The Fifth Blaise Pascal Lecture Wednesday, March 10, 2010 Ecole Polytechnique

Photonuclear Physics

Toshiki Tajima Blaise Pascal Chair, Fondation Ecole Normale Supérieure Institut de Lumière Extrême and LMU,MPQ, Garching

Acknowledgments for Collaboration and advice: D. Habs, C. Barty, G. Mourou, J. Fuchs, C. Labaune, P. Mora, T. Hayakawa, R. Hajima, F. Krausz, M. Fujiwara, N. Nishimori, T. Esirkepov, S. Bulanov, W. Sandner, M. Borghesi, M. Gross, Y. Kato, A. Ogata, K. Kawase, R, Ruth, G. Wormser, J. Urakawa, N. Zamfir, D. Ursescu, K. 1 Leddingham, P. Thirolf, N. Pietrall, J. Mizuki, S. Gales, F. Guir, Y. Fujiie, K. Homma, Y. Amano, H. Gies, T. Heinzl, R. Schuetzhold Mountain of Radioactive Wastes of JAEA

Cleanup of the nuclear legacy Nuclear Waste Unidentified by Ȗrays, we see and control nuclei Handled by hand individually at this time ĺHVWLPDWHGFRVW%IRU-$($% for Japan

(JAEA) 2 Germans move radioactive barrels

Long neglected µtoilet side¶RI nuclear energy, in contrast to its production µNLWFKHQVLGH¶

We need science (brain) of how to handle this; not just management (muscle)

3 Disposal of Nuclear Waste

Underground burying

(Japan) (Switzerland) 4 Impact of Nuclear Physics on Waste transmutation and on Nuclear Energy generation in the future S.Gales IPN Orsay ,IN2P3/CNRS,Fr

5 Management of Nuclear waste: Nuclear Data for Hybrid Reactors Subcritical reactors: (Gales) - specific data, reactions induced by n or p,Fission,capture,residues,.. - ,QQRYDWLYHIXHOV 7K$P&P« 0.1 eV 20 MeV 1 GeV Critical reactors Subcritical reactors

n-ToF CERN, thorium cycle, (n,fission), (n,xn) VDG CENBG, Tandem ORSAY, GSI Darmstadt, thorium cycle, spallation residues, inverse kinematics, GELINA Geel (n,fission), (n,J)Louvain-la-Neuve, p + Fe, Xe, Pb, U (n,J), fission products Uppsala, Groningen, transmutation (129I) (n,xclp), (p,xn), (n,xn) thorium cycle (p,xclp), Fe, Pb, U

6 Some Conclusions (Gales) ‡ Nuclear energy does not appear any more to be a solved technical question ± Overall (societal, economic) boundary conditions have evolved significantly since 1980 and will still do so in future ± Innovation is and will be required . Evaluation of nuclear risk need more scientific input (not only though)!! ± Basic research can contribute via : ± Specific competences (improved data, accelerators, MC simulation) ± More open approach to nuclear science (less short-term HFRQRPLFDOO\DQGWHFKQRORJLFDOO\GULYHQ PXOWLGLVFLS« ± Basic training and formation ‡ Synergies exist with some basic science goals ± Ex : Japan Joint Project, NSS,RIBF,Qbeams , Accelerator WDUJHW6LPXODWLRQ« ‡ Academia via its competence and its independence can provide a unique contribution to the future of nuclear energy. 7 Atomic Energy System Cyclable with Little Waste Yoichi Fujiie (former Commissar, AEC of -DSDQµ6HOI-Contained Nuclear Energy Introduction of short-pulsed laser System（ＳＣＮＥＳ）¶ laser quantum control Invention of new time- domain separation/extraction of radioisotopes H. Yamada, K. Yokoyama, et broad al, Phy. Rev. A 72, freq. 063404(2005) band laser ・reprocessing of spent fuel ・treatment of radioactive wastes $WRPLFHQHUJ\LVµDOFKHPLVWU\¶ large quantity of photons necessary (QHUJ\H[WUDFWHGWKURXJKWKHµDOFKHPLVWU\¶SURFHVV 8 :HZLVKWRSXWRXWRQO\F\FODEOHHOHPHQWVWKUXµDOFKHPLVWU\¶ Lasers

(Tajima,Mourou,2002) 9 First Nonlinear Optics Work after Laser Invention

1961 by Franken et al.

