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Home , Jurchen people, Mandate of Heaven

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to figures. This index is organized in letter‐by‐letter order, i.e. spaces and hyphens are ignored in the alphabetical sequence.

Abahai (reigned 1626–1643) Ancient Kush (1700 BCE– CE 235–236 350) 13 Abelard, Peter (1079–1144) ancient philosophy 52–56, 67, 195–196 81–83 administration and bureaucracy 34 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) Axum (CE 100–700) 13 181, 183–185 Bronze Age 22, 29, 37 feudalism 183–185 Caesar, Julius (c.102–44 BCE) Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) 35, 41 161–164 calorie advantage and diseases of nomads 221–223 plant cultivars 109–111 (CE 1644–1911) cattle 17–19 237–238, 243 11–31, 36, 40–41 (CE 960–1279) 27 173–175 citizenship 32–33, 45 Sui Dynasty (CE 518–618) climate 154–155, 156–158 131–132 commercial networks 47 (CE 618–906) conditions of possibility 128–129 138–140 consequences of early (CE 1279–1368) ­agriculture 10–11 147–149COPYRIGHTEDcontrasting MATERIAL medieval China and agriculture 8–51 Europe 128–130, 164–165 agricultural revolution 26–27 corruption 21 alpha plants 9–10, 17 cultural diffusion 12–14

China and the West to 1600: Empire, Philosophy, and the Paradox of Culture, First Edition. Steven Wallech. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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agriculture (cont’d ) Levant, the 31, 41–43 Dawenkou people (c.4700–3600 Longshan people (c.3000–1900 BCE) 16, 18–19 BCE) 16–19 deforestation 22–23 Mesopotamia 19, 31, 41–43 domesticated animals 17–18, military systems and warfare 22, 33, 37 26–28, 30, 32, 34–36, 43 domesticated plants 15, 37 modernization 288–289 Eastern Zhou era (770–221 moldboard plow 153, 155–156 BCE) 27 mowing scythe 33 economy 46–49 Neolithic technology 18–19 Egypt 31, 37–41 network cities 45–46 equal‐field system 129–130, 132, Nile River 37–41 136–139 nomads 23, 30, 220 family, concept of 23 nomarchs 39 farms 33–36 oldest paradox 8–13 Fertile Crescent 41–43, 45 omega plants 9–11, 13, 17, 40, 42, feudalism 21–22, 25–26, 28, 96–97, 154–155 149–158, 165, 184 origins of Chinese agriculture first Chinese 19–29 15–17 first Chinese plow 18–19 pastoral nomads and sedentary floods 14–17, 38–40 farmers 96–99, 109–111, food production 30–31 117–118 Gaius Marius (155–86 BCE) 34–36 political systems 32–33, 35–36, geographical isolation 12–13 38–39, 45 Greece 31, 43–46 power, concept of 24 (202 BCE– CE Dynasty (221–206 BCE) 25, 220) 11–14, 29–30, 36, 27–29, 36, 39 39–41, 48, 96–97, 109–111 religion 22–24, 43, 46 hoeing and weeding 33 Roman Empire 11–13, 30–37, 41, horse collar and horseshoes 43–49, 149–152 153–154 Sahara Desert 12 Imperial Era (30 BCE– CE seed‐bearing plants 8–9 476) 35–36 (1766–1046 intensive and extensive BCE) 20–24 agriculture­ 96–97 Shang Tang (reigned c.1783–1753 Iron Age 26, 28–29, 37 BCE) 21–22 irrigation systems 14–15, 20, 23, 28 27, 32, 39–40 slash and burn 10, 16 Italy 31–37, 45 soil exhaustion 15 Jie (reigned c.1818–1783 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) BCE) 21 141, 143–144 King Yu (c.2200–2100 BCE) 20–21 Stone Age 22 Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) Sui Dynasty (CE 518–618) 132 159–160 symbiosis 9–10

