sign in sign up
<<
Home , Andritsaina, Arcadia (region), Arcadia (regional unit), Despoina, Kakaletri, Karyes

by david gilman romano and mary e. voyatzis e. mary and romano gilman david by The Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project Survey and Excavation Lykaion Mt. The the Birthpl Exc www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition a v a ting a ce of a t 9 10 volume 52, number 1 expedition 1 number 52, volume born inArcadiaonMt.LykaionorCreteIda. was he whether god Greek powerful most and ancient the asking Zeus a wrote Callimachus poet Greek the BCE, century 3rd the in and majestyofthesite,it washissincerehopetoreturnonedaydofieldworkand excavation. ried out some of his Penn Ph.D. dissertation work at Mt. Lykaion. Romano was impressed with the beauty from students Penn, and succeeded in creating the first precise map of the important sanctuary. Earlier, in 1978, he car- of group small a with there project survey topographic and architectural computerized have results that the village, as well as the archaeological community, would find relevant and intriguing. ably different from the interests of the local people, little did we know that within only a few years we would Althoughscientificus.ourfor out objectives projectcut considerwork thewereour for had we that and heritage, their of proud very were village local the of inhabitants the that doubt no was There reference? Zeuswas older than the games at Olympia. Could we find archaeological evidence to support this ancient reference by Pliny, a 1st century CE author, who wrote that the athletic festival at Mt. Lykaion in honor ancientof the to related matter historical another raised leaders village addition, In Lykaion. Mt. on born was Zeus that prove could we if directly very asked were We endeavor. this in collaborators and friends our become would Ano of SocietyCultural therepresenting leaders village the and operations, of base our become would 22, of population winter a with Karyes, Ano Lykaion, Mt. of slopes eastern the on high Situated Zeus. of Sanctuary nearby the at project survey and excavation new a initiate to project proposed our for support logistical discuss to came We 2003. in there arrived we when attention our to transmitted to the modern day. It was one of the first matters that the village leaders in Ano Karyes brought This visit was not Romano’s first to Ano Karyes or to the Sanctuary of Zeus. In 1996 he organized a organized he 1996 In Zeus. of Sanctuary the to or Karyes Ano to first Romano’s not was visit This been have and antiquity in known clearly were Zeus of birthplace the to relating traditions two These Ida; others,OZeus,sayinArcadia;didtheseorthose,Fatherlie?“Cretansareeverliars.” My soul is all in doubt, since debated is his birth. O Zeus, some say that you were born on the hills of the village and beyond view of this photograph. photograph. this of view beyond and village the above is Zeus of Sanctuary The Lykaion. Mt. of slopes eastern the on Karyes Ano of Village Hymn to Hymn -

Tom Fenn David Gilman Romano above sea level. He also discovered a hippodrome, stadium, hippodrome, a discovered also He level. sea above a and Zeus of altar ash an ered discov- had He Lykaion. Mt. at Zeus of Sanctuary the at campaigns of series a in excavated had churches aretypicallylocated onmountaintopsinGreece. his and Zeus, to successor Greek Orthodox the as seen often is Elias, St. or Elias, Agios Lykaion. Mt. on Karyes Ano of village the in well and alive was Zeus that us to clear was It sky.” “bright to related be may Zeus word Indo-European the of meaning original the and tribes, Greek the by god weather a as shiped wor- originally been have to likely was Zeus that suggested often is It .” the of “Zeus notably clouds,” “master of the bright lightning,” “the bringer of rain,” “the bringer of storms,” and perhaps most ‘O Dias,’ZEUS! word one only say to heard were villagers The July! mid 40s…in the into dropped had afternoon temperature the late By hail. and rain heavy by followed lightning, and thunder was there and gathered, had the fires clouds the pm, 4 by but afternoon, early by degrees 100 over probably day, hot very outdoor a was It before. night on cauldrons huge in prepared been had which of latter the goat, boiled and cheese, and shaded fountain on the mountainside below the sanctuary. The meal consisted of wine, bread, Agios Eliasissituatedonthesouthernpeakofmountainjust100mawayfromashaltarZeus. of church small The day. feast important most their on us entertain to wanted village the because invited this as to locals the visitor by considered frequent still is a she was Tucson, of Penn, FROM . resident a at Now 1960. Studies in beginning Classical child, a in as graduate area 1978 a Voyatzis, the Mary of residents the area. to known still is family the and square, house town Voyatzis the below old Andritsaina, The in 1952. stands still in States United the to emigrated he until Andritsaina, of town nearby The year 2003 fell almost 100 years after Konstantinos Kourouniotes of the Archaeological Society of Society Archaeological the of Kourouniotes Konstantinos after years 100 almost fell 2003 year The the of shepherd “the Zeus,” gathering “cloud including antiquity in epithets many had Zeus all, After The day began with a morning church service on the mountaintop, followed by a luncheon at the lush been having Elias, Agios of day festival the for Karyes Ano of village the visited we 2003 20, July On the in raised and born been had John father her as stronger, even was area the with link Voyatzis’ (sacred precinct) at the southern peak of the mountain at 1382 m 1382 at mountain the of peak southern the at precinct) (sacred to Agios Elias. Elias. Agios to dedicated are in churches mountaintop Many background. the in Zeus of altar ash the with foreground the in is Elias Agios of church The 2003. 20, July Elias, Agios of Festival , bath house, hotel, and several fountain several and hotel, house, bath stoa, www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition

11 houses in a mountain meadow some 200 m lower chronology on the mountainside. The site of Mt. Lykaion, in Final Neolithic 4500–3200 BCE the west-central Peloponnesos, was famous as a Early Helladic 3200–2050 BCE -Arcadian and Pan-Hellenic sanctuary with Middle Helladic 2050–1550 BCE and athletic contests in honor of Zeus, Mycenaean/LHI-IIIB 1550–1200 BCE and for an impressive open-air altar where human Mycenaean/LHIIIC 1200–1100 BCE was rumored. , the 2nd century Sub-Mycenaean 1100–1050 BCE CE Greek traveler, provided a good deal of infor- Protogeometric 1050–900 BCE mation about the site. He mentioned that athletic Geometric 900–700 BCE Archaic 700–480 BCE games to Zeus Lykaios had once been held in the Classical 480–323 BCE mountain meadow and that a sanctuary of Pan Hellenistic 323–31 BCE was located nearby. He also described the ash altar of Zeus saying,

On the highest point of the mountain is a mound of earth, forming an altar of Zeus Lykaios, and from it most of the Peloponnesos can be seen. In front of the altar on the east stand two , on which there used to be golden eagles. On this altar they sacrifice in secret to Lykaion Zeus. I was reluctant to pry into the details of the sacrifice; let them be as they are and were from the beginning.

When Kourouniotes excavated the southern peak of the mountain, he discovered that approximately 1.5 m of fill above bedrock was composed of the ash of burned sacrifices, bone, pottery sherds, stone, and dedications of various kinds, including coins and fragments of metal. Although Kourouniotes found many bones, most were goat and sheep, and he identified no human bones. The earliest evidence for cult activity from the altar consisted of two bronze tripods of the late 8th or early 7th century BCE. Some 20 m lower in the vicinity of the nearby temenos, he discovered a number of bronze figurines, many depicting Zeus. Some of these bronzes are now on exhibit in the National Archaeological Museum in Athens. We had many scientific objectives when we began our excavation and survey project. Among them were the following: When did the religious cult of Zeus begin on the mountaintop, and how long did it last? What were the origins of the athletic contests at Mt. Lykaion, and how long did they survive? Who were the visitors to Mt. Lykaion, where did they come from, and what did they do when they were at the site? What was the economic basis of the sanctuary during the centuries of its development? When exactly were the buildings constructed in the lower sanctuary, who paid for them, and who maintained them? By ancient or modern stan- dards, the Sanctuary of Zeus at Mt. Lykaion is in a remote location. Although the peak of Mt. Lykaion is not as high as Mt. Mainalon (the highest peak in ) or Mt. Taygetos (located between and ), both of which are visible from the altar, it is a promi-

nent peak in the central region of Map of the Peloponnesos showing the location of Mt. Lykaion. Other http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en the Peloponnesos and can be seen (ca. 3200–1100 BCE) sites are indicated on this map.

