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A CAISE Inquiry Group Report July 2009 About CAISE
The Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education (CAISE) works to strengthen and connect the LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQFRPPXQLW\E\FDWDO\]LQJFRQYHUVDWLRQDQGFROODERUDWLRQDFURVVWKHHQWLUH¿HOG² LQFOXGLQJ¿OPDQGEURDGFDVWPHGLDVFLHQFHFHQWHUVDQGPXVHXPV]RRVDQGDTXDULXPVERWDQLFDOJDUGHQV DQGQDWXUHFHQWHUVGLJLWDOPHGLDDQGJDPLQJVFLHQFHMRXUQDOLVPDQG\RXWKFRPPXQLW\DQGDIWHUVFKRRO SURJUDPV&$,6(IRFXVHVRQLPSURYLQJSUDFWLFHGRFXPHQWLQJHYLGHQFHRILPSDFWDQGFRPPXQLFDWLQJWKH contributions of informal science education.
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We are grateful to the National Science Foundation for its support of CAISE and the informal science HGXFDWLRQ¿HOG
Wendy Pollock Principal Investigator Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education :DVKLQJWRQ'&
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5HEHFFD-RUGDQ is an Assistant Professor of Environmental Education and Citizen Science in the 'HSDUWPHQWRI(FRORJ\(YROXWLRQDQG1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHVDW5XWJHUV8QLYHUVLW\1HZ%UXQVZLFN$V GLUHFWRURIWKH3URJUDPLQ6FLHQFH/HDUQLQJ5HEHFFDLVDEHKDYLRUDOELRORJLVWZKRGHYRWHVPRVWRIKHU UHVHDUFKHIIRUWWRLQYHVWLJDWLQJSXEOLFOHDUQLQJRIVFLHQFH,QSDUWLFXODUVKHLVLQWHUHVWHGLQSUDFWLFHVWR integrate ecological content knowledge and science reasoning skills into formal and informal science FXUULFXOD6KHUHFHLYHGKHU06FDQG3K'LQ2UJDQLVPLFDQG(YROXWLRQDU\%LRORJ\DWWKH8QLYHUVLW\ RI0DVVDFKXVHWWVDQGFRPSOHWHGDSRVWGRFWRUDOIHOORZVKLSDW3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\DQGDYLVLWLQJ DVVLVWDQWSURIHVVRUVKLSDW(OL]DEHWK&LW\6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\LQSDUWQHUVKLSZLWKWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK &DUROLQDDW&KDSHO+LOO
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We thank all of the participants in the Citizen Science Toolkit conference held at the Cornell /DERI2UQLWKRORJ\LQ-XQHZKHUHPDQ\RIWKHLGHDVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVUHSRUWZHUHERUQ:HDOVR WKDQN&KULVWLQH5XIIRRI$67&IRUUHSRUWGHVLJQDQGOD\RXW :HWKDQNWKH&RUQHOO/DERI2UQLWKRORJ\¶V3URJUDP'HYHORSPHQWDQG(YDOXDWLRQ8QLWIRUKRVWLQJDQ ,QTXLU\*URXSPHHWLQJLQ6HSWHPEHUDQGWKH(QYLURQPHQWDO6WXGLHV'HSDUWPHQWRI'LFNLQVRQ &ROOHJHIRUKRVWLQJDVHFRQGJURXSPHHWLQJLQ-DQXDU\ In addition we thank the following individuals who provided thoughtful and constructive reviews of WKLVUHSRUW &HFLOLD*DULED\*DULED\*URXS &KULVWRSKHU/HSF]\N'HSDUWPHQWRI1DWXUDO5HVRXUFHV DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO0DQDJHPHQW8QLYHUVLW\RI+DZDLL DQG.DUHQ2EHUKDXVHU$VVRFLDWH3URIHVVRU 'HSDUWPHQWRI)LVKHULHV:LOGOLIHDQG&RQVHUYDWLRQ%LRORJ\8QLYHUVLW\RI0LQQHVRWD :KLOHZHKDYHEHQH¿WHGJUHDWO\IURPWKHVXSSRUWDQGLQSXWRIRWKHUVWKH¿QDOFRQWHQWRIWKLVUHSRUW LQFOXGLQJDQ\HUURUVLVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHDXWKRUVDQGGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFWWKHYLHZVRI the Center for Advancement of Informal Science Education or the National Science Foundation. 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Although similar to awareness/interest/engagement, DWWLWXGHVUHIHUWRFKDQJHVLQUHODWLYHO\VWDEOHPRUHLQWUDFWDEOHFRQVWUXFWVVXFKDVHPSDWK\ IRUDQLPDOVDQGWKHLUKDELWDWVDSSUHFLDWLRQIRUWKHUROHRIVFLHQWLVWVLQVRFLHW\RUDWWLWXGHV toward stem cell research 6RPHVWDQGDUGL]HGPHWULFVIRUHYDOXDWLQJDWWLWXGHVDUHDYDLODEOHEXWPDQ\UHO\RQSDUWLFLSDQWVHOI UHSRUWV,QWKHFRQWH[WRI3365RXWFRPHVPD\LQFOXGHFKDQJLQJSDUWLFLSDQWV¶DWWLWXGHVDERXWWKHUROH RIVFLHQFHLQWKHLUOLYHVRUFRPPXQLWLHVRULPSURYLQJDWWLWXGHVDERXWSDUWLFXODUVSHFLHVUHVRXUFHVRU SDUWQHULQJRUJDQL]DWLRQV 5 Measurable demonstration of assessment of, change in, or exercise of behavior related WRD67(0WRSLF7KHVHW\SHVRILPSDFWVDUHSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWWRSURMHFWVWKDWDUH environmental in nature or have some kind of a health science focus since action is a desired outcome. 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For 7%1SDUWLFLSDQWVSODFHGQHVWER[HVLQWKHLU\DUGV or neighborhoods and then collected data about the birds that bred in them during spring and summer. 7KHGDWDZHUHVXEPLWWHGWR&/2ZKHUHVFLHQWLVWV interpreted the information to develop a better understanding of temporal and geographic variations LQWKHUHSURGXFWLYHVWUDWHJLHVRIFDYLW\QHVWLQJELUGV WKURXJKRXWWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQG&DQDGD7KHSURMHFW also aimed to enhance volunteer appreciation and understanding of the biology and ecology of breeding birds along with an understanding of the process by ZKLFKVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKLVFRQGXFWHG 'XULQJWKHSURMHFW¶V\HDUUXQDSSUR[LPDWHO\ SDUWLFLSDQWVPRQLWRUHGQHVWVLQ VWDWHVDQG seven Canadian provinces. Typical participants were ROGHUZHOOHGXFDWHGUHWLUHGIHPDOHV3DUWLFLSDQWV were encouraged to monitor nest boxes once or twice 6HHLQJ\RXQJELUGVXSFORVHEURXJKWMR\DQG per week during the breeding season. 