DOCSLIB.ORG

Domestication and Commercialization of Non-Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Domestication and Commercialization of Non-Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems \ 0-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 9 /iDomestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations \01-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS 9 Domestication and commercialization of non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems Proceedings of an international conference held in Nairobi, Kenya 19-23 February 1996 edited by R.R.B. Leakey, A.B. Temu, M. Melnyk and P. Vantomme 41191 IIIFw ICRAF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 1996 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, cityor area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-37 ISBN 92-5-103935-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Director, Information Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale dell e Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. 0 FAO 1996 Foreword The International Conference on Domestication and Commercialization of Non- Timber Forest Products in Agroforestry Systems, hosted by ICRAF, was held inNairobi, Kenya, from 19 to 23 February 1996. This was the first world-level meeting tobe held exclusively to draw attention to issues dealing with domestication and commercializationof non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems. Coordinated by ICRAF, a number of international and national agencies, namely: FAO, IUFRO, Unesco, the Australian Centre for InternationalAgricultural Research, the British Development Division in Eastern Africa, the Centre Technique deCoopération Agricole et Rurale, the International Foundation for Science, the Ministryof Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, the Overseas Development Administration - ForestryResearch Programme, the United States Agency for International Development,and the International Society of Tropical Foresters, collaborated in this undertaking byproviding funds, background materials and papers, by sponsoring participants and/or bydirect attendance. The outcome of the Conference was substantial, with clearrecommendations for action. We have pleasure in sharing it with all interested persons andinstitutions. We wish to take this opportunity to acknowledge with thanksthe contribution of all those who attended the Conference and their active participationin the discussions, which made this meeting a remarkable success. We also wish to thank allthose who collaborated with, and supported the efforts of, ICRAF in organizing thisConference. Special thanks are also due to the Chairpersons of the five working groups (C.Kleinn, C.K. Mwamba, V. Shah, F. Sinclair and I. Kone) and the respective rapporteurs (R.Kindt, D. Kiambi, J. Were, I. Dawson and P. Rudebjer). We fully appreciate thecontribution of R. Leakey, A. Temu, M. Melnyk and P. Vantomme in reviewing and editing theConference report. Finally, we wish to thank M. Kimenye and H. Abdalla for their hard workretyping the manuscripts, D. Odanga for the design and layout, and H. van Houtenand K. Kebaara for editorial support. No doubt, the perspectives on domestication and commercializationof non-timber forest products in agroforestry systems, as they emerged from thediscussions at the Conference, and the light they throw on how to address issuesdealing with resource assessment, indigenous knowledge, product development,socio-economic benefits, environmental impact, and institutional and policy aspects, willhelp national and international agencies in designing and implementing their activities onnon-timber forest products. ICRAF and FAO are committed to pursue theoutcome/of the Conference and to support the implementation of its recommendations, itycollaboration with partneragencies and countries. e Karl-Hermann Schmincke Director Forest Products Division Forestry Department iv International Centre for Research in Agroforestry Countries participating in ICRAF's ecoregional programmes. The International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), established in 1977, isan autonomous, non-profit making research body supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). Its goal is to help mitigate tropical deforesta- tion, land depletion and rural poverty through improved agroforestry systems. ICRAF's objectives are to conduct strategic and applied research, in partnership with national institutions, aimed at developing appropriate agroforestry technologies for more sustainable and productive land use; to strengthen national capacities to conduct agroforestry research; to encourage inter-institutional collaboration; and to promote training, education, information and dissemination activities in agroforestry. ICRAF has research activities in 20 countries in Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia, and dissemination activities in very many more countries. ICRAF works in six ecoregions: the humid lowlands of West Africa, the humid tropics of Latin America, the humid tropics of Southeast Asia, the sub-humid plateau of southern Africa, the highlands of East Africa and the semi-arid lowlands of West Africa. ICRAF's activities are conducted through