Passion for Science 2019

The discovery of new heavy elements

Mikhail ITKIS, Yuri OGANESSIAN

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Experiment 208Pb

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15-year long assault on the “Islands of Stability” 1970-1985

Los Alamos (USA) Berkeley (USA) Dubna (JINR) Oak Ridge (USA) Mainz (Germany) Darmstadt (Germany) Orsay (France) Würenlingen (Switzerland) Tokyo (Japan) some later The task of every laboratory was:

To find the method of producing

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The problem of artificial synthesis of SHE is related with reaction of synthesis Reactions of synthesis

Act.+48Ca Cold fusion

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o shoal of r deformed p nuclei 108 target from N Th U“peninsula” 90 Pu WN NE W peninsula Pb SW continent Neutron capture 126142 146162 nneutroneutron number 184 Reaction channels in the collisions of heavy ions Double arm Time-of-Flight spectrometer CORSET

The study of binary channel of heavy-ion-induced reactions (fusion-fission, quasifission and deep-inelastic processes).

Time resolution 150-180 ps ToF base 10-30 cm ToF arm rotation 15°-165° range Solid angle 100 -200 msr Angular resolution 0.3° Mass resolution 2-4 u Cold fusion reactions

208 50 258 208 58 266 208 86 294 208 136 344 Pb + Ti → Rf Pb + Fe → Hs Pb + Kr → 118 Pb + Xe → 136 E /E = 1.03 E /E = 1.05 E /E = 1.09 E /E = 1.00 c.m. Bass c.m. Bass c.m. Bass c.m. Bass Z Z = 1804 Z Z = 2132 400 Z Z = 2952 500 Z Z = 4428 300 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

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300 400 200 250 350 TKE (MeV) 150 200 300 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 50 100 150 200 100 150 200 Fragment mass (u) Hot fusion reactions 48 232 280 48 238 286 48 244 292 48 248 296 Ca + Th → Ds Ca + U → Cn Ca + Pu → Fl Ca + Cm → Lv E /E = 1.06 E /E = 1.02 E /E = 1.03 E /E = 1.00 c.m. Bass c.m. Bass c.m. Bass c.m. Bass Z Z = 1800 Z Z = 1840 Z Z = 1880 Z Z = 1920 300 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

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100 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 50 100 150 200 250 Fragment mass (u) Reaction of synthesis artificial element made in high flux nuclear reactor

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48 292288 from 244 to separator accelerator Ca Pu FlFl projectiles rare and very n n expensive isotope of Ca fusion & cooling Isotope Isotope Facility Targets enrichment (%) 233U SM-3 99.97 238U -

237 48 Np SM-3 99.3 Ca -beam 242Pu SM-3 99.98 Energy: 244Pu HFIR 98.6 235-250 MeV 243Am SM-3 / HFIR 99.9 Intensity: 1.0-1.2 pμA 245Cm SM-3 / HFIR 98.7 248Cm HFIR 97.4 Consumption: 0.5 mg/h 249Bk HFIR 97.3

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Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna, Ru TARGET have beenproduced in 250 daysirradiation at HFIR (ORNL 22 mgof

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Yu. OgOganessiananessian 20120100 A Experimental l technique ε=0.5 mm·mrad position sensitive strip detectors “veto”ΔE=0.5 detectors eV TOF-detectors Dubna side Gas detectors Filled SH Recoil recoils recoils Separator 48Ca-ions gas-filled detector chamber station

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TheoryTheory: I. Muntian, Z. Patyk, and A. Sobiczewski 12.0 Phys. At. Nucl. 66, (2003) Z-evenZ-even 118

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106 110 Alpha decay energy (MeV) Exp:Exp. 8.0 Z-evenZ-even

7.0 260 270 280 29 0 300 Atomic mass number Spontaneous fission even-even isotopes 16 Th. 14 N=152 N84=1 R. Smolańczuk, PR. C 56 (1997) 12 812 10
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A/Z Setup Laboratory Publications

283112 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A32, 251 (2007)

283112 COLD PSI-FLNR (JINR) NATURE 447, 72 (2007)

286, 287114 BGS LBNL (Berkeley) P.R. Lett. 103, 132502 (2009)

288, 289114 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 104, 252701 (2010)

292, 293116 SHIP GSI Darmstadt Eur. Phys. J. A48, 62 (2012)

287, 288115 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 111, 112502 (2013)

293, 294117 TASCA GSI – Mainz P.R. Lett. 112, 172501 (2014)

292, 293116 GARIS RIKEN Tokyo Accelerator Progress Rep. (2013)

Super heavy islanders and their daughter products are a large family of the 55 new neutron-rich isotopes with unique properties. $%##

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80 120 130140150 160 170 180 190 ith Z > 40% larger than that of Bi, the heaviest stable element, we see an impressive extension in nuclear survivability.

Although SHN are at the limits of Coulomb stability, • shell stabilization lowers ground-state energy, • creates a fission barrier, • and thereby enables SHN to exist. . The fundamentals of the modern theory concerning the mass limits of nuclear matter have obtained experimental verification

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• Where are the super heavy elements located
in the Periodic Table?

• Are they similar to their light homologues?

• Where is the boundary of the Periodic Table and how many elements can it contain? Where are the super heavy elements located in the Periodic Table?

Are they similar to their light homologues?

Where is the boundary of the Periodic Table and how many elements can it contain? Decay modes and the half-lives of the isotopes with Z ≥ 110    
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* Search for superheavies What is the next step? Ti, Cr, Ni,Z Fe = 120 ?0

Still far from the “island of stability” !!!

What is the next double magic Z = 114

superheavy nucleus? 184

“Inverse” quasifission can be used to produce new neutron-rich SHE FUTURE

SHE Superheavy Elements (SHE) Factory – the Goals

 Experiments at the extremely low (σ<100 fb) cross sections: • Synthesis of new SHE in reactions with 50Ti, 54Cr ...(119, 120); • Shaping of the region of SHE (synthesis of new isotopes of SHE); • Study of decay properties of SHE; • Study of excitation functions.

 Experiments requiring high statistics: • Nuclear spectroscopy of SHE; • Precise mass measurements; • Study of chemical properties of SHE.  <-(+5
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Test experiments I:

Test of functionalities of all the systems of the accelerator and gas-filled separator 40Ar+natDy and 18O+208Pb

Test experiments II: 48Ca+242Pu and 48Ca+243Am 1. Enough material to prepare “big” targets 2. Well-studied in previous experiments 3. Relatively large cross sections

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249Cf(50Ti,3-4n)295,296120 251Cf(50Ti,3-4n)297,298120 248Cm(54Cr,3-4n)298,299120 Descendants 294Og, 290,291Lv, 284–286Fl are known

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First experiment

Production of the isotope 288Mc (Z=115) in reaction:

243Am + 48Ca.

243 Am – target 30-50 mg 48 Са – beam intensity 5 pµA. Beam time 50 days

April 2019 Demonstration experiment 290 289  Mc   286 285   Nh   Rare reaction 281   Rg  channels Rare decays leading to SHE  289   Mt  EC
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Production of the isotope 287Fl (Z=114) in reaction:

242Pu + 48Ca.

242 Pu – target 30-50 mg 48 Са – beam intensity 5 pµA. Beam time 50 days

July 2019

Yuri Oganessian “Heaviest Nuclei”, ENPC-2018, Sep. 02-07, 2018, Bologna, Italy Eka-Mercury and Eka-Lead (relativistic effect) with ~ 500 events of the 283Cn and ~100 events of 287Fl we would like to have a temperature distribution of the [Cn·Au] and [Fl·Au] compounds

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