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Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) Dong Zhongshu (c.179–104 136–138 BCE) 67–70 taxation 29 Era of the Warring States (403–221 terraced agriculture 32 BCE) 53–55, 66 period 117–118 74–80, 83–84, 90, 92 tools 18, 26, 32–33, 40 feudalism 56 trade 12–13, 30, 44–49 Gnosticism 89–90 watermills 33 Greece 53–54, 69–79 weights and measures 25–26 Han Dynasty (202 BCE– CE 220) well‐field system 25–26 54, 67–69, 91 (2205–1766 BCE) 14, (c.280–233 BCE) 65 19–21 Han Wudi (reigned 141–87 Yangshao culture (c.5100–2950 BCE) 67–70 BCE) 15–18 implementing Legalism 65–67 Yangzi River 28 Iron Age 55 Yellow River 14–21, 23–24, 27 56–57, 176, 179, 208, 225 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) Judaism 84–88 147–149 Justin (c. CE 100–165) 89 (1046–256 King Zheng (259–210 BCE) BCE) 24–27, 36 65–67 Ancient Kush (1700 BCE– CE knowledge 72–76 350) 13 Kong Fuzi (552–479 BCE) 57–63, ancient philosophy 52–95 72, 176, 179, 208 agriculture 52–56, 67, 81–83 kosmopolite 53–54, 83–84, 90 (384–322 BCE) 76–80, Legalism 63–69 84, 88–89, 92 (c.280–208 BCE) 65–67 (CE 354–430) Mandate of Heaven 56, 61–62, 68 91, 127, 189 Mengzi (c.372–279BCE) 60–64, Bronze Age 55 72, 74 China 52–70–1, 76, 91–92 military systems and warfare 53, Chinese quest for stability 54–65 55–56, 66–67, 70–71, 80 Christianity 54, 84–92 Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 citizenship 53–54, 70–71, 75–84, BCE) 70–71, 73 90–92 (429–347 BCE) 70, 72–79, Clement of Alexandria (c. CE 84, 88, 92 150–215) 89–90 political systems 53, 56–57, 77–79 conflict and war 52–53 65–67 57–64, 67–68, 74, 91 Roman Empire 54, 79–92 first generation 57–59 (469–399 BCE) 70, second generation 60–62 72–74, 79, 92 corruption 82–83 Spring and Autumn Era (771–481 Dao Jing () 59–60 BCE) 55–56 Daoism 59–60, 62–63, 67–68, 91 Titian (CE 110–180) 89 second generation 62–63 Wujing 57

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ancient philosophy (cont’d ) religion, secularity, and the Xunzi (298–238BCE) 63–66, state 114–116 68, 76 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 170, 176 BCE) 52–57, 62 Byzantine Empire 152, 165 (c.369–286 BCE) 60–63 Caesar, Julius (c.102–44 BCE) 35, 41 Annotations on the New Testament Calvin, John 276–278 (Valla) 267–268 Carolingian Empire 182–183 Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) Charlemagne (reigned 768–814) 191, 193–195 182–183 Aquinas, Thomas (CE 1225–1274) Cheng Hao (1032–1082) 177 198–201, 263, 276, 280 Cheng (1033–1107) 177 aristocracy China agriculture 34 absolute power 13–14 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) agriculture 11–31, 36, 40–41 185–186 ancient philosophy 27, 52–70–1, Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) 175 76, 91–92 Aristotle (384–322 BCE) 114–116, 170, 176 ancient philosophy 76–80, 84, Confucianism and neo‐ 88–89, 92 Confucianism 169–170, High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) 173–174, 175–180 193, 196–199 Daoism 113–114, 176 modernization 263, 278, 284 disease and epidemics 109–112 Art of War, The (Sunzi) 56 14, 19–21, Asian steppe see Eurasian steppe 287–288, 296 Augustine of Hippo (CE 354–430) feudalism 56 91, 127, 189 geographic features 101–102 Axum (CE 100–700) 13 King Jie (reigned c.1818–1783 BCE) 21 Babylonian Captivity 160–161, 163 King Yu (c.2200–2100 BCE) Bacon, Francis 284 20–21 Bernard of Clairvaux (c.1090–1153) military systems and warfare 22, 195–196 26–28, 55–56, 66–67 Boccaccio, Giovanni 265 modernization 253, 281, 286–297 Boethius, Ancius Manlius Severius Mongol conquest and rule (CE 480–525) 189 210–221 Book of , The (Mengzi) 61 nomads 99–118, 120–123, 131, Book of Zhuangzi, The 140–141, 145–149, 207–250 (Zhuangzi) 62–63 orthodoxy 169–180, 203–204 Bronze Age 22, 29, 37, 55 political systems 56–57 Buddhism politics and power 286–287, 290, Aristotle, China, and new European 294–295 orthodoxy 197 power, concept of 24

