May 2021

FTA WORKING PAPER • 9

Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020

Salvatore Pinizzotto, Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Vincent Gitz, Jérôme Sainte-Beuve, Lekshmi Nair, Eric Gohet, Eric Penot, Alexandre Meybeck

Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020

The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Working Paper 9

© 2021 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)

Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

DOI: 10.17528/cifor/008029

Pinizzotto S, Aziz A, Gitz V, Sainte-Beuve J, Nair L, Gohet E, Penot E and Meybeck A. 2021. Natural rubber systems and climate change: Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020. Working Paper 9. Bogor, Indonesia: The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA).

CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CIFOR Headquarters Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia

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We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/our-funders/

Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers.

Disclaimer The present document summarizes the contributions from a digital workshop held over 3 days online (23–25 June 2020). The content of this document does not reflect any official position from the organizations but the positions of the participating researchers. iii

Contents

Acknowledgements v Summary vi Introduction xii Agenda xiii Welcome address xiii

Opening 1

Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production 5

1.1 What do we know about climate change that is meaningful for rubber production? 6 • Impact of climate change on natural rubber cultivation in India 7 • Worldwide climate typologies of rubber tree cultivation: Risks and opportunities linked to climate change 10 • Rubber tree ecophysiology and climate change: What do we know? 13 • Impact of climate change on latex harvesting 16 • Impact of climate change on diseases and pest outbreaks on rubber tree 19 Conclusion from the chair 22

1.2 Country experiences 23 • Tornado disaster assessment of rubber plantation using multi-source remote sensing data: A case study in Hainan Island, China 24 • A planter’s experience with disease outbreaks and the challenges to achieve productivity targets 27 • Climate change and its impact on the outbreak of the Pestalotiopsis epidemic of Hevea in South Sumatra 30 • Management of Pestalotiopsis outbreak in a rubber plantation in North Sumatra 32 • Preparedness of the Sri Lankan rubber sector to minimize the impact of climate change 34 Conclusion from the chair 36

1.3 What is the potential impact on rubber production in both traditional and new areas? 37 • The place of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in climate change 38 • Managing soil quality to improve sustainability of rubber plantations, what do we know? 42 • Breeding rubber clones for non-traditional areas 46 • Climate monitoring and analysis to optimize rubber cultivation 48 Conclusions of the chair 50 iv

Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation 53

2.1 How can rubber systems contribute to climate change mitigation? 54 • Effects of large scale tree plantations on local climate: What potential for rubber tree plantations? 55 • Improving biodiversity in rubber plantations: A low-cost strategy to sustain soil health and mitigate drought 58 • Product from specialty natural rubber as an alternative material to synthetic rubber towards application of naturally sustainable resources 60 • Modelling the impact of rubber expansion on carbon stocks in the mountainous landscape of Southwest China 63 • Climate change and Hevea species 65

2.2 What’s the role of rubber systems for adaptation? 67 • Rubber cultivation for enhancing the environmental and social resilience to climate change in drier climates of Sri Lanka 68 • The role of rubber agroforestry in farming systems and its effect on households: Adaptation strategies to climate change risks? 70

Conclusions of the chair 78

Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions 81

• Natural rubber: A strategic material for a sustainable world 82 • Delivering the circular bioeconomy for low-emissions development: The place for rubber 85 • Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable World initiative and its relevance to the rubber and climate change agenda 88 • FLEGT and other mechanisms to promote wood trade legality and avoided deforestation 90 • Jurisdictional approaches to reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods 93

Conclusions of the chair 95

Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora 97

• Opportunities for natural rubber in international climate change negotiations and mechanisms 98 • Opportunities for natural rubber in NDCs and NAPs 102 • Climate risks: What 1.5 °C pathway for rubber fora? 105

Conclusions of the chair 107

Session 5: The way forward: Short term actions and long term plans 109 v

Acknowledgements

This report gathers the extended abstracts Particular thanks go to Fabio Ricci for of the presentations from the joint technical coordinating the logistics of the event and the workshop on Natural rubber systems and publication, and to Alexandre Meybeck for climate change, organized by IRSG, IRRDB, reviewing the extended abstracts. CIRAD, CIFOR-ICRAF and FTA. The workshop was held online from 23rd to 25th June 2020. The Scientific Committee who prepared the workshop and selected the presentations is We wish to acknowledge the essential role composed of: of all the chairpersons in moderating and managing sessions and sub-sessions of • Salvatore Pinizzotto, Secretary General, this workshop: Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A IRSG Kadir, Vincent Gitz, Eric Gohet, James Jacob, • Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Lekshimi Nair and Salvatore Pinizzotto. Secretary General, IRRDB • Vincent Gitz, Director, CIFOR, CGIAR We also want to thank the technical team Research Program on Forests, Trees and who made the online event possible, Agroforestry (FTA) including its recording and online posting: • Jérôme Sainte-Beuve, Rubber Value Chain Gusdiyanto, Vito Gama Kaparang, Correspondent, CIRAD Mokhamad Edliadi, Ashley Sam and Dinny • Lekshmi Nair, IRSG Dwi Hadi Saputri; and the editorial team • Eric Gohet, CIRAD for laying out this publication: Vidya Fitrian, • Eric Penot, CIRAD Rumanti Wasturini and Gideon Suharyanto. • Alexandre Meybeck, CIFOR/FTA vi

Summary

Climate change is already impacting The first session considered knowledge about rubber production. There is an urgent climate change impacts on natural rubber need to understand how global natural production systems now and in the future. It rubber production can be safeguarded and was composed of three sub-sessions. sustainably increased on a lasting basis under climate change, while contributing The first sub-session, chaired by Dr James to climate mitigation goals. Climate action Jacob, Director, Rubber Research Institute of needs to be grounded in science, in a India (RRI), tackled the question: what do we common understanding of issues and means know about climate change that is meaningful to address them. for rubber production? Most of the current rubber plantations are localized in areas This is why the International Rubber Study where mean annual temperature ranges from Group (IRSG), with the International Rubber 26°C–28°C and almost nothing is known about Research and Development Board (IRRDB), rubber cultivation at higher temperatures. the CGIAR research program on Forests, Climatic margins of rubber cultivation are Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) led by the mainly determined by two rather independent Center for International Forestry Research climatic factors (temperature and rainfall), (CIFOR), and the French Agricultural which in turn will be affected differently in the Research Centre for International different types of climates under which rubber Development (CIRAD), organized an open is currently cultivated. The impacts of climate digital workshop on natural rubber systems change are different in the different natural and climate change on 23–25 June 2020. rubber-producing regions, some traditional The purpose of the workshop was to review areas becoming less favourable because of recent research results on impacts of climate drought, some marginal areas becoming more change on natural rubber production, favourable thanks to warming. potential means of adaptation and contribution to mitigation of climate change, We know little about the direct effects of higher and to identify knowledge and research temperatures on rubber tree physiology. A gaps as well as recommendations for action. key research topic is the interactions between climate changes and tapping systems. Higher The workshop comprised five sessions temperatures will likely reduce latex flow and that considered successively the impact of therefore latex per tapping day. There is more climate change on natural rubber systems available knowledge about water stress thanks and potential changes in the geography of to the numerous studies about the adaptation production (session 1), the role of natural to drier conditions in marginal areas. rubber systems for climate mitigation and Presentations highlighted the impacts of rain adaptation (session 2), situated natural on tapping and stimulation, impacts of drought rubber systems in the broad perspective delaying growth and increasing the immature of climate change and sustainability period as well as on latex yield. policies (session 3) and in the international discussions on climate change (session 4) Of particular concern are also increased risks in order to reflect on a way forward for the of fungal attacks. Weather parameters have sector (session 5). an important role in triggering and spreading vii

pests and diseases in natural rubber which plays a very important role to achieve implies that climate change will modify production targets by adopting good patterns of rubber diseases and pests’ agricultural practices. distribution. Changes in severity and pattern of occurrence have already been observed. With climate change, we see increasing incidence of major leaf diseases such as The discussion highlighted the potential of abnormal leaf fall caused by Phytopthera, improvement in the management of tapping Corynespora outbreaks and more and to adapt it to local conditions including recently the increasing incidence due to by integrating a resting period without Pestalotiopsis. All the major leaf diseases tapping, thus reducing days of tapping and cause reductions in yield. A study on the associated costs while preserving annual outbreak of the Pestalotiopsis epidemic yield. There are a lot of useful results from of Hevea in South Sumatra showed the the research conducted these last 10–15 role played by climatic factors. Long or years with important findings for adaptation abnormal dry seasons caused by El Niño through management and breeding. Two in 2019 reduced the disease incidence types of complementary strategies are significantly. A second presentation available for adaptation of rubber cultivation described management strategies to to climate change: implement climate- control a Pestalotiopsis outbreak in a resilient agronomic practices and develop commercial rubber plantation in North climate-resilient, high yielding clones through Sumatra Indonesia. With climate change, breeding and genomic marker assisted the incidence of Pestalotiopsis has spread selection. The use of modern technologies to Malaysia, Thailand and also Sri Lanka. can fast-forward breeding. International This is a cause for concern. cooperation is key for multinational clone exchanges and for testing. The national adaptation plan (NAP) of Sri Lanka has identified four adaptation needs The second sub-session, chaired by Datuk for the natural rubber sector: (a) enhancing Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Secretary General the resilience of the rubber sector against of the IRRDB, showed country experiences. heat and water stress, (b) minimizing the risk of crop damage due to biological agents, Typhoons cause serious physical damage (c) minimizing the impact on export earnings to the rubber trees. Trunk snaps and broken due to erratic changes in precipitation branches that occur within a short period and (d) enhancing the resilience of export of time cause irreversible changes to the crops and agro-ecosystems to extreme plantation. The experience in Hainan Island in weather events. The NAP details activities China has demonstrated the great potential to address these issues. of using satellite images to monitor the loss due to wind damage. The use of remote The challenges faced by the plant breeders sensing for wind damage assessment will in improving productivity and profitability enable timely monitoring of disasters caused are numerous. The main objectives are by typhoons in rubber plantations and other to produce vigorous clones which are crops in the future. high-yielding in both latex and timber and also resistant to the major diseases. For One presentation illustrated the main example, white root disease is a major killer challenges faced by an estate manager to of young replantings and tapping panel achieve rubber production targets: rain, brown dryness reduce yields of mature trees bast, and Pestalotiopsis. It showed means to significantly. Smallholders also face the address them and ways to optimize the use of problem of extended immaturity periods the workforce on the plantation. Rain guards leading to delays in tapping their trees. can play an important role in protecting the Reducing the immaturity period of the bark and increasing the number of tappable rubber clones will enable them to enjoy days. The management of the plantation early returns on their investment. viii

The third sub-session considered the Climate information and projections are potential impact of climate change on critical. Projections can help answer the rubber production in both traditional question of the distribution of rubber in and new areas and was chaired by traditional and marginal areas in the future. Dr Vincent Gitz, Director of the CGIAR Observed climatic data could be analysed Research Program on Forests, Trees and and used for plantation management, such Agroforestry (FTA). as calculation of the need for irrigation water and estimation of some disease risks. A first presentation described the potential of the rubber tree in relation to climate Broadening the genetic base of cultivated change as well as for the achievement of rubber can open perspectives for adaptation the sustainable development goals (SDGs). as well as for other breeding objectives. The potential impact of climate change The wild Amazonia germplasm constitutes a on rubber production in both traditional repository of genes of interest for breeding and new areas is a crucial question for the to resist abiotic stress like drought and cold, future localization of rubber plantations, and biotic stress like diseases by various renewal of plantations and extension in pathogenic fungi. marginal areas. What the conditions for rubber will be in 30 years determines the *** decision to renew plantations or to plant elsewhere, and with what type of genetic Session 2, titled “Rubber and climate change material and management practices. Parts mitigation and adaptation,” was chaired by of the rubber plantations are due to be Dr Eric Gohet (CIRAD, France). It considered renewed. It is important to be able to give how rubber can contribute to climate change smallholders and investors the appropriate mitigation and the role of rubber systems information, technical solutions and for adaptation. incentives. There are already many results from research that can be used for marginal Rubber plantations can also contribute areas and for adaptation. to alleviating some climate modifications. Rubber can bring local climatic effects, Soil quality can have a strong positive effect namely cooling (reduction of soil surface on the functioning of a rubber plantation. temperature) induced by evapotranspiration, The role of soils for adaptation to climate in comparison with grass land covers. change and for the sustainability of rubber The effects of rubber plantations on plantations needs to be appropriately other meteorological variables and recognized and integrated in management microclimate (e.g. rainfall, air humidity) practices. There is a marked difference should be further investigated in order to be between the immature and mature stages better documented. of rubber, with the soil quality gradually improving during the mature phase. Further It has been shown that intercropping using works showed how some agricultural fruit crops, vegetables, legumes, perennial practices could protect or improve soil crops, medicinal plants and ornamental plants quality. The results clearly showed that or even maintaining the natural flora have the risk of soil erosion increased when the positive effects on soil quality and fertility. soil was bare even in a mature plantation Field experiments conducted in Kerala and with a dense tree canopy. Other works Tripura states regions showed positive effects highlighted the benefits of cover cropping of such practices on soil moisture, erosion, with legumes. Another option is being soil chemistry (improvement in soil pH, tested, which is to leave part of or the entire exchangeable bases and nutrients, especially tree biomass in the inter-rows. First results C, N, K, Ca and Mg). In the case of maintained showed a positive effect on soil quality natural flora, biological soil properties like soil index and tree growth only 18 months after respiration as well as earthworm populations the logging of the old plantation. were improved as well. ix

The use of the LUCIA (Land Use Change offs as well as knowledge gaps, in the Impact Assessment) model, applied to context of climate change, were presented the Surumer project (2011–2016 Yunnan, and discussed. China), allow carbon sequestration by rubber plantations (biomass and soil), The final discussion concluded that soil erosion, soil degradation and runoff the potential opportunities of natural to be described at the watershed level, rubber for climate change adaptation depending on land management and IPCC and mitigation, in traditional as well as scenarios. Observations on eucalyptus marginal areas, are numerous and raise and rubber cover show the effects on many R&D questions. These include plant atmospheric carbon dioxide emissions physiology and ecophysiology, carbon (eddy covariance approaches). and soil sequestration, new genomic selection methods with optimized use of A presentation described some of the the germplasm (looking especially to other processes that can be used to increase Hevea species), improved land management the potential of natural rubber as a green through optimized agricultural practices substitute to synthetic materials, using including agroforestry, carbon offset physical and chemical modifications of projects, as well as new developments in natural rubber (deproteinization and the downstream sector by promoting new epoxidization). Such processes can enlarge applications of natural rubber as a green the range of potential applications of substitute to synthetic rubber. natural rubber for specialty clothing and shoes, sonic isolation, flooring, paints *** and adhesives. Session 3 considered the “opportunities for Research can further develop the better integrating natural rubber in broad possibilities of using rubber germplasm for climate change and sustainability policies, climate change adaptation, using especially including economic and social dimensions,” SNP markers for new genetic selection from reviewing some broad initiatives as well three different Hevea species (H. Nitida, H. as mechanisms to strengthen sustainable Spruceana and H. brasiliensis). production and consumption that are linked to production of wood and other tree The role of rubber in increasing the commodities. resilience of farming systems and small holders was illustrated by two presentations. Natural rubber, as a renewable material, and The first one showed that rubber because of its contribution to the livelihoods plantations, even established in marginal of millions of smallholders, has considerable (warm and dry) areas of Sri Lanka, enhanced potential to contribute to sustainable the environmental and social resilience of development in its three dimensions: farms, especially through poverty alleviation economic, social and environmental. It offers and livelihoods improvements in the rural a good opportunity to be part of future populations. The expected impact of a economic development trends towards a new carbon offset development project circular, forest-product-based bioeconomy. in two provinces of Eastern Sri Lanka was It is a natural product with many positive presented as well. The second presentation characteristics which make it an essential focused on the role of rubber agroforestry part of plastic substitution and future uses in in farming systems and its effect on industry, textiles/footwear, and construction. households and farmers livelihoods, based The Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable on a long-term follow-up in Indonesia and World (SW4SW) initiative aims to strengthen Thailand. In the context of low prices, those sustainable wood value chains by enhancing systems result in income diversification for and promoting their social, economic and farmers and improved social and economic environmental benefits from production resilience. Possible advantages and trade- through to consumption. The development x

of forest law enforcement, governance and potential for new uses of rubber and trade (FLEGT) and other mechanisms to modified rubber, including to replace plastic. promote wood trade legality and prevent There is a need to strengthen research deforestation show the growing interest capabilities and there are opportunities for of importing and exporting countries in the private sector to get engaged. promoting mechanisms that can guarantee sustainable sourcing to consumers. There is *** growing interest in jurisdictional approaches to reducing deforestation and promoting Session 4, titled “Rubber and climate sustainable livelihoods. Such approaches change in the international fora ”, was can support the coordination of initiatives chaired by Mr Salvatore Pinizzotto, Secretary and actors in a landscape. General, IRSG. It explored the possible pathways to raise the importance of the It has been acknowledged that the rubber sector at international level in relation physical climate risk is ever-changing to Climate Change. and nonstationary and as such, decision- making based on experience may prove The first presentation provided an overview unreliable. Furthermore, the direct effect of of the main international discussions physical climate risk must be understood (UNFCCC, NDCs, Katowice Climate in the context of a geographically defined Package, Green Climate Fund, Harvested area. The social impact of climate change Wood Products, etc.) related to forests risk should not be underestimated as the and plantations. It discussed various poorest communities and populations of the opportunities to increase the visibility world will be the most vulnerable. and integration of natural rubber in the international climate change negotiation The discussion highlighted the importance processes and how the rubber industry of balancing the three Ps: people, planet could seize these opportunities, by and profit. There is a risk of smallholders providing strong scientific evidence exiting rubber production if it is not including reliable data on carbon emissions profitable anymore. It is important not to reduction, job creation and material usage create additional constraints and costs for in the natural rubber value chain. Was smallholders. They need to be supported then discussed the importance of the and to have a voice in discussions on nationally determined contributions (NDCs) sustainability. The social dimension is too and the national adaptation plans (NAPs), often ignored. There is in fact a lack of and the opportunity to integrate natural data on social issues in many countries. rubber into these national processes. Certification might not be the best way The presentation emphasized that land to promote sustainability for tyres as use is the most frequently mentioned consumers do not directly buy their tyres sector for synergies between adaptation and tyres are not the main environmental and mitigation as well as for co-benefits concern when thinking about cars. It is with SDGs, opening opportunities for the also very difficult to implement traceability rubber sector. It concluded by suggesting for sustainability schemes, particularly for potential pathways by which rubber could smallholders, and even more so if there be better integrated into the NAPs. The is no additional benefit. It is particularly last presentation highlighted the urgency in important for all actors to work together addressing climate change and its impacts to improve the sustainability of the rubber in the global rubber industry. It listed shifts sector. It would, for instance, be good to in business models towards sustainable have the private sector supporting efforts production and consumption of rubber, for conservation of genetic resources and which allow embracing the circular economy breeding research conducted in producing and boosting efficiency in raw material to countries and that ultimately benefit reduce carbon emissions, from sustainable the whole sector. There is considerable production and consumption of rubber to xi

the recycling of end-of-life rubber products, needs actual and real-time data about the highlighting various policies and actions that welfare of smallholders so that the social- could be undertaken. A strong partnership economic aspects could be reinforced in among stakeholders in the natural rubber the framework of discussion and meaningful value chain can bring discussion on projects could be initiated. The rubber integration of rubber in mitigation policies, industry could set priorities for research and measures, and adaptation policies in the development. wider climate dialogues. The panellists then shared perspectives on The discussion highlighted that national- how to address the issues raised during level institutions, inter-governmental the workshop. It was emphasized that the organizations such as IRSG and various participating organizations in this workshop research institutes should play key roles in need to build on from the proceedings of initiating, engaging and bridging different the discussion and to agree on a follow- parties in the rubber industry to the climate up agenda and an action plan to bring change discussion. It also emphasized this agenda forward. The rubber industry that the way to move forward actions in an needs to identify areas to initiate actions organized fashion and effective corporation immediately. Participating organizations between various stakeholders are critical. need to identify shared priorities and search for organizations to fund priority research *** projects. There is also a need to leverage on the private sector in the climate change Session 5, a panel discussion on “The way discussion for the rubber industry. The forward: Short-term actions and long-term industry should bring rubber as a discussion plans” was chaired by Dr Lekshmi Nair topic to the United Nations Framework (Head of Economic & Statistics, IRSG). Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The participating organizations should fully The panel discussion started by taking stock utilize the outcomes of this workshop and of the takeaways of the panellists from the seize the opportunities in various climate workshop. The role of collaborative research change events in 2021, such as the UNFCCC was highlighted as well as the importance COP26 in Glasgow, and the World Forestry of a systematic approach in understanding Congress in 2022. The workshop ended by how bio-physical conditions could combine stating the urgent need for an action plan with possible technological itineraries in the and the importance of communication and rubber industry and how that could interact collaboration between different parties in with the labour component in the rubber the rubber industry. value chain. The importance of the social dimension was stressed. Smallholders do Natural rubber has a key role to play for both not have the necessary financial means adaptation and mitigation of climate change. to carry out replanting under the current It is an important land user, a producer of circumstances, with rubber prices having renewable materials (rubber and wood), and been persistently low. Furthermore, the a major economic activity in many countries, industry is becoming less attractive to supporting the livelihoods of millions of small younger generations. The industry should holders. However, this role is not properly consider not only Hevea brasiliensis but accounted for. This workshop, by reviewing also other natural rubber species. There existing knowledge, identifying gaps and are gaps in scientific knowledge regarding bringing relevant information to the climate the relation between natural rubber and change community and to decision makers, climate change, and these gaps need can play a major role in raising the visibility to be addressed urgently. The industry of natural rubber. xii

Introduction

The International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), means of adaptation and contribution to with the International Rubber Research and mitigation of climate change, and to identify development Board (IRRDB), the CGIAR knowledge and research gaps as well as research program on Forests, Trees and recommendations for action. Agroforestry (FTA) led by CIFOR, and the French Agricultural Research Centre This document brings together the extended for International Development (CIRAD), abstracts of the presentations and summaries ran an open digital workshop on natural of the discussions held during the workshop. rubber systems and climate change on 23–25 June 2020, attended by more than The recordings of the workshop and the 500 scientists and stakeholders. presentations are accessible online at: https://www.foreststreesagroforestry.org/ The purpose of the workshop was to review fta-event/natural-rubber-systems-and-climate- recent research results on impacts of climate change/ and www.rubberstudy.org from the change on rubber production, potential “Sustainability” page. xiii

Agenda Names represent speakers. List of coauthors of each presentation can be found in the abstracts.

Welcome address

Salvatore Pinizzotto Secretary General, IRSG

Vincent Gitz Director, CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)

Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir Secretary General, IRRDB

Jérôme Sainte-Beuve Rubber Value Chain Correspondent, CIRAD

Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Sub-session 1.1 – What do we know about climate change that is meaningful for rubber production? Chairperson: James Jacob

James Jacob Director, RRI India Impact of climate change on natural rubber cultivation in India

Eric Gohet CIRAD Worldwide climate typologies of rubber tree cultivation: Risks and opportunities linked to climate change

Philippe Thaler CIRAD Climate change and rubber tree ecophysiology, what do we know?

Tajuddin Ismail IRRDB Fellow Impact of climate change on latex harvesting

Nguyen Anh Nghia IRRDB, Liasion Officer for Plant Protection Climate change: Effect of diseases and pest outbreaks on rubber productivity

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair xiv

Sub-session 1.2 ­– Country Experiences Chairperson: Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir

Chen Bangqian CATAS, P.R. China Tornado disaster assessment of rubber plantations in Western Hainan Island using time series images of Landsat and Sentinel-2

Ashdeepak Singh Estate Manager, Peninsula Forest Management Sdn Bhd, Selangor, Malaysia Climate change: A planter’s experience with disease outbreaks and the challenges to achieve productivity targets

Tri Rapani Febbiyanti Indonesian Rubber Research Institute Climate change and its impact on the outbreak of Pestalotiopsis epidemic of Hevea in South Sumatra

Zaida Fairuzah Indonesian Rubber Research Institute Management of Pestalotiopsis outbreak in a rubber plantation in North Sumatra

Wasana Wjiesuriya Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka Preparedness of the Sri Lankan rubber sector to minimize the impact of climate change

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair

Sub-session 1.3 – What is the potential impact on rubber production in both traditional and new areas? Chairperson: Vincent Gitz

Kenneth O. Omokhafe Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria The place of the rubber tree (Hevea Brasiliensis) in climate change

Frédéric Gay CIRAD Managing soil fertility to improve sustainability of rubber plantations, what do we know?

Ramli Othman IRRDB Fellow Breeding Clones for non-traditional areas

Thomas Wijaya Indonesian Rubber Research Institute Climatic monitoring and analysis to optimize rubber cultivation

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair xv

Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Chairperson: Eric Gohet

Sub-session 2.1 – How can rubber systems contribute to climate change mitigation?

