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The Sanctuary of Despoina at Lykosoura: a Megalopolitan Creation?

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Arkadien im Altertum Ancient Arcadia Geschichte und Kultur einer antiken Gebirgslandschaft History and Culture of a Mountainous Region Beiträge des Internationalen Symposiums in Graz, Österreich, 11. bis 13. Februar 2016 Proceedings of the International Conference held at Graz, Austria, 11th to 13th February, 2016 herausgegeben von Klaus Tausend Graz 2018 Vorderseite: Der Apollon-Tempel von Bassai, aus: C. Frommel, Ansichten aus Griechenland. Gestochen unter der Leitung von C. Frommel. Vues de la Grèce. Gravées sous la direction de C. Frommel (Karlsruhe 1830) Die Publikation wurde dankenswerterweise unterstützt von: Covergestaltung: Andreas Kolli. Satz: Regina Klöckl. Druck von Servicebetrieb ÖH-Uni Graz GmbH. Der Inhalt der Beiträge sowie die Beschaffung der Abbildungen liegen in der Verantwortung der AutorInnen. ISBN 978-3-902666-56-7 www.unipress-graz.at Copyright 2018 by Unipress Graz Verlag GmbH. Kein Teil des Werkes darf ohne schriftliche Genehmigung des Verlages in irgendeiner Form verarbeitet, reproduziert oder zur Verfügung gestellt werden. Alle Rechte vorbehalten. Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort des Herausgebers ............................................................................................................... 8 Verzeichnis der Abkürzungen ......................................................................................................... 9 KYLE MAHONEY Mycenaean Mt. Lykaion and the Linear B Documents ............................................................. 11 MARY E. VOYATZIS How Ancient is Arcadia? What the Archaeology Tells Us ........................................................ 37 JAMES ROY On adopting Arkadian ancestors ................................................................................................... 57 TANJA S. SCHEER Kinder des Zeus und der Erde. Die Arkader zwischen Frömmigkeit und Frevel ................. 67 ANNA BERTELLI Arkadische Heroenkultstätten: Typologie, Topographie und Kultpraxis ............................... 87 AIKATERINI MANDALAKI Religious and political aspects of the cult of Zeus in ancient Arcadia and ancient Crete: A comparative approach ............................................................................................................... 113 ALAYA PALAMIDIS The Sanctuary of Despoina at Lykosoura: A Megalopolitan Creation? ................................ 127 ELISABETH RATHMAYR Mysterien und Kult der Despoina in Lykosura im Licht der archäologischen und epigraphischen Befunde und Funde ........................................................................................... 153 VASSILIS TSIOLIS Arkadian religious matters: Further considerations on the τελετή of the Great Goddesses at Megalopolis and on the κορειτῆαι at Despoina’s Sanctuary at Lykosura .............................. 175 With an appendix on the so called Sanctuary of Zeus Homarios and Hestia at Megalopolis MARÍA CRUZ CARDETE Liminal Landscapes of Ancient Arkadia: The God Pan and Panic Sanctuaries ................... 197 MADELEINE JOST La religion arcadienne ................................................................................................................... 213 ROBERT POROD Hellenistische Konstruktionen eines arkadischen Rom ........................................................... 229 NORMAN AUSTIN The Invention of Arcadia ............................................................................................................. 251 REBECCA HÜMMER-KOZIK Et in arcadia pastor? Bukolische Darstellungen auf Sarkophagen als Rezeption der Eklogen ........................................................................................................................................... 263 KNUT ØDEGÅRD State formation and urbanization at Tegea ................................................................................ 273 HECTOR WILLIAMS Survey and Excavation at Ancient Stymphalos, 1982–2015 ................................................... 289 PANAGIOTIS GALANIS Der Bronzeschmuck aus der Grabung von Blum – Plassart (EFA, 1913) im arkadischen Orchomenos ................................................................................................................................... 295 YANIS PIKOULAS The “twins” of Arkadia: The homonymous settlements ................ Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. MATTHEW P. MAHER Archaeology of the Arkadian League: The Fortifications of Ancient Alea .......................... 327 TORSTEN MATTERN Theisoa am Lykaion ...................................................................................................................... 