12 volume 52, number 1 expedition David Gilman Romano (top), Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project (bottom) mainland from 1400–1200 BCE; in addition, this early form of the the and from documents B Linear in attested is Zeus BCE. century 11th the ery is significant and suggests ritual activity from at least the 14th century through thing wehadnotexpectedto find. some - mountain, the of peak southern the on activity cult Mycenaean gested sug- evidence Considerable levels. lowest the at pottery Mycenaean the of els. When we expanded the trench to the north, we found more examples Late and Helladic, Neolithic pottery were also found Early on the bedrock as well as in other lev- Helladic, Middle of examples figurine. Curiously, human terracotta one least at of fragments the and rines figu- animal terracotta Mycenaean several with together deposited been had that vessels Helladic-type Late other and cups) drinking discovered a large number of broken Mycenaean we bedrock, the on directly Lying Age. Bronze the in dedication a been have to likely was what of glimpse first our us giving bull, a of seal lentoid crystal rock BCE) 1450–1400 (ca. II Minoan Late a found we had levels, unstratified trench top the In the stratigraphy. clearer of much half bottom the that discovered we lower, vated stratigraphy, clear without exca- we be when soil), to of mixing (the found bioturbation to part was in due trench probably the of half top the Although Neolithic. Final and Helladic, Early Helladic, Middle (Mycenaean), Helladic Late indeed: early very be to out turned pottery of deal great a Periods; Archaic and Classical from finds earlier as well as Hellenistic the from material the in fight to by ships given were Parrhasians the . , the in recorded , as was known as was Lykaion, and, Mt. including region, the of dialect. part southwest old the very times, a Homeric and In customs ancient preserving to , thought other were than Arcadians sophisticated less the somehow consequently, be Greece; of region Peloponnesos, central a the as of antiquity mountains in known the was in located Arcadia, of region The locations. many from Many questions remain about the nature of the earlier material, but the discov- of mix a yielded levels top the 2007, in Zeus of altar ash the at excavations our began we When kylikes (stemmed with the description of Pausanias. Pausanias. of description the with together site the at evidence archaeological the on based restored been has pages) these of right and left the on (shown eagle with Doric The Zeus. of eagles golden the supported once that columns the for bases two the with (foreground) temenos and (background) Zeus of Altar

was very likely made in Crete. Crete. in made likely very was stone seal This Zeus. of altar ash the in found date, II Minoan Late bull, a of seal lentoid crystal Rock www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition

13 Dan Diffendale exca- vates the altar trench in the summer of 2008. He carefully uncovers the deposit of Mycenaean pottery above the bedrock.

also includes the word for “temenos,” as well as a word for “fire altar” that might describe the ash altar at Mt. Lykaion. In the level immediately above the lowest (Mycenaean) level, we have identified what we believe to be a Protogeometric (PG) layer consist- ing of regional PG ceramics and an iron double axe; the axe may date to the later 11th through 10th centuries BCE. In higher levels in the same trench, we have found Geometric and Archaic pottery and a series of miniature bronze tripods. These tripods likely date to the 8th century BCE and are dedica- tions to Zeus. Many other votive dedications were discovered including mini-vases, lead wreaths, iron spits, as well as a bronze hand holding a silver light- ning bolt, probably broken from a statuette of Zeus. Some of these objects were found in the context of a high intensity burning area that we excavated within the trench. We have also found a series of coins, mostly silver, and in very good condition. Several of these are Arcadian League coins, showing the head of or on the obverse and a seated Lykaion Zeus on the reverse. A considerable amount of animal bone has been discovered in all of the levels of the altar trench, and Top, an iron double axe was found together with Protogeometric pottery above the Mycenaean material in most of it is burnt. From our faunal analyst, Britt the ash altar. Bottom, more than 20 bronze tripods have Starkovitch, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of been found in the ash altar. Many of these date to the 8th century BCE and were dedications to Zeus. Arizona, we learned that most (close to 98%) of the David Gilman Romano (top), Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project (bottom right) bones are from sheep and goat, primarily the patellas,