four research and three dissemination programmes: Natural Resource Strategies and Policy, Domestication of Agroforestry Trees, TreeCropEnvironment Interactions, Systems Improvement, Training, Educa- tion and Information. The objectives of ICRAF's Domestication of Agroforestry Trees Programme are to improve the genetic quality of agroforestry trees by collecting, evaluating and selecting germplasm for compatible production of food, fodder, fuelwood, timber and other products with companion crops, and for providing environmental services such as soil conservation and the amelioration of soils. ICRAF is governed by a Board of Trustees, which has equal representation from developed and developing countries. Financial support for ICRAF's research, training and information activities is provided by 32 donors V THE FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS(FAO) International organizations have major roles to play in fostering the protection and wise management of the world's forests and related natural resources. The forestry mission of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations is to enhance the contribution of trees and forests to global human well-being. This mission is carried out through three medium-term objectives, each of which are equally important and are simultaneously pursued,asfollows:(i)the environmental objectiveisthe maintenance of the biological diversity, health and other environmental services of forest ecosystems and wooded lands; (ii) the economic objective is the realization of the full economic potential of the multiple goods and services of forests and wooded lands, without impairing their productive or protective capacities; (iii) the social objective is the increase of public participation in decision-making and the sharing of costs and benefits of trees and forests while facilitating the resolution of conflicts and promoting collaboration among interest groups. The FAO forestry programme constitutes among the largest bodies of international forestry and related natural resources expertise available inthe world.Itincludes some 80 full-time professional staff with a diverse range of skills in forestry, wildlife resources, watershed management, agroforestry,non-wood forestproducts,genetics,economics,forest productsutilization and engineering. This broad skills-base allows the Organization to address the full environmental-economic-social spectrum of sustainable forest management. Also, linkages of the forestry programme to the agriculture, economics, fisheries and sustainable development programmes in FAO give it a multi-disciplinary, cross-sectoral strength that facilitates consideration of forestry's role in food security,rural development and land use. At the operational level,the forestry programme is supported by up to 200 contracted project professionals responsible forproviding on- site technical assistance to developing countries. In common with other UN agencies, FAO provides: a neutral forum for policy and, technical dialogue; information and knowledge; and technical assistance. Since its founding in 1945, FAO has grown to include 174 member countries. This broad membership allows FAO to address issues facing all the world's forests-boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical; forestsin developed and developing countries; dry forests and humid ones; high altitude forests and mangroves; even trees on farms and in cities. The programme "Promotion and Development of Non-Wood Forest Products (NVVFP)" at the Forest Products Division of FAO's Forestry Department, aims to enhance the value of non-wood forest products and services through improved harvesting, utilization, trade and marketing. The sustainable utilization of NWFP, combined with an equitable distribution of the benefits obtained by closely involving local people, contributes significantly to the wise management of the world's forests, to the conservation of their biodiversity and to a
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Producing Fruit Trees for Home
    Tree Fruits NC COOPERATIVE EXTENSION FORSYTH COUNTY CENTER 1450 Fairchild Road Winston-Salem NC 27105 Phone: 336-703-2850 Website: www.forsyth.cc/ces 1 Producing Tree Fruit for Home Use AG-28 Growing tree fruit in the home garden or yard can be a rewarding pastime. However, careful planning, preparation, and care of the trees are essential for success. This publication tells you what to consider before planting, how to plant your trees, and how to take care of them to ensure many seasons of enjoyment. Part 1: Planning Before Planting Fruit Selection Selecting the type of fruit to grow is the first step in tree fruit production. To begin, you need to know which tree fruit can be grown in North Carolina. Your region's climate determines the type of fruit you can grow successfully. The climate must be compatible with the growing requirements of the selected fruit crop. To take an extreme example, a tropical fruit such as the banana simply cannot survive in North Carolina. Bananas require a warmer climate and a longer growing season. Other tree fruit that may look promising in the glossy pages of mail order catalogs are also destined to fail if grown in incompatible climates. Climatic conditions vary greatly from one region to another in North Carolina, so make sure that the fruit you choose can grow successfully in your area. Table 1. Potential Tree Fruit Crops for North Carolina Fruit Location Varietal Considerations Management Most varieties will grow in North Apples Throughout North Carolina Moderate Carolina. Plant fire blight-resistant varieties Asian Pears Throughout North Carolina Moderate only.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmland Investments and Water Rights: the Legal Regimes at Stake
