DOCSLIB.ORG

FOR-110: Agroforestry and Non-Timber Forest Products

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
FOR-110: Agroforestry and Non-Timber Forest Products COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, LEXINGTON, KY, 40546 FOR-110 Agroforestry Agroforestry and Non-Timber Forest Products Deborah B. Hill, Department of Forestry Agroforestry is the may introduce trees into open habitats that are cur- practice of integrating rently treeless, forest farming starts with a forest or long-term tree crops forested area and manages it in such a way as to pro- with annual agronomic duce either short-term (relative to timber production) crops and/or livestock. or annual non-timber forest products. This type of integrated Most woodland owners or farmers who have woods agriculture has been on their property are not enthusiastic about plant- successfully practiced ing trees in their open areas, or implementing new for thousands of years techniques that may require time and money, without in many parts of the also quickly showing a return on their investment. world, especially in Although there are guidelines regarding how each of the tropics. Temper- the techniques is to be designed, each agroforestry ate regions have been practice can and should be customized to meet the a bit slower to adopt owners’ personal objectives and to work effectively agroforestry practices, on their land. Each of the agroforestry techniques is but in the past decade designed primarily to increase diversity and sustain- or so, there has been ability on farms and forest lands. In addition, they are increasing interest designed to provide some form of marketable com- in using agroforestry techniques in temper- erosion control, improved water quality or shade for ate countries around livestock.modity as Since well introducingas less tangible trees benefits into the such system as soilis a the world. Use of a long- basic activity involved in all of these practices except term tree crop with forest farming, it takes months or years for the systems an annual agricultural to develop fully. Forest farming, however, is likely to crop and/or livestock yield some marketable products within a year or two. tends to make the entire farm more sustainable, both from increasing discussed in greater detail in the other sections of crop diversity, and from thisThe series.five agroforestry There will alsotechniques be a series or practices of more detailed will be protecting the soil and water. following, however, are brief descriptions of all the agroforestrypublications on options. specific options for forest farming. The Temperate agroforestry - Alley cropping: Planting single or double rows of a tree ly accepted practices: crop (timber, fruit, Christmas trees, etc.), leaving an alleyinvolves cropping, five common riparian buffer strips, silvopas- to use your harvesting equipment for whatever crop ture, windbreaks, and you“alley” plan of tosufficient grow between space between the trees. the The rows crop to begrown able forest farming. Although in the alleys can be harvested annually while the trees are growing. the first four practices Agriculture and Natural Resources • Family and Consumer Sciences • 4-H Youth Development • Community and Leadership Development EXTENSION Riparian buffer strips: Establishing a living barrier riparian buffer strips and windbreaks) that can pro- between sizable moving waters (streams and rivers) duce marketable products in the short term. Woody and agricultural or livestock fields, filtering runoff plantingsflorals, shrubs designed that arefor grownprotective for their purposes. unusual Curly shape or plantedfrom the infields bands into withthe water trees and beside protecting the water the fields and corkscrewor color for thewillow florists’ and trade,red osier could dogwood be included or inother the from flooding, using native trees, shrubs and grasses shrubs with red or yellow stems can be harvested on : Planting rows or clusters of a tree crop an annual or every-other-year basis and are marketed grassesSilvopasture beside the fields. into areas where livestock are pastured. This practice by the individual stem. Such plant material choices can provides two annual crops (forage and livestock) as improve the economic value of any of these systems. well as the eventual long term tree crop. Livestock Agroforestry practices are advantageous to the - landowner both economically and ecologically and break effect of the trees. should be seriously considered by any landowner who health and growth benefit from the shade and wind is interested in managing his or her land in a more Windbreaks: Planting multiple rows of trees and shrubs, both coniferous and broadleaved, to protect sustainable way. crops or livestock from damaging effects of prevail- ing winds. Forest farming: Managing existing forests to provide the appropriate spacing and shade for various non- Agroforestry in Kentucky timber forest products (bee products, mushrooms, Alley Cropping (FOR-111) Riparian Buffer Strips (FOR-112) fruits and nuts, maple syrup, etc.). Silvopasture (FOR-113) medicinal plants, forest floor flowering plants, native Although forest farming is entirely about developing Windbreaks (FOR-114) marketable products from what may already be grow- Forest Farming (FOR-115) ing in your forest, a landowner could also include trees http://dept.ca.uky.edu/agc/pub-dept.asp?dept=Forestry (fruits or nuts) or shrubs in other practices (especially Educational programs of Kentucky Cooperative Extension serve all people regardless of race, color, age, sex, religion, disability, or national origin. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, M. Scott Smith, Director, Land Grant Programs, University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, Lexington, and Kentucky State University, Frankfort. Copyright © 2009 for materials developed by University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension. This publication may be reproduced in portions or its entirety for edu- cational or nonprofit purposes only. Permitted users shall give credit to the author(s) and include this copyright notice. Publications are also available on the World Wide Web at www.ca.uky.edu. Issued 8-2009.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Forest Farming
    Forest Farming Ken Mudge CY ROSE N NA Many sections of the Northeast have been reforested over the past century. Extensive forest cover is seen in this view from Wachu- sett Mountain in central Massachusetts. armers harvest crops from their fields, and agroforestry—a multidisciplinary approach to loggers harvest trees from their forests, agricultural production that achieves diverse, Fbut what do forest farmers harvest? The profitable, sustainable land use by integrating answer is an eclectic collection of non-timber trees with non-timber forest crops. forest crops like maple syrup, medicinal herbs, While some other agroforestry practices begin fruits, gourmet mushrooms, and nuts. with planting young trees that take years to Forest farming is an approach to forest man- mature, forest farming involves planting non- agement that combines some of the manage- timber forest crops beneath the canopy of an ment practices of conventional forestry with established forest. In other words, other agro- those of farming or gardening to achieve forestry practices bring the forest to the crops, an environmentally and economically sus- whereas forest farming brings the crops to the tainable land-use system. It is one of several forest. In this regard it is helpful to consider related practices that fall under the domain of the role of forest farming in overall forest man- Forest Farming 27 agement. A forest farm should be designed to bearing trees including walnuts and peaches, emulate as much as possible a natural forest. but there is no evidence of deliberate culti- This includes characteristics of a healthy forest vation of useful crops beneath the canopy of ecosystem such as species diversity, resilience established forest.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry : Fact-Sheet
    Agroforestry fact sheet Agroforestry is the mixture of trees and crops in cultivated parcels. It was a traditional system in both tropical and temperate countries before agriculture intensification during the last century. Very recent results show that it may be a key option for the future of modern agriculture, including in temperate countries. 10 years ago, agroforestry was still ignored by farmers, foresters, policy makers of developed coun- tries. But times have changed. Agroforestry is an utmost example of ecological intensification : it in- creases land productivity and offers at the same time many environmental services. A French national scheme for planting half a million hectares of agroforestry during the next 25 years was based on res- ults obtained by INRA, Montpellier. A walnut – wheat agroforestry plot at the Restinclières farm, tree pruning time (left) Monitoring water sap flow through tap roots and superficial roots to document the hydraulic lift on walnut agroforestry trees (right) Increase of productivity with agroforestry The mix of trees and crops is the fundamental principle of agroforestry. INRA researchers showed that the production from one hectare of a walnut/wheat mix is the same as for 1.4 hectares with trees and crops separated. This is a 40% increase in productivity, far better than any other innovation intro- duced by agronomists in the recent past. This is achieved with an optimal 50 to 100 trees/hectare dens- ity, and an appropriate management of the system (tree line orientation, tree pruning regime, winter crops). Agroforestry trees grow very fast, faster than trees in forest plantations. Rightly associated and appropriately managed, trees and annual crops establish a synergy in the use of the vital resources of light, water and soil nutrients.