14 volume 52, number 1 expedition Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project strikes sandy soil and vitrifies. vitrifies. and soil sandy strikes lightning when formed is Fulgurite Zeus. of altar ash the in found also was Fulgurite and we have undertaken to clean the building and expose the foundations building was largely excavated by Kourouniotes ancient in the This early 20th century, northwest. faced and sanctuary the of limit southern the facing, inpart,thelargeexpanse ofthehippodromeandstadium. terraces of series a on designed was sanctuary lower the that appears It stadium. the of site possible the and hippodrome the in as well as areas, related and stoa, the steps, or seats ing), undertaken in the areas of the all of the significant blocks at the site. students make detailed measured hand drawings of architecturalThe seasons. summer the of most for Archaeological fieldwork the of charge in been the has Lab, Mapping of Architecture of Director and Design, of School the of graduate 2006 a Valle, Ximena project. the of inception the since Design of Pennsylvania’sSchoolUniversityof the fromstudents Samuel H. Kress Foundation, which has funded architecture hand drawn by one of a team of architects who have worked at the site. We are supported in this work bydrawing theentireof sanctuary, whereevery stone preciselyis located withelectronicthean totalstation, and actual-statestone-for-stone, first the creating are We 2004. since projectdocumentation architectural an in the Greek world. circumstancesignificant and unusual very another period,Hellenistic continuousfrom theLate Helladic (Mycenaean) period through tothe was Zeus of cult the that suggests trench altar the from evidence the ter understand the development of Greek ritual practices. Furthermore, practice was part of an ancient ritual. These discoveries may help us bet cult the that suggestingcenturies, over constant remained dedication selectedforwere thatspecific parts thesacrificed animal and of kinds the revealedalreadythatfragmentshas bone theexamination ofThe almostentirelyisdecomposedaltarformedfrom the bone. of fill the Ph.D. candidate at the University of Arizona, we have learned that a Mentzer, micro-morphologist,Susan our From identified. been have bones human no importantly, and, percentages to 98%) are burnt. Other animals are represented in very low femurs,and tail bones ofthe animals. Most ofthe bones (close A long (67 m) colonnaded building, or stoa, appears to have been have to appears stoa, or building, colonnaded m) (67 long A been have sanctuary lower the in Excavations In the lower mountain meadow, where the ancient Lykaion Games were held, we have been involved in xenon (or hotel build- George Davis, a geoscientist at the University of Arizona, has been study- ing the geology of the sanctuary and the region and has made some made has and region the and sanctuary the of geology the ing fulgurite wasbroughttothealtarasadedication. fies. Since the ash altar does not contain sand, it is likely that the vitri- and soil sandy strikes lightning when formed is Fulgurite is Lykaion Mt. of peak southern The observations. interesting the glassy-like substance found in the ash altar as fulgurite. as altar ash the in found substance glassy-like the surrounded on three sides by a geological fault, and one spur n hs ok I ws ere ai wo is identified first who Davis George was It work. this on of the fault appears to approach the southern peak itself. peak southern the approach to appears fault the of of this fault, and we anticipate important results based results important anticipate we and fault, this of In 2009, Davis initiated a trench in search of evidence of search in trench a initiated Davis 2009, In - of bright lightning” and “Zeus of the thunderbolt.” thunderbolt.” the of “Zeus and lightning” bright of “Master epithets his to related was and attributes common most Zeus’ of one was bolt lightning The bolt. lightning silver a holds altar, ash the in found Zeus?), (of hand bronze miniature A www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition hand; 5th century BCE. century 5th hand; right his in eagle an and hand left his in scepter a holds Zeus reverse. the on Zeus Lykaion seated and obverse the on Despoina or Artemis with stater, silver League Arcadian 15 16 volume 52, number 1 expedition 1 number 52, volume of the stoa. stoa. the of foundation front the of drawing hand detailed a makes Burkett, Gabe site, the at students architecture the of One

