UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES

FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES SOCIALES, POLITIQUES ET ÉCONOMIQUES / SOLVAY BUSINESS SCHOOL

Département de Sciences Sociales

Images de femmes dans la littérature japonaise contemporaine (1935-1975) — cas des nouvelles couronnées par le prix Akutagawa

Dissertation déposée en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur en Sciences Politiques et Sociales, orientation « Sociologie »

par

Mari HAYASHI-TSUDA

Sous la direction de : Monsieur le Professeur Claude JAVEAU Madame la Professeur Anne Van Haecht Membre du jury : Monsieur le Professeur Alain Eraly Madame la Maître de conférence Yasuko Ono-Descombes (Université d’Orléans)

Année académique 2007-2008

Avertissement

1. La transcription et la prononciation des termes japonais :

• ch : tch • e : é français • gi et ge : gui et gué • h : aspiré • r : entre l et r français • s : toujours sourd comme s ou ss de samedi ou de dessous • u : ou français • wa : semi-voyelle comme wa de Waterloo • â, î, û, ê et ô : chaque voyelle est longue.

2. Les titres des ouvrages en japonais sont écrits en lettres italiques. Ceux des récits couronnés du prix Akutagawa sont présentés avec leur traduction en français indiquée en lettres normales. Une différenciation est effectuée entre les deux comme l’exemple suivant : Le peuple/Sôbô.

2 Images de femmes dans la littérature japonaise contemporaine (1935-1975) — cas des nouvelles couronnées par le prix Akutagawa

Table des matières

Avertissement ······································································································· 2 Table des matières ····························································································· 3

INTRODUCTION ···························································································· 8 CHAPITRE PRÉLIMINAIRE : Le Prix Akutagawa et ses nouvelles ·········· 16 1. Avant-propos ················································································· 16 2. Commencement du prix Akutagawa ···················································· 18 3. Avant et pendant la Guerre sino-japonaise (1937-1945) et la Guerre du Pacifique (1941-1945) ························································· 23 4. Après-guerre (1945-1955) ····································································· 24 5. Le prix Akutagawa devient un phénomène social (1956-) ·················· 25

Images de femmes dans la littérature japonaise contemporaine (1935-1975) — cas des nouvelles couronnées par le prix Akutagawa ··················· 27

PREMIER CHAPITRE (1935-1945) ···························································· 28 1.1. Le peuple/Sôbô (1935) de Tatsuzô ISHIKAWA ······························· 30 1.2. Récit sur Koshamaïn/Koshamain-ki (1936) de Tomoya TSURUTA ·· 37 1.3. Hors d'un château/Jôgai (1936) de Takeo ODA·································· 41 1.4. Bodhisattva de la Grande Merci/Fugen (1937) de ··· 43 1.5. La Méditerranée/Chichûkai (1937) d'Uio TOMISAWA ··················· 49 1.6. Lunettes optimistes/Nonki-megane (1937) de Kazuo OZAKI ············ 53 1.7. Conte d’excréments et d’urines/Funnyô-tan (1938) d'Ashihei HINO · 58 1.8. Gros Chrysanthèmes/Atsumono-zaki (1938) de Gishû NAKAYAMA 62 1.9. Calèche commune/Noriai-basha et Salon ensoleillé/Nikkô-shitsu

3 (1939) de Tsuneko NAKAZATO ···························································· 67 1.10. Enfants d’Asakusa/Asakusa no kodomo (1939) de Ken HASE ······· 71 1.11. Histoire de poules/Niwatori Sôdô (1939) de Yoshiyuki HANDA ··· 77 1.12. Braconnier/Mitsuryôsha (1940) de Kôtarô SAMUKAWA · ············· 82 1.13. Gennai Hiraga/Hiraga Gennai (1941) de Tsunehisa SAKURADA ·· 85 1.14. Marché de légumes et de fruits/Seika no ichi de (1942) de Yoshiko SHIBAKI ·································································································· 89 1.15. Homme de liaison/Renraku-in (1943) de Toshio KURAMITSU ····· 94 1.16. Papiers du Japon/Washi (1944) de Kaoru TÔNOBE ······················· 97 1.17. Ascension d’une montagne/Tôhan (1944) de Jûzô OBI ··················· 102 1.18. Envol d’oies sauvages/Karitachi (1945) de Motoyoshi SHIMIZU ·· 108

1. Résumé de l’analyse des images des femmes dans les textes entre 1935 et 1945· 115 1.1. Personnages féminins des nouvelles entre 1935-1945 ······················· 115 1.2. Toutes les données ············································································· 118 1.3. Statuts institutionnels et sociaux et activités socioprofessionnelles····· 121 1.4. Ces nouvelles sont le témoin réel d’une époque ································· 128 1.5. Remarque ··························································································· 129

DEUXIÈME CHAPITRE (1945-1955) ························································· 130 2.1. Histoire des livres/Hon no hanashi (1949) de Shigeko YUKI ········ 134 2.2. Épreuve incontestable/Kakushô (1949) de Tsuyoshi KOTANI ········ 139 2.3. Courses de Taureaux/Tôgyû (1949) de ·················· 143 2.4. Herbes de Printemps/Haru no kusa (1951) de Toshimitsu ISHIKAWA ······························································································· 147 2.5. Solitude de la grande place/Hiroba no kodoku (1951) de Yoshie HOTTA ······································································································ 152 2.6. Une légende du « Journal de Kokura »/Aru « Kokura nikki » den (1952) de Seichô MATSUMOTO ···························································· 157 2.7. Plaisirs mornes/Inkina tanoshimi (1953) de Shôtarô YASUOKA ··· 162 2.8. Averse/Shûu (1954) de Junnosuke YOSHIYUKI ······················ 166 4 2.9. École américaine/American School (1954) de ········· 173 2.10. Un petit paysage au bord d’une piscine/Poolside shôkei (1954) de Junzô SHÔNO ··························································································· 180