Yann Nouvellon CIRAD Effects of large scale tree plantations on local climate: What potential for rubber tree plantations?

Jessy, M.D. Rubber Research Institute of India Improving biodiversity in rubber plantations: a low input strategy to mitigate drought and sustain soil health

Fatima Rubaizah Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia Product from specialty natural rubber as an alternative material to synthetic rubber towards application of naturally sustainable resources

Sergey Blagodatskiy Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Germany Modelling the impact of rubber expansion on carbon stocks in the mountainous of Southwest China

Minami Matsui CATAS, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science Tsurumiku, Yokohama, Japan Transcriptional regulation on rubber biosynthesis and comparative analysis between Hevea Brasiliensis and Hevea species

Q&A

Sub-session 2.2 – What is the role of rubber systems for adaptation?

Lakshman Rodrigo Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka Rubber cultivation for enhancement of the environmental and social resilience to climate change in drier climates in Sri Lanka

Eric Penot CIRAD The role of rubber agroforestry in farming systems and its effect on households: Adaptation strategies to climate change risks?

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair xvi

Session 3: Integration of rubber in a broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

Chairperson: Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir

Salvatore Pinizzotto IRSG Natural rubber: A strategic material for a sustainable world

Christopher Martius CIFOR Towards circular bioeconomy: A research initiative

Michael Brady CIFOR The Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable World initiative and its relevance to the rubber and climate change agenda

Paolo Cerutti CIFOR FLEGT and other mechanisms to promote wood trade legality and avoided deforestation

Amy Duchelle CIFOR Jurisdictional approaches to land use change and managing competition between rubber sector and other uses

Panel discussion: How can these mechanisms be of interest for natural rubber?

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair

Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Chairperson: Salvatore Pinizzotto

Vincent Gitz CIFOR/FTA Opportunities for natural rubber in international climate change negotiations and mechanisms

Alexandre Meybeck CIFOR/FTA Opportunities for natural rubber in national determined contribution (NDC) and national adaptation plan (NAP) processes

Lekshmi Nair Head of Economics and Statistics, IRSG Climate risks: What 1.5°C pathway for rubber fora?

Panel discussion?

Q&A Wrap-up by the Chair xvii

Session 5: The way forward: Short-term actions and long-term plans (panel discussion)

Chairperson: Lekshmi Nair

Panelists:

Salvatore Pinizzotto Secretary General, IRSG

Vincent Gitz Director, CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)

Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir Secretary General, IRRDB

Jérôme Sainte-Beuve Rubber Value Chain Correspondent, CIRAD

Q&A Conclusions xviii Photo by Lucy McHugh/CIFOR Photo by Lucy Opening

Mr Salvatore Pinizzotto, Secretary General, worldwide. To put correct decisions in International Rubber Study Group (IRSG) actions that have beneficial economic, social opened the workshop on “Natural Rubber and environmental impacts, we need to Systems and Climate Change” welcoming all identify a set of policy recommendations speakers and participants. that could facilitate the work for all the stakeholders in the natural rubber value The idea of organizing this workshop arose chain. This is the ultimate goal that the during the economic and social crisis derived organizers of this event would like to achieve from the COVID-19 pandemic that has led to with the support of all the organizations that significant global changes. The pandemic see natural rubber as a strategic raw material and climate change both present potentially for our societies. In conclusion, I would like devastating global problems with a need to thank the co-organizers of this event for rapid and immediate intervention. The (CIFOR-FTA, CIRAD and IRRDB) for all their latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel support and hard work and the staff of the on Climate Change (IPCC 2018) stresses the IRSG Secretariat for all their efforts to make importance of limiting global warming to 1.5°C this workshop a success. instead of 2°C by the end of the century to avoid tipping points and irreversible changes Vincent Gitz, Director, CGIAR Research in our environment. Already, climate change Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry is clearly making the weather more extreme. (FTA) has highlighted that the international Super-powerful storms have become more community has committed in 2015 to common, and there are more days of heavy ambitious sustainable development goals rainfall and extreme heat. These changes and, with the Paris Agreement, to ambitious could have serious implications for the climate change goals. The land use sectors, natural rubber economy. There is the urgent agriculture and forestry, are central to the need to understand how global natural achievement of these goals. This workshop rubber production can be safeguarded and is particularly welcome at the moment when sustainably increased on a lasting basis countries and sectors need to implement by strengthening climate resilience and measures to achieve these commitments. successfully contribute to climate mitigation goals. For us, the best way to start working The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, on these questions is through science – to Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) is the world’s put science and scientific knowledge as the largest research for development program basis of this dialogue. What do we currently focused on the role of forests, trees and know about climate change and its impact agroforestry in sustainable development, on natural rubber systems? Is there missing food security and addressing climate information? In which direction do we change. We aim to support countries and need to focus future research? Knowledge the international community to achieve their exchanges underpin learning and evidence- ambitious goals by providing evidence and based decision making. The work on science science for decision. I just want to recall is the precondition for a correct decision- some key points that frame the way we look making process with the goal to preserve at all land use activities in their relations to and prosper the natural rubber economy climate change. 2 | CGIAR FTA Proceedings and extended abstracts

According to the IPCC, human activities have revision, developing countries are preparing already caused approximately 1.0°C of global their national adaptation plans. I wish us all a warming above pre-industrial levels. It is likely very productive workshop. to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052 if it continues to increase at the current rate. Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz S.A. Kadir, Secretary One more reminder of the urgency to act, General, IRRDB, welcomes all speakers and for both mitigation and adaptation. Effects participants. Natural rubber sustains 13 million of climate change are increasingly visible. smallholders and 40 million people including Considerable progress has been made in their families. They account for 90% of global terms of projections of climate change: on rubber production. Climate change has regional projections, on extreme events and resulted in reduction of productivity due to the on changes of precipitation patterns. So, increasing incidence of serious leaf diseases we now have a clearer picture of what to such as Pestalotiopsis. In addition, heavy adapt to in the 30 years to come. There is rainfall contributed to reduced productivity growing agreement that meeting the global through the reduction of tappable days. temperature targets of +2°C or even +1.5°C will not be possible without the land use sectors. The rubber tree is also very efficient in Land-based activities are also the only stocking carbon and the unique annual possible option to achieve, in the short term, wintering has been shown to improve negative emissions, through afforestation soil fertility. Natural rubber fits in well with and reforestation, soil carbon sequestration, the socio-economic activities of the rural sustainable forest and land management. communities. Research is focused on producing clones which are high yielding in Natural rubber has a key role to play for both both latex, timber and resistance to diseases adaptation and mitigation of climate change. and grows well under marginal conditions. It is an important land user, a producer of renewable materials (rubber and wood), a Jérôme Sainte-Beuve, Rubber Value major economic activity in many countries, Chain Correspondent, CIRAD noted that supporting the livelihoods of millions of climate change is already impacting rubber small holders. However, this role is not production. The main objective of this properly accounted for. Neither the IPCC Fifth workshop is to identify research questions Assessment Report nor its Special Report linked to the risk of climate change on this on Land Use mention rubber. Nor is rubber commodity chain. For the moment, there mentioned in international discussions on is little reliable data concerning the impact climate change. of climate change on the development of the rubber tree and it is very important to This workshop, by reviewing existing obtain more data to understand this complex knowledge, identifying gaps and bringing phenomenon. The two main research relevant information to the climate change questions are linked to the adaptation of community and to decision makers can play rubber trees to rapid changes in the climate a major role in raising the visibility of natural (increase in average temperature, decrease in rubber. It is particularly appropriate to do precipitation, etc.) but also to the contribution so now as: the IPCC is preparing its Sixth of rubber to mitigation of climate change. Assessment Report, to be published in 2021; The first answers cannot be provided without countries are implementing their nationally working in collaboration with all the national determined contributions and preparing their and international research institutions. 3 Photo by Deanna Ramsay/CIFOR 1

Session 1 Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

The purpose of this first session was to take stock of the knowledge about climate change impacts on natural rubber production systems, now and in the future. It was composed of three sub-sessions. The first one, chaired by Dr James Jacob, Director, RRI India, answered to the question: what do we know about climate change that is meaningful for rubber production? It was followed by a sub-session showing country experiences, chaired by Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Secretary General of the IRRDB. The third sub-session considered the potential impact of climate change on rubber production in both traditional and new areas, and was chaired by Dr Vincent Gitz, Director of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA).

5 Sub-session 1.1 What do we know about climate change that is meaningful for rubber production?

Chairperson: James Jacob Director, RRI India

6 Photo by Deanna Ramsay/CIFOR Natural rubber systems and climate change | 7

Impact of climate change on natural rubber cultivation in India

James Jacob(a) (a) Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board (Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Govt. of India) Kottayam, Kerala

i. Climate change in rubber growing heavy rainfalls, droughts, heat waves, break regions over the decades in monsoon, cyclonic storms etc. and their severity are on the rise. Most of the areas in the world, particularly in South and Southeast Asia where natural rubber is cultivated, are highly vulnerable ii. Impact on natural rubber cultivation to the adverse effects of climate change. In India there are three types of regions where Climate change, particularly climate warming rubber is grown: and unpredictability in rainfall have severely • Traditional region of production in impacted natural rubber production and Kerala and Tamil Nadu with a moderate productivity. The impact of climate change equatorial climate is different in the different natural rubber • Non-traditional areas in north Konkan producing regions of India. For example, and central India with a very hot and 1°C rise in temperature will have a more prolonged dry season climate significant negative impact on productivity • Non-traditional North Eastern Region of in traditional regions and hot non-traditional India with very cold winter and prone to regions (Kerala and north Konkan regions) frequent cyclones than in the North Eastern Region. As climate warming continues, more areas in the From the data collected from the traditional North Eastern Region where cold winter is regions, it is obvious that the average presently a major limiting factor for growth temperature has gone up during the last and yield of rubber may become suitable 60 years, by almost 2.2°C and the mean for growing rubber, but traditional areas may maximum by 2.6°C. become less suitable. Non-traditional areas like north Konkan and central India where The mean temperature has been high temperature is already a limiting factor -1 progressively warming (Tmax by 0.04°C yr for cultivating rubber are likely to become in traditional regions and 0.024°C yr-1 in the extremely difficult for cultivating this crop with North Eastern Region) and the rainfall pattern the present warming trend . changing in an unpredictable manner in the NR plantation belts of the country. Both Future problems likely to affect natural rubber

Tmax and Tmin have increased throughout cultivation are: the rubber-growing regions. In general, • A decrease in field survival of young the number of hot days and warm nights in plants, particularly in the first year. each month has gone up in the traditional • Slow growth rate, long gestation period region. The number of bright sunshine • Yield depression hours per day showed a decreasing trend. • A shift in climatically favourable areas of The mean amount of annual rainfall did not NR cultivation show a clear trend, but rainfall distribution • An increase in impacts of disease/ has become more unpredictable. The pests with possibly new disease/pests number of extreme weather events such as emerging 8 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

GEOSPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN INDIA Satellite-drived extent of rubber area (age three years and above)

SI no. State/District NR acreage (ha) Jammu and Kashmir Traditional area 1 Kerala 536,652 2 Kanyakumari district (TN) 21,948 Himachal Paradesh Konkan area 3 Karnataka 31,232 Punjab 4 Goa 424 Uttarakhand H

5 Maharashtra 1,133 ayana S

i 12 North-eastern states k Parad k l e ha sh i c m a 6 Tripura 76,954 U Arun tta 7 Assam 30,804 r Parad d shtan esh n Raja 7 Assam la 9 8 Megahalaya 7,950 Bihar a M ag egha N r 9 Nagaland 10,730 laya u 8 ip n 10 Mizoram 874 a a r

d u m M 11 Manipur 1,062 han ip a 11 Jhark 6 r r 12 Arunachal Paradesh 718 radesh t T o P Wes z Madhya l i G jarat Benga u rh M Others ga 10 is 15 t t 13 Andhra Paradesh 239 a h 14 14 Odisha 560 h C 15 West Bengal 250 Orissa 16 Andaman & Nicobar Island 910 5 htra aras Total 722,440 Mah

Andhra 13 4 Pradesh State boundary of India Rubber area distribution Goa 3 a k a Data source: IRS RI & II LISS III, LISS IV t a rn Cartosat PAN, Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel 2A/2B a K Year: 2012-2013, 2015-2016, 2017, 2018 (Feb/March/April) y r Ground truth data, SOI maps er ich Project by: RRI, Rubber Board, Kottayam nd u Po d Partner Intitution: RRSC, ISRO, Bengaluru a N 16 K 1 il e m r a i a T r l a a m 2 u k Andaman and Nicobar Island ya Kan Rubber Research Institute of India Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Govt. of India

0 250 500 Km Lakshadweep

Figure 1. NR growing regions of India

Table 1. Variations in production for 1°C rise in was practiced in 18% of the holdings in the temperature, as per observed data in stations traditional area during the summer season in of different producing regions. recent years.

Change in productivity Station ° Climate change will seriously alter the NR (%) for 1 C increase landscape of the country and NR supply North Eastern Region -1.2 to +1.5 in coming years. Supply will not be able to North Kerala -8.7 satisfy the growing demand. North Konkan -11.4 Central Kerala -17.4 iii. Strategies for adaptation to climate change

In Kerala there is already an increase in areas There are two types of strategies for affected by drought. Young rubber plants are adaptation of rubber cultivation to drying in summer under the combined effects climate change. of higher temperature, drought and high light stress. As a result, lifesaving irrigation, The first one is to implement climate-resilient which was not a common practice earlier agronomic practices: Natural rubber systems and climate change | 9

• To prevent excess light falling on leaves, References and further reading partial shade is advised in nursery plants (30% shade) and in the field during the Jessy MD, Krishnakumar R, Annamalainathan first two years K and Jacob J. 2011. Climate uncertainties • Mulching immature plants to conserve soil and early establishment of young rubber moisture plants in traditional rubber growing • Allow natural weed flora (dicots) to co- regions of India. Natural Rubber Research exist with rubber 24(1):145–47. https://www.cabdirect.org/ • Efficient nutrient management cabdirect/abstract/20123010422 • Life-saving irrigation in non-traditional Ray D, Behera MD and Jacob J. 2015. areas (150 L water-1 tree-1 week-1 during Predicting the distribution of rubber trees summer) (Hevea brasiliensis) through ecological • Partial irrigation (0.5 or 0.25 ET) in water niche modeling with climate, soil, deficit areas in mature plantation (north topography and socioeconomic factors. Konkan, etc.) Ecological Research 31:75–91. https://doi. • Intercropping young rubber with banana, org/10.1007/s11284-015-1318-7 etc., which gives partial shading Satheesh PR and Jacob J. 2011. Impact of climate warming on natural rubber The second one is to develop climate- productivity in different agro-climatic resilient, high-yielding clones through regions of India. Natural Rubber Research breeding and genomic marker-assisted 24(1):1–9. https://www.cabdirect.org/ selection. cabdirect/abstract/20123010415 10 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Worldwide climate typologies of rubber tree cultivation: Risks and opportunities linked to climate change

Eric Gohet(a,b), Philippe Thaler(c,d), Yann Nouvellon(c,d), Régis Lacote(a,b) and Frédéric Gay(a,b)

(a) UPR Systèmes de pérennes, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France (b) CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes, F-34398 Montpellier, France (c) Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France (d) CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398 Montpellier, France

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract temperatures. Even less is known about the impact on the yield under those conditions Natural rubber (NR) is a “green” substitute to of increased temperatures. Latex flow after petrol-made elastomers, representing in 2020 tapping (duration of flow especially) is linked about 47% of the global elastomer market. It to internal turgor pressure in the latex vessels, is a strategic raw material as there is currently and this is the reason why all rubber planters no credible or sustainable substitution by tap at night or in the early morning, when the other compounds, due to specific adhesive daily temperature is the lowest and turgor properties and high resistance to physical pressure is the highest. What will happen if constraints (pressure, heat, etc.). These specific the temperature rises by 2°C or 3°C at the properties make natural rubber an essential time of tapping is totally unknown. Increases industrial product used in the tyre industry in air temperature will also lead to higher (car radial tyres, truck/plane/bulldozers tyres) vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and altered as well as for anti-vibration systems, anti- stomatal conductance, tree transpiration seismic equipment and medical equipment. and water status. Changes in temperatures Actually, a shortage of natural rubber would will also affect photosynthesis, respiration, result in a civilization shock driven by freight carbon allocations, and the physiology of the and transport disruption. As a consequence, latex vessels. Some knowledge is available adaptation in case of changes in climatic at leaf scale (Kositsup et al. 2009) but needs production conditions is a must. to be integrated at tree and plot scale. As the latex production totally depends on The climate marginality due to warm carbohydrate availability and tree water temperature has until now never been status (latex itself is composed of about described, as rubber trees have until now 60%–65% of water, as a cytoplasm), there never been planted in areas where average are large uncertainties. As other aspects mean annual temperatures are above 28°C. linked to climate change (rainfall amount and Most of the current rubber plantations are distribution, frequency of extreme events localized in areas where mean annual as typhoons, possible development of new temperature ranges from 26 to 28°C. This diseases/pests, increases in atmospheric

raises uncertainty about the future, in a CO2 concentration, etc.) may also strongly context where temperatures are expected impact latex production, they have to be to increase by 2°C–3°C following IPCC anticipated by ad hoc research. Moreover, scenarios. At the moment, almost nothing is changes in temperature and rainfall known about the growth and adaptation of conditions due to climate change can rubber clones under these upcoming high clearly modify the epidemiology of diseases Natural rubber systems and climate change | 11

(appearance and outbreak of new diseases). least uncertainty, in climate classes 1 and 2. However, it is yet too early to assert that The sustainability of rubber production in the recent development of Pestalotiopsis such areas will depend on the concurrent disease, which emerged in South Sumatra evolution of rainfall. In this context, the areas in 2018 and thereafter spread to northern of class 2 are likely to be the first affected Sumatra, Malaysia, southern Thailand, Sri if temperatures higher than 28°C are Lanka and India, is actually linked to climate confirmed as detrimental to rubber growth change or not. This assessment will require and production. Increases in temperatures in observational and experimental research the class 2 areas (warm and dry) might also along climatic gradients, as well as modelling exacerbate water stress due to increased work under current or simulated IPCC vapor pressure deficit (VPD). By contrast, climate scenarios to account for interactions plantations status in areas with current cold between climate, soil conditions (particularly marginality (classes 3 and 4) might improve soil texture, depth and fertility), and under climate change. Class 3 areas (cold agricultural practices. and humid) would conversely very probably become the best areas for rubber cultivation Current rubber-growing areas can be if temperatures increase by 2°C–3°C by classified in a four-legged climatic typology 2050. This might be a possible cause for (Gohet et al. 2015): land use change and it should be very • Class 1: Traditional areas (warm/humid): closely monitored to avoid future land temperature 25°C–28°C, annual rainfall grabbing and deforestation, as these areas above 1500 mm. Most Asian and African are currently still covered by forests. rubber production areas. • No or only limited climatic limitation for However, up to now, these likely impacts rubber growth and production of climatic changes are just theoretical • Class 2: Marginality warm/dry: temperature as the actual effects of increased mean 25°C–28°C, annual rainfall 1100–1500 temperature above 28°C on rubber mm (Esan in Thailand, north-western production and growth have not yet been Cambodia, Nzi Comoue in Côte d’Ivoire). observed, studied or modelled as there • Climatic limitation for rubber growth and has never been rubber planting in such production due mainly to water stress. conditions. Maybe the rubber trees will • Class 3: Marginality cold/humid: be adaptable to it, maybe not. That is the temperature 23°C–25°C, annual rainfall question, and there is anyway a risk, which above 1500 mm: (northern Thailand, Laos, must be evaluated through research and Yunnan, Hainan, southern Brazil, Gabon, modelling, regarding clonal adaptation south-eastern Cameroon) and incidence on growth and production. • Climatic limitation for rubber growth Modelling approaches developed for similar and production due mainly to cold tropical plantations should be adapted to temperature, without water stress. rubber (Vezy et al. 2020). Research has • Class 4: Marginality cold/dry: temperature been carried out to model the incidence 23°C–25°C, annual rainfall 1100–1500 mm on growth and production of cold climate (Mato Grosso, Brazil) (temperature 23°C–25°C) and dry climate • These scarce areas are the ones (increased length of dry season from four to presenting the current highest climatic six months; Gohet et al. 2015). Under climate incidence on rubber growth and change, water stress is expected to increase production, as cold temperature and water in these areas, which will probably strongly stress are found together. affect rubber production, especially in areas where the soil is not deep. The complexity of climate change impact is that rubber cultivation marginality is mainly Setting up multidisciplinary research determined by two rather independent programs (associating breeding, physiology, climatic factors: temperature and rainfall. ecophysiology, technology, climatology, However, it can be anticipated that overall bioclimatology and socioeconomics) appears increases in temperatures induce a risk, or at as a priority to guarantee the sustainability 12 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

of the NR supply chain in this context of global International Rubber Conference 2015, Ho climatic change, in order to: Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2–3 November • Fill the numerous knowledge gaps and 2015. http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice. improve the downscaling and reliability of php?dk=578040 forecasts at local/regional levels; Kositsup B, Montpied P, Kasemsap P, Thaler • Adapt the good agricultural practices (GAPs) P, Améglio T and Dreyer E. 2009. to the new growing conditions (technical Photosynthetic capacity and temperature packages); responses of photosynthesis of rubber • Generalize the adoption of the climate-smart trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) agriculture (CSA) concept for climate change acclimate to changes in ambient adaptation and mitigation. temperatures. Trees 23:357–65. https://doi. • Orient decision making and planting policies org/10.1007/s00468-008-0284-x on scientifically sound criteria. Tran NMT and Nguyen VHT. 2016. Applying Composite Climatic Marginality (CCM) Together with other global challenges (labour Index to evaluate the influences of regional shortage risk), it should be the main goal of climate on yield potential of Hevea natural rubber research in the next decades. brasiliensis in Viet Nam. In: Proceedings International Rubber Conference 2016, Key words: climate change, temperature, CRRI, IRRDB. 332–46. International rainfall, natural rubber, climate typology, good Rubber Conference 2016, Siem Reap, agricultural practices (GAP), growth, production, Cambodia, 21–25 November 2016. https:// physiology, ecophysiology, climate smart km.raot.co.th/uploads/dip/userfiles/ agriculture (CSA). intra_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8% B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99% E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88% References and further reading E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A2%E0 %B8%B2%E0%B8%87/20170825115450-- Gohet E, Thaler P, Rivano F, Chapuset T, IRRDB-2559-31.pdf Chantuma P, Gay F and Lacote R. 2015. Vezy R, Le Maire G, Christina M, Georgiou S, A tentative composite climatic index to Imbach P, Hidalgo HG, Alfaro EJ, Blitz- predict and quantify the effect of climate on Frayret C, Charbonnier F, Lehner P, et al. natural rubber yield potential. In Le Quang 2020. DynACof: A process-based model Khoi, (ed. Proceedings International Rubber to study growth, yield and ecosystem Conference 2015: Productivity and quality services of coffee agroforestry systems. towards a sustainable and profitable Environmental Modelling and Software natural rubber sector. Ho Chi Minh City: 124:104609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Agricultural Publishing House. 345–56. envsoft.2019.104609 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 13

Rubber tree ecophysiology and climate change: What do we know?