David Gilman Romano David Gilman Romano

David Gilman Romano unique situation in the Greek world. Kourouniotes, suggest that a Greek stadium may have been situated within the limits of the hippodrome, a by foundstadium,Greek a fromblocks lineStartinghippodrome floor. the ofsurface the ofportion a as well as foundations,stone on stood probably once that columnstapering turning two hippodrome,the the of be posts to likely are what fields neighboring the from recovered have We world? ancient the in drome are. Does the hippodrome resemble in any way the Roman circus, of which there are many examples although there are some literary accounts, we do not know what the architectural features of a Greek hippo can be seen and measured. Its importance lies in the fact that no hippodrome has ever been excavated, and, worldGreek entire the in hippodrome only the is it since significance great of is It m. 125 is width its that xenon building.Perhapstheisratherasanctuaryadministrativebuildingwheredining was held? neighboring the to is corridor the of relationship the what and leads corridor the where learning in ested inter- are We contexts. dining from largely fragments, pottery Hellenistic of amount large a revealed has corridor, open to the air, leading towards the northeast. Excavation in this corridor over the past few years tus during at least part of their history. Outside the building, on its east side, is an interesting subterranean and from the island of —suggesting that the Lykaion Games must have enjoyed Pan-Hellenic sta- Sicily in Syracuse distances—from great from came victors the of some that clear is it inscriptions, these date to the late 4th century BCE, which give us vital information about the ancient Lykaion Games. From that inscriptions victor two the found Kourouniotes that building this in was It rooms. several include to excavator century 20th early the by found was walls, massive by enclosed and m 22 x m 38 building, This east to west; a portion of a terracotta water channel was recently discovered in the surface of this pathway. as a retaining wall? Archaeological evidence suggests that a pathway or a used as seats for spectators to watch an event or a spectacle of some kind? Or were they built as a staircase or terrace. Curiously these seats or steps are straight except for a subtle curve at their far western end. Were they struction remainstobeconfirmed. con- its for date secure a although BCE, century 4th the from be to likely is site, the at others of number a with together building, This use. its and history, its plan, architectural its understand better to order in The hippodrome is by far the largest structure in the lower sanctuary; its length is roughly 300 m and m 300 roughly is length its sanctuary; lower the in structure largest the far by is hippodrome The the as identified Kourouniotes that building The Thelongseries seatsofsteps or are found the tonorth the ofstoa,lower butaat elevation, andbelow a is adjacent to the series of seats to the west. the to seats of series the to adjacent is xenon dromos ran opposite the seats from ceremony or spectacle. spectacle. or ceremony a watch to used been have may blocks of series long This west. looking steps, or seats the of View www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition - 17 18 volume 52, number 1 expedition 1 number 52, volume ° Th ") P Messenia A " ) ! ( ! ! . ! A Lepreo r c a e cultural attractions. and environmental, physical, natural, the to relating information and maps, signs, creating by tourist the of experience the enhance to and night, the spend to visitors for hostels create to area, the throughout sanctuaries and cities ancient connect to trails create to is park the of idea The Elis. and Messenia day modern- of parts and Arcadia southwest in cities and sanctuaries ancient important includes park pro- posed the of area The heritage. rich their protecting of purpose the for areas these unifies and connects Greece. This name precedes the later regional divisions of Greece and provides a name for us today that the area of the proposed park. In antiquity the Parrhasia was considered to be the most ancient region of The name of the park—Parrhasian— refers to the ancient legends of Arcadia associated with the heart of efforts inthisarea. our leading been have Lab, Mapping Archaeological the at Historical of Director and Oregon of State the for Planner Park Davison, Mark and Athens, of University Technical National the of Planning erations. Costas Cassios, Emeritus Professor of Physical Geography in the School of Surveying and Rural the in strength economic region, and the increased protection of the natural, activities, archaeological, scenic, and recreational cultural resources for future ongoing gen - for support stewardship, of sense and pride residents’ local of enhancement the mean will park the for Success traditions. and livelihoods local of parts essential as use for and vitality long-term both for managed be to resources scenic and cultural, natural, encourages approach park” “living This . protected the within working and living tinue con- to communities local encouraging while sites, archaeological rich and beauty, natural outstanding significance, cultural of area an protect to proposed is Park Heritage Parrhasian the of creation The km. Peloponnesos. The idea of the park is to unify and protect a large area of land, approximately300 square Western the in area heritage a create to is proposals important and ambitious most project’s the of One ncien haeological T A S T T emple empl ncien om anc P 0 b t t n rrh uar e Ci t

arr wi Ci y ty t t h y S o f anc S

h i t t e uar as s y C h i a aracter a n Ne Nea Phigaleia 5 si T emple d Her a A

a a vlonas Are t P

Petralona Kalitsaina o Myronia Stomio f higalei i

At a ta n G hen Platania Ano Dorio ree g T a a emple k C T !( e

T emple Krana h ") emple H

Mt aracter Park

A o o 10 f P ncien Phigaleia f Perivolia

.

