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Fall 2002

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Patrick Shaver lead to destructive crown fires. ani- Rangeland Management Specialist mals and fire are increasingly used today in Inside NRCS Grazing Lands Technology Institute the development, maintenance and manage- Corvallis, Oregon ment of silvopasture systems. TAKING STOCK OF There are several production and con- 3 SOUTHERN SILVOPASTURE Silvopasture systems attempt to opti- servation reasons for using fire in silvopas- mize the production of both products ture management: and forage. Where did these concepts and 1. fuels management – This ideas come from? objective is becoming more and more impor- Grazing animals and fire played major tant and common. As across the 4 roles in the development and maintenance of country become larger and harder to contain, naturally occurring savannahs throughout fuels management is becoming a very impor- North America. A savannah is defined as a tant objective of silvopasture management. VENEER MILL vegetative cover type comprised of open- The main objective of fuels management is ON WHEELS grown or shrubs with an understory to control the amount, structure and distribu- composed primarily of grasses and grass- tion of fuels available for wildfires. By man- like plants. Savannahs were typically void of aging these characteristics of available fuels, dense woody undergrowth made up of the frequency and severity of wildfires can be shrubs and young trees that are commonly greatly reduced. The reduction of fuel loads, found in the fire-protected and wood- developing discontinuities in the fuel beds lands of today. Silvopasture systems create a and eliminating ladder fuels are the main EQUIP YOUR LAND AND vegetative structure, similar to the historical goals in silvopasture fuels management WATER WITH EQIP savannahs, that can carry a ground fire but schemes. 6 does not have the heavy fuel loads that often see FIRE on page 7 NAC Director’s Corner A commentary on the status of by Center Director, Dr. Greg Ruark

Silvopasture is on the mooooooove!

his issue of Inside Agroforestry again visits the topic of sil- Enhancement Program (FLEP), can be used to foster the adoption vopasture. In the past few years the demand for and recog- of silvopasture; 4) silvopasture systems are increasingly valued by Tnition of silvopasture has grown tremendously, especially landowners for their potential to diversify on- income by pro- in the southeastern United States, where southern pine and forage viding for an annual income from grazing, while trees are grown systems composed of both cool and warm season grasses are for long-term profits; 5) managed silvopasture systems are at a being successfully blended on the land. This growth is due to sev- low risk for catastrophic fire due to their low understory fuel loads eral factors: 1) numerous workshops have been conducted to train and the low stocking density of trees which are often arrayed in natural resource professionals and landowners in the region along widely spaced rows; and 6) regional markets for high quality with 2) specific effort to train faculty at the 1890 Universities; 3) veneer and sawtimber softwood logs continue to expand. two cost-share programs in the new Farm Bill, the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Land

Workshop partici- 3rd Annual pants received both classroom instruction 1890 University and hands-on Faculty Training examples. Workshop on Agroforestry