    [Show full text]
  • Course Handout for Introduction to Forest Gardening
    COURSE HANDOUT FOR INTRODUCTION TO FOREST GARDENING Complied by Jess Clynewood and Rich Wright Held at Coed Hills Rural Art Space 2010 ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES OF PERMACULTURE Care for the Earth v Care for the people v Fair shares PRINCIPLES Make the least change for the greatest effect v Mistakes are tools for learning v The only limits to the yield of a system are imagination and understanding Observation – Protracted and thoughtful observation rather than prolonged and thoughtless action. Observation is a key tool to re-learn. We need to know what is going on already so that we don’t make changes we will later regret. Use and value diversity - Diversity allows us to build a strong web of beneficial connections. Monocultures are incredibly fragile and prone to pests and diseases – diverse systems are far more robust and are intrinsically more resilient. Relative Location and Beneficial Connections – View design components not in isolation but as part of a holistic system. Place elements to maximise their potential to create beneficial connections with other elements. Multi-functional Design – Try and gain as many yields or outputs from each element in your design as possible. Meet every need in multiple ways, as many elements supporting each important function creates stability and resilience. Perennial systems – minimum effort for maximum gain Create no waste - The concept of waste is essentially a reflection of poor design. Every output from one system could become the input to another system. We need to think cyclically rather than in linear systems. Unmet needs = work, unused output = pollution. Stacking – Make use of vertical as well as horizontal space, filling as many niches as possible.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investment Primer for Reforestation CARBON REMOVAL, ENVIRONMENTAL and SOCIAL IMPACTS, and FINANCIAL POTENTIAL
    1 An Investment Primer for Reforestation CARBON REMOVAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS, AND FINANCIAL POTENTIAL JANUARY 2020 1 CONTENTS Contents About CREO 2 Terms 3 Executive Summary 4 Background Forestry for Climate 6 Reforestation Investment Potential 9 - Investment Avenues 9 - Costs and Returns 10 Carbon Markets Regulatory Compliance 14 Voluntary 15 Corporate Offsetting 15 Summary 16 Timber and Non-Timber Forest Products Timber 18 Agroforestry 19 Summary 20 Restoration and Conservation Initiatives Direct Revenue Creation 22 Blended Finance 23 Catalytic Capital 24 Summary 24 Moving Forward 25 Appendix A: CREO Modelling Assumptions 26 Appendix B: Carbon Markets 27 Citations 28 2 ABOUT CREO About CREO The CREO Syndicate (“CREO”) is a 501c3 public charity founded by wealth owners and family offices with a mission to address the most pressing environmental challenges of our time affecting communities across the globe—climate change and resource scarcity. By catalyzing private capital and scaling innovative solutions, CREO is contributing to protecting and preserving the environment and accelerating the transition to a sustainable economy for the benefit of the public. CREO works closely with a broad set of global stakeholders, including Members (wealth owners, family offices, and family-owned enterprises), Friends (aligned investors such as pension funds), and Partners (government, not-for-profit organizations and academia), who collaboratively develop and invest in solutions across sectors, asset classes and geographies. CREO’s primary activities include 1) knowledge building; 2) relationship building among like-minded, values-aligned, long-term investors; 3) conducting select research to support the advancement of its mission; and 4) deal origination. 3 TERMS Terms Afforestation (AF): Planting and/or deliberate seeding on land not forested over the last 50 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry Systems and Their Contribution to Supplying Forest Products to Communities in the Chure Range, Central Nepal