A erit o Amygdalies M higalei r f !( t

Linistaina A emis Kilometers in t phrodi Ci Chrysochori Fanari

t

t

Are a h y a ( Chalkias t K i P t Dragogi e Mavromati Kouvela o

a and t r

Neda ilo Psari Kastrougkaina opo n a

!(

!( Ri Ano Psari T E

v Andritsaina ge emple

e pi

r se k ourios Syrizo Marina red circles (ancient sanctuaries) and blue squares (ancient cities). (ancient squares blue and sanctuaries) (ancient circles as red above map the on indicated are park the in included be will that Sites Dimandra ")

Sklirou o d f

A A o

a ) f E pollo n t B P c Kato Melpeia ien Stasimo ir assa Petra a

t a Ci i Ano Melpeia ! ty . P Ampeliona

o S Map Ag. Sostis rk

f P A anc

an R t S uar ")

R a Diavolitsi ymbol ! . t y A H o Melpeia o S f and n

A f anc T

c T hi S ien ( ! emple

I V s s T

A t a S ( ! uar astas o emple t L o t a ? anc Ci ykosoura A Kotilion f M a S

y n L A t t

anc y t.

o c y

M and lpheios t ien uar kosour f P L L Ano Karyes River

Road T P t. ykaio y own t oli uar k an L t

y remain t aio y Ci ical C Isaris s o s s k

y

a

f Z t aio Mt Ri h a n y B Messenia t B o Kastanochori

" ) aracter v oundar f P eus

n erekl e

! .

