Water: Local Planning and Management Practical Examples from England - Germany - Latvia - Spain - Sweden
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Water: local planning and management Practical examples from England - Germany - Latvia - Spain - Sweden Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. Emåförbundet Mersey Basin Campaign Oldenburgisch-Ostfriesischer Wasserverband Project part-fi nanced by the European Union Universidad Santiago de Compostela University of Manchester Water: local planning and management Water: - Latvia - Spain - Sweden England - Germany from examples Practical Vides Projekti www.enmar.org [email protected] Directiva Marco del Agua Wasserrahmenrichtlinie Water Framework Directive Ramdirektivet för vatten Ūdens struktūrdirektīva www.enmar.org [email protected] Water: local planning and management Practical examples from England - Germany - Latvia - Spain - Sweden (ISBN 978-9984-9902-2-4) Wasser und Kommunen Praktische Beispiele aus England - Deutschland - Lettland - Spanien - Schweden (ISBN 978-9984-9902-3-1) Ūdens resursi: plānošana un apsaimniekošana pašvaldībās Praktiski piemēri no Anglijas - Vācijas - Latvijas - Spānijas - Zviedrijas (ISBN 978-9984-9902-4-8) El Agua: Integración en la Planificación y Ordenación municipal Buenos ejemplos de Reino Unido - Alemania - Letonia - España - Suecia (ISBN 978-9984-9902-6-2) Vatten: lokal planering och förvaltning Praktiska exempel från avrinningsområden i England - Tyskland - Lettland - Spanien - Sverige (ISBN 978-9984-9902-5-5) All material is strictly copyrighted and all rights are reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without the permission of Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. is strictly forbidden. The utmost care has been taken to ensure that accuracy of the information in this publication at the time of going to print, but we accept no responsibility for omission or errors. If not differently indicated the photos are provided by the ENMaR partners or the ENMaR project has received the agreement from the originator for publishing. The pictures on the cover show the river Gauja, Lisa Stout from United Utilities presenting the results from a group work session during an ENMaR seminar in England and a landing stage for canoes at the river Hunte in Germany. Project part-financed by the European Union ISBN: 978-9984-9902-2-4 project: ENMaR - European Network of Municipalities and Rivers website: www.enmar.org, email: [email protected] publisher: Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. Arnswaldtstr. 28, D - 30159 Hannover editors: Wiebke Abeling and Tina Pöllich, Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. Caroline Riley, Mersey Basin Campaign layout: Tina Pöllich, Kommunale Umwelt-AktioN U.A.N. print: Ottdruck, Braunlage (Germany) Printed on woodfree paper, manufactured from fibre which is 100% bleached without chlorine. Water: local planning and management Practical examples from England - Germany - Latvia - Spain - Sweden Brake - Hannover - Lugo - Manchester - Riga - Vetlanda October 2007 Table of Contents Preface 7 Foreword 9 1 Introduction 10 1.1 The project idea and objective 10 1.2 The project partners and regions 11 1.3 European water policy: WFD as the new challenge 13 1.4 WFD and the municipalities 17 1.5 Regional development 23 1.6 The correlation between water policy and regional development 27 2 Stakeholder engagement 28 2.1 Public participation 28 2.2 Stakeholder engagement 36 2.3 Summary 47 3 Spatial planning 48 3.1 Introducing spatial planning within the ENMaR countries 48 3.2 Spatial planning, water management and the WFD in the ENMaR countries 59 3.3 Summary 72 4 Water management 76 4.1 Introduction to the core area water management 76 4.2 Emån 77 4.3 Gauja 79 4.4 Mersey 84 4.5 Miño 86 4.6 Weser 90 4.7 Summary 93 5 Agriculture 96 5.1 Introduction 96 5.2 Natural geography and climatology 96 4 5.3 The economic importance of agriculture 99 5.4 Pressures and impacts of agriculture on water status 103 5.5 The Common Agricultural Policy and the Water Framework Directive 107 5.6 Objectives and potentials of agriculture 108 5.7 Summary 110 6 Forestry 112 6.1 The regions 112 6.2 Forest ownership 114 6.3 Forest and its economic value 115 6.4 Nature and environment 121 6.5 Forestry and the WFD 123 6.6 Summary 128 7 Tourism 130 7.1 Tourism development in Europe and the ENMaR regions 130 7.2 Importance of water quality for tourism 137 7.3 Relations between tourism, WFD and regional development 139 7.4 Impacts of tourism on water quality 140 7.5 Objectives and potentials for sustainable tourism development 143 7.6 Summary 145 8 Interlinkages of the ENMaR core areas 148 9 WFD and economics 150 9.1 Economic elements of the WFD 150 9.2 General issues between municipalities and the WFD 152 9.3 Economic terms in the WFD 152 9.4 Description of programmes of measures and their role within the WFD 154 9.5 Cost recovery and environmental and resource costs 158 9.6 Exemptions 161 9.7 ENMaR findings 165 5 10 Case studies 170 Case studies - Stakeholder engagement 176 Case studies - Spatial planning 196 Case studies - Water management 224 Case studies - Agriculture 244 Case studies - Forestry 270 Case studies - Tourism 292 11 Findings 320 11.1 Stakeholder engagement 320 11.2 Spatial planning 323 11.3 Water management 330 11.4 Agriculture 334 11.5 Forestry 338 11.6 Tourism 341 12 Outlook 344 Project Partners 346 6 Preface The key aim of the Handbook is to share good practice concerning water manage- ment. Municipalities are the main target group of the ENMaR project and the Hand- book will provide resources and tools to aid them in meeting the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). It is also hoped that the Handbook will help guide policy decisions at EU and Member State level. The Handbook therefore has two audiences. Firstly the municipalities and stakeholders at local level, who can compare their circumstances with other river basins and can learn from what others are doing. Secondly, decision-makers will be able to gain an accurate overall impression of the current situation concerning water management at a local level. Both audiences can therefore benefit from the Handbook, which is the main output of three years work on the ENMaR project. The Handbook begins by the outlining the project’s themes and describing the partner regions involved, focusing in particular on the case study river basin within each of the regions. Such a framework provided a starting point for the project. A chapter is given to each of the key themes of the project (spatial planning, tour- ism, water management, agriculture and forestry) which highlight differences and similarities among the regions. Due to the high importance placed on public participation, a chapter on stakeholder engagement has also been included. Each project partner was given responsibility for one of the key themes and for writing the relevant chapter. During regional workshops organised by the project partners, the need for practi- cal examples concerning water management was identified. It was considered that providing target-oriented information would be an important element in improv- ing water status and contributing to regional development in Europe. Therefore an important component of the project was to find good examples of these and disseminate them via the report. A difficult question often raised concerns measures for financing the initiative. Although the Handbook will not be able to answer the question ‘Who is going to pay to help us achieve good water status?’, it will provide information on economic elements of the WFD and on the financial aspects of the case studies described. 7 The target groups have provided valuable input, therefore thanks go to all municipalities and local stakeholders who attended the regional workshops and contributed their experiences and opinions as well as their good examples to the network. Hopefully these will be of interest to other municipalities and will increase involvement in implementing European water policy and in turn result in benefits for regional development. Special thanks go to the European Union who co-financed the project through the funding programme Interreg IIIc. Without this financial support the project could not have been undertaken in this way. 8 Foreword With the Water Framework Directive the European Union has given itself a com- prehensive policy framework for protecting our water resources, for us and our children. It commenced with the words „Water is not a commerical product like any other, but, rather, a heritage which must be protected ...“. Key elements of the Water Framework Directive are: • a protection for all our waters (rivers, lakes, groundwaters and coastal waters), with the objective to achieve good quality (‚good status‘) for all these waters as a rule by 2015, • an obligation for thinking, planning and acting base on river basins and sub- basins, • a broad public participation in development of the river basin management plans, • an approach with ambitious and legally binding environmental objectives, and at the same time flexible on the paths how to achieve these objectives - thus open to innovation as well as knowledge and initiative at the local and regional level. Involvement of citizens, local communities, NGOs and stakeholders will be at the core of implementation of the Water Framework Directive, and of achieving its objectives in a way best-suited for a particular river basin and region, and choosing - out of the environmentally possile options - the best solution. Against this backgound I welcome this handbook providing guidance and good practice to citizens, local communities, NGOs and stakeholders, and to decision makers at river basin, regional and national level. My wish for this Handbook is not only a wide readership, but also benefits for our joint objective - getting Europe‘s waters cleaner, getting the citizens involved. Helmut Blöch European Commission, Directorate General Environment 9 1 Introduction text: Wiebke Abeling 1 Introduction 1.1 The project idea and objective The EC Water Framework Directive (WFD) is the most comprehensive and far-reach- ing legislation of its kind ever produced.