    Article Agroforestry Systems and Their Contribution to Supplying Forest Products to Communities in the Chure Range, Central Nepal Deepa Khadka 1,*, Anisha Aryal 2 , Kishor Prasad Bhatta 1 , Bed Prakash Dhakal 1 and Himlal Baral 3,4 1 Faculty of Forest Science and Forest Ecology, Georg-August-Universität, Busgenweg 5, 37077 Goettingen, Germany; [email protected] (K.P.B.); [email protected] (B.P.D.) 2 Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Technische Universität Dresden, 01737 Dresden, Germany; [email protected] 3 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Jalan CIFOR, Situ Gede, Bogor 16115, Indonesia; [email protected] 4 School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Agroforestry (AF), an integration of agricultural and/or pastureland and trees, is a powerful tool for the maximization of profit from a small unit of land; however, it has been less well explored and recognized by existing policies. AF could be the best approach to conserving the fragile soils of Chure and to supplying subsistence needs to the local people. This study endeavored to understand how the adoption of various AF practices contributed to people’s livelihoods in the Bakaiya rural municipality of Makawanpur District. To achieve this, 5 focus group discussions, 10 key informant interviews and 100 household surveys were conducted. These were analyzed using various statistical Citation: Khadka, D.; Aryal, A.; analysis tools: Kruskal–Wallis test, Games–Howell post hoc comparison test and Wilcoxon test. Bhatta, K.P.; Dhakal, B.P.; Baral, H.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochar Effects on Soil Physiochemical Properties in Degraded Managed Ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh
    Article Biochar Effects on Soil Physiochemical Properties in Degraded Managed Ecosystems in Northeastern Bangladesh Md. Rezaul Karim 1 , Md Abdul Halim 1,2,* , Nigel V. Gale 2 and Sean C. Thomas 2 1 Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh; [email protected] 2 Institute of Forestry and Conservation, John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B3, Canada; [email protected] (N.V.G.); [email protected] (S.C.T.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 October 2020; Accepted: 24 November 2020; Published: 27 November 2020 Abstract: A body of emerging research shows the promise of charcoal soil amendments (“biochars”) in restoring fertility in degraded agricultural and forest soils. “Sustainable biochars” derived from locally produced waste biomass and produced near the application site are of particular interest. We tested the effects of surface applications of wood-derived biochars (applied at 7.5 t ha 1) on soil · − physiochemical properties (N, P, K, pH, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and bulk density) in three land-use types: agriculture (Camellia sinensis monoculture), agroforestry (C. sinensis with shade trees), and secondary forest (Dipterocarpus dominated) assessed over seven months. We found significant positive effects of biochar on soil physiochemical properties in all land-use types, with the strongest responses in the most degraded tea monoculture sites. Although biochar had no significant effect on soil N and K, it improved soil P—the primary nutrient most commonly limiting in tropical soils.
    [Show full text]
  • English-Portuguese Equivalents of Forestry and Conservation Terms Termos Equivalentes Em Silvicultura E Conserva@O Portugub-Ingl
    English-Portuguese Equivalents of Forestry and Conservation Terms Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station Termos Equivalentes em silvicultura e New Orleans, Louisiana conserva@o Portugub-InglQs General Technical Report so-1 09 September 1994 John K. Francis ENGLISH-PORTUGUESE EQUIVALENTS OF FORESTRY AND CONSERVATTON TERMS John K. Francis FOREWORD cooperative research and technology transfer in the Amazon Basin. This dictionary of forestry Signs of deterioration of the global environ- and conservation terms has been prepared to aid ment and threatened destruction of the vast in communications with our Portuguese-speak- Amazon forest have stirred a call for action. ing colleagues and for the benefit of others fac- Conservationists have always been concerned ing similar language barriers. about the tropical forests; now funds are being made available for increased work on problems Forestry and conservation are very broad in the region. Brazilian scientists struggle to fields, which include many subfields that have communicate with colleagues in the rest of the large and detailed vocabularies. I have attempted world while scientists from other areas are dis- to collect the most common and useful of these covering that to work effectively in Brazil, one terms and determine the equivalencies in English must speak Portuguese. One must also be able and Portuguese. In many cases, several terms to read Portuguese to benefit from the local tech- denote the same concept. They will be listed nical literature. separately, alphabetically in the primary lan- guage (left hand column), and in series in the English-speaking scientists have not pre- secondary language (right hand column) with the pared themselves particularly well in other lan- most common term placed first.