    Farmland Investments and Water Rights: The legal regimes at stake Makane Moïse Mbengue Susanna Waltman May 2015 www.iisd.org/gsi www.iisd.org © 2015 The International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, and management of natural and social capital, as well as the enabling role of communication technologies in these areas. We report on international negotiations and disseminate knowledge gained through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries, better networks spanning the North and the South, and better global connections among researchers, practitioners, citizens and policy-makers. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies,
    [Show full text]
  • Class Struggle, Popular Culture and the Politics of Akpeteshie (Local Gin) in Ghana, 1930-67*
    Journal of African History, 37 (1996), pp. 215-236 215 Copyright © 1996 Cambridge University Press WHAT'S IN A DRINK? CLASS STRUGGLE, POPULAR CULTURE AND THE POLITICS OF AKPETESHIE (LOCAL GIN) IN GHANA, 1930-67* BY EMMANUEL AKYEAMPONG Harvard University Wunni ntramma na wo se nsa nye de When you do not have cowry shells, you say wine is not sweet (Twi Proverb). SOCIAL revolutions or movements of popular protest often begin innoc- uously. They are initially preoccupied with 'bread-and-butter' politics and with no sophisticated ideology of class-consciousness or a desire to overturn the social order. Adherents to such movements — the weak and poor — seek to minimize the disadvantages of the 'system' for their lives.1 In the Gold Coast from the 1930s, an excellent arena for popular protest centered on African demands to distill akpeteshie (local gin). Distilled from fermented palm wine or sugar cane juice, and requiring a simple apparatus of two tins (usually four-gallon kerosene tins) and copper tubing,2 akpeteshie quickly became a lucrative industry in an era of economic depression, incorporating extensive production and retail networks. But, far from being associated with just the right to distill spirits, akpeteshie became embroiled in African politics under colonial rule as world depression, World War II and the intensification of nationalism prompted an African re-evaluation of the colonial situation. Local distillation of akpeteshie became widespread in the Gold Coast after 1930, when temperance interests secured restrictive liquor legislation raising the tariffs on imported liquor. As previous increases in import duties on liquor had not adversely affected import levels and the liquor revenues so * Research for this article was made possible by research grants from the African Development Foundation in 1991-2 and from the William F.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity Advisory Panel
    l-'" of nc/:\!IOIOO _.. _­ ... u"' "'"'" ... _ -'-- Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland w, in'... ' .....7 and Rangeland Productivity August 1982 NTIS order #PB83-125013 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-600596 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword This Nation’s impressive agricultural success is the product of many factors: abundant resources of land and water, a favorable climate, and a history of resource- ful farmers and technological innovation, We meet not only our own needs but supply a substantial portion of the agricultural products used elsewhere in the world. As demand increases, so must agricultural productivity, Part of the necessary growth may come from farming additional acreage. But most of the increase will depend on intensifying production with improved agricultural technologies. The question is, however, whether farmland and rangeland resources can sustain such inten- sive use. Land is a renewable resource, though one that is highly susceptible to degrada- tion by erosion, salinization, compaction, ground water depletion, and other proc- esses. When such processes are not adequately managed, land productivity can be mined like a nonrenewable resource. But this need not occur. For most agricul- tural land, various conservation options are available, Traditionally, however, farm- ers and ranchers have viewed many of the conservation technologies as uneconom- ical. Must conservation and production always be opposed, or can technology be used to help meet both goals? This report describes the major processes degrading land productivity, assesses whether productivity is sustainable using current agricultural technologies, reviews a range of new technologies with potentials to maintain productivity and profitability simultaneously, and presents a series of options for congressional consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry : Fact-Sheet
