticulata Andersson Shrub 2400 3000 √ √ 2384 Salicaceae Salix fruticulosa Andersson √ 2385 Salicaceae Salix karelinii Turcz. ex Stschegl. Shrub 2100 4400 √ √ 2386 Salicaceae Salix lindleyana Wall. ex Andersson Shrub 3800 5000 √ √ 2387 Salicaceae Salix longiflora Wall. ex Andersson √ 2388 Salicaceae Salix myrtillacea Andersson Shrub 2900 4000 √ √ 2389 Salicaceae Salix obscura Andersson Shrub 2400 3600 √ 2390 Salicaceae Salix sclerophylla Andersson Shrub 3600 5500 √ 2391 Salicaceae Salix sericocarpa Andersson Tree 2400 5100 √ 2392 Salicaceae Salix turanica Nasarow Shrub 2900 2900 √ 2393 Salicaceae longifolia Clos. Shrub 300 1000 √ 2394 Santalaceae Arceuthobium minutissimum Hook.f. Shrub,hemiparasitic 3000 3400 √ 2395 Santalaceae Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. Shrub 900 2200 √ 2396 Santalaceae Pyrularia edulis A.DC. 1600 1800 √ 2397 Santalaceae Thesium emodi Hendrych √ 2398 Santalaceae Thesium himalense Royle ex Edgew. Hemiparasitic herb 1300 4000 √ √ 2399 Santalaceae Viscum album L. Hemiparasitic 600 2300 √ √ 2400 Santalanceae Viscum articulatum Burm.f. Hemiparasitic 1500 2100 √ 2401 Santalanceae Viscum articulatum var. liquidambaricolum Burm. f. Hemiparasitic 200 2200 √ 2402 Santalanceae Viscum monoicum Roxb. ex DC. √ 2403 Acer acuminatum Wall. ex D.Don Tree 2200 3200 √ √ 2404 Sapindaceae Acer caesium Wall. ex Brandis Tree 2200 3000 √ 2405 Sapindaceae Acer campbellii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Hiern Tree 2100 3600 √ 2406 Sapindaceae Acer cappadocicum Gled. Tree 2100 3000 √ √ 2407 Sapindaceae Acer laevigatum Wall. Tree 1200 1800 √ 2408 Sapindaceae Acer oblongum Wall. ex DC. Tree 120 2400 √ 2409 Sapindaceae Acer pectinatum Wall. ex Brandis Tree 2700 3800 √ √ 2410 Sapindaceae Acer sterculiaceum Wall. Tree 2200 3200 √ 2411 Sapindaceae Aesculus indica (Wall. ex Cambess.) Hook. Tree 1900 2400 √ √ 2412 Sapindaceae Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Herb 900 1500 √ √ 2413 Sapindaceae Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Tree 1000 1200 √ 2414 Sapindaceae Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken 200 300 √ 2415 Saurauiaceae Saurauia napaulensis DC. Tree 750 2100 √ 2416 Saxifragaceae Astilbe rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Herb 2000 3600 √ 2417 Saxifragaceae Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. Herb 900 1700 √ 2418 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium carnosum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 3800 5500 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 139 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2419 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium nepalense D.Don Herb 2000 4000 √ 2420 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium nudicaule Bunge Herb 3800 4500 √ 2421 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium tenellum Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 2700 4200 √ 2422 Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium trichospermum Edgew. ex Hook.f. & Herb 2400 2400 √ Thomson 2423 Saxifragaceae Micranthes melanocentra (Franch.) Losinsk. Herb 3800 5600 √ √ 2424 Saxifragaceae Micranthes pallida (Wall. ex Ser.) Losinsk. Herb 3200 4800 √ √ 2425 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga afghanica Aitch. & Hemsl. Herb 4600 4800 √ 2426 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga andersonii Engl. Herb 3400 5500 √ √ 2427 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga aristulata Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4200 5600 √ √ 2428 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga asarifola Sternb. Herb 3600 4600 √ √ 2429 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga brachypoda D. Don Herb 4100 5000 √ √ 2430 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga brunonis Ser. Herb 2400 5600 √ √ 2431 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga cinerea Harry Sm. √ 2432 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga coarctata W.W.Sm. Herb 4900 4900 √ 2433 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga diversifolia Wall. ex Ser. Herb 2400 4800 √ √ 2434 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga filicaulis Wall. ex Ser. Herb 2700 3800 √ √ 2435 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga georgei J.Anthony Herb 3900 5400 √ 2436 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga granulifera Harry Sm. Herb 3100 4300 √ 2437 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga hirculoides Decne. Herb 4700 5000 √ √ 2438 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga hirculus L. √ 2439 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga hispidula D.Don Herb 3300 4500 √ 2440 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga hypostoma Harry Sm. Herb 4300 5200 √ √ 2441 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga kumaunensis Engl. Herb 4000 4800 √ 2442 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga lepida Harry Sm. √ 2443 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga lychnitis Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4400 5600 √ √ 2444 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga microphylla Schleich. Herb 3900 5600 √ 2445 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga mira Harry Sm. Herb 4300 4300 √ 2446 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga moorcroftiana (Ser.) Wall. ex Sternb. Herb 2400 4900 √ √ 2447 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga mucronulata Royle Herb 3800 4800 √ 2448 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga nakaoi Kitam. √ 2449 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga neopropagulifera H. Hara √ 2450 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga parnassifolia D.Don Herb 1900 4900 √ √ 2451 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga perpusilla Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4700 5600 √ 2452 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga poluniniana Harry Sm. Herb 3300 3500 √ √ 2453 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga pulvinaria Harry Sm. Herb 3800 5800 √ √ 2454 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga rhodopetala Harry Sm. Herb 3900 4560 √ √ 2455 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga roylei Harry Sm. √ 2456 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga saginoides Hook.f. & Thomson Herb 4200 5200 √ √

140 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2457 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga sibirica L. Herb 4100 5000 √ √ 2458 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga sikkimensis Engl. Herb 3600 5200 √ 2459 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga stenophylla Royle Herb 4500 5700 √ 2460 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga stolitzkae Duthie ex Engl. & Irmsch. Herb 3000 4300 √ √ 2461 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga strigosa Wall. ex Ser. Herb 2100 4200 √ 2462 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga tangutica Engl. √ 2463 Saxifragaceae Saxifraga williamsii Harry Sm. √ 2464 Schisandraceae Schisandra grandiflora (Wall.) Hook.f. & Thomson Woody Climber 2100 3300 √ √ 2465 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia laportifolia T.Yamaz. Herb 2700 2900 √ 2466 Scrophulariaceae asiatica Lour. Shrub or tree 350 2000 √ 2467 Scrophulariaceae Buddleja crispa Benth. Shrub 1800 4400 √ 2468 Scrophulariaceae Buddleja paniculata Wall. Shrub or tree 1000 2400 √ 2469 Scrophulariaceae Euphrasia himalayica Wettst. Hemiparasitic herb 3200 4200 √ √ 2470 Scrophulariaceae Lagotis nepalensis T.Yamaz. Herb 5700 5700 √ 2471 Scrophulariaceae Logotis kunawurensis Herb 3900 5600 √ 2472 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia bheriensis T.Yamaz. Herb 1800 2400 √ 2473 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia calycina Benth. Herb 3800 3800 √ 2474 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia decomposita Royle ex Benth. Herb 1500 3200 √ 2475 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia elatior Wall. ex Benn. √ 2476 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia koelzii Pennell Herb √ 2477 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia pauciflora Benth. Herb 2500 4100 √ 2478 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia urticifolia Wall. ex Benth. Herb 1800 2800 √ 2479 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia wattii (Hook.f.) P.Li √ 2480 Scrophulariaceae Scrophularia wattii (Hook.f.) P.Li Hemiparasitic herb 4400 5800 √ 2481 Scrophulariaceae Verbascum thapsus L. Herb 1800 4000 √ 2482 Simaroubaceae Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. Tree 1300 2400 √ 2483 Simaroubaceae Picrasma quassioides (D.Don) Benn. Shrub 2000 3000 √ 2484 Smilacaceae Smilax aspera L. Climbing shrub 1200 2600 √ 2485 Smilacaceae Smilax elegans Wall. ex Kunth Climbing shrub 1800 3100 √ √ 2486 Smilacaceae Smilax menispermoidea A.DC. Climbing shrub 1800 3400 √ √ 2487 Smilacaceae Smilax perfoliata Lour. Climbing shrub 500 900 √ 2488 Solanaceae Anisodus luridus Link ex Spreng. Shrub 2500 3800 √ 2489 Solanaceae Anisodus tanguticus (Maxim.) Pascher Shrub 4200 4400 √ 2490 Solanaceae Capsicum baccatum L. Shrub or Herb 1500 1500 √ 2491 Solanaceae Cestrum nocturnum L. Shrub 900 1500 √ 2492 Solanaceae Datura metel L. Herb 300 1200 √ 2493 Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Herb 200 2200 √ √ 2494 Solanaceae Hyoscyamus insanus Stocks Herb 1200 1200 √ √ 2495 Solanaceae Hyoscyamus niger L. Herb 2000 3400 √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 141 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2496 Solanaceae Mandragora caulescens C.B.Clarke Herb 3600 4500 √ √ 2497 Solanaceae Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Herb 750 2600 √ 2498 Solanaceae Nicotiana tabacum L. Herb 800 1800 √ 2499 Solanaceae Physalis halicacabum Crantz Herb 150 600 √ 2500 Solanaceae Physalis peruviana L. √ 2501 Solanaceae Physochlaina praealta (Decne.) Miers Herb 3500 4600 √ √ 2502 Solanaceae Solanum aculeatissimum Jacq. √ 2503 Solanaceae Solanum anguivi Lam. Shrub 250 2300 √ 2504 Solanaceae Solanum erianthum D. Don Shrub or Tree 200 1400 √ √ 2505 Solanaceae Solanum nigrum L. Herb 900 2900 √ √ 2506 Solanaceae Solanum torvum Sw. √ 2507 Solanaceae Solanum violaceum Ortega √ 2508 Solanaceae Solanum virginianum L. Herb 300 900 √ 2509 Solanaceae Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal Shrub 900 2000 √ √ 2510 Sphenocleaceae Sphenoclea zeylanica Gaertn. Herb 200 600 √ 2511 Staphyleaceae Staphylea emodi Wall. ex Brandis √ 2512 Symplocaceae Symplocos lucida Wall. ex G.Don Shrub or Tree 1500 3000 √ 2513 Symplocaceae Symplocos paniculata Miq. Shrub or Tree 1000 2500 √ √ 2514 Symplocaceae Symplocos ramosissima Wall. ex G.Don Shrub or Tree 1400 2600 √ 2515 Tamaricaceae Myricaria germanica (L.) Desv. √ 2516 Tamaricaceae Myricaria squamosa Desv. Shrub 3200 3900 √ 2517 Tamaricaceae Myricaria wardii C.Marquand √ 2518 Tamaricaceae Tamarix dioica Roxb. ex Roth Tree 100 400 √ 2519 Theaceae Camellia kissi Wall. Shrub or Tree 900 2200 √ 2520 Thymelaeaceae Daphne bholua var. glacialis (W.W.Sm. & Cave) B.L.Burtt Shrub 2100 3100 √ 2521 Thymelaeaceae Daphne papyracea Wall. ex G.Don Shrub 1500 2300 √ 2522 Thymelaeaceae Stellera chamaejasme L. Herb 2700 4200 √ √ 2523 Thymelaeaceae Wikstroemia canescens Meisn. Shrub 1800 3200 √ √ 2524 Ulmaceae Ulmus wallichiana Planch. Tree 2000 3000 √ 2525 Elatostema punctatum (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Wedd. Herb 1800 3000 √ 2526 Urticaceae Boehmeria polystachya Wedd. Herb 2200 3000 √ 2527 Urticaceae Boehmeria ternifolia D. Don Herb 900 2300 √ 2528 Urticaceae Boehmeria virgata var. macrostachya (Wight) Friis & Herb 800 2700 √ Wilmot-Dear 2529 Urticaceae Boehmeria virgata(G.Forst.) Guill. √ 2530 Urticaceae Chamabainia cuspidata Wight Herb 1800 2900 √ 2531 Urticaceae Debregeasia longifolia (Burm.f.) Wedd. Herb 1000 2000 √ 2532 Urticaceae Debregeasia saeneb (Forssk.) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood Herb 1500 2400 √ 2533 Urticaceae Elatostema lineolatum Wight Herb 1200 1200 √

