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Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) Alt Familyası

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Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) Alt Familyası FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 44, 1, 35-46, 2019 REVIEW ARTICLES Etnobotanik Bir Derleme: Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) Alt Familyası M. Mesud HÜRKUL*º , Ayşegül KÖROĞLU** A Ethnobotanical Review: The Subfamily Amygdaloideae Etnobotanik Bir Derleme: Amygdaloideae (Rosaceae) Alt (Rosaceae) Familyası SUMMARY ÖZ This review includes plants belonging to the subfamily Amygdaloideae Bu derleme, Rosaceae familyasının Amygdaloideae alt familyasına ait of the Rosaceae family and traditionally used by the people around olan ve dünya genelinde halk tarafından geleneksel olarak kullanılan bitkilerini konu almaktadır. Öncelikle Rosaceae familyasına ait the world. Firstly, systematic information about the Rosaceae family sistematik bilgi verilmiştir. Daha sonra halk tarafından geleneksel was given. After that, the parts of the plants traditionally used by olarak kullanılan bitkilerin kullanılan kısımları, hazırlanış şekilleri the public, their form of preparation and their intended use has ve kullanım amaçları ayrıntılı olarak derlenmiştir. Bitkilerin been reviewed in detail. Information on the traditional use of plants geleneksel kullanımı hakkında bilgiler kıtalara göre gruplandırılmıştır. has been grouped according to continents. The most commonly used Buna göre Amygdaloideae alt familyasına ait geleneksel olarak en species belonging to the subfamily Amygdaloideae were Cydonia sık kullanılan türler Cydonia oblonga, Rosa canina, Amygdalus oblonga, Rosa canina, Amygdalus communis, Agrimonia eupatoria communis, Agrimonia eupatoria ve Rubus sanctus türleridir. Bu and Rubus sanctus. In addition, information on the use by the çalışmada ayrıca Türkiye’de yetişen Cotoneaster türlerinin halkımız public of Cotoneaster species grown in Turkey were compiled and tarafından kullanılışlarına dair bilgi derlenmiş ve cinsin etnobotanik ethnobotanical data about this genus have been expanded. verileri genişletilmiştir. Key Words: Amygdaloideae, Rosaceae, Ethnobotany, Cydonia Anahtar kelimeler: Amygdaloideae, Rosaceae, Etnobotanik, oblonga, Rosa canina, Amygdalus communis Cydonia oblonga, Rosa canina, Amygdalus communis Received: 30.05.2018 Revised: 02.07.2018 Accepted: 14.07.2018 * ORCİD: 0000-0002-9241-2496, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Botanik Anabilim Dalı, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, TÜRKİYE ** ORCİD: 0000-0002-8450-1376, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eczacılık Fakültesi, Farmasötik Botanik Anabilim Dalı, 06100, Tandoğan, Ankara, TÜRKİYE º Corresponding Author: M. Mesud HÜRKUL Tel:+90 312 203 31 09 E-mail: [email protected], 35 Hürkul, Köroğlu GİRİŞ nak olmuştur. İnsan ve bitki ilişkilerini ele alan etno- botanik bilimi son yıllarda “omik” (genomik, tran- Rosaceae Jussieu familyası [sinonimleri, Alchemi- skriptomik, proteomik ve metabolomik) devrimi ile llaceae Martinov, Cercocarpaceae J. Agardh, Amyg- “klasik etnobotanik yaklaşım”dan “yeni etnobotanik dalaceae (Juss.) D. Don, Cliffortiaceae Mart., Cole- yaklaşım”a doğru ilerleyerek yeni ilaç ve gıda kay- ogynaceae J. Agardh, Dryadaceae Gray, Quillajaceae