o date, three 1890 faculty agro- workshops have been Theld at Alabama A&M University. The first workshop was held in June 2000 and provided a gen- are provided a eral overview of all agroforestry prac- detailed technical workbook, videotapes, tices. The following year focused on the Forestry Commission (Outreach ), and a CD ROM with corresponding Power technical design of riparian forest buffers for Auburn University, and the U.S. Forest Point slide presentations. Funding is provid- water quality. The third workshop was held Service. Many of the participants at this ed to defray the cost of participation. this June and focused on the technical design year’s workshop noted the increasing This year’s workshop was designed and of silvopasture systems, that combine timber demand for goat products in the Southeast coordinated by the USDA National production with grazing of under- due to the influx of immigrants from cul- Agroforestry Center. Additional funding was story forage. Silvopasture is especially tures where goats are a primary source of provided by the USDA Forest Service, attractive to minority and limited resource food and other products. Faculty from eight Washington Office of Civil Rights; USDA in the Southeast who are looking for of the 1890 institutions agreed to jointly Natural Resources Conservation Service, ways to generate an annual income from write and submit a research grant proposal USDA Forest Service, Southern Research grazing, while producing high quality timber to study the potential of silvopasture sys- Station; USDA Forest Service, Region 8, for long-term profits. tems for goat production. State & Private Forestry; and the USDA This year, 27 individuals participated, The workshops are designed to enable Cooperative States Research Education and including faculty from twelve of the eigh- 1890 university faculty to incorporate agro- Extension Service, Sustainable teen 1890 universities and staff from the forestry technology into their teaching, Research and Education. Alabama Farmers Federation, the Alabama research, and extension efforts. Participants 2 Inside Agroforestry | Fall 2002 Silvopasture combines forage and livestock pro- duction, maximiz- ing the yield of Silvopasture both enterprises. Gaining Momentum in the South Kimberly Stuhr port from several groups. The bulk of the Louisiana State University Hill Farm Technology Transfer Specialist, NAC funding is used to defray the meeting cost of Research. Lincoln, Nebraska workshop participants.” Technical training Over 250 landowners attended three was primarily held in Alabama, Florida, workshops and a tour on silvopasture. The People are learning and silvopasture use Georgia, and South Carolina. At each site, good word is getting out to landowners. is growing! This year the National professionals from the local area assisted These meetings were held in Alabama, Agroforestry Center (NAC) and its conser- with training. Included among NAC’s sil- Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas and were vation partners provided technical training to vopasture cooperators are: University of sponsored by a wide array of organizations. over 300 natural resource professionals. Florida-Gainesville, Florida Cooperative For example, the Mississippi workshop was Trainees included staff from Natural co-sponsored by NRCS, Southeast RC&D, Resources Conservation Service Mississippi Cooperative Extension, US Fish (NRCS), State and County Extension, and Wildlife Service, Appropriate State Forestry and Conservation Technology Transfer for Rural Areas Agencies, 1890 Universities, (ATTRA), Federal Land Bank, and Conservation Districts, Non- Water Conservation Districts, US Forest Government Organizations (NGOs), Service and Commissioners from nine coun- private consultants, and landowners. ties, and rural fire protection. The Federation According to Jim Robinson, NAC of Southern Cooperatives in Epps, Alabama, NRCS Agroforester, “The objectives the Stephen F. Austin University and Piney of these workshops are to increase sil- RC&D in Nacodoches, Texas, spon- vopasture awareness and to encourage sored the other workshops. professionals to incorporate silvopas- Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative ture into their courses, research, exten- sponsored a July tour for landowners and sion efforts, and ultimately on the ground.” Extension Service, Auburn State University, technical assistance staff from various agen- Robinson continues, “The workshops Grazing Lands Conservation Initiative, cies at the Louisiana State University (LSU) are fine examples of how NAC works in NRCS from South Carolina, Alabama, Hill Farm Research Station near partnerships. The workshop’s are designed Florida and Georgia, Clemson University, Homer, Louisiana to see a working and coordinated by NAC with funding sup- Georgia Forestry Commission, and silvopasture system. Fall 2002 | Inside Agroforestry 3 t’s got everything that a normal veneer plant has,” says Will Possinger, Jr., of Lincoln Industrial ICorporation, Inc. in Port Angeles, Washington. He continues, “It’s efficient to operate even while other mills have shut down.” Possinger is the owner of this “one-of-a-kind mill and has received a lot of positive response from interested producers. He is proud of the mill, which has quickly become a model for others. Currently, good quality hybrid poplar is being used for high-valued molding, paneling, and furniture stock. While low-quality poplar is being sold for $30 or less per green ton for pulp. This new veneer mill can take low-quality, unpruned logs and produce veneer sheets. Possinger says that the price for veneer is down right now, but typically four-foot veneer sells for $140 to $200 per green ton. a Veneer Mill on Wheels by Gary Kuhn, NAC NRCS Agroforester, Spokane, Washington

The portable veneer mill produces peeled four-foot Easy access and the -wide veneer at the harvesting site and eliminates the high quality trees need for long distance trucking of raw material. The mill can easily peel cottonwood, hybrid poplar, grown in silvopasture Douglas fir, ponderosa pine, larch, and hemlock. It is systems make constructed on a 26-foot semi-truck trailer and is ideal for entering poplar and silvopasture sites. It harvesting or handles logs as small as five-inch diameter cut to four- using a foot lengths, producing 48-inch by 54-inch veneer. The mill recovery rate ranges from 60 to 75 percent. The portable veneer mill remaining core, after peeling, can be used for fencing, an attractive option , handicrafts, or ground for fiber products. According to Possinger, under normal conditions, the Pacific Northwest consumes 240 loads of veneer core per day. Currently, the veneer panels that this portable mill produces are shipped to a company in Eugene, Oregon to produce finished red alder products. The waste from the veneer production is used for corrugated cardboard, and can be used for bulk fuel and pellet fuels. Questions on mill operation and production capa- bilities should be directed to Doug Erickson, Erickson Products, Port Angeles, Washington, phone (360) 452-3680 email [email protected].