    Agroforestry fact sheet Agroforestry is the mixture of trees and crops in cultivated parcels. It was a traditional system in both tropical and temperate countries before agriculture intensification during the last century. Very recent results show that it may be a key option for the future of modern agriculture, including in temperate countries. 10 years ago, agroforestry was still ignored by farmers, foresters, policy makers of developed coun- tries. But times have changed. Agroforestry is an utmost example of ecological intensification : it in- creases land productivity and offers at the same time many environmental services. A French national scheme for planting half a million hectares of agroforestry during the next 25 years was based on res- ults obtained by INRA, Montpellier. A walnut – wheat agroforestry plot at the Restinclières farm, tree pruning time (left) Monitoring water sap flow through tap roots and superficial roots to document the hydraulic lift on walnut agroforestry trees (right) Increase of productivity with agroforestry The mix of trees and crops is the fundamental principle of agroforestry. INRA researchers showed that the production from one hectare of a walnut/wheat mix is the same as for 1.4 hectares with trees and crops separated. This is a 40% increase in productivity, far better than any other innovation intro- duced by agronomists in the recent past. This is achieved with an optimal 50 to 100 trees/hectare dens- ity, and an appropriate management of the system (tree line orientation, tree pruning regime, winter crops). Agroforestry trees grow very fast, faster than trees in forest plantations. Rightly associated and appropriately managed, trees and annual crops establish a synergy in the use of the vital resources of light, water and soil nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • WEAI Program 2009
    Western Economic Association International 84th Annual Conference PROGRAM The Sheraton Vancouver Wall Centre British Columbia Monday–Friday, June 29–July 3, 2009 Participating Organizations • AEA Committee on the Status of Women in the Economics Profession • American Society of Hispanic Economists • Association of Environmental and Resource Economists • Athenian Policy Forum • Chinese Economic Association of North America • Contemporary Economic Policy • Economic Inquiry • International Banking, Economics and Finance Association • International Economics and Finance Society • Korea-America Economic Association • National Association of Forensic Economics • North American Association of Sports Economists START OR RENEW YOUR MEMBERSHIP TODAY! Western Economic Association International membership offers all of these great benefits... • Individual subscriptions to both • Reduced submission fee for your quarterly journals, Economic Inquiry individual paper submitted for and Contemporary Economic Policy presentation at either conference if (includes full collection online). you choose not to organize a • Reduced registration fees for the session. Annual Conference and for the • Manuscript submission fee is Biennial Pacific Rim Conference. waived for submitting your • Opportunity to organize your own conference paper to EI or CEP if sessions for both conferences with you do so within six months after the submission fees waived for all conference. included papers. • Reduced EI and CEP manuscript • Complimentary conference regis- submission fees
    [Show full text]
  • Mushrooms Russia and History
    MUSHROOMS RUSSIA AND HISTORY BY VALENTINA PAVLOVNA WASSON AND R.GORDON WASSON VOLUME I PANTHEON BOOKS • NEW YORK COPYRIGHT © 1957 BY R. GORDON WASSON MANUFACTURED IN ITALY FOR THE AUTHORS AND PANTHEON BOOKS INC. 333, SIXTH AVENUE, NEW YORK 14, N. Y. www.NewAlexandria.org/ archive CONTENTS LIST OF PLATES VII LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT XIII PREFACE XVII VOLUME I I. MUSHROOMS AND THE RUSSIANS 3 II. MUSHROOMS AND THE ENGLISH 19 III. MUSHROOMS AND HISTORY 37 IV. MUSHROOMS FOR MURDERERS 47 V. THE RIDDLE OF THE TOAD AND OTHER SECRETS MUSHROOMIC 65 1. The Venomous Toad 66 2. Basques and Slovaks 77 3. The Cripple, the Toad, and the Devil's Bread 80 4. The 'Pogge Cluster 92 5. Puff balls, Filth, and Vermin 97 6. The Sponge Cluster 105 7. Punk, Fire, and Love 112 8. The Gourd Cluster 127 9. From 'Panggo' to 'Pupik' 138 10. Mucus, Mushrooms, and Love 145 11. The Secrets of the Truffle 166 12. 'Gripau' and 'Crib' 185 13. The Flies in the Amanita 190 v CONTENTS VOLUME II V. THE RIDDLE OF THE TOAD AND OTHER SECRETS MUSHROOMIC (CONTINUED) 14. Teo-Nandcatl: the Sacred Mushrooms of the Nahua 215 15. Teo-Nandcatl: the Mushroom Agape 287 16. The Divine Mushroom: Archeological Clues in the Valley of Mexico 322 17. 'Gama no Koshikake and 'Hegba Mboddo' 330 18. The Anatomy of Mycophobia 335 19. Mushrooms in Art 351 20. Unscientific Nomenclature 364 Vale 374 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 381 APPENDIX I: Mushrooms in Tolstoy's 'Anna Karenina 391 APPENDIX II: Aksakov's 'Remarks and Observations of a Mushroom Hunter' 394 APPENDIX III: Leuba's 'Hymn to the Morel' 400 APPENDIX IV: Hallucinogenic Mushrooms: Early Mexican Sources 404 INDEX OF FUNGAL METAPHORS AND SEMANTIC ASSOCIATIONS 411 INDEX OF MUSHROOM NAMES 414 INDEX OF PERSONS AND PLACES 421 VI LIST OF PLATES VOLUME I JEAN-HENRI FABRE.