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reunification and the golden age Danube River 118–119 120–123, 126–127, 130–145 Dao De Jing (Laozi) 59–60 ruling system 13–14 Daoism Three Kingdoms period 116–118 ancient philosophy 59–60, 62–63, trade 48, 288–289 67–68, 91 see also individual dynasties religion, secularity, and the Christianity state 113–114, 121 ancient philosophy 54, 84–92 second generation 62–63 Babylonian Captivity and Western Song Dynasty (CE Schism 160–161, 163 960–1279) 176 medieval orthodoxy 170–172, Dawenkou people (c.4700–3600 187–188 BCE) 16, 18–19 modernization 253, 257–259, Desiderius of Rotterdam 263–278, 280–281, 284, 296 (c.1469–1536) 274 religion, secularity, and the state Diocletian Reforms (CE 285–305) 112–113, 121–123, 128–129 112, 151–152 citizenship disease and epidemics agriculture 32–33, 45 Late Middle Ages (CE ancient philosophy 53–54, 70–71, 1300–1500) 159 75–84, 90–92 (CE 1368–1644) modernization 264–266 230–231 City of God (Augustine of Hippo) nomads 109–112, 230–231 91, 127 Donation of Constantine, The civilizations of the ancient world (Valla) 267 timeline 4 Dong Zhongshu (c.179–104 Clement of Alexandria (c. CE 150–215) BCE) 67–70 89–90 Duns Scotus, John (CE 1266–1308) coloni 150–151 200–201 colonization 252, 282, 296 Columbus, Christopher 252, 281, Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) 292–293 administration and bureaucracy Confucianism 181, 183–185 ancient philosophy 57–64, 67–68, aristocracy 185–186 74, 91 education and learning 185–186, first generation 57–59 189–190 Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) illegitimate status of cities 225–227 184–186 modernization 290, 293–294, 296 kingship 181–183 second generation 60–62 modernization 254–286 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) nomads 181, 184 169–170, 173–174, orthodoxy 169–172, 180–186, 175–180 189–190 Copernicus, Nicolas 253, 279–280 philosophy 186 corruption 21, 82–83 see also feudalism

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economy European Renaissance agriculture 46–49 contrasting medieval China and equal‐field system 136–139 Europe 128 feudalism 158 modernization 254–286 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) orthodoxy 199–202 141–145, 172–174 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) Fertile Crescent 41–43, 45 135–140 feudalism 149–158 education and learning administration and Aristotle, China, and new European bureaucracy 183–185 orthodoxy 193, 196–199 agriculture 21–22, 25–26, 28 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) ancient philosophy 56 185–186, 189–190 climate 154–158, 165 European Renaissance 199–202 economy 158 High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) fall of the Roman Empire 189–202 149–152 Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) Holy Roman Empire 157–158 195, 197–202 horse collar and horseshoes logic and science 195–196, 153–154 201–202 illegitimate status of cities Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) 184–186 225–227 Islam 157, 165 monasteries, cathedrals, and medieval orthodoxy 171, 180–181, universities 190–193 183–186 reflection 208 modernization 252, 254–269, Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) 283, 290, 297 173–174, 175–180 moldboard plow 153, 155–156 theology and scholasticism 192, Frankish Empire 181–182 193–199 Egypt 31, 37–41 Gnosticism 89–90 Enlightenment 285–286, 288, 290, Goths 118–120 296–297 132–133, 135, equal‐field system 129–130, 132, 144–145, 223 136–139 99, 133, Era of the Warring States (403–221 231–232 BCE) 53–55, 66 Greece ethics 74–80, 83–84, 90, 92 agriculture 31, 43–46 Eurasian steppe ancient philosophy 53–54, 69–79 geographic features 101–102 citizenship 53–54, 70–71, 75–79, maps 7 90–92 nomads 98–102, 104, 118–119, geography and climate 44 208–221, 227–229 kosmopolite 53–54 Roman Empire 118–119 military systems and warfare 53, trade and migrations 104 70–71, 80