4 Inside Agroforestry | Fall 2002 , Trees and Leo Hollinger A Winning Combination

Joan Love Smith depending on the growth and the markets. Hollinger is convinced that having trees USDA Natural Resources Conservation With wide spacing and good fertilization, in his is much better than open pas- Service, Auburn, Alabama we expect faster growth than what we ture for what he wants to do. “It is going to would get on a regular . The trees be real pretty out here in 10, or 15, or 20 He is a cattleman. He is a . will be shorter than in a traditional pine years. It will look like a park,” he explains. He is a sportsman, a conservationist, and a plantation, but they will be fatter.” “I plan to remove trees to create 32 foot by gardner. He is an innovator who likes to “Our pasture is predominantly common 32 foot spacing and they will really do some explore different ways to do things. He is Bermuda and Tifton 9 Bahia grass with a lot growing.” Alabama farmer Leo Hollinger. of volunteer rye grass and crimson clover,” Conservationist Leo Hollinger explains Leo was one of the first cattlemen in Hollinger continued. “We plowed the field “To my way of thinking, these wide row Alabama to integrate trees with livestock and attempted to establish the Bahia grass spaced pine trees with the grass between through silvopasture. This practice can pro- by overseeding with a conventional planting them will be better for wildlife. The grass is vide multiple benefits to landowners if man- drill. We will graze the pasture until the end going to hold more soil in place. The water aged properly. Trees in a livestock operation of February, then plant trees, then cut some coming off the grass will be cleaner than if can reduce the stress on livestock and main- hay from it, hoping that the clover will we had just a solid stand of real thick pine tain forage production. A landowner who reseed to continue the process. The trees are trees with pine straw on the ground.” includes trees in the forage system can pro- planted in rows 32 feet apart.” Wildlife is a major objective of duce additional income from Hollinger’s. Turkey and the land by selling timber, are plentiful on the property Christmas trees, or nut and and he trades turkey and deer fruit crops; or from commer- hunting rights on his land for cial wildlife or recreational duck hunting rights on land opportunities provided by the owned by some of his friends. trees. He also is looking toward Sid Brantly, NRCS some non-consumptive uses Regional Grazing Land such as wildlife viewing and Coordinator and Raleigh photography. and Wilkerson, ALFA Director trees are located for ease of for Bee, , Goat, and viewing the species as they Ratites (ostriches, emus, etc), cross the land. He does not has worked with Hollinger to plan to exclude hunting but get his silvopasture operation will take advantage of this up and running. They visited additional use of his natural the research farm at resources. Louisiana State University To provide a little spend- (LSU) where they found that ing money for the children silvopasture could be profitable and could and to help them experience the benefits of enhance the aesthetics and value of the prop- “Once we get into farming, Hollinger has planted watermelons erty. production and the trees are in alleys between rows of pine trees (alley “When we returned,” Hollinger cropping). explains, “I planted 40 acres of pine marketable, we expect a Leo Hollinger and his wife, Jeannie, a seedlings in our pasture. Next year I will good cash flow because we county extension agent, enjoy their life in plant 25 or 30 acres and I will continue to the country. They have a wonderful family, plant until all my open land is in pines. The will have trees ready to thin a beautiful home, and their land. Their trees are genetically improved second-gener- or harvest every year or legacy is one of good stewardship – to ation loblolly pine developed by a local every other year depending leave their land better than they found it paper company to fit our particular site. and to pass it on to their children and Once we get into production and the trees on the growth and the grandchildren. are marketable, we expect a good cash flow markets,” – Leo Hollinger Reprinted from: Grazing Lands because we will have trees ready to thin or Round-Up, Volume 8, July 2000. harvest every year or every other year

Fall 2002 | Inside Agroforestry 5 Are You EQIP’d? EQIP Helps Producers Use Silvopasture Technology to Protect Forests and Water