naklarının araştırılmasında daha ümit verici hale D. Don, Fragariaceae Rich. ex Nestl., Lindleyaceae J. gelmiştir. Burada “omik” tekniklerinin sağladığı Agardh, Malaceae Small ex Britton, Neilliaceae Miq., büyük veri setleri aynı filogenik bağa sahip bitkile- Potentillaceae (Juss.) Wilbr., Prunaceae Bercht. & rin aynı şekilde kullanımlarına dair bir öneri sun- J. Presl, Rhodotypaceae J. Agardh, Sanguisorbaceae maktadır. “Klasik etnobotanik yaklaşım”da, farklı Durande, Spiraeaceae Bertuch, Agrimoniaceae Gray, toplumların kullandığı bitkilerin yakın veya aynı ol- Ulmariaceae Gray (Hummer ve Janick, 2009)] odun- ması benzer morfolojik özelliklerine bağlanmaktaydı. su ağaçlar, çalılar, tırmanıcı ve otsu bitkilerden oluşan “Yeni etnobotanik yaklaşım”da ise bir filogeninin bir büyük bir familyadır. Familya üyeleri dünyanın her düğümünde bulunan bitkiler için benzer kullanım yerine yayılmıştır, fakat en fazla gelişmeyi kuzey öngörülmektedir. Geleneksel olarak tıbbi amaçlar için yarım kürenin ılıman bölgelerinden subtropikal böl- kullanılan türler de dahil olmak üzere, faydalı bitkileri geye kadar olan alanda gösterir (Şekil 1). Rosaceae potansiyellerine göre kümeleyen filogenetik, yeniden familyası dünya genelinde 100 cins ve 2000 civarında yapılandırma sunan “yeni etnobotanik yaklaşım” aynı tür içerir (Evans, 2002; Heywood ve ark., 2007). Tür- zamanda “klasik etnobotanik yaklaşım”ın büyük bir kiye’de 37 cins, 297 tür barındıran Rosaceae familyası problemi olan doğru bitki teşhis ve tayini sorununa 58 endemik tür ile % 24’lük endemizm oranına sahip- da çözüm sunmaktadır (Garnatje ve ark., 2017). tir. Ayrıca odunlu türler bakımından 218 takson ile ülkemizdeki en zengin familyadır (Davis, 1972; Erik Çalışma sırasında Rosaceae familyasının Amygda- ve Tarıkahya, 2004). loideae alt familyasına ait tıbbi bitkilerin var olduğu belirlenen 43 etnobotanik içerikli yayına ulaşılmış ve bu basılı eserlerdeki bilgiler derlenmiştir. Etnobotan- ik çalışmalar, geleneksel bitki kullanım bilgisinin ge- lecek nesillere aktarılması ve yapılacak olan ileri far- makognozik çalışmalara ışık tutması açısından değerli bilgi birikiminin olduğu evrensel bilgi kaynaklarıdır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, ekonomik olarak da önemli türlere sahip Rosaceae familyasının Amygdaloideae alt familyası tıbbi bitkileri, kıtalara göre ve en son ülke- mizdeki kullanılışlarına göre verilmiştir. Ayrıca ülke- mizde doğal olarak yetişen Cotoneaster cinsine ait türlerin, arazi çalışmalarımız sırasında yerleşik halkla yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler ve birlikte çıkılan arazi Şekil 1. Rosaceae familyasının dünya üzerinde çalışmaları ile elde ettiğimiz geleneksel kullanım bilg- yayılışı (Heywood, 2007). ileri de derlenmiştir. Moleküler filogenetiğin gelişimine kadarki süreçte MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM familyayı oluşturan cinslerin bir araya gelmesinde Rosaceae familyası Türkiye florasında içerdiği cinslerin birbirinden kolaylıkla ayırımını sağlayacak taksonlar açısından en zengin familyalardan biridir. morfolojik benzerlikler ortaya koyulmamıştır. Daha Buna bağlı olarak yerel halkın çeşitli rahatsızlıklarda önceki çalışmalarda hipantiyum varlığı ve endosper- geleneksel olarak kullandığı çok sayıda takson içerir. min olmaması ya da indirgenmiş olması, Rosales or- Türkiye’de yerel halkın geleneksel olarak kullandığı