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Weedy Invasives :KLOHSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQWKLVSURMHFWLVOLPLWHGSULPDULO\WRWKHFROOHFWLRQRIGDWDGXULQJWKHWUDLQLQJ session participants also practice the development of explanations. 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Slightly over half of respondents DUWLFXODWHGWKHQHFHVVLW\RIFRQWUROOLQJYDULDEOHVGXULQJDQH[SHULPHQWDOSURFHVV+RZHYHUIHZHU WKDQRQHWKLUGZHUHDEOHWRDGHTXDWHO\WHDVHFDXVDWLRQDSDUWIURPFRUUHODWLRQ8QGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVH LVVXHVGLGQRWPHDVXUDEO\FKDQJHEHWZHHQSUHDQGSRVWSURMHFWSDUWLFLSDWLRQEXWYLHZVRIVFLHQFH GLGFKDQJHIRUVRPHLQGLYLGXDOV1LQHRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVVWDWHGWKDWWKH\SRVVHVVHGDJUHDWHU XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHVFLHQWL¿FSURFHVV7KHLUUHVSRQVHVYDULHGLQWHUPVRIVRSKLVWLFDWLRQ²VRPH KHOGWKHQRWLRQWKDWVFLHQFHLVDZD\RIUHDVRQLQJZKLOHRWKHUVVDZVFLHQFHRQO\DVH[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DQGREVHUYDWLRQPRVWRIWHQWKURXJKWULDODQGHUURU7ZRLQGLYLGXDOVVWDWHGWKDWVFLHQFHHTXDWHV WRDFRQWHQWDUHDVXFKDVELRORJ\RUSK\VLFV9DULDWLRQLQWKHVHUHVSRQVHVGLGQRWFRUUHVSRQGWR professional background. :LWKUHVSHFWWRJHQHUDOHQYLURQPHQWDOOLWHUDF\DVGH¿QHGE\WKH1RUWK$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQIRU (QYLURQPHQWDO(GXFDWLRQ LQGLYLGXDOVFDPHWRWKHSURMHFWJUHDWO\FRQFHUQHGDERXWWKH HQYLURQPHQWDQGWKHLUFRQFHUQGLGQRWFKDQJHPHDVXUDEO\IROORZLQJSDUWLFLSDWLRQ+RZHYHU UHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKHLUHQYLURQPHQWDONQRZOHGJHWREHRQO\PRGHUDWH ERWKSUHDQGSRVW SDUWLFLSDWLRQ LQGLFDWLQJWKDWFRQFHUQDERXWHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVLVQRWQHFHVVDULO\PDWFKHGE\WKH SHUFHSWLRQRINQRZOHGJHDERXWWKRVHLVVXHV&LYLFDZDUHQHVVDVGH¿QHGE\DZDUHQHVVRIWKHZD\VLQ ZKLFKHQYLURQPHQWDOSUREOHPVDUHVROYHGZDVPRGHUDWHSUHSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGLQFUHDVHGVOLJKWO\DIWHU SDUWLFLSDWLRQ3DUWLFLSDWLRQGLGQRWDIIHFWORFXVRIFRQWURO LHVHQVHRIHPSRZHUPHQWUHVWLQJZLWKLQ the individual versus beyond individual control). Some slight changes in behavior were noted among respondents. When participants began the SURMHFWVDLGWKDWWKH\FRQVLGHUHGLQYDVLYHSODQWVZKHQPDNLQJSODQWSXUFKDVHVDQGYLHZHG LQYDVLYHSODQWVDQGRWKHUHQYLURQPHQWDOLVVXHVDVLQÀXHQWLDOLQWKHLUYRWLQJGHFLVLRQV$OWKRXJKWKH ODWWHUPHDVXUHGLGQRWFKDQJHWKHSURSRUWLRQRISHRSOHFRQVLGHULQJLQYDVLYHSODQWVZKLOHPDNLQJ SXUFKDVHVLQFUHDVHGWRDWSURMHFWFRPSOHWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQ VWDWHGWKH\KDGEHJXQWRWDNH QRWLFHRILQYDVLYHSODQWVLQWKHHQYLURQPHQWDQGUHSRUWHGWKDWWKH\WDONHGWRRWKHUVDERXW LQYDVLYHSODQWV3ODQWLQJKDELWVZHUHFKDQJHGE\ RIUHVSRQGHQWVDQGZHQWRQWRVHHNRWKHU volunteering opportunities. Common explanations for individuals who did not take action included time constraints and a sense of futility given the scale of the problem. $//$50$FLG5DLQ0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFW 7KH$OOLDQFHIRU$TXDWLF5HVRXUFHV0RQLWRULQJ $//$50 $FLG5DLQ3URMHFW ZZZGLFNLQVRQ edu/allarm) operated throughout the state of Pennsylvania from 1984 through 2005. It was started DVDGDWDJDWKHULQJDQGLQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQSURMHFWE\&DQGLH:LOGHUPDQ3URIHVVRU RI(QYLURQPHQWDO6FLHQFHDW'LFNLQVRQ&ROOHJHLQ&DUOLVOHLQUHVSRQVHWRDQREVHUYDWLRQE\ 3HQQV\OYDQLDVWDWHOHJLVODWRU-RKQ%URXMRVWKDWDOWKRXJK3HQQV\OYDQLDUHFHLYHVWKHPRVWDFLGLF GHSRVLWLRQRIDQ\VWDWHLQWKHQDWLRQ3HQQV\OYDQLDFLWL]HQVDUHPRVWO\XQDZDUHRIWKHSUREOHP)RU WKLVSURMHFWWUDLQHGSDUWLFLSDQWVPDGHZHHNO\YLVLWVWRDVWUHDPRIWKHLUFKRLFHZKHUHWKH\WHVWHGWKH ZDWHUIRUS+DQGDONDOLQLW\ 7KHSURMHFWKDGPDQ\UHVHDUFKHUGH¿QHGJRDOV6FLHQWL¿FDOO\WKHSURMHFWDLPHGWRGRFXPHQWSDWWHUQV RIUHVSRQVHWRDFLGGHSRVLWLRQLQ3HQQV\OYDQLDVWUHDPV,QWKHDUHDRIHGXFDWLRQWKHSURMHFWDLPHG to help participants gain knowledge of the extent and impact of acid deposition on streams and to GHYHORSDZDUHQHVVRIWKHYDULDELOLW\LQDTXDWLFV\VWHPVDQGWKHFKDOOHQJHVLQYROYHGLQFKDUDFWHUL]LQJ WKHP,QWKHUHDOPRIFRQVHUYDWLRQWKHSURMHFWGHVLUHGWRKHOSSDUWLFLSDQWV¿UVWEXLOGDVWURQJVHQVH of place by visiting a single site on a weekly basis and then to build a sense of stewardship for that SODFH)LQDOO\WKHSURMHFWDLPHGWRHPSRZHUSDUWLFLSDQWVZLWK¿UVWKDQGNQRZOHGJHRIWKHUHVSRQVHV RIVWUHDPVWRDFLGUDLQVRWKDWWKH\FRXOGLIWKH\FKRVHSDUWLFLSDWHLQFRPPXQLW\HIIRUWVWR¿QG solutions. FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 27 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG (DFK\HDUWKHSURMHFWLQYROYHGDERXWDGXOWSDUWLFLSDQWVZLWKWKH IROORZLQJDXGLHQFHFRPSRVLWLRQ PDOH FROOHJHHGXFDWHG VPDOOWRZQUXUDOVXEXUEDQXUEDQ DQGUHWLUHG $VLQPRVWZDWHUTXDOLW\PRQLWRULQJSURMHFWVWKLVRQHUHTXLUHG volunteers to demonstrate their competency in collecting and DQDO\]LQJVDPSOHVEHIRUHSDUWLFLSDWLQJ7KH\EHJDQWKHSURMHFWE\ attending one or two training workshops at which they learned how WRDQDO\]HZDWHUIRUS+DQGDONDOLQLW\DQGWRFKRRVHVWXG\VLWHV $IWHUWKHZRUNVKRSWKH\VHQWLQDVSOLWVDPSOHIRU4XDOLW\&RQWURO 4XDOLW\$VVXUDQFH 4&4$ WHVWLQJ ,QWKLVSURFHGXUHWKHYROXQWHHU VSOLWVDVDPSOHLQWRWZRPHDVXUHVKLVKHUKDOIWKHQVHQGVWKHRWKHU KDOIWRDODEIRUWHVWLQJDQGFRPSDULVRQWRWKHYROXQWHHU¶VUHVXOWV ,QGLYLGXDOVZKRSDVVHGWKLVDVVHVVPHQWFKRVHDVWUHDPVLWHRUVLWHV XVXDOO\QHDUWKHLUKRPHDQGFRPSO\LQJZLWKVLWHVHOHFWLRQFULWHULD YLVLWHGWKHLUVLWH V RQFHSHUZHHN WHVWHGWKHVWUHDPIRUS+DQG DONDOLQLW\XVLQJD¿HOGNLWGHYHORSHGE\$//$50 DQG¿OOHGRXWD data form. Participants averaged about two hours of effort each week DQGQHHGHGWRSDVV4&4$RQFHSHU\HDUWRFRQWLQXHWRFRQWULEXWH $//$50DFLGUDLQPRQLWRULQJ YROXQWHHUVIROORZVHWSURWRFROV data. Although individuals networked with other participants if WRWHVWZDWHUS+Photo courtesy WKH\FKRVHWRDWWHQGDGGLWLRQDOWUDLQLQJZRUNVKRSVWKH\ZRUNHG ALLARM LQGHSHQGHQWO\IRUWKHEXONRIWKHSURMHFW 3URMHFWGDWDZHUHPDQDJHGDQGDQDO\]HGE\$//$50VWDIIEXWZHUHDYDLODEOHWRWKHSXEOLFWKURXJK WKH3HQQV\OYDQLD6SDWLDO'DWD$QDO\VLVZHEVLWHWKH$//$50ZHEVLWHDQGWKH3HQQV\OYDQLD .H\VWRQH0RQLWRULQJ'DWDEDVH3DUWLFLSDQWVUHFHLYHGDQQXDOUHSRUWVLQFOXGLQJDQDO\VHVRIWKH patterns found at their stream site(s) within the larger context of all sites sampled. Participants also had opportunities to attend presentations on the science and policy of acidic deposition presented E\$//$50VWDIIRQDURXJKO\ELPRQWKO\EDVLV$//$50VWDIIDOVRGLVVHPLQDWHGUHVXOWVWKURXJK VFLHQWL¿FSDSHUVFRQIHUHQFHSUHVHQWDWLRQVOHJLVODWLYHWHVWLPRQ\QHZVOHWWHUVDQGDUWLFOHV IRU H[DPSOH:LOGHUPDQDQG6FKRWW :LOGHUPDQDQG9RUKHHV $//$50 ± :KLOHZHKDYHFKDUDFWHUL]HGWKHEDVLFGHVLJQRIWKLVSURMHFWDVFRQWULEXWRU\WKHSURMHFWGLGLQFOXGH WKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUSDUWLFLSDQWVWRJREH\RQGGDWDFROOHFWLRQLIGHVLUHG)RUH[DPSOHSDUWLFLSDQWVRIWHQ JDWKHUHGORFDOLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKHLUVWUHDPVLWHVWRKHOSH[SODLQGHWHFWHGZDWHUTXDOLW\SDWWHUQV$OVR PDQ\SDUWLFLSDQWVFKRVHWRGLVVHPLQDWHSURMHFWFRQFOXVLRQVYLDQHZVSDSHUHGLWRULDOVFRQWDFWZLWKORFDO DQGVWDWHRI¿FLDOVDQGFRQWDFWZLWKDQJOHUDQGFRQVHUYDWLRQFOXEVHYHQWKRXJK$//$50RIIHUHGQR training or formal support for participants to engage in these activities. )LQDOO\VRPHSDUWLFLSDQWVGLVFXVVHGSURMHFWUHVXOWVDQGDVNHGQHZTXHVWLRQVDWWUDLQLQJZRUNVKRSVRU DWSUHVHQWDWLRQVRQWKHVFLHQFHDQGSROLF\RIDFLGGHSRVLWLRQ,QIDFWEHFDXVHVRPDQ\SDUWLFLSDQWV EHJDQDVNLQJTXHVWLRQVWKDWZHQWEH\RQGWKHVLQJOHLVVXHRIDFLGGHSRVLWLRQ$//$50H[SDQGHG LWVIRFXVWRLQFOXGHDZLGHUUDQJHRIZDWHUTXDOLW\LVVXHVFKDQJHGLWVQDPHIURP$OOLDQFHIRU$FLG 5DLQ0RQLWRULQJWR$OOLDQFHIRU$TXDWLF5HVRXUFHV0RQLWRULQJDQGEURDGHQHGLWVSURMHFWGHVLJQ IURP&RQWULEXWRU\WRD&RFUHDWHGPRGHO :LOGHUPDQHWDO 6RDOWKRXJKWKH³¿QDO´VWHSLQWKH VFLHQWL¿FSURFHVVZDVQRWDIRUPDOVWHSLQWKHRSHUDWLRQDOSURFHVVRIWKHRULJLQDOSURMHFWWKHGLVFXVVLQJ RIUHVXOWVDQGWKHDVNLQJRIQHZTXHVWLRQVKDSSHQHGWRVXFKDQH[WHQWWKDWWKHSURMHFWLWVHOIZDV VLJQL¿FDQWO\H[SDQGHGWRDGGUHVVDEURDGHUUDQJHRIFRPPXQLW\EDVHGLVVXHV 7KH$//$50$FLG5DLQ3URMHFWUHFHLYHGLQIRUPDOHYDOXDWLRQE\SURMHFWVWDII$VVHVVPHQWVLQFOXGHG IHHGEDFNWKURXJKLQWHUYLHZVGLVFXVVLRQVDWZRUNVKRSVSDUWLFLSDQWVXUYH\VZRUNVKRSHYDOXDWLRQV TXDOLW\FRQWUROSDVVDJHUDWHVDQGH[DPLQDWLRQRISDUWLFLSDQWFUHDWHGSURGXFWVHPHUJLQJIURPWKH SURMHFW FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 28 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG $//$50VWDIIQRWHGQXPHURXVSURMHFWLPSDFWV0DQ\SDUWLFLSDQWVZURWHLQFUHDVLQJO\VRSKLVWLFDWHG FRPPHQWVRQGDWDIRUPVLQGLFDWLQJWKDWWKH\ZHUHJDLQLQJNQRZOHGJHRIPDQ\FRQFHSWVDERXWDFLG GHSRVLWLRQDQGVWUHDPTXDOLW\%\SDUWLFLSDWLQJLQWKH4$4&SDUWLFLSDQWVJDLQHGDQDSSUHFLDWLRQ RIWKHLPSRUWDQFHRIYDOLGDWLRQLQWKHVFLHQWL¿FSURFHVV$QGVRPHSDUWLFLSDQWVFOHDUO\LQFUHDVHG their understanding of the concepts of variability and sampling intensity and used this knowledge WRGHVFULEHWKHDFLGGHSRVLWLRQSUREOHPWKURXJKOHWWHUVWRWKHHGLWRUGLVFXVVLRQVZLWKJRYHUQPHQW UHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDQGSUHVHQWDWLRQVDWFRPPXQLW\HYHQWV 3DUWLFLSDQWVZHUHGHHSO\HQJDJHGZLWKWKLVSURMHFW$ERXW RIWKRVHZKRVWDUWHGPRQLWRULQJVWD\HG ZLWKWKHSURMHFWIRUWKHUHTXLUHGRQH\HDUSHULRGDQGDERXWVWD\HGIURP±\HDUV$OVRDERXW RIYROXQWHHUVZHUHREVHUYHGWRWDNHGLUHFWDFWLRQDVDUHVXOWRIWKHLUPRQLWRULQJ6RPHSDUWLFLSDQWV UHSRUWHGIHHOLQJLVRODWHGLQWKHSURMHFWDQGDOWKRXJKWUDLQLQJZRUNVKRSVKHOSHGWRGHYHORSDVHQVHRI FRPPXQLW\LQGLYLGXDOVZKRDWWHQGHGZRUNVKRSVGLGQRWVHHPWRHQJDJHLQFRQWLQXHGQHWZRUNLQJ 3DUWLFLSDQWVFOHDUO\GHYHORSHGVNLOOVLQGDWDFROOHFWLRQ$ERXW