    [Show full text]
  • Planting Power ... Formation in Portugal.Pdf
    Promotoren: Dr. F. von Benda-Beckmann Hoogleraar in het recht, meer in het bijzonder het agrarisch recht van de niet-westerse gebieden. Ir. A. van Maaren Emeritus hoogleraar in de boshuishoudkunde. Preface The history of Portugal is, like that of many other countries in Europe, one of deforestation and reafforestation. Until the eighteenth century, the reclamation of land for agriculture, the expansion of animal husbandry (often on communal grazing grounds or baldios), and the increased demand for wood and timber resulted in the gradual disappearance of forests and woodlands. This tendency was reversed only in the nineteenth century, when planting of trees became a scientifically guided and often government-sponsored activity. The reversal was due, on the one hand, to the increased economic value of timber (the market's "invisible hand" raised timber prices and made forest plantation economically attractive), and to the realization that deforestation had severe impacts on the environment. It was no accident that the idea of sustainability, so much in vogue today, was developed by early-nineteenth-century foresters. Such is the common perspective on forestry history in Europe and Portugal. Within this perspective, social phenomena are translated into abstract notions like agricultural expansion, the invisible hand of the market, and the public interest in sustainably-used natural environments. In such accounts, trees can become gifts from the gods to shelter, feed and warm the mortals (for an example, see: O Vilarealense, (Vila Real), 12 January 1961). However, a closer look makes it clear that such a detached account misses one key aspect: forests serve not only public, but also particular interests, and these particular interests correspond to specific social groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Biblical Holism and Agriculture: Cultivating Our Roots
    Book Manuscript Final Draft Title: Biblical Holism and Agriculture: Cultivating our Roots Submitted to: William Carey Library Publishing Office Submitted by Editors: David J. Evans, Ronald J. Vos, and Keith P. Wright On 03 October 2003 CONTENTS Editors and Contributors Forward Introduction Building Consensus for Biblical Holism in Agriculture David J. Evans and Keith Wright The Agriculturist and God Chapter 1: Reclaiming a Biblical Vision for Agriculture Wayne A. Kobes Chapter 2: The Worship of God through Agriculture Jesse T. Njoka The Agriculturist and Humanity Chapter 3: Social Principles for ‘Good’ Agriculture Ronald J. Vos Chapter 4: Behold I Give You: A Christian Perspective on Farming James Ball The Agriculturist and Creation Chapter 5: Production Principles for ‘Good’ Agriculture Robert De Haan Chapter 6: Enabling Creation’s Praise: Lessons in Agricultural Stewardship from Africa Harry Spaling The Agriculturist and Knowledge Chapter 7: Affinity, Dominion, and the Poverty of our Day: Calling and Task of Agri- Culture in a World That Belongs to God John H. Kok i The Agriculturist and Purpose Chapter 8: Agriculture and the Kingdom of God Darrow Miller Chapter 9: On Dams, Demons, Wells and Witches: Managing the Message of Transformational Development Bruce Bradshaw The Agriculturist and Ethics Chapter 10: The Bible as Ethical Standard for Appraising Modern Agricultural Practices Michael Oye Chapter 11: Integration Towards Ethical Agriculture: Challenges, Principles and Practice in International Perspective E. John Wibberley The Agriculturist and Economics Chapter 12: Is Our Agricultural House Built on Sand? Biblical Holism in Agriculture and the Assumption of Monotonicity in the Utility Function Kara Unger Ball Chapter 13: Redeeming Agriculture and Economics through Worldview Transformation Greg De Haan Conclusion Give Us this Day our Daily Bread: A Prayer to the First Farmer David J.