142 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2534 Urticaceae Elatostema monandrum (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Hara Herb 1200 3100 √ 2535 Urticaceae Girardinia diversifolia (Link) Friis Herb 1700 3000 √ 2536 Urticaceae Gonostegia hirta (Hassk.) Miq. Herb 500 2400 √ 2537 Urticaceae Gonostegia pentandra (Roxb.) Miq. Herb 150 900 √ 2538 Urticaceae Laportea bulbifera (Siebold & Zucc.) Wedd. Herb 1900 3300 √ 2539 Urticaceae Lecanthus peduncularis (Royle) Wedd. Herb 1200 3200 √ 2540 Urticaceae Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq. Herb 500 2400 √ 2541 Urticaceae Parietaria debilis G.Forst. Herb 2600 3900 √ √ 2542 Urticaceae Pilea martinii (H. Lév.) Hand.-Mazz. Herb 2400 3200 √ 2543 Urticaceae Pilea racemosa (Royle) Tuyama Herb 2000 3800 √ √ 2544 Urticaceae Pilea scripta (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Wedd. Herb 1300 2500 √ 2545 Urticaceae Pilea symmeria Wedd. Herb 2100 3300 √ 2546 Urticaceae Pilea umbrosa Wedd. ex Blume Herb 1200 2500 √ 2547 Urticaceae Pouzolzia rugulosa (Wedd.) Acharya & Kravtsova Herb 300 1700 √ 2548 Urticaceae Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. Herb 200 2400 √ 2549 Urticaceae Urtica ardens Link Herb 600 3000 √ 2550 Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. Herb 3000 4500 √ 2551 Urticaceae Urtica hyperborea Jacquem. ex Wedd. Herb 4100 5100 √ 2552 Verbenaceae Duranta erecta L. Climbing shrub 200 1600 √ 2553 Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. √ 2554 Verbenaceae Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Herb 600 1400 √ 2555 Verbenaceae Pseudocaryopteris foetida (D.Don) P.D.Cantino Shrub 1200 2200 √ √ 2556 Verbenaceae Verbena officinalis L. Herb 900 2400 √ 2557 Viburnaceae Sambucus adnata Wall. ex DC. Shrub 2000 3700 √ 2558 Viburnaceae Viburnum cotinifolium D. Don Shrub 2100 3600 √ √ 2559 Viburnaceae Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub or Tree 1200 2500 √ 2560 Viburnaceae Viburnum erubescens Wall. ex DC. Tree 1500 3000 √ 2561 Viburnaceae Viburnum grandiflorum Wall. ex DC. Shrub 3000 3700 √ √ 2562 Viburnaceae Viburnum mullaha Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub 1800 2700 √ 2563 Viburnaceae Viburnum mullaha var. glabrescens (C.B. Clarke) Kitam. Woody Climber 2500 4000 √ 2564 Viburnaceae Viburnum nervosum D.Don Shrub or Tree 2600 3500 √ √ 2565 Viburnaceae Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don Shrub or Tree 600 1600 √ 2566 Violanceae Viola betonicifolia Sm. Herb 1600 3900 √ 2567 Violanceae Viola biflora L. Herb 2100 4500 √ √ 2568 Violanceae Viola bulbosa Maxim. Herb 2700 2800 √ √ 2569 Violanceae Viola canescens Wall. Herb 150 2400 √ 2570 Violanceae Viola glaucescens Oudem. Herb 2100 2400 √ 2571 Violanceae Viola kunawarensis Royle. Herb 3600 3900 √ 2572 Violanceae Viola pilosa Blume √

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 143 Elevation Press range (m asl) SN Family Scientific Name Habit et. al. GBIF Lower Upper 2000 range range 2573 Violanceae Viola thomsonii Oudem. Herb 2200 2400 √ 2574 Vitaceae Ampelocissus divaricata (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. Woody Climber 300 1700 √ 2575 Vitaceae Ampelocissus rugosa (Wall.) Planch. Woody Climber 1000 2400 √ √ 2576 Vitaceae Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Shrub 400 900 √ 2577 Vitaceae Parthenocissus semicordata (Wall.) Planch. Climbing Shrub 1800 2600 √ √ 2578 Vitaceae Tetrastigma hookeri Planch. Woody Climber 200 1500 √ 2579 Vitaceae Tetrastigma obtectum (Wall. ex M.A.Lawson) Planch. ex Woody Climber 300 2000 √ Franch. 2580 Vitaceae Tetrastigma serrulatum (Roxb.) Planch. Woody Climber 500 2400 √ 2581 Vitaceae Vitis heyneana Roem. & Schult. √ 2582 Vitaceae Vitis jacquemontii R. Parker Climbing Shrub 900 1800 √ 2583 Vitaceae Vitis parvifolia Roxb. Climbing Shrub 1200 2100 √ 2584 Vitaceae Vitis pedicellata M.A. Lawson Climbing Shrub 2100 2400 √ √ 2585 Zingiberaceae Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy Herb 1200 3100 √ 2586 Zingiberaceae Globba racemosa Sm. √ 2587 Zingiberaceae Hedychium ellipticum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. Herb 300 3100 √ 2588 Zingiberaceae Hedychium spicatum Sm. Herb 2100 2400 √ 2589 Zingiberaceae Roscoea alpina Royle Herb 2400 3100 √ √ 2590 Zingiberaceae Roscoea nepalensis Cowley Herb 2440 3050 √ 2591 Zingiberaceae Roscoea purpurea Sm. Herb 1800 2900 √

144 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Appendix S2 : Endemic plants found in the Karnali province (Tiwari et al. 2019)

Species Family District 1. Strobilanthes bheriensis Acanthaceae Dolpa 2. Oreocome depauperata Apiaceae Humla 3. Brachystelma nepalense Apocynaceae Rukum 4. Asparagus penicillatus Asparagaceae Dolpa 5. Cirsium flavisquamatum Asteraceae Mugu 6. Saussurea linearifolia Asteraceae Dolpa 7. Saussurea platyphyllaria Asteraceae Dolpa 8. Saussurea ramchaudharyi Asteraceae Humla 9. Impatiens scullyi Balsaminaceae W. Nepal 10. Impatiens williamsii Balsaminaceae Jumla 11. Onosma bheriense Berberidaceae Dolpa 12. Draba poluniniana Brassicaceae Humla 13. Noccaea nepalensis Brassicaceae Humla 14. Silene davidlongii Caryophyllaceae Mugu 15. Silene hellebriflora Caryophyllaceae W. Nepal 16. Astragalus chateri Fabaceae Dolpa 17. Astragalus jumlaensis Fabaceae Jumla 18. Astragalus poluninii Fabaceae Mugu 19. Oxytropis arenae-ripariae Fabaceae Jumla 20. Oxytropis fasciculiflorum Fabaceae Dolpa 21. Rhynchosia nepalensis Fabaceae Salyan 22. Discretitheca nepalensis Lamiaceae Jajarkot 23. Malaxis dolpensis Orchidaceae Dolpa 24. Pedicularis muguensis Orobanchaceae Mugu 25. Pedicularis yamazakiana Orobanchaceae Jumla 26. Corydalis calycina Papaveraceae Jumala 27. Corydalis clavibracteata Papaveraceae Dolpa 28. Corydalis simplex Papaveraceae Dolpa 29. Corydalis spicata Papaveraceae Jumla 30. Corydalis uncinata Papaveraceae Dolpa 31. Meconopsis chankeliensis Papaveraceae Jumla 32. Meconopsis simikotensis Papaveraceae Humla 33. Veronica emodi Plantaginaceae Mugu 34. ELymus nepalensis Poaceae Jumla