Philippe Thaler(a,b), Eric Gohet(c,d), Yann Nouvellon(a,b), Régis Lacote(c,d), Frédéric Gay(a,b) and Frédéric Do(a)

(a) Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France (b) CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398 Montpellier, France (c) UPR Systèmes de pérennes, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France (d) CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes, F-34398 Montpellier, France

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract very little and significant research efforts at international level are necessary to The first and most direct climatic factor fill the gaps. that will affect rubber cultivation is the rise in mean air temperature. This rise, well At leaf scale, we know that carbon predicted by global climate scenarios assimilation by photosynthesis will decline synthetized by the Intergovernmental Panel sharply above the optimum of 29°C. We are on Climate Change (IPCC), will induce able to forecast the main parameters (Vcmax changes in rainfall patterns and evaporative and Jmax) used for modelling photosynthetic demand. It will also trigger more frequent activity under future air temperature (Kositsup heat waves, storms and floods. Such et al. 2009). However, to forecast the extreme events, together with an irregular whole tree and whole plantation carbon and unpredictable climate (particularly rain assimilation, we need much more knowledge patterns) will increase risks as a whole for about stomatal conductance, regulations rubber cultivation, as presented in other at canopy scale and phenology. It is likely interventions of this workshop. that under higher temperatures, actual photosynthesis will be reduced through Here we focus on the direct effects of mean lower stomatal conductance and that leaf will air temperature and water stress on rubber live shorter. tree functions and latex yield. The ways forward are:

The first requirement is to forecast with • to analyse the CO2 and water exchanges enough confidence and precision the future measured at plot scale by eddy climate in all the natural rubber producing covariance flux towers (Giambelluca et al. areas. The global climate scenarios will 2016; Chayawat et al. 2019) together with translate differently locally, under the accurate microclimatic data over several influence of sea streams, landforms, etc. years. Such analyses are undergoing Reliable methodologies for such downscaling to draw equations linking temperature work are available and some good results to net photosynthesis (NEE), ecosystem are already published, for instance in respiration, gross primary production Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, (GPP, biomass accumulation) and Yunnan, China (Zomer et al. 2014). However, evapotranspiration (water use). this has to be generalized or updated. • To include such equations, specifically calibrated for rubber trees, into functional Regarding the direct effects of climate models such as MAESPA (Duursma and change on rubber tree physiology, we know Medlyn 2012) to simulate future carbon 14 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

assimilation, carbon and water balance when there is enough soil water, rubber and water use efficiency (WUE) of rubber trees close their stomata and limit their plantations under different climatic transpiration when the evaporative demand scenarios. is too high. • To improve in plantation models (e.g. LUCIA, Yang et al. 2019) the functions This has important implications. First, it linking primary productivity and climate shows that current water use and therefore to latex yield through equations that will the impact of rubber tree plantations on include plantation management options, water resources are overestimated in many particularly regarding tapping systems. published studies and models (Guardiola et al. 2008), second that rubber tree tend A key point is the allocation of carbon to avoid water loss and be more tolerant to within the tree, as latex yield competes with water stress than expected from its equatorial growth, maintenance and reserves. Isotopic origin. However, that also means that rubber methodologies are now available for field tree growth will be limited in such conditions, experiments and the first results (Duangnam therefore prolonging the duration of the et al. 2020) show the importance of immature phase and finally the yield potential. carbohydrate reserves (starch located in the trunk wood) to sustain latex regeneration. Together, this shows the importance to better understand rubber tree hydraulics, A key research topic is the interactions water regulation and growth patterns. between climate changes and tapping Recent work in Thailand showed that there systems. Low tapping frequencies will likely is a promising genetic variability among the develop to cope with the shortage of skilled existing commercial clones for breeding manpower (Gohet et al. 2016). As compared drought tolerant clones (Isarangkool Na to current systems, such reduced frequencies Ayutthaya et al. 2017). will induce less regular patterns of latex flow and carbon demand for latex regeneration To conclude, there are risks of adverse (peak at each tapping day, followed by long effects of climate change on rubber tree inactive periods). We have to assess how growth, survival and yield and little scientific these systems will behave under climate knowledge to understand the physiological change. For instance, in addition to the issues responses of the trees to such conditions. linked to irregular rainfall patterns described Improving the functions describing the in other presentations, higher temperature ecophysiology of the rubber trees (carbon will likely reduce latex flow and therefore assimilation, water use, growth, latex flow latex per tapping day. Higher predicted night and latex regeneration) in integrative models temperature may be particularly detrimental is a priority and could constitute a relevant (Yu et al. 2014). cooperative research project.

There is more available knowledge about Key words: High air temperature, water water stress thanks to the numerous studies stress, photosynthesis, hydraulics, modelling. about the adaptation to drier conditions in marginal areas, mainly in India and north- eastern Thailand (review by Carr 2012). References and further reading However, most studies focused on drought, whereas climate change may as well induce Carr MKV. 2011. The water relations of excesses of water and waterlogging issues rubber (Hevea brasiliensis): a review. that are poorly documented. Experimental Agriculture 48(2):176–93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479711000901 Recent works allowed the effects of air Chompunut C, Satakhun D, Kasemsap P, dryness (higher water pressure deficit due to Sathornkich J and Phattaralerphong J. higher temperature) to be better distinguished 2019. Environmental controls on net CO2 from the lack of water resources in the soil. exchange over a young rubber plantation Isarangkooll et al. (2011) showed that even in Northeastern Thailand. ScienceAsia Natural rubber systems and climate change | 15

45:50–9. https://doi.org/10.2306/ Kasemsap P. 2017. Comparisons of scienceasia1513-1874.2019.45.050 xylem sap flux densities in immature Duangngam O, Desalme D, Thaler P, hybrid rubber tree clones under varied Kasemsap P, Sathornkich J, Satakhun environmental conditions. Paper D, Chayawat C, Angeli N, Chantuma P presented at the Xth International 13 and Epron D. 2020. In situ CO2 pulse Workshop on Sap Flow. Fullerton, labelling of rubber trees reveals a shift CA, USA. https://www.actahort.org/ in the contribution of the carbon sources books/1222/1222_23.htm involved in latex regeneration. Journal of Kositsup B, Montpied P, Kasemsap P, Thaler Experimental Botany 71:2028–39. https:// P, Améglio T and Dreyer E. 2009. doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz551 Photosynthetic capacity and temperature Duursma RA and Medlyn BE. 2012. MAESPA: responses of photosynthesis of rubber a model to study interactions between trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) water limitation, environmental drivers acclimate to changes in ambient and vegetation function at tree and stand temperatures. Trees 23:357–65. https:// levels, with an example application to doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0284-x [CO2] ? drought interactions. Geoscientific Yang XQ, Blagodatsky S, Marohn C, Liu HX, Model Development 5:919–40. https://doi. Golbon R, Xu JC and Cadisch G. 2019. org/10.5194/gmd-5-919-2012 Climbing the mountain fast but smart: Giambelluca, T. W, et al. (2016), Modelling rubber tree growth and latex Evapotranspiration of rubber (Hevea yield under climate change. Forest brasiliensis) cultivated at two plantation Ecology and Management 439:55–69. sites in Southeast Asia. Water Resources https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.028 Research 52:660–79, https://doi. Yu H, Hammond J, Ling S, Zhou S, Mortimer org/10.1002/2015WR017755 P and Xu J. 2014. Greater diurnal Gohet E, Lacote R, Leconte A, Chapuset temperature difference, an overlooked but T, Rivano F and Chambon B. 2016. important climatic driver of rubber yield. Optimizing smallholders yield through Industrial Crops and Products 62:14–21. adoption of good agricultural practices. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.08.001 In : Global Rubber Conference 2016 : Zomer RJ, Trabucco A, Wang M, Lang R, Chen Driving Transformation and Unlocking H, Metzger MJ, Smajgl A, Beckschäfer Opportunities. Krabi: IRRDB. 1–15. P and Xu, J. 2014. Environmental Global Rubber Conference 2016, stratification to model climate change 2016-10-11/2016-10-13, Krabi (Thailand). impacts on biodiversity and rubber http://publications.cirad.fr/une_notice. production in Xishuangbanna Yunnan, php?dk=582092 China. Biological Conservation Isarangkool Na Ayutthaya S, Rattanawong 170:264–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. R, Meetha S, Silvera FC, Do FC and biocon.2013.11.028 16 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Impact of climate change on latex harvesting

Tajuddin Ismail(a) and Eric Gohet(b,c)

(a) IRRDB (b) UPR Systèmes de pérennes, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France (c) CIRAD, UPR Systèmes de pérennes, F-34398 Montpellier, France

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Pestalotiopsis fungus causing secondary leaf fall, significant reduction in canopy density Latex harvesting is a very important part and drop in rubber yield. Subsequently in of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantation 2019 and 2020, India, Thailand and Sri Lanka operations as it directly determines the yield also suffered a similar bad experience. To of latex obtained from the tapped trees. The date, the total area affected by the secondary latex harvesting operations are affected by leaf fall in the five NR-producing countries is climatic factors or issues in a number of ways. around 400,000 ha. Climate change causes tapping operations to be interrupted and needs to be effectively The secondary leaf fall caused canopy taken into account to ensure latex yield reductions of 50%–90% and yield drops of is not reduced. 15–50%. Figure 1 illustrates the significant yield reduction caused by secondary leaf fall The main issues related to climate change due to Pestalotiopsis attack at a plantation that have an impact on latex harvesting are in Pulau Belitung, Indonesia from January to the intensity, amount, time and duration of May 2020 compared to the corresponding rainfall. Abnormal and unpredicted rainfall months in 2017 prior to the secondary leaf especially during early morning hours delays fall incidence. the commencement of tapping. This will lead to delay in completion of tapping into mid- On the other hand, climate change results day and this will cause shorter latex dripping in lengthened dry seasons combined with time. Rain during or after tapping operation higher temperatures, and therefore an is completed will lead to partial or total loss increased contrast between seasons (rainy/ of latex. Rains also interrupt the time and dry). This is likely to result in a decrease in frequency of stimulant applications. All these growth during immature period, and therefore interruptions together with frequent rains in a delayed opening time, reducing the during the peak yield months will significantly economic efficiency and delaying return on reduce the obtained yield. Partial or total crop investment of plantations. loss can happen when unexpected rain falls while tapping is still in progress or latex is still The latex is a cytoplasm composed of dripping into the cups. Total number of normal about 60% of water. Any factor limiting the tapping days is reduced due to frequent water uptake (decrease in rainfall, drought, rain interruptions. increased temperature resulting in a break of leaf transpiration…) by the tree will have In early 2018, Indonesia and Malaysia also a direct depressive effect on the latex experienced severe secondary leaf fall due to yield. Any water deficit will immediately result fungus attack on young rubber leaves initially in a drop in latex regeneration capability infected by Oidium and/or Colletotrichum. (combined with increasing temperature and Under heavy and frequent rainfall, the VPD, leaves stomata closure will result in a diseased matured leaves are attacked by blockage of all water transport). Lengthened Yield of Rubber After Pestalotiopsis Attack in Natural rubber systems and climate change | 2020 Compared with Normal Yield in 2017 17

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul

2017 2020

Figure 1. Yield of rubber after Pestalotiopsis attack in 2020 compared with normal yield in 2017

dry seasons will have also a strong and need of research on the effects of higher negative interaction with efficiency of temperatures on the biology of the tree and stimulation in case of reduced tapping on the physiology of the latex system in order frequencies, by reducing the possible time to assess their possible impacts on yield and window where stimulations can be used. to set up GAPs under these new conditions. There is therefore an urgent need for adaptation of good agricultural practices Key words: Latex harvesting, climate change, under these new conditions. The annual secondary leaf fall, Pestalotiopsis, rain tapping stop during wintering and dry months interruptions, temperature, natural rubber, should be lengthened when the dry season growth, production, physiology length and severity are increased. In case of reduced tapping frequencies, intervals between stimulations should be decreased, References and further reading in order to stimulate only during wet months. The annual number of stimulations applied Chantuma P, Lacote R, Sonnarth S and Gohet should be reduced as well in order to E. 2017. Effects of different tapping rest compensate an increased climatic stress. periods during wintering and summer months on dry rubber yield of Hevea Regarding the effect of global warming, it Brasiliensis in Thailand. Journal of is worth recalling that the latex flow after Rubber Research 20(4):261–72. https:// tapping (duration of flow especially) is linked agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. to the internal turgor pressure of the latex do?recordID=FR2018100782 vessels. This is the reason why all rubber Gohet E, Thaler P, Rivano F, Chapuset T, planters tap at night or in the early morning, Chantuma P, Gay F and Lacote R. 2015. as temperature is then the lowest and latex A tentative composite climatic index turgor pressure is the highest (negative to predict and quantify the effect of relation T°C /turgor). What will happen if the climate on natural rubber yield potential. temperature raises by 2°C–3°C at the time In Le Quang Khoi, ed. Proceedings of tapping is totally unknown, as rubber tree International Rubber Conference 2015: has never been planted and therefore tapped Productivity and quality towards a in areas where mean annual temperatures sustainable and profitable natural rubber are above 28°C. Before thinking of possible sector. Ho Chi Minh City: Agricultural adaptation measures, there is an urgent Publishing House. 345–56. International 18 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Rubber Conference 2015, Ho Chi Minh regional climate on yield potential of City, Vietnam, 2–3 November 2015. Hevea brasiliensis in Viet Nam. In: https://agritrop.cirad.fr/578040/ Proceedings International Rubber Kositsup B, Montpied P, Kasemsap P, Thaler Conference 2016, CRRI, IRRDB. 332– P, Améglio T and Dreyer E. 2009. 46. International Rubber Conference Photosynthetic capacity and temperature 2016, Siem Reap, Cambodia, responses of photosynthesis of rubber 21–25 November 2016. https:// trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.) km.raot.co.th/uploads/dip/userfiles/ acclimate to changes in ambient intra_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0% temperatures. Trees 23:357–65. https:// B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0% doi.org/10.1007/s00468-008-0284-x B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0% Tran NMT and Nguyen VHT. 2016. Applying B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0% Composite Climatic Marginality (CCM) B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87/ Index to evaluate the influences of 20170825115450--IRRDB-2559-31.pdf Natural rubber systems and climate change | 19

Impact of climate change on diseases and pest outbreaks on rubber tree

Nguyen Anh Nghia, Liason Officer(a)

(a) IRRDB Plant Protection Specialist Group

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Almost all the pests and diseases known to affect natural rubber have long existed. Climate change is nowadays a globally However, some that were minor in nature recognized fact. The changing climate not have become major and some that were only influences crop growth and development prevailing only in nurseries are now occurring but also has serious impacts on diversity, also in mature trees. Changes in severity distribution, incidence, reproduction, growth, and patterns of occurrence have also been development, and phenology of diseases noted (Mathew et al 2010). Some rubber and pests (Pareek et al. 2017). It is likely to diseases changed their relative importance, alter stages and rates of development of the such as Oidium secondary leaf fall (OLF) pathogens, modify host resistance, and result and Corynespora leaf fall (CLF) with more in changes in the physiology of host-pathogen severe outbreaks under climate change. interactions. It is expected that the range of Phytophthora abnormal leaf fall (PLF) occurred many insects and diseases will expand or in new rubber planting areas where this change and new combinations of pests and disease had not been recorded. Recently, diseases may emerge when current natural unexpected diseases, e.g. Pestalotiopsis leaf ecosystems respond to altered temperature fall, have occurred. and precipitation profiles (Desai 2010). With respect to OLF, changes in the rainfall A plant disease is the result of interaction regime, increasing temperatures, mist and among a susceptible host plant, a virulent high humidity can increase the incidence of pathogen, and the environment. Changes in this disease. The disease is more serious any of the components of the disease triangle under conditions of high humidity (97%–100%) can dramatically affect the magnitude of and between temperatures of 25°C–28°C. disease expression in a given pathosystem OLF can result in rubber yield losses of up to (Shtienberg and Elad 1997; Scholthof 2007). 45%. Therefore, OLF is a significant limiting Therefore, it is not surprising that disease factor for rubber production areas throughout patterns have already changed and will the world, especially in high-humidity areas. continue to change in response to the effects The occurrence of OLF is increasing rapidly. of climatic changes on pathogens and hosts. Climate change is one reason for this as it increases the possibility of climatic conditions The weather parameters have an important that allow for epidemic levels of OLF role in triggering and spreading pests and outbreaks (Liyanage 2016). diseases in natural rubber. It implies that climate change will modify patterns of The favourable weather conditions for CLF rubber diseases and pests’ distribution. It are saturate humidity and high temperature may increase or decrease the incidence of (26 oC–30oC). Therefore, CLF usually occurs some diseases and pests by changing the and develops in rainy and hot conditions, conditions that would trigger an outbreak such as at the end of the dry season and (Mathew et al. 2010). beginning of the rainy season (April–June). 20 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

The CLF in Vietnam is one example of In conclusion, climate change may alter this. It was first detected in 1999, and an the current situation of diseases and outbreak began 10 years later due to pests on the rubber tree. These changes favourable weather conditions such as high will certainly have effects on productivity. temperature and high humidity occurring at Therefore, studying the impact of climate the same time. More than 20,000 ha were change on important plant diseases and affected (Dung and Nghia 2011). The weather pests is essential to minimize yield and conditions affected by global climate quality losses, helping in the selection of change, such as warmer temperatures, strategies to work around problems. erratic rain are favourable conditions for CLF recurrence. Nowadays, CLF has emerged Interdisciplinary approaches, preferably by in almost all rubber-growing areas in international programmes, must be adopted Vietnam. CLF has become one of the most to assess the effects of climate change on threatening diseases of rubber in Vietnam diseases and pests on the rubber tree. The now and in the future. complexity of the processes involved and their relationships require communication Climate change is also one of the factors between professionals in the various that contributed to the outbreak of a new areas concerned. disease which was believed to be caused by Neofusicocum sp. and could now be due to Keyword: climate change, diseases, pests, Pestalotiopsis sp., Colletotrichum spp. and/ rubber tree or some unknown fungi. The first outbreak of the disease was in Indonesia and Malaysia in 2017. Later it became more serious in References and further reading Indonesia, Malaysia then appeared in Sri Lanka, India and Thailand. At the end of Desai S. 2010. Impact of climate change 2019, the total infected area was above on crop diseases and their natural 520,000 ha. It severely affects the health of enemies. IRRDB Workshop on Climate the rubber trees and is causing a significant Change and NR – 2010 reduction in latex yield (Tajudin 2020). Dung PT and Nghia NA. 2011. Corynespora leaf fall on rubber in Vietnam, Rubber trees are also attacked by a variety current status and recent studies. of pests; however, pests cannot digest and IRRDB International Natural Rubber absorb latex, so levels of damage are lower Conference. 14–16 December 2011. than for other crops. Several pests have Chiang Mai, Thailand. https://km.raot. been found on rubber trees; however, only co.th/km-knowledge/detail/1639 some of these pests could significantly Liyanage KK, Khan S, Mortimer PE, Hyde damage the trees such as termites KD, Xu J, Brooks S and Ming Z. 2016. (Globitermes sulphureus and Coptotermes Powdery mildew disease of rubber tree. curvignathus), cockchafers grubs (larvae Forest Pathology 15 March 2016. https:// of family Melolonthidae, order Coleoptera: doi.org/10.1111/efp.12271 Psilopholis vestita, Leucopholis rorida, L. Mathew J, Abraham T, Jose VT, Mondal tristis, L. nummicudens, Lepidiota stigma, GC, Raj S and Sailajadevi T. 2010. Holotrichia bidentata, H. serrata, Exopholis Prevalence of pests and diseases of hypoleuca, etc.), spidermites (Tetranychus Hevea brasiliensis in India – Past and sp. and Hemitarsonemus latus); scale insects present. In RRII, ed. Climate Change (Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Saissetia nigra, S. And Rubber Cultivation: R & D Priorities. oleae and Lepidosaphes cocculi), bark Kottayam, Kerala, India: Rubber feeding caterpillar (Aetherastis circulata) and Research Institute of India. 111. mealy bug (Ferrisiana virgata). Although pest Pareek A, Meena BM, Sharma S, Tetarwal incidence on rubber trees is relatively low, ML, Kalyan RK and Meena BL. 2017. it is also found to be on the rise because Impact of climate change on insect of warming temperatures in recent years pests and their management strategies. (Mathew et al. 2010). In Sharma S and Kanwat M, eds. Climate Natural rubber systems and climate change | 21

Change and Sustainable Agriculture. Nature Reviews Microbiology 5:152–56. Chapter 17. New Delhi: New India https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro1596 Publishing Agency. 253–86. https:// Shtienberg D and Elad Y. 1997. Incorporation www.researchgate.net/profile/Bl-Meena/ of weather forecasting in integrated, publication/328476222_Impact_of_ biological-chemical management Climate_Change_on_Insect_Pests_ of Botrytis cinerea. Phytopathology and_Their_Management_Strategies/ 87:332–340. https://doi.org/10.1094/ links/5beea6de4585150b2bba7dcd/ PHYTO.1997.87.3.332 Impact-of-Climate-Change-on-Insect- Tajuddin I. 2020. Recent Outbreak of Leaf Pests-and-Their-Management- Disease. In South East Asia Meeting of Strategies.pdf Experts on Pestalotiopsis Leaf Disease. Scholthof, K. B. G. 2007. The disease triangle: Diamond Plaza Hotel, Suratthani Province, Pathogens, the environment and society. Thailand, 13–15 January 2020. 22 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Conclusion from the chair

The impacts of climate change are different in the different natural rubber-producing regions of India, some traditional areas becoming less favourable because of drought, some marginal areas becoming more favourable thanks to warming. Two types of strategies are available for adaptation of rubber cultivation to climate change: implement climate-resilient agronomic practices and develop climate-resilient, high-yielding clones through breeding and genomic marker assisted selection.

Dr Eric Gohet presented a worldwide climate typologies of rubber tree cultivation to orient the analysis of risks and opportunities linked to climate change. He noted that most of the current rubber plantations are localized in areas where mean annual temperature ranges from 26°C–28°C and almost nothing is known about rubber cultivation at a higher temperature. Rubber cultivation marginality is mainly determined by two rather independent climatic factors (temperature and rainfall) that will be affected differently in the different types of climates under which rubber is currently cultivated.

Dr Thaler noted that we know little about the direct effects of climate change on rubber tree physiology. A key research topic is the interactions between climate changes and tapping systems. Higher temperature will likely reduce latex flow and therefore latex per tapping day. There is more available knowledge about water stress thanks to the numerous studies about the adaptation to drier conditions in marginal areas. Improving the functions describing the ecophysiology of the rubber trees (carbon assimilation, water use, growth, latex flow and latex regeneration) in integrative models should be a priority area of research.

The impact of climate change on latex harvesting was further explored by Tajuddin Ismail. He highlighted the impacts of rain on tapping and stimulation, impacts of drought delaying growth and increasing the immature period as well as on latex yield. Of particular concern are also increased risks of fungal attacks.

Nguyen Anh Nghia explored the impact of climate change on diseases and pest outbreaks on the rubber tree. He noted that weather parameters have an important role in triggering and spreading pests and diseases in natural rubber which implies that climate change will modify patterns of rubber diseases and pests’ distribution. Changes in severity and pattern of occurrence have already been observed.

The discussion highlighted the potential of improvement in the management of tapping and to adapt it to local conditions including by integrating a resting period without tapping, thus reducing days of tapping and associated costs while preserving annual yield.

There are a lot of important useful results from the research conducted these last 10–15 years with important findings for adaptation through management and breeding. Of particular importance is breeding, including for disease resistance. The use of modern technologies can fast-forward breeding. International cooperation is key for multinational clone exchanges and for testing.