First textbook on Nonlinear optics by Bloembergen in 1965 10 What Ȗ beam brings in to nuclear physics

‡ Rutherford approach ‡ µODVHU¶ DQGȖ beam) (collider and particle approach beam) photon beam penetrates, but high momentum penetrates not local real space structure, deep interior of matter and scatters, excites the structure, induces sees smallest detail of matter dynamics and spectroscopy, possibly controls ȜD” 1 (Ȝ,a are probe and Ȝ/a ~ 104 ( both for atoms and target sizes) nuclei)

Ȗ beam revolution of nuclear physics: similar to laser revolution of atomic physics LQ¶V 11 Ȗrays: opens new nuclear physics -measurement of neutron cross section of rare nuclei by inverse process of (J,n) -nuclear resonance fluorescence and spectroscopy -particular excitation *nuclear electroweak excitation such as parity measurement *isomer creation *particular excitation and interaction with inner-shell electrons -manipulation of nuclei by more than one gamma pulse *consecutive excitation to higher levels *exploration of exotic nuclear states? *quantum control of nuclear states -polarized positrons -non-contact and fast detection of nuclear materials -monitoring of nuclear reprocessing -transmutation of nuclei with small neutron cross section -materials research with nuclear resonance, Moessbauer -cold neutron beam generation, etc. etc.

Dawn of Photonuclear Physics: 12 similar to the eve of the laser invention, spawning new atomic physics Beginning of Photonuclear Physics International Work (Kizu,2006,-) ³2nd US-Japan Nuclear Photo-Science Workshop Purple Orchid Inn, Livermore, July 26-27, 2007 ‡ Opening Remarks, C.P.J. Barty (LLNL) Presentations ‡ Nonlinear Thomson and JAEA interest, T. Tajima (JAEA) ‡ Energy Recovery Linacs (ERLs), N. Nishimori (JAEA) ‡ T-REX Status, C. Barty (LLNL) ‡ «´ Now, -US-Japan governments seriously considering research on this subject -IAEA

-ELI Nuclear Pillar 13 Can Laser Save (Help) Nuclear Energy?

‡ Challenge: to safely and economically identify and reduce nuclear waste ‡ Efficient Generation of High-Fluence Gamma Rays ‡ Accurate and safe detection and identification of isotopes ‡ Efficient Separation of bad nuclei ‡ Nuclear Transmutation of selected nuclei, e.g. I ‡ Is there a niche for laser?

14 NUCLEAR ENERGY :GLOBAL FACTS

A rather Young form of energy, of limited importance at the world level (7%),economically viable source of electricity (320GWe.y,16%) Production concentrated in a few countries (USA+FR+J)= 2/3 of the world A passionately contested energy for Its origin related to defense, Its cost structure (high investments ,delayed returns) Questions insufficiently dealt with in the past Proliferation (Pu mostly) Nuclear waste management These questions generate social concerns for the future

S. Gales LEPS facility @Spring-8

Collision 8 GeV electron

Recoil electron

Electron tagging a) SPring-8 SR ring Laser light

Inverse Compton J-ray b) laser hutch

c) experimental hutch

RCNP、JAERI、JASRI collaborati16on LLNL MEGAray Compton Source Mono-energetic Gamma rays

(C. Barty) 17 Table-top Synchrotron Laser Compton Source

Lyncean(Professor Ron Ruth,SLAC)

18 MeV LCS Facilities

HIGGS facility, Duke University (US) AIST TERAS (Japan) FEL+electrons

V. N. Litvinenko, PRL, 1997

‡ Energy 5~20MeV ? Nd/YVO4 Laser + electrons in storage ring ‡ 107 photons/s: high flux ‡ Energy 5~50 MeV ‡ dE/E is very sharp ‡ 104 photons/MeV/s ‡ Good S/N ratio