RIDOOYROXQWHHUVHYHQWXDOO\ SDVVHG4&4$WHVWVDQGZHQWRQWRFROOHFWZHHNO\GDWD+RZHYHUWKHSURMHFWGLGQRWVHHPWRKHOS participants develop other skills. For instance while volunteers generally understood the criteria for VLWHORFDWLRQDQGZHUHDEOHWRFKRRVHVXLWDEOHVWXG\VLWHVWKH\KDGOLWWOHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHRYHUDOO statewide study design. There was also a great deal of variability in the level of understanding of the GDWDDPRQJYROXQWHHUVDQGIHZYROXQWHHUVWRRNLWXSRQWKHPVHOYHVWRLQGHSHQGHQWO\GLVVHPLQDWHWKH DQDO\VHVWKDW$//$50SUHVHQWHGWRWKHP+RZHYHUSURMHFWVWDIIRFFDVLRQDOO\UHFHLYHGFRSLHVRI letters written and anecdotal information on conversations and presentations given by participants. 2YHUDOODWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVFLHQFHGLGQRWVHHPWRVKLIWDVDUHVXOWRISURMHFWSDUWLFLSDWLRQ0RVW SDUWLFLSDQWVIHOWWKDWWKH\OHDUQHGDSDUWLFXODUVNLOOWRKHOSWKHPFRQWULEXWHWRWKHZRUNRIVFLHQWLVWVEXW WKDWWKHLUUROHZDVWKDWRIWHFKQLFLDQ+RZHYHUSDUWLFLSDQWVFRQVLVWHQWO\UHSRUWHGHQMR\LQJZRUNVKRSV DQGPRQLWRULQJDFWLYLWLHV0RVWKDGWKHVHQVHWKDWWKHDFWLYLWLHVZHUHPDNLQJDXVHIXOFRQWULEXWLRQWR WKHVFLHQWL¿FGDWDEDVHODUJHO\EHFDXVHWKH\WUXVWHGWKHVFLHQWLVWVLQYROYHG :KLOHSURMHFWVWDIIKDGQRNQRZOHGJHRIGLUHFWFLWL]HQDFWLRQUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHSURMHFWYROXQWHHU LQWHUHVWLQH[SDQGLQJWKHSURMHFWEH\RQGWKHLVVXHRIDFLGGHSRVLWLRQLQWREURDGHUHQYLURQPHQWDO PRQLWRULQJXOWLPDWHO\OHGWRWKHH[SDQVLRQRI$//$50LQWRQHZZDWHUVKHGEDVHGSURMHFWV6RPH of the acid rain volunteers participated in the broader program of watershed monitoring when it was created. 0RQDUFK/DUYD0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFW 7KH0RQDUFK/DUYD0RQLWRULQJ3URMHFW 0/03 ZDVEHJXQE\UHVHDUFKHUVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI 0LQQHVRWDLQ WRLQYROYHFLWL]HQVLQFROOHFWLQJGDWDWRKHOSH[SODLQWKHGLVWULEXWLRQDQGDEXQGDQFH SDWWHUQVRIPRQDUFKEXWWHUÀLHVGXULQJWKHEUHHGLQJVHDVRQLQ1RUWK$PHULFDDQGWRLQIRUPPRQDUFK conservation (www.mlmp.org). Sponsored by the National Science Foundation from 2002 through 0/03VHHNVQRWRQO\WRJDWKHULPSRUWDQWGDWDEXWDOVRWRSURYLGHFLWL]HQVZLWKKDQGVRQ H[SHULHQFHLQVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKWKHUHE\HQKDQFLQJWKHLUDSSUHFLDWLRQDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIPRQDUFKV PRQDUFKKDELWDWDQGWKHVFLHQWL¿FSURFHVVLQJHQHUDO 7KHDXGLHQFHFRPSULVHVDOODJHVDQGGHPRJUDSKLFV$ERXWKDOIRISDUWLFLSDQWVLQFOXGLQJWHDFKHUV QDWXUDOLVWVDQGSDUHQWVUHSRUWWKDWWKH\PRQLWRUPRQDUFKVZLWKWKUHHWR¿YHFKLOGUHQHDFK:KLOHWKH SURMHFWKDVQRWFROOHFWHGGHWDLOHGGDWDRQWKHWRWDOQXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWV²RQO\RQHYROXQWHHUUHFRUGV GDWDIRUHDFKVLWH²SDUWLFLSDQWVKDYHQRZPRQLWRUHG ¿HOGVLWHVLQ86VWDWHVDQG&DQDGLDQ SURYLQFHVVRWKHWRWDOQXPEHURISDUWLFLSDQWVLVOLNHO\LQWKHWKRXVDQGV 3DUWLFLSDQWVOHDUQSURMHFWSURFHGXUHVHLWKHUE\UHDGLQJGLUHFWLRQVRQOLQHRULIWKH\OLYHQHDUD SDUWLFLSDWLQJQDWXUHFHQWHUE\DWWHQGLQJDQLQSHUVRQWUDLQLQJVHVVLRQDWZKLFKWKH\OHDUQDERXW PRQDUFKELRORJ\SUDFWLFHPRQLWRULQJDQGGDWDHQWU\SURWRFROVDQGUHFHLYHDOOQHHGHGPDWHULDOV FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 29 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG 2QFHWUDLQHGYROXQWHHUVFKRRVHDQGGHVFULEHWKHLURZQPRQLWRULQJ VLWHVZKLFKLQFOXGHEDFN\DUGJDUGHQVDEDQGRQHG¿HOGVSDVWXUHV DQGUHVWRUHGSUDLULHVORFDWHGWKURXJKRXWWKHPRQDUFK¶VEUHHGLQJUDQJH PDLQO\WKHHDVWHUQKDOIRIWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVDQGVRXWKHDVWHUQ&DQDGD although some volunteers monitor a western population in coastal &DOLIRUQLD 7KHRQO\UHTXLUHPHQWLVWKDWWKHVLWHVFRQWDLQPLONZHHG (Asclepias spp. WKHPRQDUFK¶VODUYDOKRVWSODQW 2QFHWKHLUVLWHVDUHFKRVHQSDUWLFLSDQWVFRQGXFWZHHNO\VXUYH\VRI monarchs and milkweeds. They randomly choose as many plants as SRVVLEOHWRFHQVXV W\SLFDOO\IURPWR WKHQUHFRUGWKHQXPEHU RIPLONZHHGVH[DPLQHGDQGWKHQXPEHUVRIHJJVDQGODUYDHREVHUYHG LGHQWLI\LQJODUYDHWRDVSHFL¿FLQVWDU PRQDUFKVJRWKURXJK¿YHODUYDO LQVWDUV 7KH\HQWHUWKHLUGDWDLQWRDQRQOLQHGDWDEDVHZKLFKWKH\ can modify throughout the season. At the end of the season they send SURMHFWPDQDJHUVKDUGFRSLHVRIWKHLUGDWDVKHHWVZKLFKDUHXVHGWR VSRWFKHFNWKHRQOLQHGDWDDQGWKHQDUFKLYHG6XPPDULHVRIWKHGDWD $YROXQWHHUPRQLWRUVPRQDUFK DUHPDGHDYDLODEOHRQOLQHDQGWKURXJKDQDQQXDOQHZVOHWWHU5DZGDWD EXWWHUÀ\SRSXODWLRQVLQ'XOXWK 0LQQHVRWDPhoto courtesy IURPLQGLYLGXDOVLWHVFDQEHGRZQORDGHGIURPWKHZHEVLWHDQGRWKHU MLMP GDWDDUHPDGHDYDLODEOHXSRQUHTXHVW0DQ\SHRSOHLQFOXGLQJERWK SDUWLFLSDQWVDQGQRQSDUWLFLSDQWVUHTXHVWUDZGDWDIRULQIRUPDWLRQDO VFLHQWL¿FDQGHGXFDWLRQDOSXUSRVHV1RGDWDDQDO\VLVWRROVDUHSURYLGHGKRZHYHU 2SWLRQDOGDWDFROOHFWLRQDFWLYLWLHVLQFOXGHDVVHVVLQJPLONZHHGTXDOLW\PHDVXULQJUDWHVRISDUDVLWLVP E\SDUDVLWRLGZDVSVDQGÀLHVDQGFROOHFWLQJZHDWKHUGDWD7KHDVVHVVPHQWRIPLONZHHGTXDOLW\ involves comparing plants occupied by