s . !( r an T

Deme S T P etraz emple

anc arrhasio ") y Arcadia a Kourounios A o Petrovouni t Karitaina uar f B t n

er Isoma Karyon Are

c o io

ien ren y f and Chrousa s

Kalyvia Karyon A and

a t pollo t a h t Ci

Despoin e Cre

Mavria t T Kyparissia y ") emple

t e A o a f n Apiditsa

T c a

rape ien o A Mt f

C lpheio t Ci z h . L ou

t aracte Are

y Marathousa T s

s

yka ripotamo Ri

v

e a park r Colors chara io Plaka r

") n boundar ct s how A o f n t Megalopoli i c c f y ien Megalopolis our areas

t di Ci f

f wi eren t y t hin s t

propsed

Mark Davison David Gilman Romano (top), Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project (bottom) the developmentsatSanctuary ofZeusatOlympia. influenced Lykaion Mt. at Zeus of Sanctuary the perhaps the earlier Mycenaean period on the altar at Mt. Lykaion, from evidence finding are we and BCE, century 11th the dates to at Olympia Zeus of cult the relating to found rial mate - earliest the Since Zeus. of sanctuaries neighboring and prominent two these between was relationship the what wonders one and Elis, of those and Arcadia of ple political and military conflicts occurred between the peo- antiquity, In old. very are Lykaion, Mt. at cult the as well as games, the that suggest to hints of number a are there yet not Lykaion, Mt. at originated games athletic the when know do we Although flies. eagle the as apart, miles 22 only were sanctuaries two the and histories, their of much throughout Elis) (in Olympia at held those with tion bothin2005and2009. competi- stiff among himself found Romano category, the distance race, the ancient the Master’s category for some events. As a participant in with very young boys and girls and continuing through to beginning ages, various of athletes for activities offer and region, the from athletes of hundreds attract events The context. religious ancient an suggest may which games, the of day the on dawn at mountaintop the at ceremony games are secular, although they do have a beautiful ancient torch modern The the Zeus. Lykaion on of honor in based festival athletic are and Cultural Karyes the Ano by of organized Society events field and track ern mod- are These 1973. since years four every hippodrome ancient the of surface the on held been have that Games h acet yao Gms ee contemporaneous were Games Lykaion ancient The Lykaion modern the about learned also have We as well as from other parts of Greece. Greece. of parts other from as well as Arcadia from come spectators and athletes The stadium. and hippodrome ancient the of surface the of portion a above located is track modern The 2009. 9, August Games, Lykaion Modern dolichos, in the senior men’s the northeast of the hippodrome is a bath building. bath a is hippodrome the of northeast the To building. hotel or xenon a and house, fountain a seats, of series a stoa, a including hippodrome, the of south the to buildings of cluster the showing sanctuary, lower and hippodrome of Plan www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition 19 20 volume 52, number 1 expedition 1 number 52, volume of AthenaAleaatTegea.SheistheCo-DirectorMt.Lykaion ExcavationandSurveyProject. of Arcadia. From 1990 to 1996 she was a Principal Investigator in the Norwegian excavations at the Sanctuary region the on focus a with sanctuaries, Greek ancient in specializes and 1980 since Greece in work field logical Arizona. She also served as the Head of the Department of Classics for eight years. She has been doing archaeo- voyatzis e. mary the Mt.LykaionExcavationandSurveyProject. of Co-Director and Director Field the is Romano Section. Mediterranean the in Lab Mapping Archaeological and study ancient sites. He has directed the Computer Project since 1988, and he is the Director of the and Roman cities and sanctuaries, ancient surveying, and modern cartographic and survey techniques to reveal involved in archaeological work in Greece for 35 years and is a specialist in the , Greek been has He Pennsylvania. of University the at Studies Classical of Professor Adjunct and Museum Penn the romano gilman david ofZeusstilllive! Age shrine to Zeus on the mountain-top, one headline proclaimed “Arcadia Steals Zeus from Crete.” The there, theywerenotsurprised,butgreatlyproudandpleased. altar Mycenaean a is there that and period Neolithic Final the to back goes now mountaintop the from cal advancesforourprojectincludingtheintroductionofawirelessdatabase. within this lab and we provide internet access for our team. Next summer network we anticipate other technologi- wireless a up set have we Lab, Mapping Archaeological the of Studies Geo-Spatial of Director Stapp, Nick of direction the Under facility. storage and workspace, lab, our as Center, Cultural the now have found.Weanticipatethatwewillwanttocontinueourexcavationsinfutureseasons. we what about write and contemplate to time with us provide will that seasons study summer several by Ephoreia. Our Ephoreia colleagues Michalis Petropoulos, Anna Karapanagiotou, Anastasia Panagiotopoulou, and Panagiotopoulou, Anastasia Karapanagiotou, Anna Petropoulos, Michalis colleagues Ephoreia Our Ephoreia. the of direction the under conducted been has project The work. we auspices whose under Athens, at Studies Classical of School American the and Arizona, of University the Museum, Penn the States—from United the from team our and Service, Archaeological Greek the representing Tripolis, Antiquities, Classical and Prehistoric of Ephoreia ΛΘ’ the between enjoy we that collaboration friendly the been has project the of aspects exciting most the of One Acknowledgments When we released to the Greek news media that our research had found evidence of an early Bronze early an of evidence found had research our that media news Greek the to released we When Our village colleagues have been greatly interested in our results thus far. When told that our evidence village, the in schoolhouse former the use to us allows generously Karyes Ano of Society Cultural The Our excavation and survey work at the Sanctuary of Zeus will continue in Summer 2010, to be followed is currently Professor of Archaeology in the School of Anthropology at the University of is Director of Greek Archaeological Projects in the Mediterranean Section of Section Mediterranean the in Projects Archaeological Greek of Director is towards the ceremonial lighting of the torch. the of lighting ceremonial the towards flame the carry Games, Lykaion the of morning the on Zeus, of altar the at priestesses Modern ΛΘ’