However, the flux is too small to be used as the NRF assay method. 19 Detailed layout of the THomX machine

High brillianc e LINAC 3 GHz ʹ 500 / 700 MeV Photogun

15 m Laser and cavity

Zone d interaction Compton

10**13 J/s

Anneau de stockage

Users 30m

20 (G. Wormser) JAEA concept of a high-flux J-ray source flux of LC J-ray laser super cavity fN N V F e L C Supercavity J-ray A Laser f collision frequency number of electrons N e Electron bunch N L number of laser photons laser photons are recycled

V C scattering cross-section A effective sectional area we need high repetition, tightly focused, high-flux J-ray is available. high power, high current beams.

Pb collimator Laser Compton electron energy is recycled Scattering

J-ray Energy Recovery Linac linac Acceleration electron injector 21 21 Deceleratio n Proposal of a High-flux J-ray source with a 3-loop ERL

Detectors Compton scattering -Ray 3rd E=350 MeV

2nd E=235 MeV Nuclear Fuel 1st E=120 MeV

Linac Dump Injector

The electron beam is accelerated three times and decelerated three times.

(Hajima) 22 Isotope detection by Ȗ

23 Proposal of Nondestructive Assay of Radionuclides using nuclear resonant fluorescence technique

There are many minor actinoid (MA) and long-lived fission products (LLFP) in the nuclear waste drum. How do detect such the MA and LLFP ? A new Method Energy 4618keV 3948keV

Energy 2312keV 1779keV Tunable LCS 1322keV gamma-rays 1257keV Excitation De-excitation 強度(log) 14N 28Si 79Se

Only Nucleus of interest can be detected

(Hajima) ‡This method can detect all radioactivities except 3H ‡However, this method require a very high-flux gamma-ray source. 24 NRF experiment using Synchrotron Radiation at SPring-8 for Parity Mixing Measurement

½+ 109.9keV (K.Kawase). ½+

19F Target and detector

(Fujiwara, Kawase et al.) 25 Advantages of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence detection

2.176 MeV for U-238 NRF signal U-238 2.176 MeV

detector target 'E/E ~ 1%

J-ray beam

2.0 2.1 2.2 Photon Energy (MeV) Photon energy (MeV)

(1)Nondestructive detection of radioactive and stable nuclides (2) Excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the energy-resolved gamma-ray detection (3) Detecting many kind of nuclides by scanning the Ȗ-ray energy (4) Detection through a thick shield (5) Full utilization of modern laser and accelerator technologies 26 (Hajima) ‘Notch Filter¶DPHWKRGRIIDLO-safe to detect specific nuclear matter

3UXHW«%DUW\ 27 Experiment of nondestructive detection of concealed isotope

Pb block shielded by 15mm-thick iron box

5512 keV Pb-208

Position and shape of the Pb block were clearly identified. 28 [2] N. Kikuzawa et al., Applied Physics Express 2, 036502 (2009). 28 Safeguards technology based on mono-energetic J-ray

Nuclear material accountability is an important issue for nuclear energy usage in the frame of Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Nondestructive assay system of Material accountability for operator spent fuel assemblies & ± U, Pu and MA. Safeguards verification for inspectorates

fuel assembly

NaI detector

Ge detectors J-ray beam (Hajima)

29 moving 29 Deep penetration of J-rays in a fuel assembly

Ge detectors density of NRF events from Pu-239

J-ray beam

J-ray beam

30 GEANT-EDVHG0RQWH&DUORFRGHGHYHORSHGE\+DMLPD¶VJURXS 30 Sharp discriminatory capability of monoenergetic Ȗ rays Nuclear Resonance fluorescence signal Nuclear Resonance fluorescence

vs

Bremsstrahlung Ȗ rays Laser Compton Ȗ rays C. Barty and T. Tajima (2008) 32 (M. Fujiwara) Photonuclear processes

(Spring-8) 33 Parity Mixing in Nuclei

Interaction between Neutral Current Boson and Meson (Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction) Z0 : Neutral Current Boson Standard Nucleon-Nucleon Interaction Interaction between Z0 and Mesons.