monarchs to random plants by measuring the same FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIHDFK KHLJKWUHSURGXFWLYHVWDWXVDJHKHUELYRUHGDPDJHDQGWKHSUHVHQFHRU absence of invertebrates). Participants who engage in the parasitism study collect monarch eggs or ODUYDH PDLQO\IRXUWKRU¿IWKLQVWDUV UHDUWKHFDWHUSLOODUVLQGRRUVUHFRUGZKHWKHUWKH\VXUYLYHWR DGXOWKRRGDQGLIWKH\GRQRWUHFRUGZKDWFDXVHVWKHLUGHDWK 0/03VWDIIKDYHFROOHFWHGQXPHURXVFRPPHQWVWKDWVKRZWKHLPSRUWDQFHDQGVLJQL¿FDQFHRIWKH SURMHFWIRULWVSDUWLFLSDQWV)RUH[DPSOHDKLJKVFKRROVWXGHQWIURP0LQQHVRWDVWDWHG³,WLVDPD]LQJ WRPHWKDWZKHQSHRSOHDOORYHUWKHFRXQWU\WDNHDOLWWOHWLPHHYHU\ZHHNDQGHYHQPRUHLQVRPH FDVHVWRFRXQWEXWWHUÀ\HJJVWKHHQGUHVXOWLVDQHWZRUNRIGDWDWKDWFDQKHOSXVGHFLSKHUZKHUHWKH EXWWHUÀLHVJRDQGZKHQDQGKRZ«7KLVLVUHDOOLIHSURRIWKDWZKHQHYHU\ERG\ZRUNVWRJHWKHUWKLQJV FDQEHGRQH´$QGDQRWKHUVWXGHQWVWDWHG³0/03KDVJLYHQPHWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WROHDUQKRZDWUXO\ PDVVLYHUHVHDUFKSURMHFWIXQFWLRQVEXWKDVDOVROHWPHXQGHUVWDQGKRZLPSRUWDQWHYHU\SLHFHRIGDWD LVQRPDWWHUKRZVPDOOZKHQQHHGHGWRUHDFKDFRQFOXVLRQ´6WLOODQRWKHUVWXGHQWVWDWHV³7KH0/03 KDVKHOSHGPHEHFRPHDEHWWHUVFLHQWLVWLQVRPDQ\ZD\V0RVWLPSRUWDQWO\LWJDYHPHDODUJHLQWHUHVW LQVFLHQFH,WHQFRXUDJHGPHWRDVNTXHVWLRQVVXFKDVZK\DQGKRZDQGWR¿QGWKHVHDQVZHUVWKURXJK H[SHULPHQWLQJ´ 0/03DOVRKDVEHHQDVVHVVHGWKURXJKDQHYDOXDWLRQWKDWIRFXVHGRQXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHLPSDFWVRIWKH SURMHFWRQFKLOGUHQZKRZHUHEHLQJPHQWRUHGE\DQDGXOWSDUWLFLSDQW .RXQWRXSHVDQG2EHUKDXVHU 7KHPRVWFRPPRQO\QRWHGRXWFRPHDVFHUWDLQHGWKURXJKGHWDLOHGLQWHUYLHZVZLWK0/03 SDUWLFLSDQWVLVOHDUQLQJDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJDERXWUHDOVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFK$GXOWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWFKLOGUHQ felt like real scientists and were proud of their contributions. Interview data also highlighted the importance of the social aspects of the program. The shared H[SHULHQFHDOORZHGFKLOGUHQWRPHHWQHZIULHQGVZLWKOLNHLQWHUHVWVZKLOHHQMR\LQJWLPHWRJHWKHULQWKH RXWGRRUV2QHLQWHUYLHZHHGHVFULEHGWKHH[SHULHQFHIRUKHUJURXSRIFKLOGUHQDV³VFLHQFHERQGLQJ´ FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 30 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG $QRWKHUHPSKDVL]HGDQHHGIRUDOWHUQDWLYHVWRVSRUWVFHQWHUHGUHFUHDWLRQGHVFULELQJFKLOGUHQV¶WKLUVW for learning about nature. $OWKRXJKWKLVSURMHFWKDVIRFXVHGSULPDULO\RQGDWDFROOHFWLRQ PDQ\SDUWLFLSDQWVHVSHFLDOO\WHDFKHUVDQGQDWXUDOLVWVKDYH chosen to engage youth participants in a variety of related VFLHQFHSURFHVVDFWLYLWLHVRIWKHLURZQGHVLJQLQFOXGLQJ GH¿QLQJQHZTXHVWLRQVIRUVWXG\GHYHORSLQJK\SRWKHVHV GHVLJQLQJGDWDFROOHFWLRQPHWKRGRORJLHVLQWHUSUHWLQJGDWD DQGGUDZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVDQGGLVVHPLQDWLQJUHVXOWV1RW VXUSULVLQJO\DGXOWVZKRHQJDJH\RXWKLQWKHVHDFWLYLWLHVUHSRUW WKHVWURQJHVWOHDUQLQJJDLQV)RUWKLVUHDVRQWKH0/03LV expanding the program by supporting volunteers who use their 0/03H[SHULHQFHVWRFRQGXFWLQGHSHQGHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQV,Q RQHFDVHDQLQGHSHQGHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQLQVWLJDWHGE\DYROXQWHHU OHGWRDSDSHUFRDXWKRUHGE\WKUHHYROXQWHHUVDQGSXEOLVKHG LQWKHSHHUUHYLHZHGOLWHUDWXUH 2EHUKDXVHUHWDO 2WKHU 0RQDUFKEXWWHUÀ\Photo by Christine SURMHFWVDUHKLJKOLJKWHGLQWKHDQQXDOQHZVOHWWHUDQGSURMHFW Ruffo FRRUGLQDWRUVFRUUHVSRQGIUHTXHQWO\ZLWKYROXQWHHUVZKRDUH conducting their own studies. &RPPXQLW\&ROODERUDWLYH5DLQ+DLO 6QRZ1HWZRUN &R&R5D+6 WKH&RPPXQLW\&ROODERUDWLYH5DLQ+DLODQG6QRZ1HWZRUN LVDFRPPXQLW\EDVHG network of volunteers of all ages and backgrounds working together to measure and map precipitation UDLQKDLODQGVQRZ ZZZFRFRUDKVRUJ %HJXQDWWKH&RORUDGR&OLPDWH&HQWHUDW&RORUDGR 6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\LQ &R&R5D+6LVQRZVSRQVRUHGE\WKH1DWLRQDO2FHDQLFDQG$WPRVSKHULF $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ 12$$ DQGDYDULHW\RIRWKHURUJDQL]DWLRQV$Q\RQHLQWHUHVWHGLQZDWFKLQJDQG UHSRUWLQJZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQVLVLQYLWHGWRSDUWLFLSDWHDQGPRUHWKDQREVHUYHUVDUHFXUUHQWO\ FRQWULEXWLQJREVHUYDWLRQVIURP VWDWHV *RDOVRI&R&R5D+6LQFOXGHSURYLGLQJODUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIKLJKTXDOLW\SUHFLSLWDWLRQGDWDIRUD variety of users while encouraging citizens to have fun participating in meteorological science and KHLJKWHQLQJWKHLUDZDUHQHVVDERXWZHDWKHU)URPWRWKHSURMHFWZDVVXSSRUWHGE\WKH National Science Foundation to help the organization provide enrichment activities in water and weather resources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desired. $WWKHHQGRIWKHJUDQWSHULRGSURMHFWVWDIIKDGUHFHLYHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\YROXQWHHUDSSOLFDWLRQV DQGQHDUO\ SDUWLFLSDQWVORFDWHGSULPDULO\LQWKH0LGZHVWFROOHFWHGGDWDDWVRPHSRLQWGXULQJ WKHSURMHFW0RVWRIWKRVHZKRDSSOLHGZHUHDGXOWVLQWKHDJHUDQJHIURPWR\HDUVROGZLWKD VHFRQGDU\SHDNRIDSSOLFDQWVUHSUHVHQWLQJIDPLOLHVZLWKVFKRRODJHGFKLOGUHQRISDUHQWVLQWKHLUV DQGV$SSUR[LPDWHO\RIUHJLVWUDQWVZHUHPDOHDQGDERXWIHPDOH The duration of participation varied widely. Some participated sporadically or for a short period of WLPHZKLOHRWKHUVSDUWLFLSDWHGWKRURXJKO\DQGFRQWLQXRXVO\DIWHU¿UVWJHWWLQJVWDUWHG6RPHUHSRUWHG FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 31 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG HYHU\GD\ZKLOHRWKHUVUHSRUWHGRQO\GXULQJVWRUPV7KRVHZKR signed up but did not participate offered a wide range of reasons ranging from expense of rain gauges to lack of time for attending training or collecting data. 3URMHFWVWDIIIRXQGWKDWWKHPRVWHIIHFWLYHWUDLQLQJHVSHFLDOO\IRU EHJLQQHUVQHZWRGDWDFROOHFWLRQZDVIDFHWRIDFHZRUNVKRSV Individuals who attended group training sessions were more likely WRSDUWLFLSDWHDQGWRSDUWLFLSDWHORQJHU+RZHYHUSURYLGLQJSHUVRQDO WUDLQLQJIRUDOOSDUWLFLSDQWVLVGLI¿FXOWIRUODUJHVFDOHSURMHFWVDQGWKH SURMHFWVWDIIIHHOWKDWVXFFHVVIXOO\JURZLQJWKHSURMHFWZLOOGHSHQG largely on increasing training options. (YDOXDWLRQRIWKLVSURMHFWLQFOXGHGSDUWLFLSDQWLQYHQWRU\DQGWUDFNLQJ precipitation data compilation (providing information on the duration DQGVSDWLDOGLVWULEXWLRQDVZHOODVGDWDTXDOLW\SURYLGHGE\&R&R5D+6 YROXQWHHUV SDUWLFLSDQWVXUYH\VDQGIRFXVHGLQWHUYLHZVZLWKD UDQGRPO\VHOHFWHGJURXSRIVHYHUDOGR]HQSDUWLFLSDQWV &R&R5D+6 3DUWLFLSDQWVLQ&R&R5D+6 2007). PHDVXUHDPRXQWVRIUDLQKDLO DQGVQRZPhoto by Henry 3URMHFWVWDIILGHQWL¿HGVHYHUDOSURMHFWDFWLYLWLHVGXULQJZKLFK Reges, CoCoRaHS OHDUQLQJFRXOGWDNHSODFHLQFOXGLQJVLWLQJDQGLQVWDOOLQJUDLQJDXJHV PHDVXULQJDQGUHSRUWLQJSUHFLSLWDWLRQH[DPLQLQJVHOIFROOHFWHGGDWD RYHUWLPHDQGUHDGLQJUHVXOWVIURPQHZVOHWWHUV+RZHYHUOLWWOHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWOHDUQLQJVHHPVWR KDYHEHHQFROOHFWHGIRUSURMHFWHYDOXDWLRQ7KHRQO\LQIRUPDWLRQDYDLODEOHIURPWKH¿QDOSURMHFWLV WKHVWDWHPHQW³IURPVXUYH\VDQGLQWHUYLHZVPRVWSDUWLFLSDQWVDUHDEOHWRGH¿QHVSHFL¿FOHDUQLQJWKDW WKH\KDYHLGHQWL¿HG,QPDQ\FDVHVWKHOHDUQLQJLVVLPSO\DQLQFUHDVHGDZDUHQHVVRIWKHVXUURXQGLQJ environment and how it is affected by precipitation. The most common learning is that precipitation is PXFKPRUHYDULDEOHWKDQPRVWSHRSOHUHDOL]HG´ &ROODERUDWLYH3URMHFWV 6DODO+DUYHVW6XVWDLQDELOLW\6WXG\ 7KH6DODO+DUYHVW6XVWDLQDELOLW\6WXG\VSRQVRUHGE\WKH&RPPXQLW\)RUHVWU\DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO 5HVHDUFK3DUWQHUVKLSWKURXJKDUHVHDUFKHU +HLGL%DOODUG DW8&%HUNHOH\DQGWKH1RUWKZHVW 5HVHDUFKDQG+DUYHVWHU$VVRFLDWLRQ 15+$ UDQIURPWKURXJK7KHSURMHFWWRRNSODFH RQ:DVKLQJWRQ¶V2O\PSLF3HQLQVXODDQGLQYROYHGKDUYHVWHUVRIVDODO Gaultheria shallon) in research WRGHWHUPLQHWKHHIIHFWVRIKDUYHVWLQWHQVLW\RQWKHSODQW¶VJURZWKDQGELRORJLFDODQGFRPPHUFLDO SURGXFWLRQ6DODOLVDQHYHUJUHHQVKUXEKDUYHVWHGDVDQRQWLPEHUIRUHVWSURGXFW 17)3 IRUXVHDV JUHHQHU\LQWKHÀRUDOLQGXVWU\7KHLQFUHDVLQJKDUYHVWUDWHLQUHFHQW\HDUVLVFDXVLQJFRQFHUQDERXWWKH impacts on habitat by some public land managers. 6SHFL¿FJRDOVRIWKHVWXG\ZHUHWRGHWHUPLQHHIIHFWVRIGLIIHUHQWKDUYHVWLQWHQVLWLHVWRLQIRUP PDQDJHPHQWRIWKHSODQWDQGLPSURYHKDUYHVWLQJSUDFWLFHV WRLQYROYHDQGSRWHQWLDOO\HPSRZHUVDODO KDUYHVWHUVLQUHVHDUFKDIIHFWLQJWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGV DQGWRSURYLGHKDUYHVWHUVZLWKIRUHVWU\DQGWHFKQLFDO MREVNLOOVWKDWFRXOGKHOSWKHPJDLQHPSOR\PHQWLQIRUHVWPDQDJHPHQW$SSUR[LPDWHO\VDODO KDUYHVWHUVWRRNSDUWLQWKHSURMHFWDERXWRIZKRPSDUWLFLSDWHGGXULQJDOOIRXU\HDUV0RVWZHUH undocumented Latinos between the ages of 20 and 40 who were learning English. A few were Asians RU&DXFDVLDQV$OOSDUWLFLSDQWVGHSHQGHGDWOHDVWSDUWWLPHRQKDUYHVWLQJVDODOIRUWKHLUOLYHOLKRRG IRU PRVWLWZDVDIXOOWLPHMRE 7KHSURMHFWEHJDQZLWKWKHUHVHDUFKHUWUDLQLQJWKHKDUYHVWHUVRQVLWHHLWKHULQGLYLGXDOO\RULQVPDOO JURXSVRIWKUHHWRIRXUSDUWLFLSDQWV7KH\OHDUQHGDERXWVLWHVHOHFWLRQPHWKRGVGHVLJQGDWDFROOHFWLRQ FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 32 insci caise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¿HOGVHDVRQ 0D\±1RYHPEHU RUE\SKRQH 7KLVSURMHFWLVFRQVLGHUHGFROODERUDWLYHEHFDXVHZKLOHWKHSURMHFW VFLHQWLVWKDGWKH¿QDOVD\RQGH¿QLQJWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVDQG GHYHORSLQJVWXG\K\SRWKHVHVSDUWLFLSDQWVSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQHDFK 'HVSLWHWKHLUUHODWLYHO\VKRUWWLPHOLYLQJDQGZRUNLQJLQWKHIRUHVWVRI WKH2O\PSLF3HQLQVXOD \HDUVRUOHVV WKHKDUYHVWHUVKDGGHYHORSHG local ecological knowledge that often surpassed that of forest SURIHVVLRQDOVLQFOXGLQJNQRZOHGJHDERXWZD\VLQZKLFKXQGHUVWRU\ SODQWVUHVSRQGWRWLPEHUPDQDJHPHQWSUDFWLFHVVXFKDVWKLQQLQJDQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKLFKRYHUVWRU\FRQGLWLRQVKHOSFRPPHUFLDOTXDOLW\ VDODOWRJURZEHVW7KH\DOVRNQHZWKHYDULRXVKDUYHVWSUDFWLFHV DQGKHOSHGGHVLJQWKHSURMHFWWRWHVWWKHWZRSUDFWLFHVPRVWRIWHQ XVHG7KH\FKRVHUHVHDUFKORFDWLRQVWKDWUHÀHFWHGWKHYDULHW\RI 3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKH6DODO+DUYHVW HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHDUHDVXFKDVGLIIHULQJHOHYDWLRQV 6XVWDLQDELOLW\VWXG\GHSHQGRQ and forest stand types. The researcher and harvesters collaborated to VDODOIRUWKHLUOLYHOLKRRGPhoto GHVLJQUHVSRQVHYDULDEOHVLQWKHSODQW¶VJURZWKZKLFKZRXOGGHWHFW by Heidi Ballard DQGPHDVXUHVSHFL¿FLPSDFWVGXHWRKDUYHVWLQJLQFOXGLQJSHUFHQWDJH of leaves damaged by insects or fungi and stem density of harvestable QHZVKRRWVYDULDEOHVQRWIRXQGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUH+DUYHVWHUVFROOHFWHGDOOW\SHVRISURMHFWGDWDDQG DSSOLHGDOOKDUYHVWWUHDWPHQWVFDOLEUDWLQJWUHDWPHQWVDFURVVLQGLYLGXDOVDQGVLWHV $IWHUWUHDWPHQWWKHUHVHDUFKHUWRRNUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUDQDO\]LQJWKHLQIRUPDWLRQ+RZHYHUWKH harvesters played a key role in interpreting the data at a large workshop facilitated by the researcher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¶NQRZOHGJHRIORFDO HFRORJ\WKURXJKRXWWKHFRXUVHRIWKHSURMHFW,QDGGLWLRQDQRXWVLGHHYDOXDWRULQWHUYLHZHGVHYHQ SDUWLFLSDQWVGXULQJWKH¿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¿FSURFHVV DQGIHOWLWDZDVWHRIWLPHIRXURWKHUVH[SUHVVHGLQWHUHVWLQZRUNLQJZLWKRWKHUVFLHQWLVWVDJDLQ especially to study the effects of fertilizer on commercial production and how white pine blister rust could be treated using pruning methods for commercial use of the pine boughs. Both of these studies FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 33 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG ZHUHSXUVXHGLQFROODERUDWLRQZLWK:DVKLQJWRQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\([WHQVLRQVFLHQWLVWVGXULQJIROORZLQJ \HDUVSURYLGLQJHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHVHW\SHVRISURJUDPVFDQJHQHUDWHQRYHOUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQV7ZR KDUYHVWHUVLQTXLUHGDERXW86'$)RUHVW6HUYLFH7HFKQLFLDQMREVUHÀHFWLQJDGHVLUHWRPRYHWRZDUGD MREUHTXLULQJKLJKHUVNLOODOWKRXJKWKH\GLGQRWDSSO\RZLQJWRWKHLUOHJDOVWDWXV 7KHSURMHFWDOVRLQFUHDVHGWKHDELOLW\RISDUWLFLSDQWVWRFROOHFW¿HOGGDWDWRUHFRUGDQGREVHUYH FRQVLVWHQWO\DQGWRXVHPHDVXUHPHQWLQVWUXPHQWV3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKHUHVXOWVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQZRUNVKRS DOVRJDLQHGVNLOOVLQUHDGLQJDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJJUDSKVGUDZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVIURPHYLGHQFHDQG explaining how the results compared to their own observations in the forest. 6RPHKDUYHVWHUVH[SUHVVHGLQFUHDVHGFRQFHUQIRUWKHHQYLURQPHQWIRUWKHKHDOWKRIWKHIRUHVWDQGIRU the sustainability of the resource. Several expressed a new awareness of how their harvesting practices DIIHFWHGWKHKHDOWKRIWKHIRUHVWDOWKRXJKWKH\VWDWHGWKDWHFRQRPLFSUHVVXUHVWRKDUYHVWZRXOGKHDYLO\ outweigh environmental concern. ,PSRUWDQWO\KDUYHVWHUVZKRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKHUHVHDUFKSURMHFWGHPRQVWUDWHGDQLQFUHDVHLQ LQYROYHPHQWLQWKH15+$DQGLQWKHKDUYHVWHUFRPPXQLW\DVDZKROH+DUYHVWLQJLVDQLVRODWLQJ OLYHOLKRRGHVSHFLDOO\IRULOOHJDOZRUNHUVVRDQ\JURXSSDUWLFLSDWLRQYDVWO\LQFUHDVHVVRFLDOFDSLWDO 3URMHFWSDUWLFLSDWLRQDOVROHGWRLQFUHDVHGKDUYHVWHUFUHGLELOLW\DQGLPSURYHGUHODWLRQVKLSVEHWZHHQ KDUYHVWHUVDQGIRUHVWPDQDJHUV5DWKHUWKDQEHLQJSHUFHLYHGHLWKHUDVLQYLVLEOHRUDVDQXLVDQFHIRUHVW managers began to see harvesters as holders of important ecological knowledge and skills and started to view their contributions as valuable (Ballard 2008). &RPPXQLW\+HDOWK(IIHFWVRI,QGXVWULDO+RJ2SHUDWLRQV &RPPXQLW\+HDOWK(IIHFWVRI,QGXVWULDO+RJ2SHUDWLRQV &+(,+2 ZDVDSURMHFWFRQGXFWHG by a partnership between the Concerned Citizens of Tillery (CCT) and academic researchers at WKH8QLYHUVLW\RI1RUWK&DUROLQD&KDSHO+LOO 81&&KDSHO+LOO 6FKRRORI3XEOLF+HDOWKIURP ±7KH&&7LVDQDFWLYHFRPPXQLW\RUJDQL]DWLRQORFDWHGLQDUXUDODQGSUHGRPLQDWHO\ $IULFDQ$PHULFDQWRZQLQ1RUWK&DUROLQD&+(,+2ZDVDQHSLGHPLRORJLFDOVWXG\RIWKHDFXWHKXPDQ KHDOWKHIIHFWVRISROOXWLRQFDXVHGE\LQGXVWULDOKRJRSHUDWLRQVORFDWHGQHDUUHVLGHQFHV ZZZFLUDXQF RUJFROODEV %HFDXVHKLJKGHQVLW\VZLQHSURGXFWLRQRIWHQRFFXUVLQFRPPXQLWLHVFRPSULVLQJORZ LQFRPHUHVLGHQWVDQGRUSHRSOHRIFRORUWKHSURMHFWIRFXVHGRQLVVXHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDOMXVWLFHDVZHOO DVSXEOLFKHDOWK,QHDUOLHUUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVWKDWTXDQWL¿HGWKHGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHORFDWLRQRILQGXVWULDO KRJIDUPVLQSRRUFRPPXQLWLHVFRPPXQLW\PHPEHUVSDUWLFLSDWHGLQHYDOXDWLQJGDWDTXDOLW\WKURXJK WKHLUNQRZOHGJHRIORFDOKRJRSHUDWLRQVPDNLQJGHFLVLRQVDERXWKRZWRGH¿QHVWXG\SRSXODWLRQV