    [Show full text]
  • Profitable Farms and Woodlands a Practical Guide in Agroforestry for Landowners, Farmers and Ranchers
    Profitable Farms and Woodlands A Practical Guide in Agroforestry for Landowners, Farmers and Ranchers Alley Cropping Table of Contents Introduction...................................................................................... iii Forest Farming Forest Purpose .............................................................................................. v Contributors ..................................................................................... vii AGROFORESTRY PRACTICES Riparian Buffer Strips Riparian Buffer Alley Cropping ................................................................................. 1 Forest Farming ................................................................................. 19 Riparian Buffer Strips ...................................................................... 47 Silvopasture ....................................................................................... 57 Silvopasture Windbreaks ....................................................................................... 73 Windbreaks INTRODUCTION This handbook is part of an interdisciplinary, interinstitutional and comprehensive effort to develop a practical guide to assist underserved and limited resource small farmers and woodland owners to adopt best management technologies in agroforestry. Funding for this effort was provided through the USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC) from the US Forest Service and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) under cooperative agreement number 68-7482-7-361 with Tennessee State
    [Show full text]
  • Role of MDF & Particleboard Industry in Protection of Natural Forests and Promotion of Agroforestry in Pakistan
    Role of MDF & Particleboard Industry in Protection of Natural Forests and Promotion of Agroforestry in Pakistan TABLE OF CONTENTS 5. Findings 16 5.1 Area Covered in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh 16 5.2 Contribution of Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) in Agro-forestry of 16 the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5.3 Total number of trees in farmlands of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and 19 Sindh 5.4 Available Trees Stock per hectare on farmlands in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 19 Punjab and Sindh 5.5 Available Growing Stock on farmlands by Volume and Weight 20 5.6 Species-wise yield per hectare on farmlands 20 5.7 Projected Growing Stock available in Future in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, 20 and Sindh 5.8 Species-wise Composition in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab and Sindh 21 5.9 Overall Carbon Fraction for the Available Stock 24 5.10 Agroforestry wood consumption pattern in Pakistan 24 5.11 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Agro-Forestry (Eucalyptus plantation) with other 25 Cash Crops 5.12 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Agro-Forestry (Acacia nilotica, Kikar) in Hurry 26 Plantation with other Cash Crops 6. Farmers Perception about Agro-forestry / Farm-forestry 28 6.1 Aims/objectives of agro-forestry plantations 28 6.2 Constraints faced by farmers in agro-forestry / farm forestry 28 6.3 The willingness of farmers to grow trees on farmlands in future 29 7. Role of MDF and Particleboard Industries in Protection of Natural Forests 29 8. Conclusion 30 9. Recommendations 31 9.1 Policymakers 31 9.2 Wood-based industries 31 9.3 Farmers 31 10.
    [Show full text]
  • Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond
    sustainability Review Agroforestry Benefits and Challenges for Adoption in Europe and Beyond Maya Sollen-Norrlin 1, Bhim Bahadur Ghaley 2 and Naomi Laura Jane Rintoul 1,* 1 School of Psychology and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1TE, UK; [email protected] 2 Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 2630 Taastrup, Denmark; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 July 2020; Accepted: 18 August 2020; Published: 27 August 2020 Abstract: Soil degradation is a global concern, decreasing the soil’s ability to perform a multitude of functions. In Europe, one of the leading causes of soil degradation is unsustainable agricultural practices. Hence, there is a need to explore alternative production systems for enhanced agronomic productivity and environmental performance, such as agroforestry systems (AFS). Given this, the objective of the study is to enumerate the major benefits and challenges in the adoption of AFS. AFS can improve agronomic productivity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, soil biodiversity, water retention, and pollination. Furthermore, they can reduce soil erosion and incidence of fire and provide recreational and cultural benefits. There are several challenges to the adoption and uptake of AFS in Europe, including high costs for implementation, lack of financial incentives, limited AFS product marketing, lack of education, awareness, and field demonstrations. Policies for financial incentives such as subsidies and payments for ecosystem services provided by AFS must be introduced or amended. Awareness of AFS products must be increased for consumers through appropriate marketing strategies, and landowners need more opportunities for education on how to successfully manage diverse, economically viable AFS.