22 Sub-session 1.2 Country experiences

Chairperson: Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir Secretary General, IRRDB

23 Photo by Icaro Cooke Vieira/CIFOR Photo by Icaro Cooke 24 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Tornado disaster assessment of rubber plantation using multi-source remote sensing data: A case study in Hainan Island, China

Bangqian Chen(a), Ting Yun(b), Feng An(a), Weili Kou(c), Hailiang Li(d), Hongxia Luo(d), Chuan Yang(a), Rui Sun(a), Zhixiang Wu(a)

(a) Rubber Research Institute (RRI), Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (CATAS)/Danzhou Investigation & Experiment Station of Tropical Cops, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou, Hainan Province, 571101, P. R. China; (b) School of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China; (c) College of Big Data and Intelligence Engineering, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650224, P. R. China (d) Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, CATAS, Haikou, 571101, P. R. China.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract using Landsat and Sentinel-2 time series images to assess wind damage in rubber As a typical non-traditional rubber planting plantations, from the prospective of data area, China’s natural rubber industry has been availability (Zhu et al. 2015; Qiu et al. 2019), facing severe natural disasters, such as wind image composite methods, and selection damage and cold injury (Chen et al. 2012; of disaster assessment indicators (Lee et al. Liu et al. 2015; Huang et al. 2019). Typhoon 2008; Wang et al. 2010; Hu and Smith 2018). disasters are the worst on Hainan Island – The maximum, median, mean, minimum, China’s second largest rubber planting area – and latest value composite method were and Guangdong Province, which account for respectively used to generate cloud-free almost half of the total rubber planting area images before and after the tornado. Then, in China. Typhoons bring serious physical the image difference method was used to find damage such as fallen leaves and branch the difference before and after the tornado. and trunk breakage to rubber plantations in a short period of time, causing long- The results show that: 1) Cloud-free Landsat term and irreversible changes. Compared ETM+/OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI images can with traditional ground surveys (Feng et al. cover more than 90% of the study area at 2020), the use of remote sensing for wind least once within 20 days before and after damage assessment has the advantage of the disaster, and almost cover the whole area large coverage, higher efficiency, and lower within 30 days. At pixel scale, the average economic costs. Rapid assessment using coverage reaches three times in 30 days remote sensing is of great significance to and six times in 60 days. 2) Maximum value guide post-disaster production recovery (Luo composite method before the tornado and et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2014; Liu et al. 2016), medium value composite after the disaster insurance compensation (Huang et al. 2019; were recommended to generate a cloud- Shang et al. 2019), and scientific research free image for damage assessment, where (Delphin et al. 2013; Mitchell 2013; Shiels and the difference values is the most significant González 2014; Vogt et al. 2014). and stable. 3) The monitoring effect tends to be stable since a time window of 40 days, This study takes the tornado that hit the showing slight differences with the results western part of Hainan Island in 2019 as an estimated from images of a 90-day time example, and explores the potential of jointly window. Considering some other factors, Natural rubber systems and climate change | 25

we recommend using a 60-day time window set. Remote Sensing of Environment to assess the disaster. 4) The enhanced 219:145–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. vegetation index (EVI) of the damaged rse.2018.09.002 rubber plantation changes the most during Delphin S, Escobedo FJ, Abd-Elrahman the disaster, followed by normalized burn A and Cropper W Jr. 2013. Mapping ratio (NBR), land surface water index (LSWI), potential carbon and timber losses normalized difference vegetation index from hurricanes using a decision tree (NDVI), near-infrared (NIR) and shortwave and ecosystem services driver model. infrared (SWIR1 and SWIR2) bands. In Journal of Environmental Management term of percentage change, the LSWI and 129:599–607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. SWIR2 changed the most after the tornado, jenvman.2013.08.029 significantly higher than NBR, EVI, NIR and Feng Y, Negrón-Juárez RI and Chambers SWIR1. However, the spatial variation of LSWI JQ. 2020. Remote sensing and statistical is significantly lower than that of SWIR2. analysis of the effects of hurricane María Therefore, we recommend to use EVI or on the forests of Puerto Rico. Remote percentage value of LSWI to assess the Sensing of Environment 247:111940. tornado disaster. 5) the tornado severely https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.111940 damaged about 645 ha (average value Hu T and Smith R. 2018. The impact of from two algorithms) of rubber plantation in Hurricane Maria on the vegetation western Hainan Island. As a long-term crop of of Dominica and Puerto Rico using about 30-year economic life cycle, the loss is multispectral remote sensing. Remote very serious. Sensing (Basel) 10:827. https://doi. org/10.3390/rs10060827 The coverage of cloud-free optical images in Huang H, Yang Z, Wang C, Zhang J, Zhang tropical area has greatly improved since the Y and Zhang, M. 2019. Evaluation launch of Sentinel-2 A/B satellites, especially of typhoon disaster risk for Hevea combining with satellite data coming from brasiliensis in Hainan island. Journal Landsat 7 and 8 (Claverie et al. 2018). This of Meteorology and Environment study has demonstrated the great potential of 35(5):130–36. https://caod.oriprobe. using images of these two satellites to monitor com/articles/57640606/Evaluation_of_ the loss of wind damage in rubber plantation, typhoon_disaster_risk_for_Hevea_bras. providing insights to timely monitor typhoon htm disasters in rubber plantations and other Lee M, Lin T, Vadeboncoeur MA and crops in the future. Hwong J. 2008. Remote sensing assessment of forest damage in relation Keywords: Rubber plantation, Long time to the 1996 strong typhoon Herb at series images, Image composite method, Time Lienhuachi Experimental Forest, Taiwan. window, damage assessment index Forest Ecology and Management 255:3297–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foreco.2008.02.010 References and further reading Liu S, Zhang J, Cai D, Tian G, Zhang G and Zhou H. 2016. Application of Landsat Chen B, Cao J, Wang J, Wu Z, Tao Z, Chen 8 in monitoring of rubber plantation J, Yang C and Xie G. 2012. Estimation typhoon disaster. Journal of Natural of rubber stand age in typhoon and Disasters 2:53–8. http://caod.oriprobe. chilling injury afflicted area with Landsat com/articles/48281133/Application_of_ TM data: A case study in Hainan Island, Landsat_8_in_monitoring_of_rubber_p. China. Forest Ecology and Management htm 274:222–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Liu S, Zhang J, Cai D, Tian G, Zhang G foreco.2012.01.033 and Zou H. 2015. Spatial-temporal Claverie M, Ju J, Masek JG, Dungan JL, characteristics of rubber typhoon disaster Vermote EF, Roger J, Skakun SV and in Hainan Island. Guangdong Agricultural Justice C. 2018. The Harmonized Landsat Sciences 18:132–35. http://caod.oriprobe. and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance data com/articles/46893593/Spatial_temporal_ 26 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

characteristics_of_rubber_typhoon_ loss and biomass deposition from disaster_in_Hainan_.htm experimental hurricane effects. Forest Luo H, Cao J, Wang L, Zhang Y and Dai Ecology and Management 332:1–10. S, Li H. 2013. Studying NDVI change https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.024 of typhoon NESAT in Hainan with HJ- Vogt J, Piou C and Berger U. 2014. 1CCD satellite images. Remote Sensing Comparing the influence of large- and Technology and Application 28(6):1076– small-scale disturbances on forest 82. http://www.rsta.ac.cn/EN/Y2013/V28/ heterogeneity: A simulation study for I6/1076 mangroves. Ecological Complexity Mitchell SJ. 2013. Wind as a natural 20:107–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. disturbance agent in forests: a systhesis. ecocom.2014.09.008 Forestry: An International Journal of Wang W, Qu JJ, Hao X, Liu Y and Stanturf Forest Research 86:147–57. https://doi. JA. 2010. Post-hurricane forest damage org/10.1093/forestry/cps058 assessment using satellite remote Qiu S, Zhu Z and He B. 2019. Fmask 4.0: sensing. Agricultural and Forest Improved cloud and cloud shadow Meteorology 150:122–32. https://doi. detection in Landsats 4-8 and Sentinel-2 org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.09.009 imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment Zhang J, Zhang M, Liu S and Che X. 2014. 231:111205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Application of FY-3 meteorological rse.2019.05.024 satellite in monitoring remote sensing Shang Z, Cao H, Lin M and Zhan H. of rubber plantation in Hainan Island. 2019. Review of typhoon disaster Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops risk assessment for agriculture in 35(10):2059–65. http://www.rdzwxb.com/ China. Journal of Catastrophology EN/abstract/abstract3655.shtml 34:168–72. (In Chinese). https:// Zhu Z, Wang S and Woodcock CE. 2015. global.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail. Improvement and expansion of the aspx?dbcode=CJFD&filename=ZHXU Fmask algorithm: cloud, cloud shadow, 201902031&dbname=CJFDLAST2019 and snow detection for Landsats 4–7, 8, Shiels AB and González G. 2014. and Sentinel 2 images. Remote Sensing Understanding the key mechanisms of Environment 159 :269–77. https://doi. of tropical forest responses to canopy org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.12.014 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 27

A planter’s experience with disease outbreaks and the challenges to achieve productivity targets

Ashdeepak Singh(a), Estate Manager

(a) Peninsular Forest Management Sdn Bhd Selangor, Malaysia

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract tapping without appropriate knowledge during the raining season may cause brown This presentation illustrates the main bast (panel dryness) by overexploiting challenges faced by an estate manager the trees. Brown bast is the second most to achieve rubber production targets: rain, serious threat to rubber estate after brown bast, and Pestalotiopsis. It shows Pestalotiopsis from an estate’s perspective. means to address them and ways to There is a risk of not being able to achieve optimize the use of the workforce on the the monthly production and fail to fulfil plantation (Febbiyanti 2019). yearly targets. Rubber tapping will be done vigorously during the dry months to The rubber plantation project site is located compensate for raining days. However, this in Malaysia, about 60 km to the north of method has been known to cause critical Kuala Lumpur, 20 km from the town of Kuala stress to the rubber trees resulting in fast Kubu Bharu, Selangor and about 10 km decrease in the tree’s latex production or south of Tanjung Malim Perak town, hugging ending up with brown bast. When earning of both sides of the north-south highway. tappers is low during raining season, it will The best access to the area is through the lead to workers running away or becoming highway exit at Lembah Beringin Selangor, free birds. This will further increase the a semi-abandoned township bordering the shortage of workers in the rubber industry rubber plantation. Currently, the plantation which currently is already a major problem has successfully planted 1,530 ha of rubber for most of the rubber industry in Malaysia. (TLC), planted from 2009 to 2011 with different clones: PB 350, PB 260, RRIM A rain guard is a very efficient way to 2025, RRIM 3001, RRIM 901. reduce these impacts of rain. EasyGuard is designed to divert rainwater running down Rainfall is recorded using a rain gauge to the tree tapping panel, which prevents calculate the number of rainy days and the water from touching the tapping panel amount of rain. As shown in table 1 there and keep the panel dry. It was invented are around 180 rainy days per year, with and patented by Gaincrest founder in rainy days per month varying from 6 to 23, 2003 to overcome the problem of rain. It with a total annual amount generally above protects the panel (where latex is collected) 3,000 mm. and diverts the rain water. For instance, if tapping starts at 3:00 AM and it had rained During the raining season there are specific at 9:00 PM a day earlier, the tapper will be challenges. The rain makes it impossible to able to tap the tree because the panel is still tap which reduces the number of tapping dry. However, the rain guard is not effective days. There is a risk of washout (unless against a heavy downpour of rainfall. The latex coagulant is applied immediately after estate supervisor must determine whether tapping for field coagulum, also known as the panel is dry and safe for tapping. The rubber cup lump in lay mans’ term). Workers rain guard has been helpful to achieve 28 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Table 1. Rainfall data by month, from January 2017 to May 2020, for Lembah Beringin, Selangor, Malaysia

2017 2018 2019 2020 Month Raining Rainfall Raining Rainfall Raining Rainfall Raining Rainfall Days (mm) Days (mm) Days (mm) Days (mm) January 14 346 16 308 12 147 5 237 February 9 260 6 45 14 152 5 105 March 23 542 12 209 10 94 14 191 April 21 380 14 147 16 221 21 329 May 18 426 22 443 14 320 14 363 June 10 176 9 174 12 347 5 155 July 6 90 7 137 11 180 0 0 August 16 105 6 83 12 160 0 0 September 17 153 26 422 10 166 0 0 October 13 206 25 431 27 621 0 0 November 19 412 22 390 18 343 0 0 December 19 285 21 331 17 160 0 0 Total 184 3,381 186 3,121 173 2,911 64 1,381

higher tapping days for my plantation. The Pestalotiopsis affected the plantation cost of the material is MYR 0.61 per tree. in 2019 and 2020. In 2019 in the area Labour costs for fixing EasyGuard are MYR affected production was reduced by 0.45 per tree. The breakeven point is after 25% due to Pestalotiopsis. In 2020 two tapping days. the production in the affected area is estimated to fall by 40% due to Brown bast, or tapping panel dryness, Pestalotiopsis. There is about 30% leaf left is a physiological disease of the tree which can be seen on the branches. The characterized by a greyish-brown or areas affected are treated by repeated greenish-brown discolouration of the inner mechanical spraying. bark near the tapping cut and a stoppage in the flow of latex (Jacob et al. 2006). When a Increasing productivity of the plantation tree is affected by brown bast, we will let the requires careful management of the tree rest for six months and try tapping after tappers including for recovery of days six months with one round booster of 1.25% lost because of the rain. Monitoring of of ethereal application (Schweizer 1949). working hours for tappers is essential. Brown bast can be a major problem if we To achieve the highest yield tappers are have unskilful tappers and contract tappers advised to start tapping at 3:00 AM, and to who prioritize the money taken back rather avoid tapping after 9:30 AM, avoid tapping than taking care of the rubber tree. Stressing during daylight because the panel will dry the tree for higher output is what we should and the latex flow will be very slow and avoid taking into consideration the lifespan not worth the effort. Stressing the tree may of the rubber tree which should be able to also lead to panel dryness and brown bast. be tapped for 20 years (Vijayakumar et al. To do recovery tapping, the management 2006). If the tree is over-exploited it may can have a policy to carry out recovery only survive for 10 years. So, it is not worth tapping on very rainy days by tapping in over-exploiting the rubber tree. the evening or by switching from D3 (third Natural rubber systems and climate change | 29

daily) to D2 (alternate daily) tapping. For References and further reading instance, on Monday Section A was to be tapped but it started raining at 1:00 AM; Febbiyanti TR. 2019. Severe outbreak of section A can be tapped in the evening Pestalotiopsis leaf disease in South Sumatra: and the next day Section B can be tapped The need for international cooperation. so that tapping days are not lost. Another Presentation at The MRB-IRRDB International method of recovery tapping is to switch Workshop on Soil Fertility, Good Agricultural from D3 to D2; tappers can tap 1.5 task per Practices and Productivity. 9–10 April 2019. day to recover the lost days. The number Mahkota Hotel. Melaka, Malaysia. https:// of trees per task must be considered as pdf4pro.com/view/www-lgm-gov-my-mrb-irrdb- well. When deducting Sundays and 11 public 5afa15.html holidays, there are a total of 300 days per Jacob J, Krishnakumar R and Mathew NM, eds. year available for tapping. This gives the 2006. Tapping Panel Dryness of Rubber Trees. possibility of 100 tappings per year per tree Kottayam: Rubber Research Institute of India. with D3 or 150 tappings per year per tree 1–296. http://rubberboard.org.in/public with D2. However, achieving approximately Schweizer J. 1949. Brown bast disease. Archief 95% out-turn of tappers or 280 tapping Voor De Rubbercultuur 26(5):385–97. https:// days is a good result. The management of digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/ the plantation plays a very important role item/2436939#page/1/mode/1up; http://hdl. on how the recovery plan is executed. handle.net/1887.1/item:2436939 A rain guard plays an important role, as Vijayakumar KR, Thomas KU, Rajagopal R and explained above. Karunaichamy K. 2006. Management of fields affected by severe incidence of tapping panel Key words: Rubber, tapping, rain, rain guard, dryness. In Jacob J, Krishnakumar R and Mathew brown bast, Pestalotiopsis NM, eds. Tapping Panel Dryness of Rubber Trees. Kottayam: Rubber Research Institute of India. 207–15. http://rubberboard.org.in/public 30 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Climate change and its impact on the outbreak of the Pestalotiopsis epidemic of Hevea in South Sumatra

Tri Rapani Febbiyanti(a)

(a) Indonesian Rubber Research Institute

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract 20%–58% and decreased latex production by more than 30%. The prolonged rainy Pestalotiopsis leaf fall disease was first season has resulted in disruption of tapping, detected in Indonesia in 2016 in the North inundations in some areas and damages to Sumatra region, then spread to South garden roads (Manurung and Basuki 1992; Sumatra in the end of 2017 and continues to Thomas et al. 1994). be an outbreak until now. This disease causes a decrease in production of more than 30%. The effect of El Niño in 2019 resulted in Symptoms begin to appear sporadically on the development of Pestalotiopsis leaf fall mature leaves and finally the leaves fall. disease being inhibited, the conditions of long dry months and low humidity resulting This leaf fall disease is an airborne disease in disease events being delayed up to 2–3 which spreads very fast and makes months so that peak production could be defoliation of leaves continuously (Febbiyanti reached to the natural wintering. Based on and Fairuzah 2019). The disease has spread observations in 2019, rain began to occur in to several regions in Indonesia, namely North early December 2019, and if rainfall exceeds Sumatra, South Sumatra, Central Java, East 100 mm per month and daily humidity Java and Sulawesi with diferent disease exceeds 80%, the severity of the disease will severity (Febbiyanti 2019). start to be high. The severity of the disease will be higher if rainfall exceeds 300 mm per In Indonesia, global climate change has month and humidity daily exceeds 85%, as resulted in abnormal rainy season or dry daily humidity conditions in the garden greatly season. Abnormal rainy season is a season affect the development of the disease. where the monthly rainfall is above normal As a result of this El Niño, the pathogen and the number of wet months increases Pestalotiopsis is inhibited, canopy survives or is called a prolonged rainy season. well and does not fall off for 2–3 months, and Meanwhile, the abnormal dry season is a production increases by 20%–40% according season where the monthly rainfall is below to the target at the peak of production. normal and the number of dry months increases; this is called a prolonged dry During their development, pathogens season (Manurung and Basuki 1992). generally require suitable biotic (plant) The prolonged rainy and dry seasons in and abiotic (climatic, environmental, and Indonesia have had a very detrimental agronomic) conditions. The biotic conditions impact, especially for agriculture including required by disease-causing pathogens are rubber plantations, where the impact of these usually the susceptibility and critical phases seasonal changes has resulted in significant of the plant. If one of these factors does economic losses. The prolonged dry season not support, the pathogen does not cause has resulted in stunted plant growth by significant damage (Agrios 2005). Long or Natural rubber systems and climate change | 31

abnormal dry seasons with dry periods of Fertility, Good Agricultural Practices and three months or more will result in reduced Productivity. 9–10 April 2019. Mahkota attack of pathogens. Leaf disease is usually Hotel. Melaka, Malaysia. https://pdf4pro. very lacking or completely absent because com/view/www-lgm-gov-my-mrb-irrdb- in the period of formation of young leaves, 5afa15.html which is a critical condition for pathogens, Febbiyanti TR and Fairuzah Z. 2019. there are no rain or dry conditions, which Indonesian identification of causes of results in pathogenic spores being unable rubber leaves outbreak in Indonesia. to germinate and mycelia in the tissue will Jurnal Penelitian Karet/Indonesian be stunted. Even air spores or mycelia that Journal of Natural Rubber Research live saprophytic in leaf tissue will die from 37(2):193–206. https://doi.org/10.22302/ drought, resulting in a drastic reduction in the ppk.jpk.v37i2.616 pathogen population. Manurung A and Basuki. 1992. Dampak ketidaknormalan hujan di perkebunan Keywords: Pestalotiopsis, leaf fall, diseases, karet dan usaha pengendaliannya. Hevea, climate Lokakarya Kiat dalam Menghadapi Kemungkinan Musim Kemarau Panjang Tahun 1992 dan untuk Budidaya References and further reading Perkebunan. Kerjasama AP3I dengan Perhimpunan Meteorologi Pertanian Agrios GN. 2005. Plant Pathology. 5th ed. Indonesia (PERHIMPI)dan BMG. https:// San Diego, US: Elsevier Academic Press. www.ap3i-indonesia.org/; https:// https://www.elsevier.com/books/plant- perhimpi.org/ pathology/agrios/978-0-08-047378-9 Thomas ML, Junaidi U, Wibawa G, Amypalupy Febbiyanti TR. 2019. Severe outbreak of K and Sihombing H. 1994. Pengaruh Pestalotiopsis leaf disease in South kekeringan dan usaha mengatasinya Sumatra: The need for international pada tanamana karet. Warta Perkaretan cooperation. Presentation at the MRB- 13(2):1–7. https://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/ IRRDB International Workshop on Soil index.php/wartaperkaretan/issue/archive 32 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Management of Pestalotiopsis outbreak in a rubber plantation in North Sumatra

Zaida Fairuzah(a)

(a) Indonesian Rubber Research Institute

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract avoid the wind and also to get the support from mildew for sticking the fungicide at Global climate changes have greatly the surface of the leaves. This research influenced rubber plants lately. The consisted in comparison of two treatments temperature has increased by 0.3°C since (treatment and control plot) with three industrialization, accompanied by a significant replications. The observation method of the increase of the amount of rainfall in a year canopy was based on Jayasinghe (2019). In resulting in increasingly humid environmental the treated plots the disease occurence was conditions in the rubber plantation area (Case only 13.33% and in the control plot 26.11%. et al. 2007). High humidity in the rubber Pestalotiopsis spores were found only in the plantation area highly favors pathogenic fungi control plot using spore traps at the height causing a disease explosion. of 0.5 and 5 m from the ground surface. In the treatment plots, light intensity at 12:00 There was no dry month and a high frequency Western Indonesia Time was only 32,070 lux of rain in 2017 in North Sumatra, which and in the control 53,670 lux, showing that triggered an explosion of secondary leaf fall the canopy in the control area was thinner in rubber plantations of Sumatra and had an than in the treated area. More fallen leaves impact on decreasing production (Junaidi et infected by Pestalotiopsis were found in leaf al. 2017). Symptoms of circular patches with traps in the control plot than in the treatment clear brownish-white borders and gradually plot after a one-week installation. The cost black appeared on the leaves were later for this treatment was about IDR 120,577 identified as Pestalotiopsis leaf blight disease (USD 8.19) per hectare for the fogging (Febbiyanti and Zaida 2019). The leaves method. Yield in the treatment plot after turned yellow in the canopy of the plant and two months was about 21.86 g t-1 t-1 and in fell instantly. The leaves fell throughout the the control plot was 19.1 g t-1 t-1, so the yield year, especially in the rainy season. Almost difference was 2.76 g t-1 t-1. all rubber plantation in North Sumatra were attacked by this disease. Keywords: Management, Pestalotiopsis, outbreak, rubber plantation The management strategies to control this disease had been conducted in a commercial plantation in North Sumatra, Indonesia, using References and further reading PB 260 clone planted in 2013. Experimental field plots were established in Simalungun Case M, Ardiansyah F and Spector E. Regency in Feb–Apr 2020. Hexaconazole 2007. Climate Change in Indonesia: was applied every two months and was Implications for Humans and Nature. not applied to the control plot. The method Press conference climate impact. used in the application of hexaconazole WWF Press Conference, Manhattan was fogging to the plant canopy using a Hotel, Jakarta. 28 November 2007. thermal fogging machine in the night to WWF for a living planet. www.wwf.or.id; Natural rubber systems and climate change | 33

https://fitrianardiansyah.files.wordpress. Junaidi, Tistama R, Atminingsih, Fairuzah com/2007/11/wwf_cc_impact-in-indonesia_ Z, Rachmawan A, Darojat MR and report_en_nov07.pdf Andriyanto M. 2018. Fenomena Gugur Febbiyanti TR and Fairuzah Z. 2019. Indonesian Daun Sekunder di Wilayah Sumatera identification of causes of rubber leaves Utara dan Pengaruhnya terhadap outbreak in Indonesia. Jurnal Penelitian Produksi Karet [Secondary leaf fall Karet/Indonesian Journal of Natural phenomena in north sumatera and Rubber Research 37(2):193–206. https:// its impact to rubber yield]. Warta doi.org/10.22302/ppk.jpk.v37i2.616 Perkaretan, Pusat Penelitian Karet Jayasinghe. 2019. Index for Scoring Disease 37(1):1–16. https://ejournal.puslitkaret. Severity (score index) for Determining The co.id/index.php/wartaperkaretan/ Average Disease Severity Index. Malaysia. article/view/441 34 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Preparedness of the Sri Lankan rubber sector to minimize the impact of climate change

Wasana Wijesuriya(a)

(a) Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract measures to adverse climate change impacts and also in the process of developing the Sri Lanka, an island with a tropical climate, knowledge base for carbon sequestering is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts of ability to prove the prospects of rubber climate change. National-level actions have plantations in receiving carbon credits. to play a critical role, while international These research areas have been among cooperation is also important. Identifying this the priorities of the institute’s research and responsibility, the Government of Sri Lanka development plan even before the NAP has (GOSL) has launched a national initiative to been documented and launched. face the impacts of climate change. There are several national initiatives, such as According to the NAP, there are four relevant the National Climate Change Adaptation adaptation needs for the natural rubber Strategy for Sri Lanka 2011–2016 prepared sector. They are: (a) enhancing the resilience in 2010 and the National Climate Change of the rubber sector against heat and water Policy (NCCP) adopted in 2012. The National stress, (b) minimizing the risk of crop damage Adaptation Plan for Climate Change Impacts due to biological agents, (c) minimizing the in Sri Lanka (NAP) is the next logical step impact on export earnings due to erratic of the national initiatives for meeting the changes in precipitation and (d) enhancing adverse effects of climate change. the resilience of export crops and agro- ecosystems to extreme weather events. The NAP covers adaptation needs at two levels; namely, adaptation needs Germplasm improvement and improvement of key vulnerable sectors and cross- of nursery and plantation management cutting national needs of adaptation. Nine practices are the key areas for enhancing the vulnerable sectors were identified, and resilience of the rubber sector against heat among them the one which is related to and water stress. Breeding of new clones is the rubber sector is export development. one of the key areas of research conducted This document identifies adaptation options by RRISL. This activity includes multiplication, that can fulfill these needs and actions establishment and scientific evaluation of the necessary to achieve these adaptation Hevea germplasm, molecular level screening options with responsible agencies and key to identify drought tolerant clones and RRISL- performance indicators and constitutes a smallholder collaborative trials for evaluation sectoral plan for each vulnerable sector of adaptability and performance under sub- together with interventions. optimal environmental conditions.