Frank Gariglio Soldiers Project began with an shed planning committee recognized these NRCS , Lewiston, Idaho area water assessment publication. In 2000, problems and the opportunities available to because of the large amount of Nez Perce restore health and diversity of the forest and Tribe ownership, this watershed received capitalize on the grazing resources using sil- Ranchers and forest landowners should funding utilizing EQIP dollars that were set vopasture technology. Today, almost 25 per- look seriously at how they can utilize the aside for tribal use. The project was set up as cent of the eligible lands in the area are Environmental Quality Incentives Program a geographic priority area. The local Natural under EQIP contract. (EQIP) for silvopasture systems. EQIP is a Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Mike McCann is a private landowner in voluntary USDA conservation program to office began developing Resource the treatment area. Mike manages almost treat identified soil, water, and related natural Management System (RMS) plans and 3,000 acres of forestland for livestock graz- resource concerns on eligible land. It pro- awarding contracts that year. ing and timber production goals. Through vides technical and financial assistance with This 50,000-acre "watershed" is com- EQIP contract financial assistance and with up to 75 percent cost-share on conservation posed of the upper drainage of several NRCS technical guidance, Mike is actively practices. A landowner may also receive streams that eventually empty into Idaho's restoring his forests with and incentive payments for implementing land Salmon, Snake, and Clearwater Rivers. The thinning. He commonly applies pre-com- management conservation practices impor- area consists of forestland on a high eleva- mercial thinning and tree harvesting on a tant to improving and maintaining the health tion plateau, owned and operated primarily block of land and immediately seeds the area of natural resources in the area. by the Idaho Fish & Game, Nez Perce Tribe, to a grass mixture for cattle grazing. By fol- Eligible land includes cropland, range- and private non-industrial landowners. The lowing these guidelines, Mike controls the land, pasture, private non-industrial forest- Soldiers Meadows area of Idaho is charac- spacing, species selection, and vigor of his land, and other farm or lands. Sixty terized by gentle topography and historically forest trees while at the same time increasing percent of EQIP dollars must be spent on large amounts of old growth ponderosa pine livestock production opportunities. This sil- livestock related issues. EQIP’s authorized forests. In the early 1900s, this area was one vopasture application reduces the fire danger budget of $6.1 billion over six years starts of the first to have large-scale . Over and increases opportunities for short and with $400 million in fiscal year 2002 and the years preferential and frequent harvesting long-term economic return from livestock increases to $1.3 billion in fiscal year 2006. resulted in a shift to late seral species and tree production. The decision on which practices will be (Douglas-fir, grand fir) in most of the stands Mike's relationship with the USDA funded is made locally. and a loss of genetic diversity. Additionally, serves as a model for other landowners in the An Idaho Example nearly a century of fire exclusion has added project area. The other contract holders (both As we in the western United States are tremendous fuel loads to this area. private and Tribal owners) are also applying very much aware, maintaining forest health, The "Maloney Creek" fire, the largest pri- pre-commercial thinning and tree planting, protecting watershed and riparian areas, and vate-land wildland fire in Idaho in 2000, but Mike is specifically addressing timber reducing fire hazards is a priority on public burned to the southern boundary of the pro- and livestock production in a very intensive lands. Since watersheds don't follow clear ject area. That event raised the level of way. Mike is also putting in cross fences, property lines, these issues also impact pri- awareness in the project area to the threat of water developments, and other practices. vate landowners. It only makes sense that wide spread forest fires. Threats of large- This project is a joint effort between the private landowners are also dealing with the scale, high intensity wildland fires could Natural Resources Conservation Service, the same issues and are trying to implement adversely impact the hydrologic function of Nez Perce Soil and Water Conservation resource management systems to achieve the lower stream reaches of all the water- District, Idaho Fish & Game, Idaho similar objectives. courses that originate in the Soldiers Department of Lands, and the Nez In 1999 a project area was designated to Meadows area, severely impacting efforts to Perce Tribe (Forestry and Land apply many of the same solutions that the restore native steelhead and salmon runs in Services Departments). public land management agencies use. The the lower portions of the streams. The water-