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political systems 45, 53, 70–71, Iron Age 26, 28–29, 37, 55 77–79 Islam trade 44–46 feudalism 157, 165 Gregorian Revolution 186–188 medieval orthodoxy 170–171, 196–197 Han Dynasty (202 BCE– CE 220) religion, secularity, and the agriculture 11–14, 29–30, 36, state 121–123, 128–129 39–41, 48 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) ancient philosophy 54, 65, 139–140 67–70, 91 Han Feizi (c.280–233 BCE) 65 Jie, King (reigned c.1818–1783 Han Wudi (reigned 141–87 BCE) 21 BCE) 67–70 Jin Dynasty (CE 265–420) 117 Han Yu (CE 768–824) 176–177 Jin Dynasty (CE 1127–1234) modernization 290–291 215, 232 nomads 102–103, 106–116 Jing reunification after fall of ancient philosophy 56–57, 126–127 176, 179 High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) learning and reflection 208 Aristotle, China, and new Ming Dynasty (CE European orthodoxy 1368–1644) 225 193, 196–199 Judaism 84–88 education and learning 189–202 215 Gregorian Revolution 186–188 see also Manchu kingship 186–188 Justin (c. CE 100–165) 89 modernization 253, 259–261, 263, 276, 280 Kangxi (reigned 1662–1722) monasteries, cathedrals, and 238–242 universities 190–193 Kara‐Khirai Empire 215 orthodoxy 169–172, 186–202 , Batu 216–218, philosophy 198–199 227–228 survival and resurrection of Khan, Genghis (c.1167–1227) learning 190–193 100, 146, 210–216, 227 theology and scholasticism 192, Khan, Kublai (reigned 1264–1294) 193–196, 198–199 147–149, 218–222 see also feudalism Khan, Ögödei (reigned 1230–1241) Holy Roman Empire 216–217, 227–228 feudalism 157–158 Khan, Temür (reigned modernization 268, 270–273, 283 1294–1307) 222 nomads 216–217 Khwarazm Empire 215 orthodoxy 182–183, 186–188 kingship 181–183, 186–188 humanism 251–252, 264–274 Kong Fuzi (552–479 BCE) 57–63, Hun 108, 120 72, 176, 179, 208 Hundred Years’ War 160–162 kosmopolite 53–54, 83–84, 90

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Lanfranc (c.1000–1089) 191, czarist 241–242 193–195 ’s regency 236–237 Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) fall of the Ming Dynasty 210, administration and 231–236 bureaucracy 161–164 Kangxi (reigned 1662–1722) agriculture 159–160 238–242 Aristotle, China, and new European mobilization 233–235 orthodoxy 197–198 (CE 1559–1626) Babylonian Captivity and Western 234–235 Schism 160–161, 163 Olöt alliance with czarist disease and epidemics 159 Russia­ 240–242 education and learning 195, origins 232–233 197–202 (CE 1644–1911) European Renaissance 128, 231–243 199–202 raids and conquest 234–235 Hundred Years’ War 160–162 Shunzhi (reigned 1643–1661) logic and science 202 236, 238 modernization 251–252, 263–268, Mandate of Heaven 277–278, 282 ancient philosophy 56, 61–62, 68 orthodoxy 195, 197–202 modernization 290, 294 rise of royal power in Western Yuan Dynasty (CE Europe 161–162 1279–1368) 222 social changes 162–164 maps taxation 161–163 historical borders of China 5 latifundia 150 nomadic steppe 7 Legalism 63–69 Roman Empire 6 Levant, the 31, 41–43 Marius, Gaius (155–86 BCE) 34–36 (c.280–208 BCE) 65–67 Mengzi (c.372–279 BCE) 60–64, logic 195–196, 201–202 72, 74, 176, 179 logos 193 Mesopotamia 19, 31, 41–43 Lombard, Peter (c.1095–1160) migrations 102–104, 110–111, 195–196 117–119 Longshan people (c.3000–1900 military systems and warfare BCE) 16–19 agriculture 22, 26–28, 43 Luther, Martin 276–278 ancient philosophy 52–53, 55–56, 66–67, 70–71, 80 Machiavelli, Niccolo 252, 266, 268, modernization 252, 254–255, 272, 283–285 282–285 Manchu nomads 98, 100, 104–106, Abahai (reigned 1626–1643) 209–210, 212–215, 218–220, 235–236 234–235, 242 consolidation of Qing rule Roman Empire 30, 32, 34–36 237–238 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) continued Qing power 242–243 140–141