2. Résumé de l’analyse des images des femmes dans les textes entre 1945 et 1955· 185 2.1. Personnages féminins des nouvelles entre 1949 et 1955 ···················· 185 2.2. L’explication des niveaux de la classe moyenne ······························· 186 2.3. Toutes les données ·············································································· 188 2.4. Statuts institutionnels et sociaux ························································ 191 2.5. Activités socioprofessionnelles ··························································· 195 2.6. Classe sociale ····················································································· 197 2.7. Ces nouvelles sont le témoin réel d’une époque ·································· 198 2.8. Remarque ··························································································· 198

TROISIÈME CHAPITRE (1955-1970) ························································ 199 3.1. Saison du soleil/Taiyô no kisetsu (1956) de Shintarô ISHIHARA ···· 202 3.2. Barque de pêche/Amabune (1956) de Keitarô KONDÔ ···················· 208 3.3. Iwo jima/Iôjima (1957) d'Itaru KIKUMURA ·································· 213 3.4. Le roi nu/Hadaka no ôsama (1958) de Takeshi KAIKÔ ················ 217 3.5. Pagode en rocher de la montagne/Santô (1959) de Shirô SHIBA ···· 223 3.6. Fleuve de Shinobu/Shinobukawa (1961) de Tetsuo MIURA ············· 228 3.7. Début d’un récit édifiant/Bidan no shuppatsu (1962) d'Akira KAWAMURA ··························································································· 236 3.8. Pont d’un garçon/Shônen no hashi (1963) de Kiichi GOTÔ ············· 244 3.9. Crabes/Kani (1963) de Taeko KÔNO ················································ 251 3.10. Voyage sentimental/Sentimental journey (1964) de Seiko TANABE · 257 3.11. Toutefois, c’était nos jours/Saredo warera ga hibi (1964) de Shô SHIBATA ····························································································· 263 3.12. Jouet/Gangu (1965) de Setsuko TSUMURA ·································· 275 3.13. Fleuve du nord/Kita no kawa (1966) de Yûichi TAKAI ·················· 281 3.14. Cours d’eau d’un été/Natsu no nagare (1967) de Kenji MARUYAMA ··························································································· 289 5 3.15. Cocktail/Cocktail Party (1967) de Tatsuhiro ÔSHIRO ···················· 292 3.16. Retour au pays natal de Dôsuke Tokuyama/Tokuyama Dôsuke no kikyô (1968) de Hyôzô KASHIWABARA ················································ 298 3.17. Trois crabes/Sanbiki no kani (1968) de Minako ÔBA ······················· 307 3.18. Les années restantes/Toshi no nokori (1968) de Saiichi MARUYA · 314 3.19. Attention, Petit chaperon rouge/Akazuken-chan ki wo tsukete (1969) de Kaoru SHÔJI ············································································ 318 3.20. Fleuve profond/Fukai Kawa (1969) de Hideo TAKUBO ··············· 327 3.21. Acacias à Dalian/Akashiya no Dairen (1970) de Takayuki KIYOOKA ······························································································ 336

3. Résumé de l’analyse des images des femmes dans les textes entre 1955 et 1970· 342 3.1. Personnages féminins des nouvelles de 1955 à 1970 ························· 343 3.2. Toutes les données ·············································································· 345 3.3. Statuts institutionnels et sociaux ·························································· 353 3.4. Activités socioprofessionnelles ··························································· 363 3.5. Classe sociale ····················································································· 370 3.6. Groupement socioprofessionnel ························································· 376 3.7. Ces nouvelles sont le témoin réel d’une époque ································· 378 3.8. Remarque ···························································································· 380

QUATRIÈME CHAPITRE (1970-1975) ··························································· 382 4.1. Aube dans le préau 8/Préau 8 no Yoake (1970) de Komao FURUYAMA ······························································································ 384 4.2. Nuit longue sans lumière/Mumyôchôya (1970) de Tomoko YOSHIDA· 387 4.3. Yôko (1971) de Yoshikichi FURUI ···················································· 398 4.4. Garçon d’Okinawa/Okinawa no shônen (1972) de Mineo HIGASHI·· 409 4.5. Quelqu’un a touché/Dareka ga sawatta (1972) d’Akio MIYAHARA· 415 4.6. Requiem (1973) de Shizuko GÔ ························································ 425 4.7. Le jardin de Betty/Betty-san no niwa (1973) de Michiko YAMAMOTO ···························································································· 439 4.8. Place des rites/Matsuri no ba (1975) de Kyôko HAYASHI ··············· 448 6

4. Résumé de l’analyse des images des femmes dans les textes entre 1970 et 1975· 463 4.1. Personnages féminins des nouvelles de 1970 à 1975 ······················· 463 4.2. Toutes les données ·············································································· 465 4.3. Leurs statuts institutionnels et sociaux ················································ 471 4.4. Activités socioprofessionnelles ························································· 479 4.5. Leur classe sociale ············································································ 485 4.6. Groupement socioprofessionnel ························································ 490 4.7. Ces nouvelles sont les témoins réels d’une époque ··························· 492 4.8. Remarque ·························································································· 493

CONCLUSION ······························································································ 494

Appendices : Mars 2000 ······················································································ 501 Appendice 1. Cabanes à l'ombre/Kage no sumika (2000) de GENGETSU· 502 Appendice 2. Promesse d’été/Natsu no yakusoku (2000) de Chiya FUJINO· 506

BIBLIOGRAPHIE ····························································································· 511 Annexes ················································································································· 544 Annexes 1 ·································································································· 544 Annexes 2 ·································································································· 549

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