6 Inside Agroforestry | Fall 2002 5. Forage quantity and quality improvement – Another Fire common objective of prescribed burning is improvement of forage continued from page 1 quality. Prescribed burning is often used to remove old decadent growth. This allows the fresh new growth to be readily available to 2. Maintenance of tree densities – Prescribed burning may the grazing or browsing animal. When applied with a planned graz- be applied to enhance or retard reproduction of targeted tree species. ing management scheme that provides proper timing of grazing after When natural reproduction is desired, fire can be an effective tool in the fire, both forage quantity and quality are improved. The perfor- timing and completeness of regeneration. mance of the grazing animals is also improved by more and better 3. Management of unwanted woody and herbaceous forage. plants – One of the most common objectives for using prescribed 6. Improvement of grazing distribution – Prescribed burning burning is the control of unwanted vegetation. Prescribed fire, when can be used to remove vegetative barriers to grazing and browsing properly planned and applied, can effectively suppress or kill animals, making more area accessible to the animal. Prescribed unwanted plants in established tree stands. Most unwanted woody burning can also be used to erase the “land memory” of past grazing plants can be controlled by the use of fire. Most non-sprouting or browsing patterns by making forages of the same species, equally species can be killed by a fire that will not harm the existing estab- palatable. lished trees. Sprouting species can be managed to minimize compe- All of the above conservation and production objectives may be tition and enhance production of established species. The need for integrated into an overall plan of grazing and wood product harvest- herbicides and mechanical treatments to control unwanted vegetation ing. The proper planning and application of prescribed burning relies can be greatly reduced through the use of fire. When combined with on the development of prescription parameters that time the environ- a grazing management plan, both unwanted woody and herbaceous mental conditions and vegetation characteristics to achieve the plants can be managed effectively and economically. desired results. Prescriptions must be specific to the objectives and 4. Management of insect and disease pests – Insect and dis- situation of the landowner. Assistance should be obtained in the ease pests on trees, forage and livestock can be managed in a very development and application of prescribed burns. Assistance may be similar way as are unwanted plant pests. The use of prescribed fire, available from your local Natural Resources Conservation Service timed to the life cycle of the insect or disease, can be a very effective (NRCS) office, County Extension Service office, state forestry control method. This may be especially true when combined with agency and/or USDA Forest Service, US Fish and Wildlife grazing management that breaks parasite and host organism cycles. Service, and non governmental organizations such as The Chemical and mechanical methods to manage pests can be greatly Nature Conservancy or Audubon Society. reduced when combined with fire.

8th North American Agroforestry Conference Agroforestry and Riparian Buffers for Land Productivity and Environmental Stability June 23-25, 2003 Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon

Conference emphasis is on opportunities for sustainable crop production in managed Coming Soon: riparian buffers and planted forests (nontimber forest products) in the Pacific Two New Silvopasture Northwest. Sessions will be on silvopasture, alley cropping, hybrid poplar, and spe- cialty forest products. A one-day symposium is focused on design and use of riparian Agroforestry Notes forest buffers to enhance stream function and stability. Contributed papers can cover all five temperate agroforestry practices. A full-day field tour to the Willamette NAC staff are working with Oregon Valley will visit landowners who are successfully using agroforestry practices. A pre- State University on the production of two conference tour will visit agroforestry practitioners in Central Oregon. Full and par- new Agroforestry Notes that will join the tial (daily) registration rates are available. Silvopasture series. Co-sponsored by the Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA) and Oregon The first of the Notes will present oper- State University College of Forestry. The North American Agroforestry biennial con- ational experiences with afforesting pastures ference has been held since 1989. in the more humid maritime zone. The sec- ond Note will emphasize conversion of Once details are finalized, the first conference announcement and call for papers will forested land into silvopasture in the more be circulated by e-mail. To add your name to the contact list, e-mail Miles Merwin, AFTA President, at [email protected] arid ponderosa pine and mixed conifer zone of the interior western US and Canada. Additional information will be posted on AFTAs website: Watch for these Notes in your www.missouri.edu/~afta/Whats_New mailbox in 2003.

Fall 2002| Inside Agroforestry 7 PRSRT STD POSTAGE & FEES PAID Inside Agroforestry | Fall 2002 USDA — FS PERMIT NO G-40 National Agroforestry Center East Campus-UNL Lincoln, Nebraska 68583-0822 Official Business

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tact the Secretary of Agriculture, Washington, DC 20250. DC Washington, Agriculture, of Secretary the tact Spokane, WA phone: 509-358-7946 phone: WA Spokane,

Any person who believes he or she has been discriminated against in any USDA-related activity should immediately con- immediately should activity USDA-related any in against discriminated been has she or he believes who person Any Gary Kuhn, NRCS Agroforester Agroforester NRCS Kuhn, Gary

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the remainder of fiscal year 2002. year fiscal of remainder the Science & Soil Science. Science. Soil & Science Indianapolis, Indianapolis, and Marketing Conference. Conference. Marketing and Cape Cape

NAC’s budget has been restricted for restricted been has budget NAC’s American Society of Agronomy Crop Crop Agronomy of Society American Special Forest Products Production Production Products Forest Special

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