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 145 Species Family District 35. Eulaliopsis sykesii Poaceae W. Nepal 36. Festuca poluninii Poaceae Jumla 37. Fagopyrum megacarpum Poaceae Mugu 38. Primula poluninii Primulaceae Mugu 39. Primula ramzane Primulaceae Dolpa 40. Clematis phlebantha Ranunculaceae Dolpa 41. Delphinium williamsii Ranunculaceae Kalikot 42. Ranunculus himalaicus Ranunculaceae Humla 43. Prunus jajarkotensis Rosaceae Jajarkot 44. Saxifraga poluninana Saxifragaceae Jumla 45. Saxifraga rhodopetala Saxifragaceae Dolpa 46. Scrophularia bheriensis Scrophulariaceae Dolpa 47. Roscoea nepalensis Scrophulariaceae Jumla

146 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Appendix S3 Mammals known and expected to be present in the Karnali province (Note: CR-Critically Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable, NT-Near Threatened, LC-Least Concern, DF-Data Deficient)

Common name Scientific name Global National Sources (IUCN 2020) Red List 1. Red panda Ailurus fulgens EN EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 2. Alpine Musk deer Moschus chrysogaster EN EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 3. Himalayan black bear Ursus thibetanus VU EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 4. Chinese pangolin Manis pentadactyla CR EN (Suwal et al., 2020) 5. Common leopard Panthera pardus VU VU (Jnawali et al., 2011) 6. Snow leopard Panthera uncia VU EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 7. Himalayan wolf Canis lupus himalayanus LC CR (Werhahn et al., 2017) 8. Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis NT VU (Khanal et al., 2018) 9. Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 10. Yellow throated marten Martes flavigula LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 11. Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC VU (Ghimirey and Ghimire, 2010) 12. Himalayan tahr Hemitragus jemlahicus NT NT (Jnawali et al., 2011) 13. Himalayan serow Capricornis thar NT DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 14. Himalayan goral Naemorhedus goral NT NT (Jnawali et al., 2011) 15. Wild boar Sus scrofa LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 16. Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak LC VU (Jnawali et al., 2011) 17. Blue sheep Pseudois nayaur LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 18. Wild yak Bos mutus VU CR (Acharya et al., 2016) 19. Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii NT DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 20. Dhole Cuon alpinus EN EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 21. Clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa VU EN (Ghimirey and Acharya, 2018) 22. Eurasian lynx Lynx lynx LC VU (Jnawali et al., 2011) 23. Eurasian otter Lutra lutra NT NT (Jnawali et al., 2011) 24. Large Indian civet Viverra zibetha NT NT (Ghimirey and Acharya, 2014) 25. Golden jackal Canis aureus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 26. Jungle cat Felis chaus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 27. Small Asian mongoose Herpestes javanicus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 28. Stone marten Martes foina LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 29. Siberian weasel Mustela sibirica LC LC (GHIMIREY et al., 2014)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 147 Common name Scientific name Global National Sources (IUCN 2020) Red List 30. Masked palm civet Paguma larvata LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 31. Small Indian civet Viverricula indica LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 32. Hog badger Arctonyx collaris NT DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 33. Altai weasel Mustela altaica NT DF (GHIMIREY et al., 2014) 34. Ermine Mustela erminea LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 35. Asiatic golden cat Pardofelis temminckii NT DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 36. Tibetan fox Vulpes ferrilata LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 37. Red fox Vulpes vulpes LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 38. Terai Gray langur Semnopithecus hector NT LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 39. Himalayan water shrew Chimarrogale himalayica LC EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 40. Black Giant Squirrel Ratufa bicolor NT EN (Jnawali et al., 2011) 41. Long tailed field mouse Apodemus sylvaticus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 42. Lesser bandicoot rat Bandicota bengalensis LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 43. Greater bandicoot rat Bandicota indica LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 44. Hodgson’s Brown-toothed Episoriculus caudatus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) Shrew 45. Long-tailed Brown-toothed Episoriculus leucops LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) Shrew 46. Particolored Flying Squirrel Hylopetes alboniger LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 47. Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 48. Woolly Hare Lepus oiostolus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 49. Himalayan Marmot Marmota himalayana LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 50. Common Indian Field Mouse Mus booduga LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 51. House Mouse Mus musculus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 52. Little Himalayan Rat Niviventer eha LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 53. Himalayan Field Rat Rattus nitidus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 54. Brown Rat Rattus norvegicus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 55. Himalayan Rat Rattus pyctoris LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 56. Black Rat Rattus rattus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 57. Sikkim Large-Clawed Shrew Soriculus nigrescens LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 58. House Shrew Suncus murinus LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 59. Himalayan Striped Squirrel Tamiops macclellandii LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 60. Himalayan Field Mouse Apodemus pallipes LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 61. Hairy-footed Flying Squirrel Belomys pearsonii DF DF (Jnawali et al., 2011)

148 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Common name Scientific name Global National Sources (IUCN 2020) Red List 62. Tibetan Dwarf Hamster Cricetulus alticola LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 63. Horsefield’s Shrew Crocidura horsieldii DF DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 64. Pale Grey Shrew Crocidura pergrisea DF DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 65. Himalayan Mole Euroscaptor micrura LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 66. Bobak Marmot Marmota bobak LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 67. Elegant Water Shrew Nectogale elegans LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 68. Plateau Pika Ochotona curzoniae LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 69. Large-eared Pika Ochotona macrotis LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 70. Nubra Pika Ochotona nubrica LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 71. Royle’s Pika Ochotona roylei LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 72. Moupin Pika Ochotona thibetana LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 73. Hodgson’s Giant Flying Petaurista magniicus NT DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) Squirrel 74. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew Sorex minutus LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 75. Anderson’s Shrew Suncus stoliczkanus LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 76. Asian Barbastelle Barbastella leucomelas LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 77. Greater Short-nosed Bat Cynopterus sphinx LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 78. Great Himalayan Leaf-nosed Hipposideros armiger LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) Bat 79. Leschenault’s Rousette Bat Rousettus leschenaultii LC LC (Jnawali et al., 2011) 80. Brown Big-eared Bat Plecotus auritus LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 81. Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica LC DF (Jnawali et al., 2011) 82. Striped hyaena Hyaena hyaena NT EN (Bhandari and Bhusal, 2017) 83. Kiang Equus kiang LC VU (Jnawali et al., 2011) 84. Tibetan Argali Ovis ammon NT DF (Kusi et al., 2019) 85. Tibetan Gazelle Procapra picticaudata NT CR (Jnawali et al., 2011) 86. Pallas’s Cat Otocolobus manul NL LC (Kusi et al., 2018) 87. Himalayan Brown Bear Ursus arctos LC CR (Kusi et al., 2018) 88. Ermine Mustela ermenia DF LC (Kusi et al., 2018) 89. Nepal Grey Langur Semnopithecus LC LC (Kusi et al., 2018) schistaceus

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 149 Reference of Appendix S3

Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Adhikary, B., Kunwar, B., 2016. Wild yak Bos mutus in Nepal: rediscovery of a flagship species. Mammalia 80, 475–480.

Bhandari, S., Bhusal, D.R., 2017. Notes on human-hyena (Hyaena hyaena, Linnaeus 1751) conflict in Jajarkot, Kalikot and Mahottari districts of Nepal. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology 22, 127–131.

Ghimirey, Y., Acharya, R., 2018. The VU clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa in Nepal: an update. Oryx 52, 166–170.

Ghimirey, Y., Acharya, R., 2014. Notes on the distribution of Large Indian Civet Viverra zibetha in Nepal. Small Carnivore Conservation 50, 25–29.

GHIMIREY, Y., ACHARYA, R., CHAUDHARY, A., PRAJAPATI, A., 2014. Observations of mountain weasel Mustela altaica and Siberian weasel M. sibirica in Nepal. Small Carnivore Conservation 50, 64–65.

Ghimirey, Y., Ghimire, B., 2010. Leopard cat at high altitude in Makalu-Barun national Park, Nepal. Cat News 52, 16–17.

Jnawali, S.R., Baral, H.S., Lee, S., Acharya, K.P., Upadhyay, G.P., Pandey, M., Shrestha, R., Joshi, D., Lamichhane, R.B., Griffiths, B., Khatiwada, A.P., Subedi, N., Amin, R., 2011. The Status of Nepal’s Mammals: The National Red List Series, Red List Series. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal.

Khanal, L., Chalise, M.K., He, K., Acharya, B.K., Kawamoto, Y., Jiang, X., 2018. Mitochondrial DNA analyses and ecological niche modeling reveal post-LGM expansion of the Assam macaque (Macaca assamensis) in the foothills of Nepal Himalaya. American Journal of Primatology 80, e22748.

Kusi, N., Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., Adhikary, B., Werhahn, G., 2019. An update on the Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in Nepal. Mammalia 83, 110–114.

Kusi, N., Werhahn, G., Poudyal, L.P., 2018. Birds of Dolpa: Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Adjoining Areas. Nepalese Ornithological Union and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu Nepal.

Suwal, T.L., Thapa, A., Gurung, S., Aryal, P.C., Basnet, H., Basnet, K., Shah, K.B., Thapa, S., Koirala, S., Dahal, S., 2020. Predicting the potential distribution and habitat variables associated with pangolins in Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation e01049.

Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Sillero-Zubiri, C., Macdonald, D.W., 2017. Conservation implications for the Himalayan wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of packs and home sites in Nepal. Oryx 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S0030605317001077

150 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Appendix S4 : Birds known and expected to be present in Karnali province Endangered, EN-Endangered, VU-Vulnerable, NT-Near Threatened, LC-Least Concern, DF-Data Deficient)

S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 1 Alpine Accentor Prunella collaris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 2 Alpine Swift Tachymarptis melba LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 3 Alpine Thrush Zoothera mollissima LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 4 Altai Accentor Prunella himalayana LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 5 Amur Falcon Falco amurensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 6 Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 7 Ashy Woodpigeon Columba pulchricollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 8 Ashy-throated Warbler Phylloscopus maculipennis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 9 Asian Barred Owlet Glaucidium cuculoides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 10 Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 11 Asian House Martin Delichon dasypus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 12 Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 13 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 14 Bar-tailed Treecreeper Certhia himalayana LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 15 Bar-throated Minla Chrysominla strigula LC (Kusi et al., 2018) 16 Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 17 Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus NT VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 18 Beautiful Rosefinch Carpodacus pulcherrimus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 19 Besra Accipiter virgatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 20 Black Bulbul Hypsipetes leucocephalus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 21 Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 22 Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 23 Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 24 Black Kite Milvus migrans LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 25 Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 26 Black-and-yellow Grosbeak Mycerobas icterioides LC DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 27 Black-chinned Babbler Stachyris pyrrhops LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 28 Black-chinned Yuhina Yuhina nigrimenta LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 29 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 30 Black-faced Laughingthrush Trochalopteron affinis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 31 Black-faced Warbler Abroscopus schisticeps LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 151 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 32 Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 33 Black-headed Jay Garrulus lanceolatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 34 Black-lored Tit Parus xanthogenys LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 35 Black-necked Crane Grus nigricollis VU DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 36 Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 37 Black-throated Accentor Prunella atrogularis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 38 Black-throated Parrotbill Suthora nipalensis LC (Kusi et al., 2018) 39 Black-throated Sunbird Aethopyga saturata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 40 Black-throated Tit Aegithalos concinnus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 41 Black-winged Snowfinch Montifringilla adamsi LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 42 Blood Pheasant Ithaginis cruentus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 43 Blue Rock Thrush Monticola solitarius LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 44 Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 45 Blue-capped Redstart Phoenicurus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) coeruleocephala 46 Blue-capped Rock Thrush Monticola cinclorhynchus LC LC Vol 5 (Humla) (Inskipp et al., 2016) 47 Blue-fronted Redstart Phoenicurus frontalis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 48 Bluethroat Luscinia svecica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 49 Blue-throated Barbet Megalaima asiatica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 50 Blyth's Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus reguloides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 51 Bonelli’s Eagle Aquila fasciata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 52 Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 53 Booted Warbler Hippolais caligata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 54 Brahminy Starling Sturnia pagodarum LC (Kusi et al. 2018) 55 Brambling Fringilla montifringilla LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 56 Brandt's Mountain Finch Leucosticte brandti LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 57 Brown Accentor Prunella fulvescens LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 58 Brown Dipper Cinclus pallasii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 59 Brown Fish Owl Ketupa zeylonensis LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 60 Brown Shrike Lanius cristatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 61 Brown-fronted Woodpecker Dendrocopos auriceps LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 62 Brown-headed Gull Larus brunnicephalus LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 63 Brownish-flanked Bush- Horornis fortipes LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) warbler

152 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 64 Brown-throated Treecreeper Certhia discolor LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 65 Buff-barred Warbler Phylloscopus pulcher LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 66 Egret Bubulcus ibis LC LC Baral et al. 2014 67 Cheer Pheasant Catreus wallichii VU EN (Inskipp et al., 2016) 68 -bellied Nuthatch Sitta castanea LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 69 Chestnut-bellied Rock Thrush Monticola rufiventris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 70 Chestnut-crowned Garrulax erythrocephalus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) Laughingthrush 71 Chestnut-crowned Warbler Seicercus castaniceps LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 72 Chestnut-eared Bunting Emberiza fucata LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 73 Chestnut-headed -eater Merops leschenaulti LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 74 Chestnut-headed Tesia Tesia castaneocoronata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 75 Chestnut-shouldered Petronia Petronia xanthocollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 76 Chestnut-tailed Minla Minla strigula LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 77 Chukar Alectoris chukar LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 78 Cinereous Vulture Aegypius monachus NT EN Kusi et al. 2018 79 Citrine Wagtail Motacilla citreola LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 80 Coal Tit Parus ater LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 81 Collared Grosbeak Mycerobas affinis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 82 Collared Owlet Glaucidium brodiei LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 83 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 84 Common Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 85 Common Chiffchaff Phylloscopus collybita LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 86 Common Coot Fulica atra LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 87 Common Crane Grus grus LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 88 Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 89 Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 90 Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 91 Common Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx varius LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 92 Common Hoopoe Upupa epops LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 93 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 94 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 95 Common Merganser, Mergus merganser LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) Goosander

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 153 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 96 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 97 Common Myna Acridotheres tristis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 98 Common Pigeon Columba livia LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 99 Common Pochard Aythya ferina VU NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 100 Common Raven Corvus corax LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 101 Common Redshank Tringa totanus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 102 Common Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 103 Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 104 Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 105 Common Stonechat Saxicola torquatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 106 Common Swift Apus apus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 107 Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 108 Common Teal Anas crecca LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 109 Common Tern Sterna hirundo LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 110 Crested Bunting Melophus lathami LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 111 Crested Goshawk Accipiter trivirgatus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 112 Crested Kingfisher Megaceryle lugubris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 113 Crested Serpent Eagle Spilornis cheela LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 114 Crimson-breasted Woodpecker Dryobates pernyii LC Kusi et al. 2018 115 Darjeeling Woodpecker Dendrocopos darjellensis LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 116 Dark-breasted Rosefinch Carpodacus nipalensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 117 Dark-grey Tit Parus rufonuchalis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 118 Dark-sided Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 119 Demoiselle Crane Grus virgo LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 120 Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 121 Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus EN VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 122 Eurasian Blackbird Turdus merula LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 123 Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto LC LC Baral et al. 2014 124 Eurasian Crag Martin Ptyonoprogne rupestris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 125 Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata NT CR (Inskipp et al., 2016) 126 Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubo bubo LC DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 127 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 128 Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

154 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 129 Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 130 Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 131 Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 132 Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 133 Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 134 Eurasian Wryneck Jynx torquilla LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 135 European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 136 Eversmann's Redstart Phoenicurus erythronotus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 137 Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca NT VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 138 Fire-breasted Flowerpecker Dicaeum ignipectus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 139 Fire-capped Tit Cephalopyrus flammiceps LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 140 Fire-tailed Myzornis Myzornis pyrrhoura LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 141 Fire-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga ignicauda LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 142 Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 143 Gadwall Anas strepera LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 144 Garganey Anas querquedula LC VU Kusi et al. 2018 145 Goldcrest Regulus regulus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 146 Golden Bush Robin chrysaeus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 147 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 148 Golden-naped Finch Pyrrhoplectes epauletta LC VU Kusi et al. 2018 149 Grandala Grandala coelicolor LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 150 Great Barbet Megalaima virens LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 151 Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 152 Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 153 Great Egret Casmerodius albus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 154 Great Rosefinch Carpodacus rubicilla LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 155 Great Tit Parus major LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 156 Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 157 Greater Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 158 Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 159 Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 160 Green Shrike Babbler Pteruthius xanthochlorus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 161 Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 162 Green-crowned Warbler Phylloscopus burkii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 155 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 163 Greenish Warbler Phylloscopus trochiloides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 164 Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 165 Grey Bushchat Saxicola ferreus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 166 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 167 Grey Nightjar Caprimulgus indicus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 168 Grey Treepie Dendrocitta formosae LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 169 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 170 Grey-backed Shrike Lanius tephronotus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 171 Grey-breasted Prinia Prinia hodgsonii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 172 Grey-capped Pygmy Dendrocopos canicapillus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) Woodpecker 173 Grey-crested Tit Parus dichrous LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 174 Grey-faced Woodpecker Picus canus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 175 Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher Culicicapa ceylonensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 176 Grey-hooded Warbler Phylloscopus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) xanthoschistos 177 Greylag Goose Anser anser LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 178 Grey-sided Bush Warbler Cettia brunnifrons LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 179 Grey-winged Blackbird Turdus boulboul LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 180 Ground Tit Pseudopodoces humilis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 181 Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 182 Hill Partridge Arborophila torqueola LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 183 Hill Pigeon Columba rupestris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 184 Himalayan (Oriental) Cuckoo Cuculus saturatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 185 Himalayan Bluetail Tarsiger (cyanurus) LC Kusi et al. 2018 rufilatus 186 Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 187 Himalayan Buzzard Buteo refectus LC Kusi et al. 2018 188 Himalayan Monal Lophophorus impejanus LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 189 Himalayan Snowcock Tetraogallus himalayensis LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 190 Himalayan Swiftlet Collocalia brevirostris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 191 Himalayan Vulture Gyps himalayensis NT VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 192 Himalayan Woodpecker Dendrocopos himalayensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 193 Hoary-throated Barwing Actinodura nipalensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