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Sui Dynasty (CE 518–618) Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) 132–133 254–286 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) 140 emergence of 251–252 Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) England 271–272 creation of the Ming 223–224 Enlightenment 285–286, 288, culture and tradition 149, 164, 290, 296–297 224–225 European Renaissance 254–286 disease and epidemics 230–231 feudalism 252, 254–269, 283, education and learning 225–227 290, 297 fall of 210, 231–236 France 270–271 ideological rigidity 225–227 Germanic Europe during the Early impact of on Middle Ages 254–286 Eurasia 227–229 Germany 272–273 modernization 291–295 Han Dynasty (202 BCE– CE nomads 207–208, 210, 223–231 220) 290–291 philosophy 226–227 High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) Timur the Lame (reigned 253, 259–261, 263, 276, 280 1370–1405) 229 Holland 274 Yongle (reigned 1403–1424), Holy Roman Empire 268, modernization 291–295 270–273, 283 modernization 251–300 humanism 251–252, 264–274 agriculture 288–289 Italy 264–268 Aquinas, Thomas 263, 276, 280 Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) Aristotle 263, 278, 284 251–252, 263–268, Bacon, Francis 284 277–278, 282 Boccaccio, Giovanni 265 law 259–263 Calvin, John 276–278 Luther, Martin 276–278 China 253, 281, 286–297 Machiavelli, Niccolo 252, 266, China fails to modernize: the 268, 272, 283–285 pitfalls of tradition 286–297 Mandate of Heaven 290, 294 Christian humanists 270–274 military systems and warfare 252, Christianity 253, 257–259, 254–256, 282–285 263–278, 280–281, 284, 296 Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) Christian renaissance 268–270 291–295 citizenship 264–266 More, Sir Thomas 272 colonization 252, 282, 296 nation‐state 282, 285–286, Columbus, Christopher 252, 281, 296–297 292–293 nomads 254–258, 261, 289–291, commercial revolution 243 294–295 Confucianism 290, 293–294, 296 Plato 263, 266, 272–273 Copernicus, Nicolas 253, 279–280 politics and power 252–253, Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam 258–263, 266–267, 272, (c.1469–1536) 274 282–287, 290, 296–297 dynastic cycle 287–288, 296 population 252, 261, 263, 287, 296

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modernization (cont’d ) Töregene and Güyük 217–218 property 260–263 trade and migrations 104 Ptolemy, Claudius 278–279 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) public opinion 285–286 145–149, 208–210, 221–225 Qing Dynasty (CE More, Sir Thomas 272 1644–1911) 243 Rabelais, François 271 neo‐Confucianism 169–170, 175–180 Reformation 253, 268–271, Neolithic technology 18–19 274–280, 284–285 Nile River 37–41 right to assemble 257–258 nomads 96–125 Roman Empire 254–257, administration and 260–261, 290 bureaucracy­ 221–223 Scientific Revolution 253, 268, agriculture 23, 30, 96–99, 274–275, 278–281, 283–284 109–111, 117–118, 220 Spain 270 apogee of power 207–250 trade 252, 260–264, 281–283, charismatic 105–107, 288–289, 293–296 145–146, 211–212, 214–215 Treaty of Westphalia 253, 284–285 China 99–118, 120–123, 131, Valla, Lorenzo 267–268, 274 140–141, 145–149, 207–250 voyages of discovery 252, 280–286, climate 223 291–295 disease and epidemics 109–112, wergild, the 256–257 230–231 Yellow River 287 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) (1371–1433) 291–295 181, 184 Mongols geographic features of the steppe Batu 216–218, 227–228 and China 101–102 Chinese orthodoxy 180 Goths 118–120 conquest and rule 210–221 Han Dynasty (202 BCE– CE disease and epidemics 230–231 220) 102–103, 106–116 Genghis (c.1167–1227) Holy Roman Empire 216–217 210–216, 227 Hun 108, 120 Great Khan’s conquests 215–216 Jin Dynasty (CE 1127–1234) impact on Eurasia 227–229 215, 232 Kublai (reigned 1264–1294) Manchu 210, 231–243 218–222 migrations 102–104, 110–111, military systems and warfare 100 117–119 Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) military systems and warfare 98, 223–231 100, 104–106, 209–210, Mongol soldiers 213–215 212–215, 218–220, Mönkle 218–219 234–235, 242 Ögödei (reigned 1230–1241) Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) 216–217, 227–228 207–208, 210, 223–231 Timur the Lame (reigned modernization 254–258, 261, 1370–1405) 229 289–291, 294–295