    [Show full text]
  • Balancing Conservation with Utilization: Restoring Populations of Commercially Valuable Medicinal Herbs in Forests and Agroforests.1
    Balancing Conservation With Utilization: Restoring Populations of Commercially Valuable Medicinal Herbs in Forests and Agroforests.1 Richard A Cech2 ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the medicinal herb industry in relation to conservation of medicinal plants, including an overview of sustainable wildcrafting and sustainable forest agriculture. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) and Black Cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa) are given as examples of wild herbs of economic importance which may be readily cultivated. Includes guidelines and techniques for forest farming of hardwood forest dependent species. Introduction plant). I was somewhere in the middle of a long learning. The answer for Chittum is, that if you cut Old Louie leaned on the fence, bending down the the tree off with a tall stump, it will coppice (ie. re- top wire, a wire already seriously stretched by the sprout from the stump), producing multiple trunks daily escape of our buck goat, who nobody except which bear useable bark again in a couple of years. myself was willing to tackle and bring back to Louie didn't know this, because he simply stripped pasture. Not that the rest of my family was afraid of the trees standing, and they died. the goat, but simply that he stank with an eye- smarting fragrance that only a doe goat in heat could I have made it my life work to learn the reproductive admire, and only a staunch believer in social life habits of many medicinal plants of prairie, forest, after garlic could possibly withstand for long. But mountain and swamp. Knowing how a plant Louie paid no attention to the vestigial aroma of reproduces is the first step to encouraging its growth goat-grease that exuded from the fence and in wild settings or in domestic culture.
    [Show full text]
  • Chesapeake Forest Restoration Strategy
    Eastern Region State and Private Forestry | NA-IN-03-13 | Revised September 2020 Chesapeake Forest Restoration Strategy Chesapeake Forest Restoration Strategy Acknowledgments Acknowledgments Written and edited by Katherine Brownson and Sally Claggett This revision of the Chesapeake Forest Restoration Strategy was a collaborative effort. State forestry agencies in all seven jurisdictions provided the impetus and continued support needed. Our advisory team members played a key role in developing and refining the content (listed on page 6). The following individuals also directly contributed content to the Strategy: Tracey Coulter (Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry), Lindsey Curtin (U.S. Forest Service), Scott Eggerud (Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement), Louis Iverson (U.S. Forest Service), Kate Livengood (The Nature Conservancy), Kate McFarland (USDA National Agroforestry Center), and Matthew Peters (U.S. Forest Service). Our partners at the Chesapeake Bay Program Office helped with essential data and GIS support: Ruth Cassilly (University of Maryland Extension), Peter Claggett (U.S. Geological Survey), Nora Jackson (Chesapeake Research Consortium), and Jeff Sweeney (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). In addition, multiple individuals gave us their time, professional input, and other information that was instrumental in developing the Strategy: Mary Beth Adams, Carolyn Pike, and Al Steele (U.S. Forest Service); Melissa Deas (D.C. Department of Energy and Environment); Deborah Landau (The Nature Conservancy); and numerous members of the Chesapeake Bay Forestry Workgroup. Finally, Sandra Clark and Deborah Muccio (U.S. Forest Service) provided assistance with editing and design, respectively. We thank all these partners for making this Strategy a reality. Links to Websites All website hyperlinks are underlined in blue.
    [Show full text]