156 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 194 Hodgson’s Redstart Phoenicurus hodgsoni LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 195 Hodgson’s Treecreeper Certhia hodgsoni LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 196 Horned Lark Eremophila alpestris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 197 House Crow Corvus splendens LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 198 House Sparrow Passer domesticus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 199 House Swift Apus affinis LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 200 Hume’s Bush Warbler Horornis brunnescens LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 201 Hume’s Lark Hierococcyx sparverioides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 202 Hume’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus humei LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 203 Ibisbill Ibidorhyncha struthersii LC EN (Inskipp et al., 2016) 204 Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 205 Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 206 Indian Golden Oriole Oriolus kundoo LC Kusi et al. 2018 207 Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus LC NT Baral et al. 2014 208 Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii LC LC Baral et al. 2014 209 Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis LC LC 210 Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 211 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 212 Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 213 Kashmir Nuthatch Sitta cashmirensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 214 Koklass Pheasant Pucrasia macrolopha LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 215 Large Cuckooshrike Coracina macei LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 216 Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 217 Large-billed Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus magnirostris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 218 Large-tailed Nightjar Caprimulgus macrurus LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 219 Lemon-rumped Leaf-warbler Phylloscopus chloronotus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 220 Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 221 Lesser Cuckoo Cuculus poliocephalus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 222 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 223 Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 224 Little Bunting Emberiza pusilla LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 225 Little Forktail Enicurus scouleri LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 226 Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 157 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 227 Little Owl Athene noctua LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 228 Little Pied Flycatcher Ficedula westermanni LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 229 Little Stint Calidris minuta LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 230 Long-Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 231 Long-tailed Minivet Pericrocotus ethologus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 232 Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 233 Long-tailed Thrush Zoothera dixoni LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 234 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 235 Maroon Oriole Oriolus traillii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 236 Merlin Falco columbarius LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 237 Mistle Thrush Turdus viscivorus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 238 Mountain Bulbul Ixos mcclellandii LC Kusi et al. 2018 239 Mountain Hawk Eagle Nisaetus nipalensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 240 Mountain Scops Owl Otus spilocephalus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 241 Mrs Gould’s Sunbird Aethopyga gouldiae LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 242 Nepal Cupwing Pnoepyga immaculata LC LC Baral et al. 2014 243 Nepal House Martin Delichon nipalense LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 244 Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 245 Northern House Martin Delichon urbicum LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 246 Northern Pintail Anas acuta LC EN (Inskipp et al., 2016) 247 Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 248 Northern Wren Troglodytes troglodytes LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 249 Olive-backed Pipit Anthus hodgsoni LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 250 Orange-flanked Bush Robin Tarsiger cyanurus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 251 Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 252 Oriental Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 253 Oriental Skylark Alauda gulgula LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 254 Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 255 Oriental White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 256 Osprey Pandion haliaetus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 257 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 258 Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 259 Pallas’s Gull Larus ichthyaetus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

158 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 260 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 261 Pied Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 262 Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 263 Pied Thrush Zoothera wardii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 264 Pine Bunting Emberiza leucocephalos LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 265 Pink-browed Rosefinch Carpodacus rodochroa LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 266 Plain Martin Riparia paludicola LC NT Kusi et al. 2018 267 Plain Mountain Finch Leucosticte nemoricola LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 268 Plumbeous Water Redstart Rhyacornis fuliginosa LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 269 Plum-headed Parakeet Psittacula cyanocephala LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 270 Purple Sunbird Cinnyris asiaticus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 271 Pygmy Cupwing Pnoepyga pusilla LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 272 Red Crossbill Loxia curvirostra LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 273 Red-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa erythrorhyncha LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 274 Red-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 275 Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 276 Red-fronted Rosefinch Carpodacus puniceus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 277 Red-fronted Serin Serinus pusillus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 278 Red-headed Bullfinch Pyrrhula erythrocephala LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 279 Red-headed Vulture Sarcogyps calvus CR EN (Inskipp et al., 2016) 280 Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus LC Kusi et al. 2018 281 Red-rumped Swallow Cecropis daurica LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 282 Red-tailed Minla Minla ignotincta LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 283 Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 284 Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 285 River Lapwing Vanellus duvaucelii NT NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 286 Robin Accentor Prunella rubeculoides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 287 Rock Bunting Emberiza cia LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 288 Rock Eagle-owl Bubo bengalensis LC VU Baral et al. 2014 289 Rosy Pipit Anthus roseatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 290 Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 291 Rufous Sibia Heterophasia capistrata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 292 Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 159 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 293 Rufous-bellied Niltava Niltava sundara LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 294 Rufous-bellied Woodpecker Dendrocopos hyperythrus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 295 Rufous-breasted Accentor Prunella strophiata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 296 Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher Ficedula strophiata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 297 Rufous-naped Tit Periparus rufonuchalis LC Kusi et al. 2018 298 Rufous-necked Snowfinch Pyrgilauda ruficollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 299 Rufous-tailed Flycatcher Muscicapa ruficauda LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 300 Rufous-tailed Rock-thrush Monticola saxatilis LC Kusi et al. 2018 301 Rufous-throated Partridge Arborophila rufogularis LC NT Baral et al. 2014 302 Rufous-throated Thrush Turdus ruficollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 303 Rufous-vented Tit Parus rubidiventris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 304 Rufous-vented Yuhina Yuhina occipitalis LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 305 Russet Sparrow Passer rutilans LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 306 Rusty-cheeked Scimitar- Pomatorhinus erythrogenys LC LC Baral et al. 2014 babbler 307 Rusty-flanked Treecreeper Certhia nipalensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 308 Rusty-tailed Flycatcher Ficedula ruficauda LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 309 Saker Falcon Falco cherrug EN EN (Inskipp et al., 2016) 310 Satyr Tragopan Tragopan satyra NT VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 311 Scaly Laughingthrush Garrulax subunicolor LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 312 Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 313 Scaly-bellied Woodpecker Picus squamatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 314 Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 315 Scaly-breasted Wren Babbler Pnoepyga albiventer LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 316 Scarlet Minivet Pericrocotus flammeus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 317 Shikra Accipiter badius LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 318 Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus LC VU Kusi et al. 2018 319 Slaty-backed Forktail Enicurus schistaceus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 320 Slaty-blue Flycatcher Ficedula tricolor LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 321 Slaty-headed Parakeet Psittacula himalayana LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 322 Small Niltava Niltava macgrigoriae LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 323 Smoky Warbler Phylloscopus fuligiventer LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 324 Snow Partridge Lerwa lerwa LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

160 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 325 Snow Pigeon Columba leuconota LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 326 Solitary Snipe Gallinago solitaria LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 327 Spangled Drongo Dicrurus hottentottus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 328 Speckled Piculet Picumnus innominatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 329 Speckled Wood Pigeon Columba hodgsonii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 330 Spot-bellied Eagle-owl Bubo nipalensis LC EN Baral et al. 2014 331 Spot-billed Duck Anas poecilorhyncha LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 332 Spotted Dove Stigmatopelia chinensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 333 Spotted Forktail Enicurus maculatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 334 Spotted Laughingthrush Garrulax ocellatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 335 Spotted Nutcracker Nucifraga caryocatactes LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 336 Spotted Owlet Athene brama LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 337 Spot-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas melanozanthos LC NT (Inskipp et al., 2016) 338 Spot-winged Rosefinch Carpodacus rodopeplus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 339 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis EN VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 340 Streaked Laughingthrush Garrulax lineatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 341 Streaked Rosefinch Carpodacus rubicilloides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 342 Striated Bulbul Pycnonotus striatus LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 343 Striated Laughingthrush Garrulax striatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 344 Striated Prinia Prinia crinigera LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 345 Stripe-throated Yuhina Yuhina gularis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 346 Sulphur-bellied Warbler Phylloscopus griseolus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 347 Taiga Flycatcher Ficedula albicilla LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 348 Tawny Owl Strix aluco LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 349 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 350 Temminck’s Stint Calidris temminckii LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 351 Tibetan Blackbird Turdus maximus LC Kusi et al. 2018 352 Tibetan Ground Tit Pseudopodoces humilis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 353 Tibetan Lark Melanocorypha maxima LC DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 354 Tibetan Partridge Perdix hodgsoniae LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 355 Tibetan Sandgrouse Syrrhaptes tibetanus LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 356 Tibetan Serin Serinus thibetanus LC VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 357 Tibetan Snowcock Tetraogallus tibetanus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 161 S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 358 Tickell’s Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus affinis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 359 Tickell’s Thrush Turdus unicolor LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 360 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 361 Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 362 Twite Carduelis flavirostris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 363 Tytler’s Leaf-Warbler Phylloscopus tytleri NT DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 364 Ultramarine Flycatcher Ficedula superciliaris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 365 Upland Buzzard Buteo hemilasius LC DF (Inskipp et al., 2016) 366 Upland Pipit Anthus sylvanus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 367 Variable Wheatear Oenanthe picata LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 368 Variegated Laughingthrush Garrulax variegatus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 369 Verditer Flycatcher Eumyias thalassinus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 370 Vinaceous Rosefinch Carpodacus vinaceus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 371 Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 372 Wedge-tailed Green-pigeon Treron sphenurus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 373 Western Crowned Warbler Phylloscopus occipitalis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 374 Western Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 375 Whiskered Yuhina Yuhina flavicollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 376 Whistler’s Warbler Seicercus whistleri LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 377 White Wagtail Motacilla alba LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 378 White-bellied Redstart Hodgsonius phoenicuroides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 379 White-bellied Yuhina Erpornis zantholeuca LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 380 White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 381 White-browed Bush Robin Tarsiger indicus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 382 White-browed Fulvetta Alcippe vinipectus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 383 White-browed Rosefinch Carpodacus thura LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 384 White-browed Shrike Babbler Pteruthius flaviscapis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 385 White-browed Tit-Warbler Leptopoecile sophiae LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 386 White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 387 White-capped Water Redstart Chaimarrornis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) leucocephalus 388 White-cheeked Nuthatch Sitta leucopsis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 389 White-collared Blackbird Turdus albocinctus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016)

162 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S. N. Common name Scientific name Global National Source (IUCN 2020) Red List 390 White-crested Laughingthrush Garrulax leucolophus LC LC Baral et al. 2014 391 White-tailed Nuthatch Sitta himalayensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 392 White-tailed Rubythroat Luscinia pectoralis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 393 White-throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 394 White-throated Fantail Rhipidura albicollis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 395 White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 396 White-throated Garrulax albogularis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) Laughingthrush 397 White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 398 White-throated Redstart Phoenicurus schisticeps LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 399 White-throated Tit Aegithalos niveogularis LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 400 White-winged Grosbeak Mycerobas carnipes LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 401 White-winged Redstart Phoenicurus erythrogastrus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 402 Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 403 Wood Snipe Gallinago nemoricola VU VU (Inskipp et al., 2016) 404 Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus VU NT (Baral et al., 2014) 405 Yellow-bellied Fantail Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 406 Yellow-billed Blue Magpie Urocissa flavirostris LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 407 Yellow-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax graculus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 408 Yellow-breasted Greenfinch Carduelis spinoides LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 409 Yellow-browed Tit Sylviparus modestus LC LC (Inskipp et al., 2016) 410 Yellow-browed Warbler Phylloscopus inornatus LC LC Kusi et al. 2018 Reference of S4 Baral, H.S., Shah, K.B., Adhikari, S., Poudel, R., 2014. Feasibility Study for Community Based Wildlife Conservation for Livelihoods Diversification in Nepal: a case study from Barekot Area of Jajarkot District. Kathmandu Nepal. Inskipp, C., Baral, H.S., Phuyal, S., Bhatt, T.R., Khatiwada, M., Inskipp, T., Khatiwada, A., Gurung, S., Singh, P.B., Murray, L., 2016. The status of Nepal’s birds: the national red list series. Zoological Society of London, UK 3. Kusi, N., Werhahn, G., Poudyal, L.P., 2018. Birds of Dolpa: Shey-Phoksundo National Park and Adjoining Areas. Nepalese Ornithological Union and Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu Nepal.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 163 Appendix S5 : Fish found and expected to be present in Karnali province Bhuju et al., 2007; Shrestha, 1999; Shrestha and Edds, 2012)