Vulnerabilities of rubber plantations to With respect to improvement of nursery and climate change have been identified and plantation management practices, RRISL the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka focuses on promoting suitable operational (RRISL) is being involved in research in and management techniques for nursery various disciplines in developing adaptation and planting and also developed improved Natural rubber systems and climate change | 35

cropping system models. Research and The research and development programmes development activities are therefore focused of RRISL adequately address the adaptation on improved planting material, priming of needs, options and activities according to the seeds to improve germination success, National adaptation plan for climate change of application of botanical, physio-chemicals, Sri Lanka. Yet several research projects are still and irrigation practices to reduce moisture ongoing and at the initial stages to develop stress, studies on potting media for root recommendations to the industry in future. trainers, bio-fertilizer development, use Before the recommendation a serious thought of organic fertilizer, bio-char application, should be given on the economic aspects and introducing intercropping systems, and soil- the environmental benefits. Overarching all moisture conservation practices with the the said strategies, it is important to make the objective of avoiding stress situations. planters and smallholder farmers aware of the adaptation needs and proposed strategies Minimizing the risk of crop damage due to build resilience of the rubber sector to to biological agents, the second of the anticipate climate change and overcome its identified adaptation needs identified in the adverse effects. NAP is also of great concern to the rubber industry. Therefore, actions are being taken in terms of developing recommendations References and further reading on best practices for pest and disease management through improvements in Climate Change Secretariat. 2016. National nursery management and crop sanitation. adaptation plan for climate change impacts Monitoring and surveillance of pests and in Sri Lanka 2016–2025. Colombo, Sri diseases is also of concern for early detection Lanka: Climate Change Secretariat of Sri of new diseases and pests and developing Lanka, Ministry of Mahaweli Development & a system of forecasting risks of pests and Environment. http://www.climatechange.lk/ diseases are the relevant actions under this Index_NAP.html adaptation option. Climate Change Secretariat. 2012. National Climate Change Policy (NCCP). Colombo, In terms of economics, minimizing the impact Sri Lanka: Climate Change Secretariat of on export earnings due to erratic changes Sri Lanka, Ministry of Environment. http:// in precipitation is the third area under the www.climatechange.lk/CCS%20Policy/ NAP. For this, several strategies have been CCS_Policy.html focused on by RRISL. They are: establishment Climate Change Secretariat. 2010. National of a climate information management and Climate Change Adaptation Strategy communication system and minimizing the for Sri Lanka 2011 to 2016. Colombo, Sri effect of interference to tapping operations of Lanka: Climate Change Secretariat of Sri rubber. Timely application of rainguards is of Lanka, Ministry of Environment.. https:// importance in escaping from rain interference. www.climatechange.lk/adaptation/Files/ Adopting low-frequency tapping systems may Strategy_Booklet-Final_for_Print_Low_ be considered another way of escaping from res(1).pdf rainfall events. Wijesuriya W and Seneviratne P. 2017. Preparedness of the natural rubber The fourth adaptation need in the NAP is sector against adverse impacts climate enhancing the resilience of export crops and change and variability. In Marambe B, ed. agro-ecosystems to extreme weather events. Proceedings of the Workshop on Present Introducing suitable cropping systems with Status of Research Activities on Climate rubber and land suitability assessments are Change Adaptations. Colombo, Sri Lanka: important in this regard. It is also necessary to Sri Lanka Council for Agricultural Research identify, monitor and forecast droughts which Policy. 83–100. http://www.slcarp.lk/ is a basic necessity in decision making in wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Full-Book- rubber cultivation. Climate-Change_1_Optimized_1.pdf 36 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Conclusion from the chair

The challenges faced by the plant breeders in improving productivity and profitability are numerous. The main objectives are to produce vigorous clones which are high yielding in both latex and timber and also resistant to the major diseases. For example, white root disease is a major killer of young replantings and tapping panel dryness reduce yields of mature trees significantly. Smallholders also face the problem of extended immaturity period leading to delays in tapping their trees. Reducing the immaturity period of the rubber clones will enable them to enjoy early returns on their investment.

With climate change, we see increasing incidence of major leaf diseases such as abnormal leaf fall caused by Phytopthera, Corynespora outbreaks and more recently the increasing incidence due to Pestalotiopsis. All the major leaf diseases cause reduction in yields. Climate change has resulted in increasing incidence of severe weather. Strong winds are capable of causing damage due to trunk snaps. This leads to reduced stands of trees in their already uneconomic sized holdings.

Currently, rubber is also being cultivated in marginal areas where weather is a major concern. Excessive rain leads to flooding and extended drought is detrimental to the growth of the rubber trees. When we consider that rubber has been replanted three times, smallholders are unable to implement good agricultural practices. This leads to poor growth of trees in soils deprived of nutrients and fertility. Therefore, climate change is an obstacle to our effort in reducing poverty among the smallholder community.

36 Sub-session 1.3 What is the potential impact on rubber production in both traditional and new areas?

Chairperson: Vincent Gitz Director, CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry

37 Photo by Ahtziri Gonzalez/CIFOR 38 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

The place of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) in climate change

Omokhafe, K.O.(a)

(a) Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract means of economic empowerment as an economic crop, food and enhanced nutrition Climate change is as old as creation, as the through intercropping and mixed farming Earth, with its atmosphere in particular, has in agroforestry practices. There are many witnessed phases of stability and instability. countries that have a common agroecology The Earth attained relative stability before the with the rubber-producing countries and have advent of man on Earth, called the Holocene the challenge of derived savannah and loss about 11,700 years ago, and especially the of trees in the humid savannah. The rubber Industrial Revolution that commenced in tree can benefit from Reducing Emissions the middle of the 18th century. The industrial from Deforestation and Forest Degradation activities affected the composition of (REDD+) programmes with focus on the wild gasses in the atmosphere leading to the rubber groves especially in South America. greenhouse effect, increases in temperature, Many of these non-traditional and non-rubber irreversible changes in weather factors producing countries are promoting use of and climate change. In spite of the global trees as response to climate change and the efforts at mitigation and adaptation, climate rubber tree will be a suitable component of change will be more severe on communities tree planting practices in these countries. in developing countries. In this case, it is In this regard, the following options of the necessary to apply local approaches that use of the rubber tree for climate change will be compatible with the environment of adaptation are hereby presented: tree community dwellers in developing countries. farming, forest restoration, afforestation, This is where the rubber tree fits in to provide reforestation, agroforestry, silviculture, holistic solutions to climate change and protection of rubber groves and carbon meet basic needs of the farmers. Secondly, credits. These will also address some aspects there is the problem of land degradation of the Sustainable Development Goals such as loss of the rainforest transitioning to (SDGs) such as SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 2 grassland, called derived savannah. There is (zero hunger), SDG 9 as an industrial crop, a loss of trees in the humid savannah leading SDG 10 (reduced inequality), SDG 13 (climate to increased aridity and arid savannah. In action), SDG 14 (life below water) for fisheries both cases, there are further challenges of under rubber tree canopies, SDG 15 (life social dislocation with threat to livelihoods, on land), and SDG 17 for partnerships. The avoidance by social service workers, rubber seed oil is a source of biodiesel for migration, high-profile crimes and hence SDG 7 (clean and affordable energy). The vulnerable communities. This is prevalent dual relevance to climate change and the in many rubber-producing countries and SDGs is to the advantage of the rubber tree. the rubber tree is therefore a ready crop for The objective of this paper was to present livelihood and economic empowerment. In the trend of climate change to the place of addition to adaptation to climate change, the rubber tree in climate change adaptation, the application of the rubber tree in various mitigation and socio-economic factors of ways can sequester carbon, provide forest communities. Natural rubber systems and climate change | 39

Key words: Hevea, rubber tree, climate com/arc2006/; https://www.ryt9.com/en/ change, SDGs prg/44713 Kuper R and Kröpelin S. 2006. Climate- References and further reading controlled Holocene occupation in the Sahara: Motor of Africa’s evolution. Allen CD and Breshears DD. 1998. Drought- Science 313(5788):803–7. https://doi. induced shift of a forest-woodland org/10.1126/science.1130989 ecotone: Rapid landscape response Krishnapillay DB and Varmola M. 2002. Case to climate variation. Proceedings of study of the tropical forest plantations the National Academy of Sciences in Malaysia. Forest Plantations Working of the United States of America Papers, Working Paper FP/23. Rome: FAO. 95(25):14839–42. https://www.pnas.org/ 42p. https://eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/ content/95/25/14839.short detail/detail?vid=0&sid=fead7a9f-a80c- Arora VK and Montenegro A. 2011. Small 4126-8b9b-e8022e524f34%40pdc-v-sess temperature benefits provided by mgr03&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU realistic afforestation efforts. Nature %3d#AN=fao.822389&db=cat02127a Geoscience 4:514–18. https://doi. Lewis SL, Wheeler CE, Mitchard ETA and Koch org/10.1038/ngeo1182 A. 2019a. Regenerate natural forests to Breshears DD, Carroll CJW, Redmond store carbon. Springer Nature 568(4):25– MD, Wion AP, Allen CD, Cobb NS, 8. https://media.nature.com/original/ Meneses N, Field JP, Wilson LA, Law magazine-assets/d41586-019-01026-8/ DJ, et al. 2018. A dirty dozen ways to d41586-019-01026-8.pdf die: Metrics and modifiers of mortality Lewis SL, Wheeler CE, Mitchard ETA and driven by drought and warming for a tree Koch A. 2019b. Restoring natural forests species. Frontiers in Forest and Global is the best way to remove atmospheric Change 1:1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/ carbon. Nature 568:25–8. https://doi. ffgc.2018.00004 org/10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8 Carugati L, Gatto B, Rastelli E, Martire ML, Marzocchi A, Lunt DJ, Flecker R, Bradshaw Coral C, Greco S and Danovaro R. 2018. CD, Farnsworth A and Hilgen FJ. 2015. Impact of mangrove forests degradation Orbital control on late Miocene climate on biodiversity and ecosystem and the North African monsoon: insight functioning. Scientific Reports 8:1–11. from an ensemble of sub-precessional https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31683-0 simulations. Climate of the Past 11:1271– Dea GB, Keli RJ, Eschbach JM, Omont H 95. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-11-1271-2015 and Canh TV. 1997 Rubber tree (Hevea Munasinghe ES, Rodrigo VHL, Karunathilake brasiliensis). In Cronin ME, ed. Proc. PKW. 2011. Carbon sequestration in IRRDB Symp. Agronomy aspects of the mature rubber (Hevea brasiliensis cultivation of natural rubber (Hevea Muell. Arg.) plantations with genotypic brasiliensis). International Rubber comparison. Journal of the Rubber Research and Development Board Research Institute of Sri Lanka (IRRDB), Hertford, UK. 44–53. Kuala 91:36–48. https://jrrisl.sljol.info/articles/ Lumpur, Malaysia. https://theirrdb.org/ abstract/10.4038/jrrisl.v91i0.1851/ Farmer GT and Cook J. 2013. Climate Nasaruddin M. 2011. The importance of rubber Change Science: A Modern Synthesis. forest plantation concept in Malaysia. Volume 1 – The Physical Climate. New Paper presented at the meeting of IRRDB York: Springer. 564p. https://www. Plant Breeding Group, Bahia, Brazil. springer.com/gp/book/9789400757561 Plantation Michelin Bahia, 4–7 April 2011. Iqbal SMM and Rodrigo VHL. 2006. https://theirrdb.org/ Feasibility of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis Omokhafe KO, Imoren EA and Samuel Mull. Arg.) cultivation in the eastern OG. 2020. Climate change impact on province of Sri Lanka; A non traditional agricultural livelihood: the role of women area for rubber. International Natural in natural climate solutions. Presentation. Rubber Conference, Ho Chi Minh City, Asaba, Delta State: Unity Hall, Vietnam. 571–84. http://www.thenextview. Government House. 27 February 2020. 40 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

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Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): [UNFCCC] United Nations Framework two new Global Boundary Stratotype Convention on Climate Change. 1997. Kyoto Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three Protocol to the United Nations Framework new stages/subseries. Episodes. Journal Convention on Climate Change. 6p. https:// of International Geoscience 41(4):213–23. unfccc.int/documents/2409 https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016 Zongdao H and Yanqing P. 1992. Rubber [UNEP] United Nations Environment Programme. cultivation under climatic stresses in 2020. Handbook for the Montreal Protocol China. In Sethuraj MR and Mathew NM, on Substances that Deplete the Ozone eds. Natural Rubber: Biology, Cultivation Layer. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, Ozone and Technology. Amsterdam, the Secretariat. 960p. https://ozone.unep. Netherlands: Elsevier. 220–238. https:// org/sites/default/files/Handbooks/MP- www.elsevier.com/books/natural-rubber/ Handbook-2020-English.pdf sethuraj/978-0-444-88329-2 42 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Managing soil quality to improve sustainability of rubber plantations, what do we know?

Gay Frédéric(a,b), A. Brauman(c), R. Chotiphan(e,f), E. Gohet(a,b), J.P. Laclau(c,d), S.Lienprayoon(f,g), L. Mareschal(c,d), P. Malagoli(h), A. Thoumazeau(a,b), Y. Nouvellon(c,d,f), N. Suvannang(i), P. Thaler(c,d), T. Perron(a,b)

(a) ABSys, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, l’Institut Agro, CIHEAM , Montpellier, France (b) CIRAD, UMR ABSys, F-34398 Montpellier, France (c) Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France (d) CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, F-34398 Montpellier, France (e) Department of Soil Science, Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand (f) HRPP, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand (g) KAPI, Kasetsart University, 10900, Bangkok, Thailand (h) Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, PIAF,F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France (i) Land Development Department, LMI LUSES, Bangkok, Thailand

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract of soil degradation after conversion of forests to plantation systems in Indonesia. Understanding the relationships between Deforestation is indeed an important issue the functioning of rubber plantations and the but our objective in this presentation is to functioning of soils is integral to the issue of consider the role of soils in the sustainability the sustainability of natural rubber systems of rubber plantations after the deforestation in the context of climate change. Soils play a had happened. We have identified several major role in mitigating and adapting cropping issues that must be addressed. Rubber systems to climate change. On the one hand, plantations are perennial systems with a soils contribute to carbon sequestration in lifespan of 25 years or more and a forest-like ecosystems through their capacity to store functioning (i.e. annual production of above organic carbon. They are also important in the and belowground litter). Therefore, we can regulation of emissions of other greenhouse wonder i) if rubber plantations can improve gases like methane and nitrous oxide. On the the soil quality after intensive annual other hand, soils support the productivity of crops known to deplete soil resources agricultural lands through the regulation of (e.g. cassava in Thailand), ii) if soil keeps nutrient and water cycles that depend a lot on degrading after forest conversion or if there the activity of the organisms living at the soil is any room for soil function improvement. surface or in the soil layers. From the point of view of an agronomist, the main questions are iii) about the sensitivity of Most of the recent scientific literature about the performances of a rubber plantation, in rubber plantations and soils mainly deals particular yield, to soil quality and iv) about with the negative effects on soils of the the good agricultural practices that can help land use change related to the conversion to improve soil quality. of natural forests to rubber plantations. For instance, de Blecourt et al. (2013) showed In the following, we are bringing some a strong decrease in soil carbon stocks answers to these questions based on the in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous works CIRAD and its partners have carried Prefecture of China, while Guillaume et al. out over the last years. Part of these works is (2016a, 2016b) provided a broader view based on the use of the Biofunctool method Natural rubber systems and climate change | 43

(Thoumazeau et al. 2019a, 2019b), which Further works showed how some agricultural is a new methodology for assessing soil practices could protect or improve soil quality. According to Karlen et al. (1997), this quality. The studies carried out in Thailand by method has been developed on the premise Clermont-Dauphin el al. (2016), Thoumazeau that soil quality is the capacity of soils to et al. (2019b) and Neyret et al. (2020) function and to deliver ecosystem services. illustrated the importance of soil cover Concretely, it means that we cannot assess management. Neyret et al. (2020) compared soil quality only through the measurement of runoff and soil detachment between maize nutrient stocks or basic physical parameters fields, mature rubber plantations with such as soil texture. We need indicators of intercrops between the tree lines and mature the main functions of soils. In this respect, rubber plantations in which herbicides were the Biofunctool method assesses three used to eliminate the natural vegetation cover main soil functions following the conceptual growing between trees. The results clearly framework proposed by Kibblewhite et showed that the risk of soil erosion increased al. (2008): carbon transformation, nutrient when the soil was bare even in mature cycling and maintenance of soil structure. plantation with a dense tree canopy. The For each function, we selected low cost two other works highlighted the benefits of in field indicators, with the idea of building cover cropping with legumes. First, Clermon- an affordable and user-friendly tool for Dauphtin et al. (2016) showed the strong assessing soil quality. The current version influence of growing Pueraria on the growth of the Biofunctool method includes nine of the trees. In this study the nitrogen fixation indicators which are aggregated in one soil by the leguminous crops was estimated to quality index. more than 200 kg of nitrogen per hectare. In the second study in the same region, The life cycle of a rubber plantation is Thoumazeau el al. (2019b) looked at the commonly divided into two phases of effect of Mucuna cover on the soil quality unequal duration. The immature phase assessed with the Biofunctool method. The spans from the set-up of the plantation to results show that the soil quality of a four- the beginning of latex harvesting that occurs year-old plantation with Mucuna cover was between five and seven years old after the significantly higher than a four-year-old planting of the trees. The mature phase plantation with cassava intercropping, and that follows can last up to 30 years and was similar to the soil quality in a nine-year- corresponds to the period of tree tapping old plantation. for latex. Our recent works highlighted the specificities of these two phases with Most recently, we studied the impact of the respect to response to fertilization, nutrition long-term cultivation of rubber tree on soil of the trees and soil quality. The immature quality. In southern Thailand, we showed a phase is characterized by a rapid growth continuous loss of soil organic matter (SOM) of the trees, high nutrient requirement in a chronosequence of forest and rubber and a significant and positive response to plots set up to mimic a 75-year sequence fertilization or soil fertility (Vrignon-Brenas equivalent to three successive rubber et al. 2019; Perron et al. 2021). During the plantations after deforestation (Paklang et al., mature phase, growth of the trees and in prep.). From this study, it appears that SOM nutrient export are low, and response of losses occurred mainly at the renewal of the yield to fertilization is unclear (Chotiphan plantation, between the logging of the old et al. 2019). Regarding the soil quality, plantation and the planting of the new trees. Thoumazeau et al. (2019a) showed that In Thailand, like in most rubber-producing the Biofunctool soil quality index (SQI) is countries, part or all of the tree biomass low during the immature phase and did of the old plantation is exported before not improve much after the conversion setting up a new one. In some countries, of cassava fields to rubber plantation in trunks and bigger branches are used as Thailand. During the mature phase, the SQI timber representing an alternative source of improved significantly and was getting closer revenues for farmers, but in other countries, to the SQI of local forests. residues are simply burnt. In an experiment in 44 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Ivory Coast, we are testing another option, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment which is to leave part or the entire tree 217:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. biomass in the inter-rows. First results from agee.2015.11.002 this experiment showed the positive effect of de Blécourt M, Brumme R, Xu J, Corre MD this practice on the Biofunctool SQI and tree and Veldkamp E. 2013. Soil carbon growth 18 months only after the logging of stocks decrease following conversion the old plantation. of secondary forests to rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations. PLoS ONE The objective of this communication was 8(7):e69357. https://doi.org/10.1371/ to put forward the role of soils for the journal.pone.0069357 sustainability of rubber plantations. First, Guillaume T, Holtkampd AM, Damris M, we saw that soil quality can have strong Brümmerd B and Kuzyakova Y. 2016a. positive effect on the functioning of the Soil degradation in oil palm and rubber rubber plantation. Therefore, managing plantations under land resource scarcity. soil quality must be taken into account Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment in strategies for the adaptation of rubber 232:110–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. plantations to CC. In this respect, it is agee.2016.07.002 important to keep in mind that soil quality Guillaume T, Maranguita D, Murtilaksonod naturally improves in mature plantations. In K and Kuzyakova Y. 2016b. Sensitivity the meantime, good agricultural practices and resistance of soil fertility indicators can be adopted to avoid soil degradation to land-use changes: New concept or further improve its quality. Soil cover and and examples from conversion of logging residues management are examples Indonesian rainforest to plantations. of the importance of adding organic matter, Ecological Indicators 67:49–57. https:// alive or dead, to the soil. Lastly, besides doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.039 experimental works to enrich our knowledge Karlen DL, Mausbach MJ, Doran JW, of the relationship between practices, soil Cline RG, Harris RF and Schuman quality and plantation performances, it is also GE. 1997. Soil quality: a concept, important to work on the factors that can definition, and framework for contribute to the adoption of these practices evaluation (a guest editorial). Soil by smallholders. That is certainly the main Science Society of America Journal bottleneck to address in the future. 61:4–10. https://doi.org/10.2136/ sssaj1997.03615995006100010001x Key words: Rubber plantation, soil Neyret M, Robain H, De Rouw A, Soulileuth sustainability, soil quality index, Biofunctool, B, Trisophon K, Jumpa K and Valentin C. good agricultural practices. 2018. The transition from arable lands to rubber tree plantations in northern Thailand impacts weed assemblages References and further reading and soil physical properties. Soil Use and Management 34(3):404–17. https:// Chotiphan R, Vaysse L, Lacote R, Gohet R, doi.org/10.1111/sum.12431 Thaler P, Sajjaphan K, Bottier C, Char Perron T, Mareschal L, Laclau JP, C, Liengprayoong S and Gay F. 2019. Deffontaines L, Deleporte P, Masson A, Can fertilization be a driver of rubber Cauchy T and Gay F. 2021. Dynamics of plantation intensification? Industrial biomass and nutrient accumulation in Crops and Products 141:111813. https://doi. rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) plantations org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111813 established on two soil types: Clermont-Dauphin C, Suvannang N, Implications for nutrient management Pongwichian P, Cheylan V,Hammecker C, over the immature phase. Industrial Harmand J-M (2016) Dinitrogen fixation Crops and Products 159:113084. https:// by the legume cover crop Pueraria doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.113084 phaseoloides and transfer of fixed N Thoumazeau A, Bessou C, Renevier MS, to Hevea brasiliensis—impact on tree Trap J, Marichal R, Mareschal L, Decaens growth and vulnerability to drought. T, Bottinelli N, Jaillard B, Chevallier T, Natural rubber systems and climate change | 45

Suvannang N, Sajjaphan K, Thaler P, Gay new framework to assess the impact F and Brauman A. 2019a. Biofunctool®: of land management on soil quality. a new framework to assess the impact Part B: investigating the impact of land of land management on soil quality. management of rubber plantations on Part A: concept and validation of the soil quality with the Biofunctool® index. set of indicators. Ecological Indicators Ecological Indicators 97:429–37. https:// 97:100–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.10.028 ecolind.2018.09.023 Vrignon-Brenas S, Gay F, Ricard S, Snoeck Thoumazeau A, Bessou C, Renevier MS, D, Perron T, Mareschal L, Laclau JP, Panklang P, Puttaso P, Peerawatd M, Gohet E and Malagoli P. 2019. Nutrient Heepngoen H, Polwon P, Koonklan N, management of immature rubber Sdoodee S, Chantuma P, Lawongsa plantations. A review. Agronomy for P, Nimkingrat P, Thaler P, Gay F and Sustainable Development 39:11. https:// Brauman A. 2019b. Biofunctool®: a doi.org/10.1007/s13593-019-0554-6 46 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Breeding rubber clones for non-traditional areas

Ramli Othman, PhD (a)

(a) Fellow International Rubber Research and Development Board

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract conserved and utilized under the breeding program in Malaysia. Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), which originated in the Amazon Basin in Brazil, Besides latex production, Hevea wood was first introduced to the East from seeds has gained significant importance as a collected by Henry Wickham. He collected raw material in the timber-based industry. about 70,000 seeds in Boim near the This is due to the creamy colour and Tapajos River in 1876. The surviving 22 good timber working quality as well as seedlings introduced to Singapore and abundant supply from the smallholders Malaya in 1877 became the progenitors of and estate sector. More than 70% of high- the commercial planting materials in Malaysia value furniture exported from Malaysia is and other rubber growing countries. made from Hevea wood. Considering the tremendous prospects of Hevea wood, The natural rubber industry was indeed emphasis has now shifted to breeding of founded on a very narrow genetic base. The quick-growing clones with high latex and plant breeders felt that there was a need for timber production, referred as latex timber an extensive programme to continuously and clone. These clones are suitable for rubber systematically collect wild Hevea materials forest plantations. from its origin in South America. Broadening the genetic base was much needed for a Indeed the IRRDB 1981 germplasm has successful rubber breeding program. broadened the much-needed Hevea genetic base and will help the breeding This led to a joint expedition by the program to reinforce the addictive genetic International Rubber Research and component for yield, girth and other Development Board (IRRDB) member important characters. These germplasm countries and the Brazilian Government materials have been the important source in 1981, to collect wild Hevea germplasm for the development of location-specific seeds in three western states of Brazil clones capable of withstanding various mainly in Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso. diseases, cold, drought and wind damage. This prospection succeeded in collecting a total of 64,736 seeds and 1,522 meters of The wild Amazonia germplasm acts as a budwoods of H. brasiliensis. depository of genes for specific attributions, especially tolerance to abiotic stress like In 1995, the Rubber Research Institute drought and cold, and biotic stress like of Malaysia (RRIM) and the Brazilian diseases by various pathogenic fungi. Government conducted an expedition to As such the IRRDB has planned a new collect seeds of various species from the germplasm collection mission to the upper Amazon, Brazil (Tabatinga, Atalaia Peruvian Amazon in the coming years. This do Norte, Benjamin Constant, Sao Paulo will create a greater impact towards Hevea de Olivença and Manaus). A total of 50,231 improvements for both traditional and the seeds were successfully planted, evaluated, non-traditional planting areas. Natural rubber systems and climate change | 47

References and further reading Profitability in Plantations, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 24–25 Oct 1994. https://www. Jacob J, Ramli Othman, Mydin KK, Lai VL, Le worldcat.org/title/management-for- MT, Woelan S, Teerawatanasuk K, Li WG, enhanced-profitability-in-plantations- Seneviratne WMG, Omokhafe KO and proceedings-of-the-1994-international- Mathurin OK. 2013. International clone planters-conference-on-management/ exchange and genetic enhancement oclc/960934841 research in Hevea brasiliensis. Ramli Othman and Masahuling B. 1996. Rubber Science 26(1):1–12. http://www. Hevea genetics resources in the Rubber rubberscience.in/archive/box3/page. Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM). html; https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/ Bulletin of the Genetics Society of abstract/20143067463 Malaysia 2:18–20. https://www.pgm-my. Jalani BS and Ramli Othman. 2003. org/pgm-bulletin-genetik/; https://www. Production systems and agronomy. yumpu.com/en/document/view/37131902/ Rubber. In Thomas B, ed. Encylopedia of bulletin-of-the-genetics-society-of- Applied Plant Sciences (ISBN: 978-0-12- malaysia-homepage- 227050-5). Elsevier. 970–8. https://doi. Ramli Othman, Najib LA and Ong SH. 1992. org/10.1016/B0-12-227050-9/00247-7 Potential Hevea species and clones for Malaysian Rubber Board. 2003. Rubber forest rubber forest. Proceedings Seminar on plantation. Malaysian Rubber Board Economics of Forest Plantation. Kuala (MRB) Monograph No. 5. 1–22. http:// Lumpur, Malaysia, 24–25 Feb 1992. www.lgm.gov.my/; http://vitaldoc.lgm.gov. Schultes RE. 1990. A brief taxonomic view my:8060/vital/access/services/Download/ of the genus Hevea. Malaysian Rubber vital1:27666/ARTICLE Research and Development Board Ong SH, Ramli Othman, Md Zain AA, (MRRDB) Monograph No. 14. 1–57. http:// Othman H. Masahuling B and Naimah I. mylibrary.nuclearmalaysia.gov.my/seal/ 1994. Rubber Breeding: Progress and Record/0000004492 Strategies to meet Future Needs of Webster CC and Baulkwill WJ. 1989. Rubber. the Plantation Industry. Proceedings of London: Longman Scientific and the International Planters Conference Technical. https://www.worldcat.org/title/ on Management for Enhanced rubber/oclc/468393239 48 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Climate monitoring and analysis to optimize rubber cultivation

Thomas Wijaya(a,b)

(a) Indonesian Rubber Research Institute (b) Research Centre for Rubber Technology

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract of plants in the nursery. Leaf disease caused by Colletotrichum could also be prevented by Climate is a resource for growth and yield of observing the rainfall pattern during the first rubber and many other crops. Climatic elements 10 days of new leaf formation and spraying of need to be recorded, analysed and used fungicide when rainfall is conducive to disease for better rubber cultivation or management. development (Parawirosoemardjo 2007). Climate data could be used for land suitability Timing of rainfall will affect latex collection, assessment, making relation between climate where rainfall occurring in the early morning fluctuations and crop performance, and it is would make the tapping panel become wet, possible to make cultivation adjustments based requiring to wait until it is dry before tapping on climate fluctuations. can be done, while rainfall during afternoon would wash late drip of latex. Installing rain In this paper, the use of climatic data for guards could reduce the latex being washed rubber cultivation is presented. Climatic by rainfall and could minimize yield loss (Wijaya elements could be measured by conventional and Solichin 2010). meteorological stations designed by the World Meteorology Organization including pan evaporation, wind speed, air temperature, and solar radiation. But currently, there is an automatic weather station that would make weather observation much easier as data can be stored automatically by setting the time Wet tapping panel due to rainfall of recording and there is no need for special flows through main stem weather observers.