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Mongols 100, 104, 208–231 education and learning 173–174, pastoral nomads and sedentary 175–180, 189–202 farmers 96–99 European Renaissance 199–202 Qing Dynasty (CE 1644–1911) feudalism 171, 180–181, 183–186 100, 207, 231–243 Gregorian Revolution 186–188 raids 97–98, 100, 104, 106–107, High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) 214–215, 234–235 169–172, 186–202 religion, secularity, and the illegitimate status of cities state 112–116, 120–123 184–186 reunification of China and kingship 181–183, 186–188 fragmentation of the Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) West 120–123 195, 197–202 Roman Empire 109–113, 118–123 monasteries, cathedrals, and Song Dynasty (CE 960– universities 190–193 1279) 140–141, 210–221 philosophy 175–180, 186, Sui Dynasty (CE 518–618) 131 198–199 Three Kingdoms period 116–118 Reformation 200, 202 trade and the 96, 100, Song Dynasty (CE 960– 102–104, 108–112, 208–209 1279) 169–180 trap set by paradox of culture survival and resurrection of 207–210 learning­ 190–193 confederation theology and scholasticism 192, 106–108, 120 193–196, 198–199 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) 145–149, 207–208, 221–225 Peloponnesian Wars (431–404 107–108, 114 BCE) 70–71, 73 nomarchs 39 philosophy Nurhaci (CE 1559–1626) 234–235 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) 186 Ockham, William of (1285– High Middle Ages (CE 1000–1300) 1347) 195, 200–202 198–199 Olöt people 240–242 Ming Dynasty (CE 1368–1644) On Civic Life (Palmieri) 266 226–227 ontological arguments 194 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) Oration on the Dignity of Man (della 144, 175–180 Mirandola) 266 see also ancient philosophy orthodoxy 169–206 Plato (429–347 BCE) administration and ancient philosophy 70, 72–79, 84, bureaucracy­ 173–175 88, 92 Aristotle, China, and new European modernization 263, 266, 272–273 orthodoxy 193, 196–199 Porphyry (CE 232–304) 189 Early Middle Ages (CE 500–1000) property 260–263 169–172, 180–186, 189–190 Ptolemy, Claudius 278–279 economy 172–174 public opinion 285–286

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Qin Dynasty (221–206 BCE) 25, economy 46–49 27–29, 36, 39, 65–67 expansion and population 47 Qing Dynasty (CE 1644–1911) fall of 118–120, 127–128, Abahai (reigned 1626–1643) 149–152 235–236 feudalism 149–152 administration and fragmentation of the West 120–123 bureaucracy­ 237–238, 243 Greece 43–46 consolidation of Qing rule Imperial Era (30 BCE– CE 237–238 476) 35–36 continued Qing power 242–243 Italy 31–37, 45 Dorgon’s regency 236–237 maps 6 fall of the Ming Dynasty 231–236 Marius, Gaius (155–86 BCE) Kangxi (reigned 1662–1722) 34–36 238–242 military systems and warfare 30, mobilization of the Manchu 32, 34–36, 254–256 233–235 modernization 254–257, nomads 100, 207, 231–243 260–261, 290 Nurhaci (CE 1559–1626) nomads 109–113, 118–123 234–235 political system 32–33, 35–36 Olöt alliance with czarist Roman constitution 80–82 Russia 240–242 Roman law and trade 260–261 origins of the Manchu 232–233 slavery and latifundia 150 raids and conquest 234–235 taxation 151–152 Shunzhi (reigned 1643–1661) trade 46–49 236, 238 taxation 238 Sahara Desert 12 scholasticism 195–196 Rabelais, François 271 Scientific Revolution Reformation Late Middle Ages (CE modernization 253, 268–271, 1300–1500) 202 274–280, 284–285 modernization 253, 268, orthodoxy 200, 202 274–275, 278–281, Rhine Valley 119–120 283–284 Roman Empire Shang Dynasty (1766–1046 agriculture 11–13, 30–37, 41, BCE) 20–24 43–44, 54, 81–83, 149–152 Shu Han Dynasty 116–118 ancient philosophy 54, 79–92 Silk Road Caesar, Julius (c.102–44 BCE) calorie advantage and diseases of 35, 41 plant cultivars 109–111 Christianity and the state 112–113, nomads 96, 100, 103–104, 128–129 108–112, 208–209 citizenship 54, 79–84, 90–92 Roman Empire 109–112 coloni 150–151 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) 136 disease and epidemics 109–112 sinicization, agriculture 28