SN Local name Scientific name Common name IUCN status 1. Chachale, Faketa, Karo, Galler Barilius barila Hill trout Least concern 2. Fageta, Poti, Faktar Barilius barna Hill trout * Least concern 3. Guderi, Fageta, Jhojho, Chilti, Barilius bendelisis Hill trout * Least concern Faketo 4. Fageta Barilius vagra Hill trout * Least concern 5. Rewa, Chaguni, Patharchatti, Chagunius chagunio Minor carp NA Kubre 6. Dhurla, Kaundi, Dhurya, Crossocheilus latius Hill stream fish Least concern Petfora 7. Zebra, Sano dedhawa Danio rerio Zebra fish Least concern 8 Chithri pothi D. devario Danio Least concern 9. Dedhawa, Darai Esomus danricus Flying barb Least concern 10. Bucluna, Lohari Garra annandalei Hill stream fish * Least concern 11. Buduna Garra gotyla Hill stream fish Least concern 12. Buduna Garra lamta Hill stream fish Least concern 13. Asala Schizothorax nepalensis Snow trout Critically Endangered 14. Bucche Asala Schizothorax plagiostomus * NA 15. Asala Schizothorax raraensis Snow trout Critically Endangered 16. Asala Schizothorax macrophthalmus Snow trout Least concern 17. Gadela Noemacheilus savona Loach NA 18. Kabre Pseudecheneis sulcata Hill stream fish * NA 19. Kalanch, Garde Labeo dyocheilus Carp Least concern 20. Termassa Labeo pangusia Carp Near Threatened 21. Thed,Thaid Labeo angra Minor carp Least concern 22. Gurdi, Rahu, Kathlegi Labeo dero Minor carp NA 23. Boga L. boga Minor carp Least concern 24. Kalbasu, Basarhi L. calbasu Major carp Least concern 25. Kursa, Gurdi L. gonius Carp Least concern 26. Katle Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Copper mahaseer * Near Threatened 27. Suiya Gadusia chapra Herring NA 28. Suiya Gadusia godanahiai Herring NA 29. Phansi, Gankabai Setipinna phasa Least concern 30. Moi, Bhunna, Mohi, Notopterus chitala Feather-back Near Threatened

164 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation SN Local name Scientific name Common name IUCN status 31. Katle Acrossocheilus hexagonolepis Copper Mahaseer Near Threatened 32. Naini, Mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala Major carp Least concern 33. Reba Cirrhinus reba Minor carp Least concern 34. Gurda Oreichthys cosuatis Least concern 35. Karagne Puntius apogon Barb NA 36. Pothi, Sidhre Puntius chelynoides Barb NA 37. Sidre Puntius ticto Tic-tac-toe barb Least concern 38. Pothi, Sidhri Puntius sophore Barb * Least concern 39. Mahaseer Tor putitora Golden Mahaseer * Endangered 40. Sahar Tor tor Deep-bodied Mahaseer Data deficient 41. Mada, Mara, Dhawai Amblypharyngodon mola Mola carplet Least concern 42. Mada, Mara Aspidoparia jaya Jaya Least concern 43. Chale, Chelwa Oxygaster gora Rasbora Least concern 44. Oxygaster phulo Rasbora NA 45. Baghi Botia almorhae Reticulated loach Least concern 46. Botia dayi Gangetic loach Vulnerable 47. Latta, Nakkatta, Nakkatte, Lepidocephalichthys guntea Loach Least concern Goira 48. Gadela Noemacheilus beavani Loach Least concern 49. Gadela Noemacheilus rupecola inglishi Loach 50. Gadela Noemacheilus rupecola Loach Least concern 51. Pichhi, Bindhar Amblyceps mangois NA 52. Kanti Mystus seenghala Bagrid catfish NA 53. Tengra Noemacheilus vittatus Catfish Least concern 54. Rita, Chona Rita rita Catfish Least concern 55. Bowari, Buhari, Padani Wallago attu Catfish, Sheet-fish, Vulnerable Freshwater shark 56. Jalkapoor Clupisoma garua Catfish NA 57. Jalkapoor Pseudeutropius murius batarensis Catfish NA 58. Gonch, Gonchara Silonia silondia Catfish Least concern 59. Gonch Bagarius bagarius Freshwater shark Near Threatened 60. Tilkabra Glyptosternum blythi Hill stream fish NA 61. Glyptothorax conirostris Hill stream fish Data deficient 62. Kabre Glyptothorax horai Hill stream fish NA

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 165 SN Local name Scientific name Common name IUCN status 63. Karsingha Glyptothorax pectinopterus Hill stream fish * NA 64. Kauwa, Chuchche bam, Sui Xenentodon cancila freshwater garfish Least concern 65. Rajbam Anguilla benghalensis Eel Near Threatened 66. Aandha bam, Anahi Amphipnous cuchia Cuchia eel NA 67. Hile, Bhoti Channa barca Murrel, Snake-headed Data deficient 68. Chanda, Natta Chanda nama Glass fish Least concern 69. Khesalei Badis badis Chain-link fish Least concern 70. Dhala Nandus nandus Gangetic leaffish Least concern 71. Karsula Rhinomugil corsula Mugil Least concern 72. NA Channa gachua Dwarf Snakehead Least concern 73. NA Glyptothorax trilineatus Three-lined Catfish Least concern 74. NA Schizothorax richardsonii Common snowtrout Vulnerable

* Denotes fish species in Karnali River Basin based on environmental DNA by Center for Molecular dynamics -Nepal (CMDN) (Unpublished data, PANI Project). In addition, followings species are also recorded in Karnali River Basin. Many of them may exist in Karnali province.

1. Schistura rupecula 15. Carassius gibelio 2. Glyptothorax gracilis 16. Clarias gariepinus 3. Labeo bata 17. Schistura corica 4. Mastacembelus armatus 18. Pethia conchonius 5. Aspidoparia morar 19. Labeo boggut 6. Schistura savona 20. tibetana 7. Schizothorax progastus 21. Puntius jerdoni 8. Triplophysa dorsalis 22. Cyprinus carpio 9. Aristichthys nobilis 23. Puntigrus tetrazona 10. Acanthocobitis botia 24. Channa punctata 11. Carassius auratus 25. Botia lohachata 12. Pterophyllum scalare 26. Glyptothorax cavia 13. Cirrhinus cirrhosus 27. Pseudecheneis serracula 14. Channa striata

Reference of S5 Bhuju, U.R., Shakya, P.R., Basnet, T.B., Shrestha, S., 2007. Nepal biodiversity resource book: protected areas, Ramsar sites, and World Heritage sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). Shrestha, J., 1999. Coldwater fish and fisheries in Nepal. Fish and fisheries at higher altitudes: Asia. FAO Fish. Tech. Pap 13–40. Shrestha, O.H., Edds, D.R., 2012. Fishes of Nepal: mapping distributions based on voucher specimens. Emporia State Res Stud 48, 14–74.

166 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Appendix S6 : Butterflies known and expected to be present in Karnali province

S.N. Family Common name Scientific name 1 Hesperiidae Brown Awl Badamia exlamationis 2 Hesperiidae Chestnut Bob Iambrix salsala salsala 3 Hesperiidae Common Spotted Flat Celaenorrhinus leucocus 4 Hesperiidae Fulvous Pied Flat Pseudocoladenia dan 5 Hesperiidae Garhwal Ace Thoressa aina 6 Hesperiidae Grizzled Skipper Pyrgus oberthuri 7 Hesperiidae Large Branded Swift Pelopidas sinensis 8 Hesperiidae Orange Spotted Mountain Hopper Carterocephalus avanti 9 Hesperiidae Restricted Demon Notocrypta curvifascia curvifascia 10 Hesperiidae Spotted Snow Flat Tagiades menaka menaka 11 Hesperiidae Straight Swift Parnara guttata mangala 12 Lycaenidae Grass Jewel Freyeria trochilus orientalis 13 Lycaenidae Angled Sunbean Curetis dentata 14 Lycaenidae Azure Mountain Blue Albulina asiatica 15 Lycaenidae Bright Sunbean Curetis bulis 16 Lycaenidae Chapmans Cupid Everes argiades diporides 17 Lycaenidae Common Copper Lycaena phalaeas baralacha 18 Lycaenidae Common Flash Rapala nissa 19 Lycaenidae Common Hedge Blue Acytolepsis puspa gisca 20 Lycaenidae Common Lineblue Prosotas nora ardates 21 Lycaenidae Common Meadow Blue Polyommatus stoliczkana arene 22 Lycaenidae Common Punch Dodona durga 23 Lycaenidae Common Slate Flash Rapala manea schistacea 24 Lycaenidae Dusky Hedge Blue Oreolyce vardhana 25 Lycaenidae Eastern Blue Sapphire [*] Heliophorus oda 26 Lycaenidae Forget-me-not Catochrysops strabo 27 Lycaenidae Green Sapphire Heliophorus androcles 28 Lycaenidae Greenish Mountain Blue [*] Albulina orbitulus lobbichleri 29 Lycaenidae Hill Hedge Blue Celastrina argiolus kollari 30 Lycaenidae Himalayan Red Flash Rapala selira 31 Lycaenidae Indian Cupid Everes lacturnus assamica