FKRRVLQJDQGGH¿QLQJYDULDEOHVIRUDQDO\VLVDQGLQWHUSUHWLQJUHVXOWV+HQFHWKH&+(,+2SURMHFWEXLOW RQRWKHU3365HQYLURQPHQWDOKHDOWKUHVHDUFKSURMHFWVWKDWWKH&&7DQGWKHXQLYHUVLW\KDYHFRQGXFWHG VLQFH )DUTXKDUDQG:LQJ:LQJHWDO 7KHJRDOVDQGVWXG\TXHVWLRQVIRUWKLVDQGWKHRWKHUSURMHFWVRIWKH&&781&&KDSHO+LOOSDUWQHUVKLS RULJLQDWHGLQWKHH[SRVHGFRPPXQLWLHV6SHFL¿FJRDOVRIWKH&+(,+2SURMHFWZHUHWRLQWHJUDWH ethnographic and epidemiological research on acute exposures and their relationships to both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¿OOLQJRXWDGDWDFROOHFWLRQGLDU\DQGEXLOWUDSSRUWZLWKHDFKRWKHUDQG WKHSURMHFWUHVHDUFKWHDP(DFKYROXQWHHUDOVRSDUWLFLSDWHGLQVL[KRXUVRILQWHUYLHZV FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 34 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG 7KHVFLHQWL¿FWHDPLQFOXGHGDFRUHRIWKUHH FRPPXQLW\OHDGHUVDI¿OLDWHGZLWK&&7DVZHOO as three university researchers. These core SDUWLFLSDQWVFRQFHLYHGRIWKHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQ based on problems they experienced in their FRPPXQLW\GHVLJQHGWKHVWXG\FRQGXFWHGWKH WUDLQLQJVHVVLRQVSURYLGHGGDWDTXDOLW\FKHFN YLVLWVWRYROXQWHHUVRQFHGXULQJWKHLUWZRZHHN GDWDFROOHFWLRQVHVVLRQVKHOSHGWRDQDO\]H WKHGDWDDQGIDFLOLWDWHGQXPHURXVFRPPXQLW\ PHHWLQJV7KHFRUHWHDPDOVRSXEOLVKHGSURMHFW GDWDLQSXEOLFKHDOWKMRXUQDOVDQG&&7XVHGWKH research results to lobby for change in land use policies in the region. 7KHUHVHDUFKTXHVWLRQVLQFOXGHG :KDWZDVWKH IUHTXHQF\PDJQLWXGHDQGGXUDWLRQRIVZLQH RGRUVH[SHULHQFHGE\SURMHFWYROXQWHHUV":KDW *RDOVDQGTXHVWLRQVIRUWKH&RPPXQLW\+HDOWK(IIHFWVRI were the levels of several airborne toxins in ,QGXVWULDO+RJ2SHUDWLRQVSURMHFWRULJLQDWHGLQWKHDIIHFWHG WKHDUHDDURXQGKRJRSHUDWLRQVKRZZHUH FRPPXQLW\. Photo by Gary R. Grant WKH\UHODWHGWRRGRUVH[SHULHQFHGDQGKRZ were pollution levels related to acute health HIIHFWVH[SHULHQFHGE\UHVLGHQWV VXFKDVOXQJIXQFWLRQEORRGSUHVVXUHPRRGVWUHVVDQGTXDOLW\RI OLIH "+RZZHUHWKHFXOWXUDODQGVRFLDOFRQWH[WVRIUXUDOOLIHUHODWHGWRH[SHULHQFHVRIHQYLURQPHQWDO H[SRVXUHVDQGTXDOLW\RIOLIH" The 88 participants who were involved primarily in data collection recorded observations about KRJRGRURXWVLGHWKHLUUHVLGHQFHDWSUHGHWHUPLQHGWLPHV UHFRUGHGZKHWKHUWKH\H[SHULHQFHGDQ\ LUULWDWLRQRIWKHH\HVQRVHWKURDWRUKDGDQ\SK\VLFDOKHDOWKV\PSWRPV WRRNWKHLURZQEORRG SUHVVXUH FROOHFWHGDVDPSOHRIVDOLYD DQGEOHZLQWRDOXQJIXQFWLRQPRQLWRU$OOWKHVHSDUWLFLSDQWV DOVRGLVFXVVHGVXPPDULHVRIWKHGDWDDQDO\VLVGXULQJFRPPXQLW\PHHWLQJV)LQDOO\WKHFRUHUHVHDUFK WHDPDQGPDQ\RIWKHDGGLWLRQDOSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHLQYROYHGLQGLVVHPLQDWLQJSURMHFWFRQFOXVLRQVE\ presenting at community meetings in surrounding areas. ,QIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKHLPSDFWVRIWKLVSURMHFWRQODQGXVHSROLF\HQYLURQPHQWDOMXVWLFHUHVHDUFKDQG FRPPXQLW\KHDOWKHGXFDWLRQKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGLQ:LQJHWDO 7KHVHDXWKRUVGLGQRWKRZHYHU IRUPDOO\PHDVXUHVSHFL¿FNQRZOHGJHDERXWVFLHQFHFRQWHQWRUSURFHVV+RZHYHUSURMHFWSHUVRQQHO EHOLHYHWKDWWUDLQLQJLQWKHGDWDFROOHFWLRQSURFHGXUHUHVXOWHGLQDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHLQDZDUHQHVV NQRZOHGJHDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIKXPDQKHDOWKDQGDLUTXDOLW\LVVXHVDVZHOODVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI GDWDFROOHFWLRQPHWKRGRORJLHVLQFOXGLQJPDNLQJFDUHIXOREVHUYDWLRQVORRNLQJIRUSDWWHUQVLQGDWDDQG EHLQJFRQVLVWHQWLQGDWDFROOHFWLRQ7KH\DOVRQRWHWKDW³SDUWLFLSDQWVJDLQHGFRQ¿GHQFHDQGDJUHDWHU VHQVHRIOHJLWLPDF\E\VHHLQJWKHLUH[SHULHQFHVDQGYLHZVHPEHGGHGLQDVFLHQWL¿FSURFHVVLQZKLFK WKH\SDUWLFLSDWHG´7KLVUHVHDUFKLQYROYHGPHPEHUVRIWKHSXEOLFZKRIHOWPDUJLQDOL]HGDQGSODFHGWKH H[SHULHQFHVRIWKHVHLQGLYLGXDOVLQWKHFRQWH[WRIDVFLHQWL¿FVWXG\HPSRZHULQJFRPPXQLWLHVWKURXJK connections with professional research. 3DUWLFLSDQWVLQWKLVSURMHFWDOVRPDGHQHZFRQQHFWLRQVZLWKQHLJKERUVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQVLQFUHDVLQJ VRFLDOFDSLWDO:LQJHWDO UHSRUWWKDWSDUWLFLSDWLRQLQUHVHDUFKEURDGHQHGVRPHSDUWLFLSDQWV¶ SHUVSHFWLYHVRQFRPPXQLW\LQYROYHPHQWDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOLQMXVWLFHDQGDZDNHQHGDZDUHQHVVDERXW WKHSRWHQWLDOIRUFKDQJH)RUH[DPSOHGXULQJWKHTXDOLWDWLYHLQWHUYLHZIROORZLQJWKHTXDQWLWDWLYHGDWD FROOHFWLRQRQHSDUWLFLSDQWVWDWHG³,QHYHUWKRXJKWDERXWLW>WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRIKRJKRXVHV@«7KH GD\DIWHUZHGLGWKHFODVV>&+(,+2WUDLQLQJ@,URGHDURXQGDQGFRXQWHGKRZPDQ\KRJKRXVHV, FRXQWHG,QHYHUNQHZWKHUHZHUHWKDWPDQ\KRJKRXVHV«>RU@KRZLQWKHZRUOGWKH\JRWKHUH´ FHQWHUIRUDGYDQFHPHQWRI 35 insci caise LQIRUPDOVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQ .ORG :KLOHWKH&+(,+2SURMHFWGLGQRWVSHFL¿FDOO\PHDVXUHVFLHQFHHGXFDWLRQLPSDFWVFRPPXQLW\ HGXFDWLRQDERXWHQYLURQPHQWDOKHDOWKZDVDQH[SOLFLWJRDODQGZDVGRFXPHQWHGGXULQJWKHSURMHFW (Wing et al. 2008). 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