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slavery 150 nomads 131 Socrates (469–399 BCE) 70, 72–74, Northern Zhou and Northern 79, 92 130–131 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) administration and Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) bureaucracy 173–175 administration and agriculture 141, 143–144 bureaucracy­ 138–140 aristocracy 175 agriculture 136–139 Buddhism 170, 176 economy 135–140 Confucianism and neo‐Confucianism historical context and 169–170, 173–174, 175–180 achievements­ 133–140 culture and tradition 143–144 Islam 139–140 currency and credit 142 military systems and warfare 140 Daoism 176 Silk Road 136 economy 141–145, 172–174 taxation 138–139 education and learning 173–174, Tanguts of Xi‐Xia 215–216 175–180 taxation historical context and agriculture 29 achievements 140–145 Late Middle Ages (CE 1300–1500) military systems and warfare 161–163 140–141 Qing Dynasty (CE 1644–1911) 238 Mongol conquest and rule Roman Empire 151–152 210–221 Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) 142 nomads 140–141 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) orthodoxy 169–180 138–139 philosophy 175–180 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) taxation 142 147–148, 225 technological innovation theology 192, 193–196, 198–199 142–144 The Prince (Machiavelli) 252, 266, trade 142 268, 272, 283 water‐based transportation Three Kingdoms period 116–118 141–142 timeline 4 Spring and Autumn Era (771–481 Timur the Lame (reigned BCE) 55–56 1370–1405) 229 steppe see Eurasian steppe Titian (CE 110–180) 89 Stone Age 22 trade Sui Dynasty (CE 518–618) agriculture 12–13, 30, 44–49 administration and commercial revolution 243 bureaucracy 131–132 modernization 252, 260–264, agriculture 132 281–283, 288–289, 293–296 historical context and nomads 96, 100, 102–104, achievements­ 130–133 108–112, 208–209 military systems and warfare Song Dynasty (CE 960–1279) 142 132–133 Tang Dynasty (CE 618–906) 136

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Treaty of Westphalia 253, 284–285 modernization 287 Tujue Turks 131, 133, 135 nomads 100–102, 117 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) Utopia (More) 272 222–223 Yuan Dynasty (CE 1279–1368) Valla, Lorenzo 267–268, 274 administration and Visigoths 118–120 bureaucracy 147–149, Völkerwandering 120 221–223 agriculture 147–149 Warring States Era (403–221 Chinese orthodoxy 180 BCE) 53–55, 66 culture and tradition 224–225 Wei Dynasty (CE 386–534) historical context and 116–118, 136–137 achievements 145–149 wergild 256–257 Khan, Kublai (reigned 1264–1294) Western Schism 160–161, 163 221–222 Dynasty 116–118 Khan, Temür (reigned Wujing 57 1294–1307) 222 Mandate of Heaven 222 Xia Dynasty (2205–1766 BCE) 14, nomads 145–149, 207–208, 19–21 221–225 Xiongnu confederation taxation 147–148, 225 106–108, 120 Yuezhi people 107–108, 114 Xunzi (298–238 BCE) 63–66, Yu, King (c.2200–2100 BCE) 20–21 68, 76 Zhang Zai (1020–1077) 177 Yangshao culture (c.5100–2950 Zheng He (1371–1433) 291–295 BCE) 15–18 Zheng, King (259–210 BCE) 65–67 Yangzi River 28, 101, 117, Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BCE) 130–131, 135 agriculture 24–27, 36 Yellow River ancient philosophy 52–57, 62 agriculture 14–21, 23–24, 27 Zhuangzi (c.369–286 BCE) 60–63 medieval China 131, 135 (1129–1200) 177–180

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