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 167 S.N. Family Common name Scientific name 32 Lycaenidae Indian Purpe Hairstreak Esakozephyrus mandara 33 Lycaenidae Large Green Underwing Albulina galathea 34 Lycaenidae Large Hedge Blue Celastrina huegelii 35 Lycaenidae Nepal Meadow Blue [*] Polyommatus nepalensis 36 Lycaenidae Orange Bordered Argus Aricia astrarche 37 Lycaenidae Pale Grass Blue Zizeeria maha maha 38 Lycaenidae Peablue Lampides boeticus 39 Lycaenidae Plain Cupid Chilades pandava 40 Lycaenidae Purple Sapphire Heliophorus epicles 41 Lycaenidae Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas 42 Lycaenidae Small Grass Jewel Freyeria putli 43 Lycaenidae Sorrel Sapphire Heliophorus sena 44 Lycaenidae Spotted Pierrot Tarucus callinara 45 Lycaenidae Walnut Blue Chaetoprocta odata bailey 46 Lycaenidae White Bordered Copper Lycaena pavana 47 Nymphalidae Blue Pansy Precis orithya ocyale 48 Nymphalidae Angled Castor Ariadne ariadne pallidior 49 Nymphalidae Banded Treebrown Lethe confusa 50 Nymphalidae Blackvein Fritillary Melitaea arcesia irme 51 Nymphalidae Blue Admiral Kaniska canace canace 52 Nymphalidae Blue Glassy Tiger Tirumala limniace leopardus 53 Nymphalidae Chestnut Tiger Parantica tytia 54 Nymphalidae Chocolate Pansy Precis iphita 55 Nymphalidae Circe nama nama 56 Nymphalidae Club Beak Libythea myrrha 57 Nymphalidae Common Argus Callerebia nirmala 58 Nymphalidae Common Beak Lybythea lepita 59 Nymphalidae Common Bushbrown Mycalesis perseus blasius 60 Nymphalidae Common Evening Brown Melanitis leda leda 61 Nymphalidae Common Five Ring baldus baldus 62 Nymphalidae Common Forester Lethe insana dinarbus 63 Nymphalidae Common Indian Crow core

168 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S.N. Family Common name Scientific name 64 Nymphalidae Common Indian Tortoiseshell Aglais cashmirensis 65 Nymphalidae Common Lascar hordonia 66 Nymphalidae Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha 67 Nymphalidae Common Map Cyrestis thyodamus 68 Nymphalidae Common Palmfly Elymnias hypermnestra undularis 69 Nymphalidae Common Sailer Neptis hylas 70 Nymphalidae Common Satyr swaha 71 Nymphalidae Common sergeant Athyma perius 72 Nymphalidae Common Silverstripe Fabriciana kamala 73 Nymphalidae Common Tiger Danaus genutia 74 Nymphalidae Common Tree Brown Lethe rohria rohria 75 Nymphalidae Common Wall Brown Lisiommata schakra 76 Nymphalidae Common Wood Brown Zophoessa sidonis 77 Nymphalidae Glassy Tiger Parantica melanoides 78 Nymphalidae Grey Pansy Precis atlites 79 Nymphalidae Himalayan Five Ring Ypthima sakra 80 Nymphalidae Himalayan Four Ring [*] Ypthima parasakra 81 Nymphalidae Himalayan Sailer Neptis mahendra 82 Nymphalidae Himalayan Sergeant Athyma opalina 83 Nymphalidae Hybrid Argus Callerebia hybrida 84 Nymphalidae Indian Red Admiral Vanessa indica indica 85 Nymphalidae Jewel Four Ring Ypthima avanta avanta 86 Nymphalidae Jungle Brown Orsotrioena medus 87 Nymphalidae Large Silverstripe Childrena childreni 88 Nymphalidae Large Three Ring Ypthima nareda 89 Nymphalidae Lemon Pansy Precis lemonias persicaria 90 Nymphalidae Mackinon's Silverspot Kukenthaliella mackinnoni 91 Nymphalidae Narrow Banded Satyr Aulocera brahminus 92 Nymphalidae Nepal Argus [**] Paralasa nepalica 93 Nymphalidae Nepal Comma Polygonia agnicula 94 Nymphalidae Orange Oakleaf Kallima inachus 95 Nymphalidae Painted Lady Vanessa cardui

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 169 S.N. Family Common name Scientific name 96 Nymphalidae Pallid Argus Callerebia scanda opima 97 Nymphalidae Peacock Pansy Precis almana almana 98 Nymphalidae Plain Tiger Danaus chryssipus chryssipus 99 Nymphalidae Punchinello Zemeros flegyas 100 Nymphalidae Queen of Spain Fritillary Issoria issaea 101 Nymphalidae Rustic erymanthis lotis 102 Nymphalidae Silverstreak Mesoacidalia clara 103 Nymphalidae Small Silverfork Zophoessa jalaurida 104 Nymphalidae Small Tawny Wall Rhaphicera moorei 105 Nymphalidae Small Yellow Sailer Neptis miah miah 106 Nymphalidae Southern Comma Polygonia egea 107 Nymphalidae Straited Satyr Aulocera saraswatti 108 Nymphalidae Striped Blue Crow Euploea mulciber mulciber 109 Nymphalidae Tabby Pseudergolis wedah 110 Nymphalidae Treble Silverstripe Lethe baladeva 111 Nymphalidae Vagrant Vagrans egista 112 Nymphalidae Yellow Coster Acraea issoria 113 Nymphalidae Yellow Pansy Precis hierta 114 Nymphalidae Yellow Woodbrown [*] Zophoessa nicetas 115 Papilionidae Common Blue Apollo Parnassius hardwickei 116 Papilionidae Common Mime Euploeopsis clytia 117 Papilionidae Common Mormon Menelaides polytes 118 Papilionidae Common Peacock Achillides polyctor ganessa 119 Papilionidae Common Red Apollo Parnassius epaphus chiddi 120 Papilionidae Common Red Apollo [**] Parnassius epaphus robertsii 121 Papilionidae Common Spangle Papilio protenor euprotenor 122 Papilionidae Common Yellow Swallowtail Papilio machaon emihippocrates 123 Papilionidae Lime Swallowtail Papilio demoleus 124 Papilionidae Paris Peacock Papilio paris decorosa 125 Pieridae Bath White Pontia daplidice 126 Pieridae Common Albatross Appias albina darada 127 Pieridae Common Brimestone Genopteryx rhamnii nepalensis

170 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S.N. Family Common name Scientific name 128 Pieridae Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe 129 Pieridae Common Gull Cepora nerissa phryne 130 Pieridae Common Jazebel Delias eucharis 131 Pieridae Dark Clouded Yellow Colias electo fieldii 132 Pieridae Great Blackvein Metaporia agathon phryxe 133 Pieridae Himalayan Blackvein Metaporia leucodice 134 Pieridae Indian Cabbage White Pieris canidia indica 135 Pieridae Ladakh Clouded Yellow Colias ladakensis 136 Pieridae Large Cabbage White Pieris brassicae nepalensis 137 Pieridae Lemon Emigrant Catopsilia pomona pomona 138 Pieridae Lesser Brimestone Genopteryx aspasia 139 Pieridae Lofty Bath white Synchloe callidice 140 Pieridae Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe pyranthe 141 Pieridae Pale Clouded Yellow Colias erate 142 Pieridae Small Grass Yellow Terias brigitta rubella 143 Pieridae Spotless Grass Yellow Eurema laeta 144 Pieridae Yellow Orange Tip Ixias pyrene familiaris

[*] NRDB status-Susceptible [*] NRDB status-Vulnerable

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 171 Appendix S7 : Major non-timber forest products (NTFP) of Karnali province

S.N. Scientific name Common Name 1 Abies spectabilis Thingresallo 2 Acacia catechu Khayer 3 Acacia guguta Sikakai 4 Acacia nilotica Babul 5 Aconitum ferox Bishjara 6 Acorus calamus Bojho 7 Adhatoda vasica Vasa 8 Adina cardifolia Haldu 9 Aegle marmelos Bel 10 Aesculus indica Naru 11 Agave americana Ketuke 12 Amomum subulatum Large cardamom 13 Artemisia vulgaris Titepati 14 Artocarpus heterophyllus 15 Asparagus racemosus Kurilo 16 Asphaltum sp. Silajit 17 Azadirachta indica Neem 18 Bambusa arundinacea Bamboo 19 Bauhinia vahlii Bhorla 20 Berberis aristata Chutro 21 Bergenia ciliata Pakhanved 22 Calamus rotang 23 Cannabis sativa Hemp 24 Cassia istula Amaltus 25 Cedrus deodara Deodar 26 Choerospondias axillaris Lapsi 27 Cinnamomum glaucescens Sugadhkokila 28 Cinnamomum sp. Dalchini 29 Cinnamomum tamala Tejpat 30 Dactylorhiza hatagirea Panchaunle 31 Daphne sp. Lokta 32 Delphinium himalayai Atis 33 Didymocarpus pedicellata Shilapushpa

172 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation S.N. Scientific name Common Name 34 Digitalis purpurea Tilpushpi 35 Dioscorea deltoidea Bhyakur 36 Diospyros sp. Tendu 37 Diploknema butyracea Chiuri 38 Drepanostachyam sp. Nigalo 39 Edgeworthia gardneri Argeli 40 Elaeocarpus ganitrus Rudraksha 41 Eulaliopsis binata Sabai grass 42 Eupatorium adenophorum Banmara 43 Ficus religiosa Pipal 44 Fritillaria cirrhosa Ban lasun 45 Garcinia Pedunclata Amalbed 46 Gaultheria fragrantissima Wintergreen 47 Girardiana diversifolia Allo 48 Grevia optiva Bhimal 49 Hippocastanaceae sp. Pangar 50 Hippophae rhamnoides Seabuckthorn 51 Ipomea hederacea Kaladana 52 Juglans regia Okhar 53 Juglans regia Walnut 54 Juniperus sp. Juniper 55 Lantana camara Lantana 56 Lentinula edodes Shiitake 57 Machilus odoratissima Kaulo 58 Madhuca indica Mahuwa 59 Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile 60 Mentha arvensis Mentha 61 Mentha piperita Mint 62 Morchella sp. Morels 63 Moringa Oleifera Setak chini 64 Nardostachys grandilora Jatamansi 65 Neopicrorhiza scrophulariflora Kutki 66 Ocimum sanctum Tulsi 67 Ophiocordyceps sinensis Yarshagumba