El Niño and La Niña are known and could be anticipated three months earlier so that Rainguard dealing with drought and wet condition can be anticipated in rubber plantations by Dry tapping panel, making lag correlation between the Southern protected by rain guard Oscillation Index and rainfall three months ahead (Nicholls 1991, Rimmington and Nicholls 1993). The observed climatic data could be analysed and used for calculation of the need of irrigation water by knowing potential evapotranspiration, which can be estimated from a pan evaporation, and by the estimation of stored soil moisture or available water to be maintained by watering to avoid water stress Figure 3. Effect of rain guard on tapping panel Natural rubber systems and climate change | 49

Planting time of rubber can be more secure References and further reading when taking account of rainfall probability of at least 75% (three years out of four) Nicholls N. 1991. Advances in long-term weather instead of using average of monthly rainfall forecasting. In Muchow RC and Bellamy or the probability of 50% receiving rainfall. JA, eds. Climatic Risk in Crop Production: The great variation of rainfall from year to Models and Management for the Semiarid year at the beginning of the rainy season in Tropics and Subtropics. Wallingford, UK: Indonesia may lead to a risk of drought for CAB International. https://www.cabdirect. newly planted rubber trees and it would be org/cabdirect/abstract/19910744358 better to take account of rainfall probability Rimmington GM and Nicholls N. 1993. of at least 75%. By knowing relationships Forecasting wheat yields in Australia with between climate and rubber growth, potency the Southern Oscillation Index. Australian of rubber growth in a particular area can be Journal of Agricultural Research 44:625– estimated using a crop model. 32. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9930625 Parawirosoemardjo S. 2007. Perilaku patogen Keywords: climate, monitoring, analysis, dan epidemi beberapa penyakit pada rubber cultivation, rubber plantation tanaman karet. Warta Perkaretan 26(1):27– 39. https://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index. php/wartaperkaretan/issue/archive Wijaya T and Solichin M. 2010. Save every drop of your latex with rain guard. Pusat Penelitian Karet. Balai Penelitian Sembawa, Palembang. https://www.puslitkaret.co.id/ 50 | Session 1: Impact of climate change on rubber and potential changes in the geography of production

Conclusions of the chair

The potential impact of climate change on rubber production in both traditional and new areas is a crucial question for the future localization of rubber plantations, renewal of plantations and extension in marginal areas. What will be the conditions for rubber in 30 years determines the decision to renew plantations or to plant elsewhere, and with what type of genetic material and management practices. Parts of the rubber plantations are due to be renewed. It is important to be able to give smallholders and investors the appropriate information, technical solutions and incentives. There are already many results from research that can be used for marginal areas and for adaptation.

Climate information and projections are critical. There are examples of crops and countries where such projections are used to orient plantations, like in Brazil for coffee, and the development of associated extension services and value chains, like in Korea for apple trees as part of its first adaptation plan. Projections can help answer the question of the distribution of rubber in traditional and marginal areas in the future. Observed climatic data could be analysed and used for plantation management, such as calculation of the need of irrigation water and estimation of some disease risks.

The question of future distribution of rubber needs to take into account competition and complementarity with other land uses, including protection of primary forests, competition for land, with palm oil for instance, the issue of soil quality, and the potential role of rubber for the sustainable development and adaptation to climate change of landscapes and communities. It is also one of the points that are the most important when thinking about the mitigation potential of rubber as land use change can be a major source of emissions.

The role of soils for adaptation to climate change and for the sustainability of rubber plantations needs to be appropriately recognized and integrated in management practices. Soil quality can have a strong positive effect on the functioning of the rubber plantation. It naturally improves in mature plantation and should not be lost when renewing trees.

Broadening the genetic base of cultivated rubber can open perspectives for adaptation as well as for other breeding objectives. The wild Amazonia germplasm constitutes a repository of genes of interest for breeding to resist abiotic stress like drought and cold, and biotic stress like diseases by various pathogenic fungi.

50 51 Photo by Axel Fassio/CIFOR 2

Session 2 Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

The purpose of session 2, chaired by Eric Gohet, from CIRAD, was to consider the role of natural rubber systems to mitigate climate change and to adapt to it. The first sub-session focused on how natural rubber systems can contribute to mitigating climate change. The second sub- session considered the role of rubber systems for adaptaton.

53 Sub-session 2.1 How can rubber systems contribute to climate change mitigation?

Chairperson: Eric Gohet CIRAD

54 Photo by Deanna Ramsay/CIFOR Photo by Deanna Ramsay/CIFOR Natural rubber systems and climate change | 55

Effects of large scale tree plantations on local climate: What potential for rubber tree plantations?

Nouvellon, Y.(a), Thaler P.(a), Gay F.(a), Gohet E.(b), Kasemsap P.(c), Chayawat C.(d), le Maire, G.(a), Guillemot J.(a), Satakhun D.(d), Chantuma P.(e), Sathornkich J.(c), Stape J.L.(f), Campoe, O.(g), Lacote E.(c), Laclau J.P.(a)

(a) CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, 34060 Montpellier, France (b) UPR Systèmes de Pérennes, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, F-34398, France (c) Kasetsart University, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand (d) Kasetsart University, Center of Thai-French Cooperation on Higher Education and Research, 10900 Bangkok, Thailand (e) Chachoengsao Rubber Research Center, Rubber Authority of Thailand, 21160 Sanam Chaiket, Thailand (f) Department of Forest Science, São Paulo State University – UNESP, 18600 Botucatu, SP, Brazil (g) Department of Forest Sciences, University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras, MG 37200, Brazil

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract landscape carbon stocks, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. Furthermore, tree Large-scale land cover changes are occurring plantations can contribute to the reduction throughout tropical areas in order to respond to of fossil carbon emissions, when the wood the increasing global demand in plant materials from the plantations is used as a substitute such as wood, oil, textiles, food products and of fossil combustible, e.g. by replacing the natural rubber. In particular, the area of tropical coke by charcoal in the steel industry (Fallot tree plantations have strongly increased over et al. 2009) or in power plants (Waewsak the last decades, reaching about 20 million et al. 2020). Similarly, using natural rubber hectares for fast growing eucalypt plantations (renewable product) as a substitute to (Booth, 2013), or 14.3 million hectares for rubber synthetic rubber (produced from fossil carbon) tree plantations (IRSG 2018), most of them avoids fossil carbon dioxide emissions. established in Southeast Asia. Such land use changes (LUC) have the potential to impact In addition to the global warming attenuation the local, regional and global climates due to through carbon sequestration and avoidance modifications of the albedo (which affects the of fossil carbon dioxide emissions, tree surface radiative budget), of surface roughness, plantations can mitigate warming through and canopy stomatal and aerodynamic evaporative cooling (Peng et al. 2014). This conductance (which affect the partitioning of is due to their high actual evapotranspiration available energy between latent and sensible (AET) in comparison to other land uses heat fluxes), and of the carbon sources and such as crops or grasslands. Although in sinks strengths (which affect the atmospheric boreal areas the evaporative cooling of tree

CO2 concentrations). plantations can be over-compensated by a warming resulting from low albedo, in tropical It is well known that the replacement of natural areas the cooling by AET generally largely forests by tree plantations leads to large dominates the warming effect of low albedo, losses of biodiversity and release of CO2 to thus resulting in a net cooling effect of tree the atmosphere. In contrast, afforestation plantations and natural forests (Bonan 2008, of croplands, grasslands and degraded 2016; Prevedello 2019). In this presentation shrublands generally results in increases in we report data obtained in fast-growing 56 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

eucalypt plantations in south-eastern Brazil, Further studies are required to better assess and in rubber tree plantations in Thailand, and the biogeochemical and biophysical effects results from previous published studies that of rubber tree plantations on the local and confirm the cooling trends of these tropical regional climate, using field measurements, tree plantations. ecophysiological process-based models, and regional atmospheric models. Evaporative In Brazil, the mean AET measured by eddy cooling, in particular, may contribute to both covariance over a seven-year eucalypt local warming mitigation (Ellison et al. 2017) and rotation (~1400 mm yr-1) represented about tree adaptation to increased air temperatures, 90% of the annual rainfall, and the latent heat by keeping leaves to physiologically safe flux associated to this high AET represented temperatures, thus avoiding overheating and about 88% of the available energy (net thermal damage. Evaporative cooling, however, radiation), thus suggesting a high evaporative is only possible when sufficient soil water is cooling. Furthermore, comparison of land available, and might therefore not operate surface temperatures (LST) derived from in marginal areas with low precipitation. satellite images showed lower LST over Research is also needed to better assess this plantation and over nearby eucalypt the effects of sylvicultural practices on the and pine plantations than over grasslands, feedbacks between rubber tree plantations and soybean and sugar cane plantations, and local climate. which is consistent with results reported in some previous studies (e.g. Jackson et al. Keywords: albedo, evaporating cooling, 2008). Among other factors, the high AET evapotranspiration, carbon, water and of these south-eastern eucalypt plantations energy cycles, biogeochemical and was allowed by a good fertilization regime, biophysical effects, climate change mitigation which increases both tree growth and water and adaptation, rubber tree plantations, use (Christina et al. 2018) and by the ability of eucalypt plantations eucalypt trees to rapidly develop a deep root system (>10 m deep two years after planting; Pinheiro et al. 2016; Germon et al. 2019) References and further reading allowing them to get access to large amounts of soil water (Christina et al. 2017). Bonan GB. 2016. Forests, climate, and public policy: a 500-year interdisciplinary odyssey. In rubber tree plantations in Thailand we Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, found AET of about 1150 mm yr-1, which falls in and Systematics 47:97–121. https://doi. the lower range of values reported previously org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-121415-032359 for rubber tree plantations in north-eastern Bonan, G.B. 2008. Forests and climate Thailand and Cambodia (1210 and 1450 mm change: Forcings, feedbacks, and the yr-1; Giambelluca et al. 2016), and south- climate benefits of forests. Science western China (Tan et al. 2011). As for eucalypt 320(5882):1444–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/ plantations, the high AET values measured science.1155121 in some rubber tree plantations growing Booth TH. 2013. Eucalypt plantations and on deep soils could partly result from deep climate change. Forest Ecology and rooting (Pierret et al. 2016; Giambelluca et al. Management 301:28–34. https://doi. 2016). The mean proportion of net radiation org/10.1016/j.foreco.2012.04.004 used for evapotranspiration in the rubber Christina M, le Maire G, Nouvellon Y, Vezy R, plantations (0.73) was similar to that reported Bordon B, Battie-Laclau P, Gonçalves JLM, by Giambelluca et al. (2016) (0.72). These high Delgado-Rojas JS, Bouillet JP and Laclau values are similar to that reported for tropical JP. 2018. Simulating the effects of different rainforests (0.72; Fisher et al. 2009), thus potassium and water supply regimes on suggesting that well-managed rubber tree soil water content and water table depth plantations might behave similarly to tropical over a rotation of a tropical Eucalyptus rainforests in term of evaporative cooling and grandis plantation. Forest Ecology moisture recycling to the atmosphere (Staal and Management 418:4–14. https://doi. et al. 2018; Zemp et al. 2014). org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.12.048 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 57

Christina M, Nouvellon Y, Laclau JP, Stape JL, Peng SS, Piao S, Zeng Z, Ciais P, Zhou L, Li Bouillet JP, Lambais GR and le Maire G. LZX, Myneni RB, Yin Y and Zeng H. 2014. 2017. Importance of deep water uptake in Afforestation in China cools local land tropical eucalypt forest. Functional Ecology surface temperature. Proceedings of the 31(2):509–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365- National Academy of Sciences of the 2435.12727 United States of America 111(8):2915–19. Ellison D, Morris CE, Locatelli B, Sheil D, Cohen https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1315126111 J, Murdiyarso D, Gutierrez V, Noordwijk Pierret A, Maeght JL, Clément C, Montoroi JP, MV, Creed IF, Pokorny J, et al. 2017. Hartmann C and Gonkhamdee S. 2016. Trees, forests and water: Cool insights Understanding deep roots and their for a hot world. Global Environmental functions in ecosystems: An advocacy for Change 43:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. more unconventional research. Annals gloenvcha.2017.01.002 of Botany 118(4):621–35. https://doi. Fallot A, Saint-André L, Le-Maire G, Laclau JP, org/10.1093/aob/mcw130 Nouvellon Y, Marsden C, Bouillet JP, Silva Pinheiro RC, de Deus JC, Nouvellon Y, T, Pikett MG and Hamel O. 2009. Biomass Campoe OC, Stape JL, Aló LL, Guerrini sustainability, availability and productivity. IA, Jourdan C and Laclau JP. 2016. Metallurgical Research & Technology A fast exploration of very deep soil 106(10):410–18. https://doi.org/10.1051/ layers by Eucalyptus seedlings and metal/2009072 clones in Brazil. Forest Ecology and Fisher JB, Malhi Y, Bonal D, Da Rocha HR, De Management366:143–52. https://doi. Araújo AC, Gamo M, Goulden ML, Rano TH, org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.02.012 Huete AR, Kondo H, et al. 2009. The land– Prevedello JA, Winck GR, Weber MM, Nichols E atmosphere water flux in the tropics. Global and Sinervo B. 2019. Impacts of forestation Change Biology 15(11):2694–714. https://doi. and deforestation on local temperature org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01813.x across the globe. PLoS ONE 14(3). https:// Germon A, Jourdan C, Bordron B, Robin A, doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213368 Nouvellon Y, Chapuis-Lardy L, de Moraes Staal A, Tuinenburg OA, Bosmans JHC, Gonçalves JL, Pradier C, Guerrini IA and Holmgren M, Van Nes EH, Scheffer Laclau JP. 2019. Consequences of clear- M, Zemp DC and Dekker SC. 2018. cutting and drought on fine root dynamics Forest-rainfall cascades buffer against down to 17 m in coppice-managed drought across the Amazon. Nature eucalypt plantations. Forest Ecology and Climate Change 8(6):539–43. https://doi. Management 445:48–59. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41558-018-0177-y org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.05.010 Tan ZH, Zhang YP, Song QH, Liu WJ, Deng XB, Giambelluca TW, Mudd RG, Liu W, Ziegler Tang JW, Deng Y, Zhou WJ, Yang LY, Yu GR, AD, Kobayashi N, Kumagai T, Miyazawa et al. 2011. Rubber plantations act as water Y, Lim TK, Huang M, Fox J, et al. 2016. pumps in tropical China. Geophysical Evapotranspiration of rubber (Hevea Research Letters 38(24). https://doi. brasiliensis) cultivated at two plantation org/10.1029/2011GL050006 sites in Southeast Asia. Water Resources Waewsak J, Ali S and Gagnon Y. 2020. Site Research 52(2):660–79. https://doi. suitability assessment of para rubberwood- org/10.1002/2015WR017755 based power plant in the southernmost [IRSG] International Rubber Study Group. provinces of Thailand based on a multi- 2018. Quarterly Statistics. Singapore: criteria decision-making analysis. Biomass International Rubber Study Group. http:// and Bioenergy 137:105545. https://doi. www.rubberstudy.org/reports org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105545 Jackson RB, Randerson JT, Canadell JG, Zemp DC, Schleussner CF, Barbosa HMJ, Van Anderson RG, Avissar R, Baldocchi DD, Der Ent RJ, Donges JF, Heinke J, Sampaio Bonan GB, Caldeira K, Diffenbaugh NS, G and Rammig A. 2014. On the importance Field CB, et al. 2008. Protecting climate with of cascading moisture recycling in South forests. Environmental Research Letters America. Atmospheric Chemistry and 3(4):044006. https://iopscience.iop.org/ Physics 14(23):13337–59. https://doi. article/10.1088/1748-9326/3/4/044006/meta org/10.5194/acp-14-13337-2014 58 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Improving biodiversity in rubber plantations: A low-cost strategy to sustain soil health and mitigate drought

Jessy, M.D.(a)

(a) Rubber Research Institute of India, Rubber Board

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract et al. 2015, 2017; George and Meti 2018). Judicious crop mixing in rubber plantations Loss of biodiversity, soil degradation and either improved or did not influence growth climate change are important concerns and yield of rubber, sustained or improved facing agriculture including the natural rubber soil fertility status and reduced costs of plantation sector globally. Increasing costs of cultivation. Crop diversification also improved cultivation and price volatility are also major soil microbial population in rubber plantations constraints faced by the rubber plantation (Vimalakumari et al. 2001). industry. Evolving resilient and low-cost strategies for developing sustainable rubber Natural flora or weeds were generally not ecosystems is of critical importance for permitted in rubber plantations either due continued viability of the rubber plantation to the perception that weeds compete with sector without compromising the livelihood rubber for natural resources or for aesthetic security of the rubber growers. purposes. Studies have shown that retaining natural flora in rubber plantations reduced Improving biodiversity in rubber plantations soil acidity (Jessy et al. 2013) and improved through crop/species diversification for soil health (Abraham and Joseph 2015). An ecological and economic sustainability is extensive soil survey conducted in India a major focus of rubber research in India. showed that soil acidity is a major fertility Several multispecies rubber ecosystems constraint in rubber growing soils (rubsis. were evaluated for their effect on the rubberboard.org.in) and retaining natural performance of rubber, soil health, climate flora is a low-cost and effective strategy for resilience and income generation. There reducing soil acidity. Retaining natural flora are lot of possibilities during initial years also improved soil cation status and carbon for intercropping a variety of food crops stock in rubber plantations (Abraham and with rubber, two-tier or three-tier systems Joseph 2015). harvesting sunlight at different strata simultaneously and sequential intercropping Rubber-growing regions also experience synchronizing light availability within the increasing drought due to climate plantation with the light requirement of crops uncertainties and rising temperature. will maximize returns (Jessy et al. 2005, Retaining an undergrowth of crops or natural 2013; Jessy and Jacob 2020). Low light flora improved moisture content during availability within the plantation during the summer and mitigated drought (Jessy et al. mature phase limits the choice of crops after 2017; Abraham and Joseph 2015). canopy closure. Shade-tolerant crops like coffee, cocoa, vanilla and certain medicinal Judicious crop/species mixing in rubber and ornamental plants are suitable for plantations has ecological and economic cultivating in mature rubber plantations (Jessy advantages which can be easily exploited Natural rubber systems and climate change | 59

even by the most resource poor growers. rubber plantations after removal of A concerted effort among concerned pineapple: Effect on growth and yield of stakeholders is needed for consolidation rubber, soil moisture and nutrient status. of data, awareness generation and Rubber Science 28(2):138–46. http://www. scaling up of adoption. rubberscience.in/archive/box11/page.html Jessy MD, Meti S and Nair NU. 2013. A Keywords: biodiversity, soil health, cropping system for reduction of intercropping gestation period and enhanced yield of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis). Rubber Science 26(2):210–16. http://www. References and further reading rubberscience.in/archive/box4/page.html Abraham J and Joseph P. 2015. A new Jessy, MD, Punnose KI and Nayar TVR. 2005. weed management approach to improve Crop diversification and its sustainability soil health in a tropical plantation crop, in young rubber plantation. Journal of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis). Experimental Plantation Crops 33(1):29–35. https:// Agriculture 52(1):36–50 https://doi. doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32030.36162; org/10.1017/s0014479714000544 https://www.researchgate.net/ George S and Met S. 2018. Cocoa and coffee publication/343097149_Crop_ as intercrops in mature rubber plantation: diversification_and_its_sustainability_in_ Effects on growth and yield of rubber young_rubber_plantation and physico-chemical properties of soil. Jessy MD, Syamala VK and Ulaganathan A. Rubber Science 31(1):31–40. http://www. 2013. Ground covers differ in their effect rubberscience.in/archive/box55/page. on soil pH in rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) html; https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/ plantation. National Seminar on abstract/20183229957 Developments in Soil Science. Jodhpur, Jessy MD and Jacob J. 2020. Conserving/ Rajasthan, India: Central Arid Zone improving biodiversity in rubber Research Institute. 23–26 October 2013. plantations in India: A review of http://www.cazri.res.in/ possibilities and ecological implications. Rubber Research Institute of India. n.d. Rubber Science 33(2):112–26. http://www. Kottayam: Rubber Board. Accessed 16 rubberscience.in/archive/box65/page. April 2021. http.//rubsis.rubberboard.org.in html Vimalakumari TG, Joseph K, Jessy MD, Jessy MD, Joseph P and George S. 2017. Kothandaraman R, Mathew J and Possibilities of diverse rubber based Punnoose KI. 2001. Influence of agroforestry systems for smallholdings in intercropping on the rhizosphere India. Agroforestry Systems 91(3):515–26. microflora of Hevea. Indian Journal of https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-016-9953-8 Natural Rubber Research 14(1):55–9. Jessy MD, Joseph P and George S. 2015. http://www.rubberscience.in/archive/ Establishing perennial intercrops in box26/page1.html 60 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Product from specialty natural rubber as an alternative material to synthetic rubber towards application of naturally sustainable resources

Fatimah Rubaizah, M.R. (a), Zameri, M.(a), Siti Salina, S.(a), Nik Intan N.I.(a), Nurul Hayati, Y.(a), Roslim, R.(a), Rohani A.B.(a), Dazylah, D.(a), Manroshan, S.(a), Mohamad Asri, A.(b), and Amir Hashim, M.Y.(c)

(a) Technology and Engineering Division, Malaysian Rubber Board (b) Quality and Technical Services Division, Malaysian Rubber Board (c) Directorate Office, Malaysian Rubber Board