    [Show full text]
  • Reliable Fruit Tree Varieties for Santa Cruz County
    for the Gardener Reliable Fruit Tree Varieties for Santa Cruz County lanting a fruit tree is, or at least should be, a considered act involving a well thought-out plan. In a sense, you “design” a tree, or by extension, an orchard—and as tempting as it may be to grab a shovel and start digging, the Plast thing you do is plant the tree. There are many elements to the plan for successful deciduous fruit tree growing. They include, but are not limited to – • Site selection • Sanitation, particularly on the orchard floor • Soil—assessment and improvement • Weed management • Scale and diversity of the planting • Pruning/training systems • What genera and species (apple, pear, plum, • Thinning peach, etc.) and what varieties grow well in an area • Pest and disease control • Pollination • Sourcing quality trees • Irrigation • The planting hole and process • A fertility plan and associated fertilizers • Harvest and post-harvest All of the above factors comprise the jigsaw puzzle or the Rubik’s Cube of fruit growing. In essence, you must align all the colored cubes to induce smiles on the faces of both growers and consumers. This article focuses on the selection of genera, species, and varieties that do well in Santa Cruz County, and discusses chill hour requirements as one major criterion for successful fruit tree growing. THE RELIABLE—AND NOT SO RELIABLE What Grows Well Here By “what grows well,” I mean what produces a reliable annual crop and is relatively disease and pest free. In Santa Cruz County, that includes— • Apples • Pluots • Pears
    [Show full text]
  • Course Handout for Introduction to Forest Gardening
    COURSE HANDOUT FOR INTRODUCTION TO FOREST GARDENING Complied by Jess Clynewood and Rich Wright Held at Coed Hills Rural Art Space 2010 ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES OF PERMACULTURE Care for the Earth v Care for the people v Fair shares PRINCIPLES Make the least change for the greatest effect v Mistakes are tools for learning v The only limits to the yield of a system are imagination and understanding Observation – Protracted and thoughtful observation rather than prolonged and thoughtless action. Observation is a key tool to re-learn. We need to know what is going on already so that we don’t make changes we will later regret. Use and value diversity - Diversity allows us to build a strong web of beneficial connections. Monocultures are incredibly fragile and prone to pests and diseases – diverse systems are far more robust and are intrinsically more resilient. Relative Location and Beneficial Connections – View design components not in isolation but as part of a holistic system. Place elements to maximise their potential to create beneficial connections with other elements. Multi-functional Design – Try and gain as many yields or outputs from each element in your design as possible. Meet every need in multiple ways, as many elements supporting each important function creates stability and resilience. Perennial systems – minimum effort for maximum gain Create no waste - The concept of waste is essentially a reflection of poor design. Every output from one system could become the input to another system. We need to think cyclically rather than in linear systems. Unmet needs = work, unused output = pollution. Stacking – Make use of vertical as well as horizontal space, filling as many niches as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • Research and Education for the Development of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fishfarming Systems in the Tropics DEC 2 1
    S'H ICLARM STUDIESAND REVIEWS16 I. 207 I SR76 #.16 C.t 1 Research and Education for the Development of , r Integrated Crop-livestock-Fish Farming t \ Systems in the Tropics P. Edwards R.S.V. Pullin J.A. Gartner I If - I:' '!Io, .. .... \D ',- .'. , r . ~ _frl~TERNATIONAL C~NTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAG.EMENT , " i ' :1 i I .I earch and Education for the Development of Integrated Crop-Livestock-Fish Farming Systems in the Tropics J.A. Gartner INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MANILA, PHILIPPINES Research and education for the development of integrated crop-livestock-fishfarming systems in the tropics DEC 2 1 P. EDWARDS R.S.V. hum J. A. GARTNER Published by the International Center for Living Aauatic Reswrces Mana~ement.MC P.O. Box 1501. ~hcati,Metm Manila, Pklippiis with fmancid assistance from the United Nations Development Programme New York. USA Printed in Manila. Philippines Edwards. P.. R.S.V. Pullin and J.A. Gamer. 1988. Research and education for the development of integrated cmp-livestock-fish farming systems in the tropics. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 16.53 p. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, Manila, Philippines. ISSN 01 15-4389 ISBN 97 1-1022-46-X Cover: Small-scale integrated crop-livestock-fish farming in a rainfed area of Northeast ?hailand. ?his ria farm has a small fishpond that provides fish. pennits dry season cultivation of vegetables on rhe dikes and suppliis drinking water for livestock. ICLARM Contribution No. 470 Contents Preface ................................................. Introduction .............................................. The Concept of Integrated Farming Systems A Definition of Integrated Farming ...........................
    [Show full text]