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 173 S.N. Scientific name Common Name 68 Paris polyphylla Satuwa 69 Parnassia nubicola Nirmasi 70 Permalia sp. Lichens 71 Phyllanthus emblica Amala 72 Pinus roxburghii Chirpine 73 Pinus wallichiana Blue pine 74 Piper longum Pipla 75 Pleurospermum dentatum Gandhaino 76 Podophyllum hexandrum Laghupatra 77 Potentilla fulgens Bajradanti 78 Prinsepia utilis Dhatelo 79 Rauwolia serpentina Sarpagandha 80 Rheum australe Padamchal 81 Rhododendron anthopogon Sunpati 82 Rubia manjith Majitho 83 Sapindus mukorossi Ritha 84 Sapindus mukorossi Rittha 85 Shorea robusta Sal 86 Swertia chirayita Chiraito 87 Taxus sp. Lauthsalla 88 Terminalia bellirica Barro 89 Harro 90 Thymus vulgaris Thyme 91 Thysanolaena maxima Amriso 92 Tinospora cordifolia Gurjo 93 ValerainJatamansii Sugandhawwal 94 Valeriana jatamansi Sugandhwal 95 Zanthoxylum armatum Timur

174 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation Appendix S8 : Bibliography of research articles published in international journals

1980-1990 1. Manandhar, N. P. (1986). Ethnobotany of Jumla District, Nepal. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 24(2), 81-89. 2. Okino, T., & Satoh, Y. (1986). Morphology, physics, chemistry and biology of Lake Rara in West Nepal. Hydrobiologia, 140(2), 125-133. 3. Gudu, S., & Gupta, V. K. (1988). Male-sterility in the grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus ex-Nepal) variety Jumla. Euphytica, 37(1), 23-26.

1990-2000 4. Manandhar, N. P. (1993). Herbal remedies of Surkhet district, Nepal. Fitoterapia, 64(3), 266-272. 5. Suzuki, E. (1990). Dendrochronology in coniferous forests around Lake Rara, west Nepal. The botanical magazine= Shokubutsu-gaku-zasshi, 103(3), 297-312. 6. Manandhar, N. P. (1995). A survey of medicinal plants of Jajarkot district, Nepal. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 48(1), 1-6.

2000-2010 7. Dimmick, W. W., & Edds, D. R. (2002). Evolutionary genetics of the endemic schizorathicine (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) fishes of Lake Rara, Nepal. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 30(10), 919-929. 8. Larsen, H. O. (2002). Commercial medicinal plant extraction in the hills of Nepal: local management system and ecological sustainability. Environmental management, 29(1), 88-101. 9. Kunwar, R. M., Nepal, B. K., Kshhetri, H. B., Rai, S. K., & Bussmann, R. W. (2006). Ethnomedicine in Himalaya: a case study from Dolpa, Humla, Jumla and Mustang districts of Nepal. Journal of ethnobiology and ethnomedicine, 2(1), 27. 10. Edds, D. R. (2007). Fishes in Nepal: ichthyofaunal surveys in seven nature reserves. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 18(3), 277.

2010-2020 11. Rokaya, M. B., Münzbergová, Z., & Timsina, B. (2010). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants from the Humla district of western Nepal. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 130(3), 485-504. 12. Bajracharya, J., Brown, A. H., Joshi, B. K., Panday, D., Baniya, B. K., Sthapit, B. R., & Jarvis, D. I. (2012). Traditional seed management and genetic diversity in barley varieties in high-hill agro-ecosystems of Nepal. Genetic resources and crop evolution, 59(3), 389-398. 13. Paudel, P. K., & Kindlmann, P. (2012). Distribution pattern of the threatened Himalayan serow (Capricornis thar) in western midhills of Nepal: An insight for conservation along an altitudinal gradient. Journal for Nature Conservation, 20(3), 177-180.

Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 175 14. Paudel, P. K., & Kindlmann, P. (2012). Human disturbance is a major determinant of wildlife distribution in H imalayan midhill landscapes of N epal. Animal Conservation, 15(3), 283-293. 15. Paudel, P. K., Bhattarai, B. P., & Kindlmann, P. (2012). An overview of the biodiversity in Nepal. In Himalayan biodiversity in the changing world (pp. 1-40). Springer, Dordrecht. 16. Shrestha, U. B., & Bawa, K. S. (2013). Trade, harvest, and conservation of caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) in the Himalayas. Biological Conservation, 159, 514-520. 17. Pant, L. P., KC, K. B., Fraser, E. D., Shrestha, P. K., Lama, A. B., Jirel, S. K., & Chaudhary, P. (2014). Adaptive transition management for transformations to agricultural sustainability in the Karnali Mountains of Nepal. Agroecology and sustainable food systems, 38(10), 1156-1183. 18. Sharma, H. P., Belant, J. L., & Swenson, J. E. (2014). Effects of livestock on occurrence of the Vulnerable red panda Ailurus fulgens in Rara National Park, Nepal. Oryx, 48(2), 228-231. 19. Sharma, H. P., Swenson, J., & Belant, J. L. (2014). Seasonal food habits of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) in Rara National Park, Nepal. 20. Shrestha, U. B., Shrestha, S., Ghimire, S., Nepali, K., & Shrestha, B. B. (2014). Chasing Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis) harvesters in the Himalayas: Harvesting practice and its conservation implications in western Nepal. Society & Natural Resources, 27(12), 1242-1256. 21. Paudel, P. K., Hais, M., & Kindlmann, P. (2015). Habitat suitability models of mountain ungulates: identifying potential areas for conservation. Zoological studies, 54(1), 37. 22. Gyawali, A., Sharma, R. P., & Bhandari, S. K. (2015). Individual tree basal area growth models for Chir pine (Pinus roxberghii Sarg.) in western Nepal. Journal of Forest Science, 61(12), 535-543. 23. Shrestha, U. B., & Bawa, K. S. (2015). Harvesters’ perceptions of population status and conservation of Chinese caterpillar fungus in the Dolpa region of Nepal. Regional environmental change, 15(8), 1731-1741. 24. Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Adhikary, B., & Kunwar, B. (2016). Wild yak Bos mutus in Nepal: rediscovery of a flagship species. Mammalia, 80(5), 475-480. 25. Kusi, N. A. R. E. S. H., & Werhahn, G. E. R. A. L. D. I. N. E. (2016). The first documented record of Tibetan Lark Melanocorypha maxima for Nepal. BirdingASIA, 25. 26. Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Man Sherchan, A., Karmacharya, D., & Senn, H. (2016). Distribution update for Tibetan fox in western Nepal. Canid Biology & Conservation, 19(4). 27. Lamsal, P., Kumar, L., & Atreya, K. (2017). Historical evidence of climatic variability and changes, and its effect on high- altitude regions: insights from Rara and Langtang, Nepal. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 24(6), 471-484. 28. Sigdel, S. R., Rokaya, M. B., Münzbergová, Z., & Liang, E. (2017). Habitat ecology of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Western Nepal. Mountain Research and Development, 37(2), 216-223. 29. Lama, R. P., Ghale, T. R., Suwal, M. K., Ranabhat, R., & Regmi, G. R. (2018). First photographic evidence of Snow Leopard Panthera uncia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) outside current protected areas network in Nepal Himalaya. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 10(8), 12086-12090.

176 Biodiversity in Karnali Province: Current Status and Conservation 30. Kunwar, R. M., Evans, A., Mainali, J., Ansari, A. S., Rimal, B., & Bussmann, R. W. (2018). Change in forest and vegetation cover influencing distribution and uses of plants in the Kailash Sacred Landscape, Nepal. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-16. 31. Werhahn, G., Senn, H., Ghazali, M., Karmacharya, D., Sherchan, A. M., Joshi, J., ... & Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2018). The unique genetic adaptation of the Himalayan wolf to high-altitudes and consequences for conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation, 16, e00455. 32. Yadav, R. K., Gautam, S., Palikhey, E., Joshi, B. K., Ghimire, K. H., Gurung, R., ... & Dhakal, R. (2018). Agro-morphological diversity of Nepalese naked barley landraces. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(1), 86. 33. Kusi, N., Acharya, R., Ghimirey, Y., Adhikary, B., & Werhahn, G. (2019). An update on the Tibetan argali Ovis ammon hodgsoni in Nepal. Mammalia, 83(2), 110-114. 34. Shrestha, U. B., Dhital, K. R., & Gautam, A. P. (2019). Economic dependence of mountain communities on Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (yarsagumba): a case from western Nepal. Oryx, 53(2), 256-264. 35. KC, K. B., Koju, N. P., Bhusal, K. P., Low, M., Ghimire, S. K., Ranabhat, R., & Panthi, S. (2019). Factors influencing the presence of the endangered Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus in Rukum, Nepal. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, e00727. 36. Baral, B., Pokharel, A., Basnet, D. R., Magar, G. B., & Shah, K. B. (2019). A first photographic record of a Yellow-bellied Weasel Mustela kathiah Hodgson, 1835 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Mustelidae) from western Nepal. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 11(13), 14753-14756. 37. Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Sillero-Zubiri, C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2019). Conservation implications for the Himalayan Wolf Canis (lupus) himalayensis based on observations of packs and home sites in Nepal. Oryx, 53(4), 663-669. 38. Werhahn, G., Kusi, N., Li, X., Chen, C., Zhi, L., Martín, R. L., Sillero-Zubiri, C. & Macdonald, D. W. (2019). Himalayan wolf foraging ecology and the importance of wild prey. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20, e00780.

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