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract the NR application market as alternative material from more sustainable resources The use of renewable raw materials such with properties comparable to the synthetic as natural rubber (NR) in the production counterparts. of specialty NR is considered more environmentally sustainable as compared The advantages of these specialty to the non-renewable resources used materials have been extensively exploited in the production of synthetic rubber for in various forms; e.g. dry rubber and the same type of rubber products. This latex product applications. The product is especially true in the case of Malaysia applications have been substantially where the NR originated from the explored in pre-commercial settings replanting cycle and hence is free from with various industry involvement. Foam the elements of deforestation, habitat and and adhesive are among the products biodiversity destruction as well as being produced which have shown eminent the source for carbon sequestration. NR properties. The fabricated specialty latex is one of the known renewable source foam shows excellent sound-absorbing and materials that is used extensively in vibration-damping properties, whereas the various products application, e.g. tyres, water-based adhesive gives an alternative footwear and automotive products, due for non-toxic, environmentally-friendly to its outstanding properties, namely its and less odorous adhesive. In order to elasticity, mouldability into any desired expand the usage of these specialty shape and size as well as its adaptability rubbers, further modification was also to changes (toughness, chemical and performed via chemical route. Chemical thermal resistance). In order to widen NR degradation of the specialty latex forms a applications, its research and development material to be known as liquid epoxidized was focused onto modification route natural rubber (LENR). The LENR with to improve drawbacks inherited by the lower molecular weight (< MW˜30,000 g material. With the motivation, development mol-1) have potential in applications for of specialty natural rubber enhanced the sound insulation (0.07 sound absorption), NR properties in applications related to toughening agents and processing aids. damping, oil resistance, gas permeability, wet grip and rolling resistance. These Keywords: Specialty Rubber, Dry rubber specialty NRs (epoxidized natural rubber product, Latex product, Renewable raw and deproteinized natural rubber) expand material Natural rubber systems and climate change | 61

References and further reading and method for producing epoxidised natural rubber latex foam and applications Ali Ruslimie C, Mustafa A and Rasdi FRM. thereof. Malaysian Rubber Technology 2018. Factory production and large Developments 19(2):15–16. https://rios. scale applications of Ekoprena® based lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. paint. Malaysian Rubber Technology jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& Developments 18(2):30–6. https://rios. type=MRTD&issueYear=2019 lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Ramli R, Lang MK, Kamarudin S, Bao CA, Rasdi jsp?searchText=&selTab=dig FRM, and Yatim AHM. 2019b. Application iCon&id=&type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 of epoxidised natural rubber latex foam Aziz AKBC, Sarkawi SS. and Rahim RA. 2017. as sound absorption/insulation wall Green retreaded tyre based on epoxidised panels. Malaysian Rubber Technology natural rubber (ENR) blends in urban Developments 19(2):12–15. https://rios. buses. Journal of Polymer Science and lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Technology, 2(1), pp. 45–55. http://spaj. jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& ukm.my/jpst/index.php/jpst/article/view/29 type=MRTD&issueYear=2019 Bakar RA and Yazib NM. 2018 Natural rubber Ramli R, Rasdi FRM, Kamaruddin S, Tan latex adhesives: MRB engagement KS, Yatim AHM. 2018. Specialty with the industries. Malaysian Rubber natural rubber latex-based foams. Technology Developments 18(2). https:// Malaysian Rubber Technology rios.lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Developments 18(2):21–23. https://rios. jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& Hanif HAM and Yong KC. 2018. Antistatic type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 shoe soles based on Ekoprena®. Rasdi FRM, Abdullah NS. and Muhammad AK. Malaysian Rubber Technology 2016. Ekoprena® and Pureprena®: Diversity Developments 18(1):49–52. https://rios. in latex usage for the Malaysian Rubber lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Industry. Malaysian Rubber Technology jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& Developments 16(1):20–22. https://rios. type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Mohamad Asri Ahmad. 2018. Green jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& rubber sound damping material type=MRTD&issueYear=2016 towards commercialisation. Rasdi FRM, Darji D and Singh MSJ. Malaysian Rubber Technology 2019.Epoxidised natural rubber Developments 18(1):9–10. https://rios. latex (ENRL) concentrate in dipped lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. product applications. Malaysian jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& Rubber Technology Developments type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 19(2):38–43. https://rios.lgm.gov. Mustafa A, Ali Ruslimie C, Rasdi FRM and my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Khalib AFK. 2018. Ekoprena® based paint jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& for artwork. Malaysian Rubber Technology type=MRTD&issueYear=2019 Developments 18(1):5–7. https://rios. Rasdi FRM, Hayati N, Darji D and Abdullah lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. NS. 2018. Production of specialty rubber jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& towards commercial applications. type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 Malaysian Rubber Technology Rahim RA, Ghani RA, Sarkawi SS and Aziz AKC. Developments 18(2):5–11. https://rios. 2016. MRB reseach collaborations in tyre lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. projects. Malaysian Rubber Technology jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& Developments 16(2):41–45. https://rios. type=MRTD&issueYear=2018 lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Singh M and Rasdi RM. 2019. Colloidal jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& properties of epoxidized natural rubber type=MRTD&issueYear=2016 latex prepared by membrane separation Ramli R, Kamaruddin S, Rasdi FRM, Lang MK technology. Journal of Rubber Research and Yatim AHM. 2019a. Composition 22:153–67. doi:10.1007/s42464-019- 62 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

00029-4; https://www.scilit.net/article/ cross linkable elastomeric composition. ac17ce28cd396b4bfb3bf638614335d5 Malaysian Rubber Technology Wan NY, Kamal MM, Chin KP, Aziz AKC and Developments 19(2):34. https://rios. Zaeimoedin TT. 2019. A rubber compound lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. for the production of motorcycle tyre jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& treads, process for producing the rubber type=MRTD&issueYear=2019 compound and the motorcycle tyre tread Yusof NH, et al. (2016) Utilisation of liquid produce. Malaysian Rubber Technology epoxidised natural rubber for sound Developments 19(2):32–33. https://rios. absorption material. Malaysian Rubber lgm.gov.my/cms/fedDigiJournalDetail. Technology Developments 16(2), jsp?searchText=&selTab=digiCon&id=& pp. 22–26. https://rios.lgm.gov.my/ type=MRTD&issueYear=2019 cms/displayFedDigiContentResult. Wan NY, Suhatta S, Yusuf NH and Som FM. jsp?pages=1&selTab=digiCon&subject=& 2019. Silica-filled ENR masterbatch and source=&searchText=&recPerPage=50 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 63

Modelling the impact of rubber expansion on carbon stocks in the mountainous landscape of Southwest China

Sergey Blagodatsky(a), Moritz Laub(a), Xueqing Yang(a), Rong Lang a), Carsten Marohn(a), Hongxi Liu(a), Jianchu Xu(b), Georg Cadisch(a)

(a) Institute of Agricultural Sciences in the Tropics (Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (b) World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), China & East Asia Office c.o. Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract method applied was ecological modelling of biophysical and socio-economic processes at At present, more than half (57%) of the landscape level. global natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) is produced in the Greater Mekong Subregion We assessed carbon stocks in rubber (China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, plantations in Xishuangbanna, Southwest and Vietnam). The rapid expansion of rubber China (Yang et al. 2017, 2019) of various stand in the region has been accompanied with age (from six to 35 years), located at different the conversion of over 2 million hectares of elevations in the landscape. The maximum other land use types to rubber from 2000 carbon stock was measured in old rubber to 2010 and continues with lower rates up plantations with 148 Mg C ha-1 at elevations to now. Recent trends in land use change below 800 m. Against a background of in the region consist of rubber planting global climate change, the impact of different into non-traditional cultivation areas and elevations and planting densities on biomass further expansion into higher altitude and development and latex production of Pará latitude. The shift from tropical forests and rubber were examined under present and traditionally-managed swidden agriculture to projected future climate scenarios. Using large-scale rubber monoculture has greatly Land Use Change Impact Assessment improved the livelihood of many smallholder (LUCIA), we simulated rubber growth and farmers, but it also resulted in a loss of latex production at tree, plot and landscape ecosystem services and significant changes levels. We report modelling results for in ecological functions and socio-economic cultivation regions higher than 800 m above conditions. We concentrated in our studies sea level and planting densities > 500 tree on ecosystem carbon stock dynamics, ha-1; extending the research and evaluation considering all main components and to the new rubber expansion regions in drivers, such as soil carbon losses caused Xishuangbanna, China. Under future climate by erosion and land use change driven plant change scenarios, high elevations (900– carbon dynamics. 1200 m) are becoming more favourable for rubber growth, owing to warmer conditions In our study we are answering two main and increased precipitation (13% higher than research questions: how do ecosystem at elevations < 900 m). During a 40-year carbon stocks vary in a specific landscape simulation, the results of the RCP 8.5 climate experiencing rubber expansion under a change scenario suggested that mean changing climate, and how do environmental total biomass and cumulative latex yield of protection measures or governmental policy highland rubber (per tree) increased by 28% impact carbon sequestration? The main and 48% respectively, while in lowland rubber 64 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

they increased by 8% and 10% respectively reduced total soil loss by maintaining a high when compared to the baseline. To meet level of surface cover. The model results further the local livelihood requirement and improve implied that “no weeding” largely protected regional carbon sequestration potential, low (< soil from rainfall detachment by decreasing it 495 trees ha-1) and medium planting densities to only 1% of total detached soil. However, this (495 - 600 trees ha-1) would be advisable. management option is unlikely to be adopted Moreover, global climate change scenarios by farmers due to the long-term persistence of projected on a regional context might fail weeds if there is a high level of surface cover to reflect the influence of temperature and (over 95%). On the other hand, “once weeding” precipitation, owing to a relatively strong is suggested as a best practice to maintain management impact on aspects such as a high level of surface cover (over 60%) planting density, which were observed to while controlling overgrowth of understory be higher at higher altitudes. Integrated with vegetation by keeping weed cover below 50%. an intensive ground survey, our spatially explicit LUCIA model proved its capability of Finally, we propose an optimized land continuous simulation of rubber growth and management of rubber plantations in productivity over a whole rotation period. the landscape. The results of this study could serve to achieve a better balance Surface water runoff and sediment yields were between ecosystem services and economic estimated at plot level with the help of Gerlach development. traps for rubber of different ages. Highest erosion was observed in mid-age rubber Key words: Rubber plantation, soil plantations (277 g m-2), which were 3.5 times conservation, carbon stock, latex production, and five times larger than in young and old LUCIA modeling plantations respectively. The spatially explicit model LUCIA was applied to scale plot-level results up to watershed level (Liu et al. 2019). References and further reading By this means we (i) estimated dynamic change of carbon stock and of anti-erosive effects of Blagodatsky S, Xu J and Cadisch G. 2016. rubber plantations with its development; (ii) Carbon balance of rubber (Hevea explored the synergetic effects of carbon stock brasiliensis) plantations: A review of building and anti-erosive soil conservation uncertainties at plot, landscape and in the rubber-based system; (iii) evaluated production level. Agriculture, Ecosystems the impact of rubber plantations’ rotation & Environment 221:8–19. https://doi. length at different elevations on an integrated org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.01.025 assessment of ecological (carbon stock and Liu H, Yang X, Blagodatsky S, Marohn C, Liu F soil conservation) and economic (latex yield) Xu, J and Cadisch G. 2019. Modelling weed gains. We successfully simulated erosion using management strategies to control erosion the updated LUCIA model, which incorporates in rubber plantations. Catena 172:345–55. a dynamic, multi-layer plant–weed–litter https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.08.041 structure as well as rainfall detachment. The Yang X, Blagodatsky S, Liu F, Beckschäfer P improved model was able to mimic soil loss Xu, J and Cadisch G. 2017. Rubber tree under different weed management options in allometry, biomass partitioning and carbon rubber plantations during one rotation length stocks in mountainous landscapes of (20 years) reasonably well. The modelling sub-tropical China. Forest Ecology and highlighted some potential periods of a high Management 404:84–99. https://doi. degree of erosion under the current common org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.08.013 “twice weeding” weed management practice. Yang X, Blagodatsky S, Marohn C, Liu H, During the early canopy closing period, Golbon R, Xu J and Cadisch, G. 2019. depression of weed growth by the tree canopy Climbing the mountain fast but smart: and insufficient litter supply from rubber led Modelling rubber tree growth and latex to a low level of soil coverage, and therefore yield under climate change. Forest Ecology resulted in a high degree of erosion. “Once and Management 439:55–69. https://doi. weeding” and “no weeding” both significantly org/10.1016/j.foreco.2019.02.028 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 65

Climate change and Hevea species

Yuko Makita(a), Yukio Kurihara(a), Ami Kageyama(a,b), Tomoko Yamaguchi(a,c), Tomoko Kuriyama(a), Emi Osada(a,b), Emiko Kurihara(a), Fertrina Oktavia(d), Thomas Wijyaya(d), Gilvan Ferreira Da Silva(e), Everton Rabelo Cordeiro(e), Minami Matsui(a)

(a) RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS) (b) Yokohama City University (c) Science University of Tokyo (d) Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Indonesia (e) EMBRAPA Pesquisador Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, Brazil

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract we can make predictions not only in Japan but also in other areas. We evaluate effects The background of our research is that we stochastically from various ensembles of data are now facing global warming. The effects and use it for climate, hydrology, electricity, of global warming and climate change have agriculture etc. Worldwide the resolution is brought worldwide concern about decreases 60 km; for Japan and close to Japan, 20 km. in crop yields for staple grains and biomass resources. The development of plants with Geoengineering refers to deliberate and important added characteristics will contribute large-scale interventions in the Earth’s to vital global issues such as securing a climate system; for instance: control of steady supply of food/resources in spite solar irradiation by applying aerosols in of climate change. Japan is also affected the atmosphere, positive removal of GHG, by global warming. We have now very hot and carbon dioxide capture, utilization summers and reduced snow in winter. Dry and storage (CCUS).The potential of such summer affects crop production and we often techniques is actively discussed using have Gelila rainfall and thunderstorms that several models but would need social and cause water overflow from rivers. To reduce ethical discussions to be implemented. Tree emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG), many growing is a practical way to contribute to countries are trying to shift their lifestyles from such geoengineering approaches. It could petroleum-dependent material production involve disease resistant clones or high yield to more environmentally-friendly production clones to capture more CO2. using natural resources. Our research activity is inscribed in this For crops we are trying to obtain data from perspective. It aims to address predicted current farmland and make predictions changes by trying several experiments of using climate data. We are also trying to combinations of genotype and environment represent climate changes in experimental where selected clones will be challenged in conditions to collect data such as grain the field. yields. For prediction we are using the d4PDF database. This database contains climate This genome–environment approach was information of the past 61 years. We compare recently proposed by several researchers. the effects of future climate change using Each accession, cultivar, and clone has three scenarios: without global warming, different characteristics; this is the genome with a 2°C temperature increase, and with component. They behave differently against a 4°C temperature increase. From this data various environmental conditions; it is the 66 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

environment component. We may also Genome-wide accession study (GWAS) and apply this strategy for natural rubber. As for genomic selection (GS) are powerful methods genotype we can choose several clones, to overcome environmental challenges, such cultivars. A key parameter is of course the as drought tolerance, disease resistance, quality of latex. For environment we can and latex productivity. GWAS identifies the choose several temperature conditions association between DNA variants, such as and disease-resistance as one needed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and environmental condition. We selected traits (drought tolerance, disease resistance, resistance to the South American leaf blight and latex productivity). GWAS aims to find the (SALB) of rubber, caused by the fungus causable gene using these correlations. GS is Microcyclus uloi, which is a major constraint also very important especially in agricultural in South America and a major threat to production and breeding. It is a method of plantations all over the world. With these predicting and selecting an individual’s genetic parameters in mind we are paying special ability based on information of genotyping attention to three Hevea species. Hevea data. To perform these analysis with high brasiliensis is the main commercial source accuracy, the quality of the original genome of latex but is highly susceptible to SALB. data is also important. Hevea nitida is not infected naturally by SALB but has a latex of poor quality and that has The objective is thus to improve Hevea clones been found to prevent coagulation when for sustainable development and climate mixed with other latex. Hevea spruceana change. To achieve this we will examine has a watery and low quality latex, with a the growth environment of Hevea species, high proportion of resin but, even though examine the characteristics of Hevea species, susceptible to SALB, is used in breeding compare the genome between H. brasiliensis programmes to improve the disease and other Hevea species and examine SNPs resistance of H. brasiliensis. and transcriptome data of Hevea species. Sub-session 2.2 What’s the role of rubber systems for adaptation?

Chairperson: Eric Gohet CIRAD

67 Photo by Icaro Cooke Vieira/CIFOR Photo by Icaro Cooke 68 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Rubber cultivation for enhancing the environmental and social resilience to climate change in drier climates of Sri Lanka

V.H.L. Rodrigo(a) & E.S. Munasinghe(a)

(a) Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Dartonfield, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract subsistence (Rodrigo et al. 2009). In particular, crop loss due to unexpected droughts in Being a tree crop with negative carbon the Ampara district of the Eastern Province dioxide emissions, rubber cultivation has been well evidenced with over 146,000 contributes to climate change mitigation hectares affected during a 34-year period (Kumara et al. 2016). In view of enhancing starting from 1974 (DMC 2009). foreign exchange earnings, the Government of Sri Lanka promoted industries for value In view of bridging the above two needs, addition in rubber. As a result, the rubber rubber cultivation was initially introduced products manufacturing sector in Sri Lanka to the Ampara district in 2003 with about boomed and the status of Sri Lanka changed one hectare. Unlike in the traditional rubber from an exporter to an importer of raw rubber. growing area with well distributed annual rainfall of over 2,500 mm, the Eastern When it was successfully introduced in province gets about 1,500 mm rainfall with the country, rubber cultivation was initially a distinct dry period of about five to seven confined to the wet regions. Limited land months. Nevertheless, the area under rubber availability in these regions provided no room in this region has gradually increased up to for further expansion of rubber cultivation; about 400 hectares to date, confirming the instead, the decline in rubber production agronomic feasibility of its cultivation. was evident in these traditional wet regions due to the allocation of land to higher priority Temperature rise and soil moisture deficits are development activities (e.g. industrialization, some of the major environmental concerns urbanization with induced land fragmentation, caused by climate change. Environmental etc.). At present, raw rubber production in the benefits of rubber cultivation were envisaged country has been able to cater only about with mid-day air temperatures dropping up to 50% of in-country demand. Therefore, finding 6oC from outside to inside the rubber lands new areas for rubber cultivation (i.e. non- with an average value of 3.7oC for the daytime traditional areas) is the next target. and also a doubling in surface soil moisture (Rodrigo et al. 2017). Also, this provides the Uncertainty in rainfall patterns and extreme evidence that farmers would have a more weather conditions caused by climate change comfortable environment working with rubber has built up high level of concerns on the than with traditional short-term crops. existence of traditional farming systems and impacts on the livelihood of resource Being in a highly vulnerable environment, poor farmers. Such a situation has been social resilience is of particular importance quite apparent in the Eastern Province of and it has been shown that rubber farmers Sri Lanka where farmers cultivate short-term have higher levels of social capital and crops under rain-fed conditions mainly for greater capacities to access other livelihood Natural rubber systems and climate change | 69

capital assets than non-rubber growers 2019. Livelihood capital improvements (Munasinghe et al. 2019). Further, a case in the rubber growing community of study has revealed the indemnity effect of the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka. In the rubber crop in sustaining inadvertent Rodrigo VHL, Wijesuriya BW, Edirisinghe disabled farmers (Rodrigo 2017). A special DG and Nayanakantha NMC, eds. project funded by the International Fund for Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium Agricultural Development (IFAD) has been on Plantation Crop Research “Towards launched to support farmers in cultivating achieving sustainable development goals rubber in this region with a target of 2,500 ha. in the plantation sector”. Agalawatta, Given the additionality in fixing atmospheric Sri Lanka: Rubber Research Institute. carbon by rubber in this region (Munasinghe 123–134. https://scholar.google.com/ et al. 2014), carbon trading in the voluntary citations?user=zttrvhkAAAAJ&hl=en; market is underway with the rubber grown http://www.rrisl.gov.lk/depart_e. under this project. php?depid=9; http://www.rrisl.gov.lk/ depart_e.php?depid=9 Key words: Hevea, nontraditional cultivation, Munasinghe ES, Rodrigo VHL and rural livelihood, ecological benefits Gunawardena UADP. 2014. Modus operandi in assessing biomass and carbon in rubber plantations under References and further reading varying climatic conditions. Experimental Agriculture 50(1):40–58. http://doi. [DMC] Disaster Management Centre. 2009. org/10.1017/S0014479713000410 Sri Lanka: National Report on Disaster Rodrigo L. 30 April 2017. Rubber a fortune Risk, Poverty and Human Development in time of misfortune: Eastern cultivator. Relationship. Disaster Management Sunday Times. Centre. United Nations Development Rodrigo VHL, Iqbal SMM and Munasinghe Programme in Sri Lanka. 279. https:// ES. 2009. Rural livelihood and rubber www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/ cultivation in Eastern province of Sri gar/background-papers/documents/ Lanka. Journal of the Rubber Research Chap3/Asia-overview/Sri-Lanka-DRAFT- Institute of Sri Lanka 89:58–69. http://rri. march-09.pdf nsf.ac.lk/handle/1/1630 Kumara PR, Munasinghe ES, Rodrigo VHL and Rodrigo VHL, Iqbal SMM, Munasinghe ES and Karunaratna AS. 2016. Carbon footprint of Balasooriya BMDC 2017. Rubber in East rubber/sugarcane intercropping system assures the perceived benefits; increased in Sri Lanka; a case study. Procedia Food rubber production, amelioration of the Science 6:298–302. https://cyberleninka. climate and improved the rural livelihood. org/article/n/595674 Journal of the Rubber Research Institute Munasinghe ES, Rodrigo VHL, Jayathilake of Sri Lanka 94:33–42. http://doi. PMM, Piyasena NM and Iqbal SMM. org/10.4038/jrrisl.v94i0.1823 70 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

The role of rubber agroforestry in farming systems and its effect on households: Adaptation strategies to climate change risks?

Eric Penot(a), Bénédicte Chambon(b), Jérome Sainte Beuve(c)

(a) CIRAD, UMR innovation (b) CIRAD, UR 34 (c) CIRAD UMR IATE

With special thanks to IRRI/ICRAF/Indonesia and TSU/KKU/Thailand colleagues Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract 8. RAS are more globally environmental friendly where re-internalizing externalities Introduction is a real challenge, including impacts of climatic change, Expectations from rubber agroforestry 9. Negative effect of high temperatures systems (RAS) are multiple: on physiology of rubber trees and NR 1. Income diversification (rubber + production: agroforestry may play a fruits + timber, etc.) provide better positive role to maintain good climatic economic resilience and also economic conditions and so rubber production sustainability, 2. No impact of agroforestry practices In Indonesia, the Smallholder Rubber on rubber production (kg tree‑1year‑1) Agroforestry Project (SRAP) monitored as long as no trees are above RAS trials from 1994 to 2007 (Figure 1) with rubber canopy; rubber production three main RAS systems all based on clonal is generally not in competition with planting material: RAS1 with secondary forest associated crops, regrowth (no intercropping during immature 3. Less soil erosion and better use of water period), Figure 2, RAS2 with fruits and timber as vegetal biodiversity increases ‘forest- associated trees (and intercropping during like behaviour’, immature period), Figure 3 and RAS3 similar to 4. Soil fertility maintenance or improvement RAS2 but with fast growing trees and selected if soil is covered by grasses and shrubs, cover crops for shading and killing Imperata 5. Possibility of timber production as cylindrica (no intercropping), Figure 4. rubber farmers might be the very next timber producers as timber can be In Thailand, many RAS systems are developed easily cropped with rubber (up to 50 either for intercropping during immature trees per hectare), periods or during mature periods with fruit 6. Rubber trees do not require high (durian, rambutan, longkong, etc.), vegetables quantities of fertilizers during mature (pak liang/Gnetum) and timber associated trees period and almost no pesticides. Rubber (teak, mahogany, etc.). is already ‘bio-compatible’ 7. Reservoir of local biodiversity and Impact of oil palm development ‘forest effect’ on climate in large areas; environmental impact and positive effect In Indonesia, oil palm is now the very first on climate change; potential mitigation crop for local farmers and estates, even if but still to be assessed, rubber remains important for local farmers Natural rubber systems and climate change | 71

SRAP research programme 1997/2007 funded by Rubber Agroforestry Systems (RAS) USAID and CFC A CIRAD/ICRAF/IRRI program = diversification inside one cropping system Rubber planting density similar to that of monoculture

RAS 1 RAS 2 RAS 3 An improved extensive An intensive system Rehabilition of jungle rubber with intercrops Imperata grasslands

Figure 1. RAS systems (SRAP project 1994/2007)

Figure 2. RAS 1, Sanggau/West Kalimantan, 2019

Figure 4. RAS 3 in transmigration area, Ttimulia/West Kalimantan, 2007

Figure 3. RAS 2 in Kopar/West Kalimantan/Sanggau, 2007. 72 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

who want to maintain a certain level of Conclusion crop diversification. A large part of the local jungle rubber area (that covered 90% of the The question remains: what is the possible rubber area in 1994) has been converted impact of agroforestry on climate change to oil palm and/or clonal rubber plantation adaptation and mitigation? Globally, more trees in 2020. Now, most farmers cultivate in and more biomass will create a more local average 2 ha of oil palm, 2 ha of rubber humid and probably less hot microclimate (partly clonal and sometimes remaining jungle at plot level that would be more efficient to rubber) and a small area for food crops or adapt to climate change and would limit the other crops. These farmers cannot count on decrease in latex production induced by higher land availability anymore as they did some temperatures. It is expected and probable, but 25 years ago. still has to be measured and verified.

