COLOR REMOVAL OF DYES WASTEWATER BY COAGULATION AND MICROFILTRATION PROCESSES RACHIT BHAYANI Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering Maharaja Sayajirao University Vadodara, India June 2012 Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY DECEMBER 2014 We hereby approve this thesis for Rachit Bhayani Candidate for the Master of Science in Civil Engineering degree for the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and the CLEVELAND STATE UNIVERSITY College of Graduate Studies _________________________________________________________________ Thesis Chairperson, Dr. Yung-Tse Hung _____________________________________________ Department & Date _________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Walter M. Kocher _____________________________________________ Department & Date ii _________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Lili Dong _____________________________________________ Department & Date _________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Chung-Yi Suen _____________________________________________ Department & Date _________________________________________________________________ Thesis Committee Member, Dr. Sailai Sally Shao _____________________________________________ Department & Date Student’s Date of Defense: 12/09/2014 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Yung-Tse Hung, Ph.D., P.E., DEE, Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University for serving as the chairperson of my committee. Dr. Hung has been a very integral part of all that has been produced within this research. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Walter M. Kocher, Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Dr. Lili Dong, Associate Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dr. Chung-Yi Suen, Professor of Mathematics Department, and Dr. Sailai Sally Shao, Professor of Mathematics Department, Cleveland State University, for their guidance and for agreeing to serve on my committee. I would also like to thank Dr. Norbert Delatte, Chairman of Civil and Environmental Engineering for all his support and also Ms. Diane Tupa, Secretary of Civil and Environmental Engineering for her assistance in ordering supplies necessary for performing the experiments. Also, I would like to thank Mr. Jim Barker, Technician, Engineering College, Cleveland State University for his assistance with the preparation of the equipment used within the experiments. Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Yanming Hu ,Graduate student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, and Mr. Saketh Thanneeru, Graduate student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University for their assistance in data collection iv COLOR REMOVAL OF DYES WASTEWATER BY COAGULATION AND MICROFILTRATION PROCESSES RACHIT BHAYANI ABSTRACT Various Industries such as textiles, paper, clothing, food etc. uses significant amount of dyes and generates large volumes of effluents which are heavily loaded with pollutants, turbidity and are highly concentrated in salts and color. A significant improvement in effluent quality is required prior to discharging into the water bodies. In the present research work performances of combined process using chemical coagulation and microfiltration were investigated in treating dyes wastewater containing reactive dyes (Disperse Yellow 3,Congo Red, Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet & Pro Indigo). The main objective was the color removal from dye wastewater using stage 1 coagulation process combined with stage 2 microfiltration treatment. Also the objective was to choose appropriate coagulants with appropriate doses for each type of dye. Further objectives were to achieve reductions in the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in the dye wastewater. Decolorization and TOC rates were highly dependent on the type of the dye, type of coagulant used and concentration of dye. v Keywords: Dye Wastewater; Chemical Coagulation; Microfiltration; TOC, Decolorization vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... xvi CHAPTER 1 ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVE ............................................................................................................ 4 II. DYE WASTEWATER LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................... 5 2.1 DEFINITION OF DYE ........................................................................................... 5 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF DYES .............................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Acid dye ............................................................................................................. 6 2.2.2 Basic dye ............................................................................................................ 6 2.2.3 Direct (Substantive) dye ................................................................................... 6 2.2.4 Mordant dye ...................................................................................................... 6 2.2.5 Vat dye ............................................................................................................... 7 2.2.6 Reactive dye....................................................................................................... 7 2.2.7 Disperse dye....................................................................................................... 8 vii 2.2.8 Azoic dye ............................................................................................................ 8 2.3 PROCESSES USED IN DYE INDUSTRY ........................................................... 8 2.3.1 Sizing and Desizing ........................................................................................... 8 2.3.2 Scouring ............................................................................................................. 9 2.3.3 Bleaching ........................................................................................................... 9 2.3.4 Mercerizing ....................................................................................................... 9 2.3.5 Dyeing .............................................................................................................. 10 2.3.6 Finishing .......................................................................................................... 11 2.4 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................... 11 2.4.1 Color ................................................................................................................ 12 2.4.2 Persistent organics .......................................................................................... 14 2.4.3 Toxicants.......................................................................................................... 15 2.4.4 Surfactants ...................................................................................................... 16 2.4.5 AOX and heavy metals ................................................................................... 17 2.5 HISTORY OF DYES ............................................................................................ 18 2.6 LEGISLATION CONCERNING DYE WASTEWATER ................................ 21 2.6.1 CLEAN AIR ACT (1970) ............................................................................... 21 2.6.2 CLEAN WATER ACT (1972) ....................................................................... 22 2.6.3 RCRA (1976) ................................................................................................... 22 viii 2.6.4 EPCRA (1986) ................................................................................................. 24 2.6.5 POLLUTION PREVENTION ACT (1990) ................................................. 24 2.7. DYE WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS ......................................... 25 2.7.1 Conventional activated sludge systems ......................................................... 25 2.7.2 Sequential anaerobic/aerobic reactors or fixed film reactors .................... 28 2.7.3 A combination of activated sludge and coagulation/flocculation ............... 31 2.7.4 Ozonation ........................................................................................................ 34 2.7.5 Filtration processes ......................................................................................... 36 2.7.6 The Fenton’s reagent (H2O2 + ferrous iron) ............................................... 39 2.7.7 Electrolysis .....................................................................................................