dosu için ortak bir özellik olarak görülmüştür. Aynı Rosaceae familyasına ait takson sayısı 107’dir (Doğan şekilde Rosaceae familyası için çok sayıda stamenin ve ark., 2016). Bu çalışma Rosaceae familyasının Amyg- varlığı familyayı oluşturan üyeler için ortak özellik daloideae alt familyasında yer alan dünya genelinde ve olarak kullanılmıştır. Kesin ayırımların yapılmasın- ülkemizde halk arasında geleneksel olarak kullanılan da moleküler filogenetik çalışmalar Rosaceae fami- tıbbi bitkilerinin derlenmesi üzerine yoğunlaşmıştır. lyasının sistematiğinin düzenlenmesinde güçlü destek Bu amaç çerçevesinde periyodik olarak yayınlanan sağlamıştır (Potter ve ark., 2007). basılı ve elektronik dergiler, Ankara Üniversitesi Bitkiler insanlar için her zaman önemli bir kay- e-kütüphanesi ve Google akademik veri tabanları ile 36 FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 44, 1, 35-46, 2019 uluslararası indeksler (PubMed) aracılığıyla, 1998 ve dana gelir. Amygdaloideae alt familyası ise, yaprak- 2018 yılları arasında taranmıştır. Bu tarama sırasında, ları basit bazen birleşik, ovaryum sayısı beşten az, ulusal ve uluslararası yapılmış etnobotanik çalışma- sepalleri ya da petalleri oppozit, stigması genellikle lar Türkçe ve İngilizce olarak aranmıştır. Elde edilen ıslak, her karpelde iki ovül taşıyan folikül bir meyveye bulgular en son sistematik verilere göre kabul edilen sahip odunsu bitkilerden oluşur (Stevens, 2001; APG Amygdaloideae alt familyası kapsamında, kıtalara göre III, 2009). ve en son ülkemizdeki geleneksel kullanım bilgilerine Etnobotanik Çalışmalar göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular Microsoft Excel 2010 software programı yardımıyla değerlendi- Amerika Kıtası rilmiş ve en sık kullanılan türlerin kullanım sıklığı Polylepis racemosa Ruiz & Pav. bitkisinin kabukları yüzde (%) olarak hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca bu alt fam- Peru’nun kuzeyinde rahim kanseri tedavisinde kay- ilyada yer alan ve daha önce üzerinde çalışma yapıl- natılıp içilerek kullanılır (Hammond ve ark., 1998). madığını tespit ettiğimiz Cotoneaster cinsine ait Tür- kiye Florası kayıtları ve herbaryum (AEF, ANK, GAZİ, Kuzey batı Arjantin’de yapılan bir etnobotan- HUB, İSTE, VANF) kayıtları dikkate alınarak arazi ik çalışmaya göre, yerel halk Cydonia oblonga Mill. çalışmaları planlanmış ve haziran 2014-haziran 2017 meyvelerini infüzyon şeklinde ateş düşürücü olarak, yılları arasında 21 kez arazi çalışması (Kızılcahamam migren tedavisinde ve bulantı giderici olarak; Prunus / Ankara, Bala / Ankara, Hakkari, Kars, Çankırı, Sam- persica (L.) Batsch. çiçekleri ve çekilmiş tohumlarını sun, Kahramanmaraş, Sivas, Doğubeyazıt / Ağrı, Ağrı, karıştırarak dekoksiyon şeklinde ishale karşı ve sindi- Artvin, Erzurum, Kars) yapılmıştır. Arazi çalışma- rim yolu şişkinliklerinde; Rosa multiflora Rusby pet- larının yapıldığı yerlerde yerleşik halk ile yüz yüze allerini dekoksiyon şeklinde göz kapaklarını yıkamak görüşülerek ve birlikte araziye çıkılarak elde edilen ve göze damlatmak suretiyle göz rahatsızlıklarında Cotoneaster türlerinin kullanımlarıyla ilgili geleneksel kullanmaktadır (Hilgert, 2001). kullanılış bilgileri derlenmiştir. Avrupa Kıtası BULGULAR İspanya’nın Katalonya bölgesinde yapılan etno- Rosaceae Familyasının Sistematiği botanik bir çalışma verilerine göre halk,
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