The interaction can be determined by polarized LCS gamma-rays. Fujiwara, J. Phys. G (2006). 34 35 (M. Fujiwara) Nuclear Astrophysics

High energy photons with 8-10 MeV create new isotopes

H S upernova Explosion H M assive S tar H H e C O /N e M g/Si Fe

N ucleosynthsis Seed N uclues N ew nucleus

Supernova Residual: Cassiopeia A P hoton N eutron N eutron There are many new isotopes. Photon JAEA-NAO team found a piece of evidence for such the nucleosynthesis. Hayakawa, Phys. Rev. Lett. (2004)

Photonuclear reaction rates are important for theoretical verification. 36 T.Hayakawa (T. Hayakawa) 37 Nuclear Cosmochronometer

Reaction rates are important for evaluation of the initial abundance. 187Re

β - decay p- process T1 / 2 =44Gy Os 185 186 187 188 189 187 Os s s+decay s+r s+r 186 4.4 x 10 1 0y 184 185 187 Re 186m Method using long-lived s+r s+r radioactivity to measure time from W 183 184 185 186 material production to the present s+r s+r r s- process post r- process Neutron capture reaction rate using nuclear reactor Photonuclear reaction rate Hayakawa, Astrophys. J (2005). using LCS gamma-rays at AIST Shizuma, Phys. Rev. C (2005). 38 Transmutation of actinide by photo-fission

For example, the transmutation of Np by neutron induced nuclear fission, fission fragments with wide masses near A=120 remain. One serious RI is 129I with a long half-life. Can we control the fission mode by selecting a special mode of fission ?

One possible route is to use Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (N F R)

It is well known that there are the second-, and third-potential in addition to the first potential in actinide nuclei, when we consider the fission processes. One can use the coupling mechanism between the levels in the first- and second potentials. Theoretically, it is predicted that the mass distribution of the fission fragment is different from those of the usual neutron induced fission fragments. Potential barrier and photo-fission

Horizontal axis: nuclear deformation, Feasibility test by photon-beams from F E L Back-Compton photons Vertical axis: depth of potential. are an interesting research subject. We irradiate 4 MeV photons to a stable nucleus with a deformation 0. Then, the levels in the first potential with 0 Parity mixing may also play a role ! deformation are excited. The excited levels couple to the vibration level in the Idea comes from by Dr. Nishio of JAERI. second potential, inducing an abnormal 39 photo-fission mode. Shizuma 32 Possible layout in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

9Fuel assemblies are transported from the storage to the measurement cell. 9All the process is done in the water pool.

water pool upper level spent fuel

J-ray Ge detector

rack transport

J-ray source measurement spent fuel storage lower level cell 40 (Hajima et al) 40 Possible layout in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant

Detectors are located outside the pool in measurement rooms where people can go inside when SF is not in the measurement point. SF pool water

concrete wall dump

water

concrete wall concrete wall

water

Measurement Measurement Room Room (Hajima et al) concrete wall concrete wall

Linac / Laser A rea Spent Fuel Assembly 41 /&6ȖUD\V 41 Gamma-driven Neutron beams Photonuclear Reactions : Neutron yield (J,n) ļ QJ)

(J,n) (n,J)

n E Bn n Bn A-1 A

many cascades EJ = Bn + ' E

A A+1

Cross sections and resonances unknown Many studies ĺOHYHOGHQVLWLHVDWBn *n, *J

42 (Habs) Gamma-driven micro-neutron beams

6 MeV 2 E = 6 MeV A = 240 E 75 eV J rec 2˜240˜103 MeV

v 1 m , v 7˜103 c 4˜10 4 s

(compensate by fast centrifuge)

low background focus En = 300 meV

10 m elliptic mirror, supermirrors: 104 Ni layers, also for hot electrons

Expected optimum flux from reactor: 109 cm±2 s±1, diameter ~ 1 mm photo nuclear: 1014 s±1, diameter ~ 10Pm ĺ 1018 cm±2 s±1, diameter ~ 10 Pm Even 102 times higher flux would open up many new applications.