345 MARIA PRETZLER Arkadians and Peloponnesians: Collaboration and Conflict with Sparta in the sixth and fifth century BC ............................................................................................................................. 363 SIMONE KILLEN Parasema in Arkadien. Staatssymbole von Kleitor, Pheneos und Mantineia ....................... 379 MARGIT LINDER Kunst von und für Arkadien – zur „Kunstpolitik“ dieser Landschaft in archaischer und klassischer Zeit ............................................................................................................................... 393 THOMAS HEINE NIELSEN Athletics in late-archaic and classical Arkadia ........................................................................... 407 MARI MALMER The Norwegian Arcadia Survey III: Preliminary Results from the 2016 Season ................. 441 KLAUS TAUSEND Festungskrieg im Gebirge. Formen und Möglichkeiten der Poliorketik im arkadischen Raum................................................................................................................................................ 455 Alaya Palamidis The Sanctuary of Despoina at Lykosoura: A Megalopolitan Creation?* Map of the mentioned Arcadian cities and sanctuaries: 1. Pheneos 2. Thelpousa 3. Kaphyai 4. Methydrion 5. Mantinea 6. Phigaleia 7. Mt. Lykaion 8. Sanctuary of Pan at Berekla 9. Lykosoura 10. Trapezus 11. Megalopolis 12. Sanctuary of Artemis Lykoatis 13. Asea 14. Pallantion 15. Tegea Map made using the Ancient World‘s Mapping Center's À-la-carte application (http://awmc.unc.edu/ awmc/applications/alacarte/) and the basemap “Peloponnese, Attica, and Southwestern Aegean” provided by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens (http://www.ascsa.edu.gr/index.php/excavationcorinth/ maps-and-gis-data-for-corinth-and-greece), both licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. * I am very indebted to all the participants of the symposium in Graz, my colleagues at the University of Liège and Vinciane Pirenne-Delforge for their helpful comments and suggestions. I would also like to thank Matthew Peebles for his help, and the Onassis Foundation for funding my research. In Book 8 of his Description of Greece, Pausanias writes that “Lykosoura is the oldest of all the cities the earth and its islands have produced: it was the first city the sun ever saw. It was from here that the rest of mankind learnt to build cities.”1 It was supposedly founded by Lykaon, the mythical ancestor of all Arcadians, at the same time as the sanctuary of Zeus on Mount Lykaion.2 Pausanias also recounts that “Arkesilaos […] is said by the Arcadians to have seen, when dwelling in Lykosoura, the sacred deer, enfeebled with age, of the goddess called Despoina. This deer, they say, had a collar round its neck, with writing on the collar: — I was a fawn when captured, at the time when Agapenor went to Troy.”3 This story implies that the fawn was dedicated to Despoina just before the Trojan War and therefore, that her sanctuary at Lykosoura already existed at that time. Thus, the origins of both the city and its sanctuary are set in a mythical past. But another story told by Pausanias seemingly sets a historical terminus ante quem for the foundation of the cult place and suggests its great importance in the Classical period. At the time of the foundation of Megalopolis by synoecism, around 370 BC,4 the inhabitants of Lykosoura refused to relocate to the newly founded city. Unlike the inhabitants of Trapezus, who were massacred, or the people of other cities that were brought to Megalopolis by force, “the Lykosourians, although they had disobeyed, were nevertheless spared by the Arcadians because of Demeter and Despoina, in whose sanctuary they had taken refuge.”5 It is the purpose of this paper to verify the historicity of this episode. I. The sanctuary before the foundation of Megalopolis The sanctuary has yielded very little Archaic and Classical material.6 Among the objects dated before the synoecism one or two statuettes represent Athena, who, according to Pausanias, had a precinct and a xoanon in the sanctuary.7 Two statuettes depicting shepherds or hunters are very similar to those found in the sanctuary of Berekla on Mount Lykaion, about 10 km away from Lykosoura, where Pan was honoured alongside Hermes and possibly Apollo.8 In Lykosoura, the statuettes may also have been dedicated to Pan or Hermes. According to Pausanias, the former had a precinct and used to give oracles.9 As for Hermes, his presence 1 Paus. 8, 38, 1 (transl. P. Levi). 2 Paus. 8, 2, 1. 3 Paus. 8, 10, 10. Unless otherwise indicated, all translations of Pausanias’ text are by W. H. S. Jones. 4 For the exact date of the synoecism, see for instance Hornblower 1990. 5 Paus. 8, 27, 1–6. 6 See Kourouniotis 1912, 155–161. The museum catalogue (Kourouniotis 1911, 19–72) does not contain any object earlier than the foundation of Megalopolis. According to Loucas – Loucas-Durie 1991, 318f. at least
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