David Gilman Romano David Gilman Romano Acts of the Copenhagen Center Polis Copenhagen the of Acts In Communities.” Arkadian Consolidating in Building Temple of Role “The M.E. Voyatzis, at Institute 2002 May Norwegian 7-10 the at Athens, Held Arcadia, Ancient on Seminar International Third the from Papers Arcadia: In Lykaion.” Mt. at Zeus of Sanctuary The of Survey Architectural and Topographical New “A D.G. Romano, 2002 May 7-10 Athens, at Institute Norwegian ed. E., Østby, Λυκαιου,” “Ανασκαφη —. Λυκαιου,” “Ανασκαφη —. Λυκαιου,” “Ανασκαφη —. Λυκαιου,” “Ανασκαφαι K. Kourouniotis, Jost, M. Jost, 1964). Tannen, and Biblio A.B. Cook, Reading Further For lykaionexcavation.org. is website Project The work. dedicated their for colleagues and staff, students, our of all thank we and 60, and 45 between numbers summer each team interdisciplinary and international Our research. our of aspect historical ongoing the on collaboration his as well as project our of support early important his for of University the of Pikoulas Yannis Professor thank to like also would We levels. all at collaboration important and gial, colle- friendly, for Koumoundouros, Christos President, its to and Karyes Ano of Society Cultural the to indebted greatly also are We team. a as together well work we synergasia a as and cordial, and collegial extremely been have others, our supporters which cametoAnoKaryesandMt.Lykaion. and 2008, Spring in place took which trip Arizona of Penn–University joint a Peloponnesos,” the of “Circumnavigation Greece, to tour Women’s Committee Museum plan- successful in highly the instrumental ning was She project. the of success long-term the multiple towards made gifts has dedicated and sup- time loyal that a since been porter has She site. the of survey cartographic the to support financial important gave she when 1996 since Project Lykaion Mt. the supporting been has Merle-Smith Annette Excavation and Survey Project. Heritage Park, as well as the ongoing Mt. Lykaion Museum in Megalopolis, the proposed Parrhasian future thesupport to pledgedhas now and 2004 since Project Survey and ExcavationLykaion Mt. the to Gifts Leadership important provided has Foundation Karabots The Argos. Malandreni, of overlooks Mt. Lykaion) and The Georgios Karambotsios Chrisomalis and Karabots from Anavriti, (which Karabots Foundation AthenaKarabots and Nicholas Our leadershipgrantshavebeenfrom: foundations. of number a with the together supported project have donors individual 50 Over of the Mt. Lykaion Excavation and Survey Project. supporters financial many the to grateful are We Sanctuaires et Cults d’Arcadie Cults et Sanctuaires Zeus, A Study in Ancient Religion Ancient in Study A Zeus, Ancient Arcadia: Papers from the Third International Seminar on Ancient Arcadia, Held at the the at Held Arcadia, Ancient on Seminar International Third the from Papers Arcadia: Ancient    , edited by E. Østby, pp. 381-96. Athens, 2005. Athens, 381-96. pp. Østby, E. by edited ,    Praktika Praktika Praktika  n oo o Constance of honor in  (1909):185-200. (1904):32-4. (1903):50-2. , vol. 6, edited by T.H. Nielsen and J. Roy, pp. 130-68. Copenhagen, 1999. Copenhagen, 130-68. pp. Roy, J. and Nielsen T.H. by edited 6, vol. , . Paris: École française d’Athènes, Études Péloponnésiennes, 1985. Péloponnésiennes, Études d’Athènes, française École Paris: . ArchEph . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1914 (reprinted New York: New (reprinted 1914 Press, University Cambridge Cambridge: . . Athens, 2005. Athens, . (1904):153-214. of Arcadia are in the background. background. the in are Arcadia of mountains The left. from third standing Smith Merle- Annette 2008. 5, May Lykaion, Mt. at Tour Peloponnesos the of Circumnavigation Romano. Gilman David Society), Cultural the of President (former Kostopoulos Nikos Voyatzis, Mary Karabots, Nicholas Karabots, right: to left From 2006. 1, August Karyes, Ano Karabots, Nicholas and Athena of honor in Luncheon Defining Ancient Arkadia, Arkadia, Ancient Defining www.penn.museum/expedition www.penn.museum/expedition Ancient Ancient 21