P. Böni, NIM A 586, 1 (2008); 59DOLFX3%|QL³)RFXVLQJQHXWURQEHDPVWRVXE-PPVL]H´1,0WREHSXEOLVKHG 43 (Habs) Laser-driven Cold Neutron experiments

44 (D. Habs) NRF + radioactive nuclei ELI (Extreme Light Infrastructure) Nuclear Pillar APOLLON laser + J beam

Dense radioactive target of neutron-deficient nuclei

T1/2 •V

(D. Habs) 45 Relativity Helps Acceleration (for Ions, too!)

Strong fields: rectifies laser to longitudinal fields

In relativistic regime, photon x electrons and even protons couple stronger.

(Tajima, 1999 @LLNL; Esirkepov et al., PRL,2004) 46 Beyond intensity 1024W/cm2 ions move relativistically like e-

Relativistic and monoenergetic ion beam may constitute compact colliders of ions ĺQCD vacuum exploration

(Bulanov et al, 2004)47 PHENIX PRL 97, 052301 (2006) Horner (STAR) QM2006 Trigger Trigger 2.5

0-12% J. Ulery (2007) Au+Au 0-5% PHENIX ‡ Broadened and maybe double humped structure on the away- side in 2-particle correlations. ‡ Could be caused by: near near ± Large angle gluon radiation (Vitev and Polsa and Salgado). ± Deflected jets, due to flow (Armesto, Salgado and Wiedemann) and/or path Medium Medium length dependent energy loss (Chiu away away and Hwa). Deflected Jets Conical Emission ± Hydrodynamic conical flow from mach cone shock-waves (Stoecker, Casalderrey-Solanda, Shuryak and Teaney, Renk, Ruppert and Muller). ± Cerenkov gluon radiation (Dremin, Koch). ‡ Three-particle correlations to 48 distinguish them. PHENIX Results: Nuclear Wake 'I* Projections

J. Ulery (2007) v2 subtracted $MLWDQDQG 3+(1,; +3,:&)¶

v2 subtracted Au+Au 10-20%

2-particle dominated 2-particle dominated

v2 and 2-particle subtracted Deflected

Mach-cone

‡ Shape consistent with simulated mach-cone. PHENIX ‡ 3-particle/2-particle ~ 1/3, very large 49 ± Residual background? PRL 97, 052301 (2006) summary ‡ Contemporary problems to solve in front of us ‡ Ultrfast intense laser: introduces new ways to revitalize nuclear physics ‡ Laser Compton Ȗ-rays: first and main access to photonuclear physics ‡ Laser allows: pump and probe in zs regimes of nuclear UHDFWLRQV µVWUHDNLQJ¶REVHUYDWLRQ laser and Ȗbeams collaborate toward marriage of two disciplines of science for new nuclear physics ‡ Transform nuclear physics with clear specific control: basic science and applications ‡ Ȗbeam can drive compact cold neutron beams ‡ New fundamental physics approach by the combination of intense laser + brilliant Ȗbeam: s.a. vacuum physics ‡ Nuclear fuel monitoring and waste verification

50 Pascal Lecture Plan (tentative, need your feedback) ‡ 2FW)LUVW/HFWXUH *HQHUDO ³/DVHU Acceleration and High Field Science: 1979- ´ ‡ 1RY6HFRQG/HFWXUH³/DVHU(OHFWURQ $FFHOHUDWLRQDQGLWV)XWXUH´ ‡ 'HF7KLUG/HFWXUH³/DVHU,RQ$FFHOHUDWLRQ´ ‡ -DQXDU\³5HODWLYLVWLF(QJLQHHULQJ´ ‡ 0DUFK³3KRWRQXFOHDU3K\VLFV´ ‡ $SULO³+LJK)LHOG6FLHQFH´ ‡ 0D\³0HGLFDO$SSOLFDWLRQV´ ‡ ««

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