The lessons learned Some trade-offs might arise: i) there may be some competition for water between RAS trials in Indonesia came right in time rubber trees and associated trees or crops, in 1994 with a strong demand from farmers particularly in some areas like north-eastern for low cost clonal systems with income Thailand for instance, and possibly South diversification: the right time at the right place Sumatra and Cambodia outside ‘red soils’ or but oil palm came in 1997 with a very strong similar situations, ii) for shade, all associated pressure from companies (through the policy trees should be below rubber canopy, iii) of concessions) providing an interesting we may observe the development of some alternative to rubber with full credit (but loss diseases due to moisture (Phytophtora) as of land) and better return on labour. Interest observed in Jambi in 2005 in RAS 1 systems in agroforestry practices remains high for and iv) eventually, some possible allelopathy older farmers but is limited in younger between trees require carefully designing tree/ generations. What will be the future of RAS? tree associations. It is time for rubber replantation (conversion of old jungle rubber to clonal plantation) and In terms of research, we suggest designing the same old story remains: poor access to RAS adapted to local markets, exploring the planting materials, know-how for grafting, cost intercropping possibilities during immature reductions, and a serious need for training period linked with the local context and and good technical information on tapping constraints to generate income at a critical practices. The poor tapping practices in period for the farmers. For long-term RAS, it Indonesia limit rubber lifespan to less than 25 is also necessary to identify the cash crop or years. We also observed a serious impact of timber species adapted to farmers’ strategies root diseases in areas with forest or old jungle with various types of rubber density: double rubber before plantation. It is estimated that spacing might be economically interesting up to 25% of clonal plantation may be RAS in for smallholders based on their strategy. 2020. RAS remains a cropping system with For institution and development agencies: relatively high biodiversity (Figures 4 and 5). most farmers are capable to implement RAS but might lack knowledge and initial capital In Thailand, largely due to the rubber and access to cash crop/timber plants (if replanting program implemented since poor availability). National regulation should the 1960s that promoted clonal rubber recognize the right of the farmers to sell timber monoculture, agroforestry practices during and any forest product (tree tenure policy is the mature period are very limited. So far, unfavourable in Ivory Coast, for instance). Thai farmers have preferred diversification at the farm and household levels rather than at the plot level. Low rubber prices do not help References and further reading to maintain interest in rubber but obviously raise interest for agroforestry practices. The Baudens S. 2000. Etude bibliographique Thai government has also started to ease the sur les aspects économiques de la restrictions for RAS. biodiversité des SCAF à hévéa. Document Natural rubber systems and climate change | 73

interne CIRAD. Mémoire de seconde ICRAF. https://esearchgate.net/profile/ année de ISE, St Quentin en Yvelines, Eric-Penot/publication/233886261_ France. 35p. https://www.cirad.fr/en/ AD_Pasaman2000_seminarPRO_RLK/ publications-resources/cirad-publications links/0fcfd50c961d16b202000000/AD- Beukema, H and van Noordwijk M, et al. Pasaman2000-seminarPRO-RLK.pdf 1997. Biodiversity in rubber agroforests. Budiman AFS, Penot E, et al. 1994a. RAS as SRAP Workshop on Rubber Agroforestry alternatives for smallholder in Indonesia Systems in Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia, Integrated rubber agroforestry for the 29–30 September 1997, Smallholder future of smallholder rubber in Indonesia. Rubber Agroforestry Project. Conférence Nationale sur le caoutchouc, Boutin D and Penot E. 2001. Replantation Medan (IDN), IRRI, Indonesia. des agroforêts à hévéa en Indonésie: Budiman AFS, Penot E, De Foresta H and Les systèmes agroforestiers améliorés Tomish T. 1994b. Integrated rubber à base de clones (RAS); une alternative agroforestry for the future of smallholder à la monoculture ? Conférence rubber in Indonesia. Natuur Rubber internationale «avenir des cultures Nederlands. In Rubber National pérennes: investissement et durabilité en Conference. Paris: CIRAD-CP, 51 p. zone tropicales humides». Yamoussoukro, National Rubber Conference, Medan, RCI, Novembre 2001, ICRAF/CIRAD. Indonésie, 15–17 November 1994. https:// https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ agritrop.cirad.fr/388080/ Eric-Penot/publication/233886844_ Chambon B. 2019. Survey with more than 1100 Replantation_des_agroforets_a_ rubber farmers in South, Centre-East and heveas_en_Indonesie_les_Systemes_ Northeast Thailand between 2013 and Agroforestiers_a_base_hevea_RAS_ 2019. Unpublished data. une_alternative_a_la_monoculture/ Chambon B. 2002. The adoption of rubber links/0912f50c964a5384e7000000/ clonal monoculture by peasant societies Replantation-des-agroforets-a-heveas-en- in West Kalimantan. IRRDB Communication Indonesie-les-Systemes-Agroforestiers- workshop on Breeding, agroforestry and a-base-hevea-RAS-une-alternative-a-la- socioeconomics. 28 août – 7 septembre monoculture.pdf 2002. https://theirrdb.org/ Boutin D, Penot E, Wibawa G and Akiefnawati Chambon B. 2001. De l’innovation technique R. 2000a. Rubber agroforestry systems- dans les sociétés paysannes : la diffusion type 1 (RAS1): a strategy towards a de la monoculture clonale d’hévéa à productive “jungle rubber”. IRRDB annual Kalimantan Ouest (Indonésie) [Thèse de conference, Bogor, Indonesia, IRRDB. doctorat]. Montpellier, France: Facultés des https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. Sciences Economiques de Montpellier 1. do?recordID=FR2019102805 https://agritrop.cirad.fr/511116/1/ID511116.pdf Boutin D, Penot E and Ilahang I. 2000b. Chambon B, Duangta K, Promkhambut A and Rubber Agroforestry Systems-type 3 Lesturgez G. 2020 Field latex production (RAS 3), a strategy to convert Imperata in Southern Thailand: a study on farmers’ grasslands. IRRDB annual conference, and traders’ practices that may affect the Bogor, Indonesia, IRRDB. https:// quality of natural rubber latex delivered to agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. the factories. Journal of Rubber Research do?recordID=FR2019102799 23:25–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42464- Boutin D, Penot E, Ir Lubis R, Kramer E. 020-00043-x 2000c. Major agronomic results of Courbet P, Penot E, et al. 1997. Farming Rubber Agroforestry Systems on-farm systems characterization and innovations experimentation in East Pasaman, adoption process in West Kalimantan. West Sumatra, Indonesia. Paper ICRAF/SRAP workshop on RAS (Rubber presented at the GTZ/Pro-RLK seminar Agroforestry Systems), septembre 1997, “Kajian a socialisais pengalaman pro Bogor. RLK mersamaMitra kerja Pendukung”. Diaz-Novelllon S, Penot E, Arnaud M. 2002. Bukit Tinggi, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Characterisation of biodiversity in 24–25 November 2000. CIRAD- improved rubber agroforests in West- 74 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Kalimantan, Indonesia. Real and potential innovations adoption process in Jambi. uses for spontaneous plants. In Land- ICRAF/SRAP workshop on RAS (Rubber use, nature conservation and the stability Agroforestry Systems), Bogor. https://www. of rainforest margins in Southeast Asia. researchgate.net/publication/235788699_ International Symposium, September 29 Farming_system_characterization_and_ – October 3, Bogor, Indonesia. https:// the_adoption_of_innovations_in_Jambi agritrop.cirad.fr/511290/ Laxman J, Wibawa G, Ilahang, Akiefnawati De Foresta H. 1997. Smallholder rubber R, Mulyoutami E, Wulandari D and Penot plantations viewed through forest E. Diversified rubber agroforestry for ecologist glasses. An example from South smallholder farmers – a better alternative Sumatra. ICRAF/SRAP workshop on RAS to monoculture. Workshop on Rubber (Rubber Agroforestry Systems), Bogor. Development in Lao PDR: Exploring Desjeux Y. 1998. Evolution de l’occupation des Improved Systems for Smallholder Rubber sols sur la province de Ouest Kalimantan Production, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 9–11 May en Indonésie. Mémoire de fin de seconde 2006. https://www.researchgate.net/ année, ENITA/Bordeaux. Juillet 1998. profile/Eric-Penot/publication/235949727_ Hougni Déo-Gratias JM, Chambon B, Penot E Diversified_rubber_agroforestry_ and Promkhambut A. 2018. The household for_smallholder_farmers_-_a_ economics of rubber intercropping during better_alternative_to_monoculture/ the immature period in Northeast Thailand. links/02e7e514aa602c0fea000000/ Journal of Sustainable Forestry 37(8):787– Diversified-rubber-agroforestry-for- 803. https://doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2018. smallholder-farmers-a-better-alternative-to- 1486716 monoculture.pdf Geissler, C, Penot E. 1999. “Mon palmier à huile Mulyoutami E, Joshi L, Ilahang, Wibawa contre ta forêt”. Déforestation et politiques G and Penot E. 2008. Pembangunan de agricoles dans l’Ouest-Kalimantan, en wanatani berbasis karet pada lahan Indonésie: La déforestation et après ? Bois terdegradasi alang-alang di Kalimantan et Forêts des Tropiques 266:8–21. https:// Barat (Development of rubber agroforests doi.org/10.19182/bft2000.266.a20027; on degraded imperata grassland in West https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index. Kalimantan). Journal Penelitian Karet. php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=1520806 26(1): p 20–30. https://ejournal.puslitkaret. Gérard Fand Ruf F, eds. 2001. Agriculture in co.id/index.php/jpk; http://agritrop.cirad. Crisis: People, Commodities And Natural fr/546589/ Resources in Indonesia, 1996–2000. Penot E. 2006a. Processus d’innovation ISBN 10 0700714650. Richmond, UK: et crises multiples : les hévéaculteurs Curzon Press. https://www.routledge.com/ indonésiens dans la tourmente. In Caneill Agriculture-in-Crisis-People-Commodities- J, ed. Chapitre du livre Agronomes et and-Natural-Resources-in-Indonesia/ innovations, 3 ieme édition des entretiens Gerard-Ruf/p/book/9781138862593 du Pradel. Edition : Paris : L’Harmattan. Gouyon A and Penot E 1995. L’hévéaculture 289–301. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/523221/ paysanne indonésienne : agroforêts Penot E. 2006b. From shifting cultivation et plantations clonales, des choix pour to sustainable jungle rubber: a l’avenir. CIRAD / ICRAF. https://www. history of innovations in Indonesia. In researchgate.net/profile/Eric-Penot/ Cairns M, ed. Voices from the Forest publication/235970738_L%27 Integrating Indigenous Knowledge heveaculture_paysanne_indonesienne_ into Sustainable Upland Farming. agroforet_et_plantations_clonales_ Chapter 48 2006. Browse Books. des_choix_pour_l%27avenir/ 880p. https://www.researchgate.net/ links/0c96051504408a5474000000/ publication/233759729_From_Shifting_ Lheveaculture-paysanne-indonesienne- Cultivation_to_Sustainable_Jungle_ agroforet-et-plantations-clonales-des- Rubber_A_History_of_Innovations_in_ choix-pour-lavenir.pdf Indonesia_The_Study_Area Kelfoun, A, Penot E and Komardiwan I. 1997. Penot E. 2004a. Risks assessment through Farming systems characterization and farming system modelling to improve Natural rubber systems and climate change | 75

farmers decision making process in a world mars 2003, Paris, La Villette, publié dans of uncertainty. Acta Agricultura Serbica l’ouvrage éponyme (Université Paris X 9(17):33–50. Cacak, Yougoslavie. http:// Architecture). scindeks.ceon.rs/issue.aspx?issue=1217; Penot E. 2002. Diversification of perennial http://scindeks.ceon.rs/article. crops to offset market uncertainties: the aspx?query=ISSID%26and%261217&page case of traditional rubber smallholders =3&sort=8&stype=0&backurl=%2fissue. in West-Kalimantan, Indonesia. aspx%3fissue%3d1217 Presentation at International Farming Penot E, ed. 2004b. 10 années de recherche Systems Association, 17th Symposium, du SRAP en Indonésie : 1993–2003 17–20 November 2002, Lake Buena [CD ROM]. Recueil de l’ensemble des Vista, Florida, USA. Orlando: IFSA. https:// publications de l’équipe du SRAP entre agritrop.cirad.fr/546527/ 1993 et 2003. Penot E. 2001. Stratégies paysannes et Penot E. 2003a. Cohérence entre systèmes évolution des savoirs : l’hévéaculture techniques et systèmes sociaux et agro-forestière indonésienne. [Thèse territoires. Evolution des systèmes de de doctorat]. Montpellier: Faculté des production hévéicoles et gestion de la Sciences Economiques. Université ressource foncière : le cas de la province Montpellier I. 360p. https://agritrop.cirad. de Ouest-Kalimantan, Indonésie. In Dugué fr/487285/; https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/ P and Jouve P, eds. Organisation spatiale tel-00007513/document et gestion des ressources et des territoires Penot E. 1998. L’amélioration des agroforêts ruraux : actes du colloque international. à hévéa en Indonésie. Plantations, Conférence UMR/SAGERT :, février 2003, Recherche, Developpement 5(2):99–110. CIRAD-CNEARC 26p. https://agritrop.cirad. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/390312/ fr/514554/ ; https://www.researchgate. Penot E. 1997a. From shifting agriculture to net/publication/235958120_Coherence_ sustainable rubber complex agroforestry entre_systemes_techniques_et_ systems (jungle rubber) in the peneplains systemes_sociaux_et_territoires_le_cas_ of Sumatra and Kalimantan in Indonesia: de_la_province_de_Ouest-Kalimantan_ innovations in local rubber based cropping Indonesie systems. World Bank report: Indonesia: Penot E. 2003b. Le foncier : l’enjeu de tous les upland agricultural technology study. dangers… Ou les relations Etat paysans 1997/02, World Bank. Published as a WB dans les grande plaines hévéicoles report in 2002. https://www.worldbank.org/ indonésiennes. Evolution des systèmes en/home de production hévéicoles et gestion de la Penot E. 1997b. Associated trees with rubber ressource foncière : le cas de la province in Rubber Agroforestry Systems (RAS). de Ouest-Kalimantan, Indonésie. In ICRAF workshop on Domestication Dugué P and Jouve P, eds. Organisation of Agroforestry Trees, Gadjah Mada spatiale et gestion des ressources et University, Jogyakarta, November 1997. des territoires ruraux : actes du colloque ICRAF. https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/ international. Conférence UMR/SAGERT. search.do?recordID=FR2019110203 Montpellier, Février 2003, CIRAD. https:// Penot E. 1996. Project main features. Improving agritrop.cirad.fr/514638/ ; https://www. productivity of Indonesian rubber based researchgate.net/publication/235949703_ agroforestry systems. Rubber Agroforestry Le_foncier_l’enjeu_de_tous_les_dangers_ Systems (RAS) as a challenge for the ou_les_relations_Etat_-_paysans_ improvement of rubber productivity dans_les_grandes_plaines_heveicoles_ for smallholder through sustainability, indonesiennes biodiversity and environment. Introduction Penot E. 2003c. Mosaiques éthniques, to Rubber Agroforestry Systems (RAS) in recompositions territoriales et relations Indonesia. Bogor, Indonesia: ICRAF. 28 p. Etat-paysans : le cas de la province de https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. Ouest Kalimantan, Indonésie. 3 journées do?recordID=FR2019116051 d’étude autour des régionalismes et Penot E. 1994a. Improving the productivity of des autonomismes, Séminaire, 21/23 Smallholder Rubber Agroforestry Systems: 76 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

sustainable alternatives. Project frame and 1. social and historical perspectives proposals. Bogor, Indonesia: ICRAF.16p.ST: on agricultural technology transfer). In Working Paper (IDN). https://agritrop.cirad. Sustainable rural livelihoods: building fr/326410/ communities, protecting resources, Penot E. 1994b. Field trip report to SFDP West- fostering human development. Rio de Kalimantan. 21 November-12 December Janeiro, Brazil, 30 July – 5 August 2000, 1994. Rubber agroforestry systems (RAS) ISRA. World Congress of Rural Sociology. on-farm trials implementation in West https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. Kalimantan, Sanggau and Sintang areas. do?recordID=FR2019146015 ; https:// https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search. agritrop.cirad.fr/477357/ do?recordID=FR2019132914 Penot E and Chambon B. 2000b. Les Penot E and Budiman AFS. 1998. agroforêts à hévéas améliorées en Environmental aspects of smallholder Indonésie : mythe ou réalité? Plantations, rubber agroforestry in Indonesia : Recherche, Développement 6(6):400–14. reconcile production and environment. https://agritrop.cirad.fr/476652/ International Rubber Conference, May Penot E and Gouyon A. 1995. L’hévéaculture 1998, Paris, France. Bogor, Indonesia: paysanne indonésienne: Agroforêt et ICRAF; and Jakarta: Rubber Association plantations clonales : des choix pour of Indonesia (GAPKINDO). 22p. l’avenir. Séminaire CIRAD-MES: succès https://www.researchgate.net/profile/ et échecs des révolutions vertes, Eric-Penot/publication/233886147_ Montpellier, France: CIRAD. https://www. Environmental_aspects_of_smallholder_ researchgate.net/profile/Eric-Penot/ rubber_agroforestry_in_Indonesia_ publication/235970738_L%27 reconcile_production_and_environment/ heveaculture_paysanne_indonesienne_ links/0fcfd50c950faac875000000/ agroforet_et_plantations_clonales_ Environmental-aspects-of-smallholder- des_choix_pour_l%27avenir/ rubber-agroforestry-in-Indonesia-reconcile- links/0c96051504408a5474000000/ production-and-environment.pdf Lheveaculture-paysanne-indonesienne- Penot E and Budiman AFS. 1997. Rubber agroforet-et-plantations-clonales-des- Agroforestry in Indonesia. The International choix-pour-lavenir.pdf Rubber Conference: Rubber Science and Penot E and Hébraud C. 2003. Modélisation Technology: Improving Quality of Life. 6–9 et analyse prospective des exploitations October 1997. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: hévéicoles en Indonésie : Utilisation Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia du logiciel Olympe pour la définition (RRIM). https://catalog.princeton.edu/ de scénarios d’évolution en fonction catalog/SCSB-3663075; http://webopac. de choix techniques et des aléas. lgm.gov.my/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail. Séminaire Olympe, CIRAD, Septembre pl?biblionumber=8295 2003, Montpellier. Publié dans l’ouvrage Penot E and Chambon B. 2001. Processus co édité par Penot E. et Deheuvels d’innovation : dynamique agroforestières O. « Modélisation des exploitations et changement technique : le cas de agricoles avec le logiciel Olympe ». l’hévéaculture villageoise en Indonésie. Ouvrage collectif. Accepté par les Colloque International: Un produit, une éditions l’Harmattan, date de publication filière, un terroir. Toulouse, France, 12–23 Janvier 2007. https://researchgate.net/ May 2001. Montpellier: CIRAD-TERA. publication/234135844_Modelisation_et_ https://agritrop.cirad.fr/488721/ analyse_prospective_des_exploitations_ Penot E and Chambon B. 2000a. heveicoles_en_Indonesie_Utilisation_du_ Agroforesterie et monoculture : de logiciel_Olympe_pour_la_definition_de_ l’influence du changement technique scenarios_d’evolution_en_fonction_de_ sur les systèmes sociaux. Le cas de choix_techniques_et_des_aleas l’hévéaculture indonésienne. Congrès Penot E and Ollivier I. 2009. L’hévéa en International Mondial de la Sociologie, association avec les cultures pérennes, Symposia J. Agricultural technology, fruitières ou forestières ; quelques society and the life sciences. (Thème exemples en Asie, Afrique et Amérique Natural rubber systems and climate change | 77

latine. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques 301. Ruf F and Penot E. 1999. The determinants http://revues.cirad.fr/index.php/BFT/article/ of tree-crop based pioneer fronts. view/20407; https://doi.org/10.19182/ From a model to Indonesian cocoa and bft2009.301.a20407 rubber showcases. Synthèse CIRAD/ Penot E and Ruf F. 2001. Rubber cushions ATP “Dynamiques forestières”, CIRAD. the smallholder: , no crisis, no windfall. published by UNESCO in 2002. http:// In Gerard F and Ruf F, eds. Agriculture in www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/ Crisis : People, Commodities and Natural resources/publications/ Resources in Indonesia, 1996–2000. Simien A and Penot E. 2011. Current evolution Montpellier: CIRAD/CURZON; Richmond, of smallholding rubber-based farming UK: Curzon Press. 237–66. https://agritrop. systems in southern Thailand. Journal cirad.fr/476943/ Sustainable Forestry 30(3):247–60. https:// Penot E, Ruf F and Courbet PH. 1999. doi.org/10.1080/10549811.2011.530936 Tree crops triggers reforestation after Stroesser L, Penot E, Michel I, Tongkaemkaew deforestation in Indonesia? the case of U and Chambon B. 2018. Income rubber and cocoa : a comparison. CIFOR diversification for rubber farmers Workshop on When Does Technological through agroforestry practices. How Progress in Agriculture Reduce to overcome rubber prices volatility in Deforestation? Turrialba, Costa Rica, 11–13 Phatthalung province, Thailand. Revue March 1999. Montpellier: CIRAD-TERA. Internationale du Développement/ https://agritrop.cirad.fr/392551/ Editions de la Sorbonne 235 :117–45. Penot E and Werner S. 1997. Prospects for https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/ the conservation of secondary forest articulo?codigo=6537375 biodiversity within productive rubber Tongkaemkaew U, Penot E and Chambon agroforests. CIFOR. USAID International B. 2020. Characterization of rubber Workshop on Management of Secondary agroforestry systems in mature plantations Forest in Indonesia. Bogor, November in Southern of Thailand. Taksin journal. 1997. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. https:// 23(1). https://ph02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ agritrop.cirad.fr/389537/1/ID389537.pdf tsujournal/article/view/240091 Penot E and Wibawa G. 1996. Complex Wibawa G, Penot E, et al. 1997. Main Rubber Agroforestry Systems in agronomic results of RAS on-farm Indonesia: an alternative to low experimentation network in Jambi. productivity of jungle rubber conserving ICRAF/SRAP workshop on RAS (Rubber agroforestry practices and benefits. Agroforestry Systems), September 1997, IRRDB International Conference, Bogor. November 1996. Beruwala, Sri Lanka: Williams S. 2000. Interactions between IRRDB. http://apps.worldagroforestry.org/ components of rubber agroforestry sea/Publications/files/report/RP0053-04/ systems in Indonesia. Bangor, UK: School RP0053-04-1.pdf of Agricultural and Forest Sciences. Penot, E, Wibawa G and Geissler C. 2002. University of Wales. 256p. https://www. Perennial crops trigger land-use and land- semanticscholar.org/paper/Interactions- tenure changes in Indonesia. (Example of between-components-of-rubber-systems- the province of West-Kalimantan). World Williams/00ad2a6f45ac5b0a74cfc02c257 Bank regional workshop on land issues. e10c50383bb91 The World Bank, Pnomh Penh, Cambodia, Warren-Thomas E, Nelson L, Juthong W, 4–6 June 2002. CIRAD. https://agritrop. Bumrungsri S, Brattström O, Stroesser cirad.fr/490820/ L, Chambon B, Penot E, Tongkaemkaew Penot E, Wibawa G, and Williams S. 2001. U, Edwards DP and Dolman P.. 2019. Rubber Agroforestry Systems in Rubber agroforestry in Thailand provides Indonesia. Proceedings of the CIRAD/ biodiversity benefits without reducing ICRAF workshop on Rubber Agroforestry yields. Journal of Applied Ecology 2019. Systems (RAS) as alternatives in Indonesia. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ Bogor, Indonesia, Septembre 1997. CIRAD/ doi/full/10.1111/1365-2664.13530; https://doi. ICRAF, Bogor, Décembre 1999. org/10.1111/1365-2664.13530 78 | Session 2: Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation

Conclusions of the chair

Session 2 was entitled “Rubber and climate change mitigation and adaptation” and was chaired by Dr Eric Gohet (CIRAD, France). The session was split into two sub-sessions: • Session 2.1 How can rubber contribute to climate change mitigation? (five presentations) • Session 2.2 What is the role of rubber systems for adaptation? (two presentations)

Presenters from six countries (France, India, Germany, Malaysia, Japan and Sri Lanka) reviewed the different opportunities and knowledge gaps regarding the possible impact of rubber (from plantations to end product) on climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The first presentation by Dr Yann Nouvellon (CIRAD, France) assessed the potential role of rubber plantations for climate modification and improvement. Based on observations at cover scale on eucalyptus and rubber, the main effects described were the global impacts on atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (eddy covariance approaches) as well as local effects, namely cooling (reduction of soil surface temperature) induced by evapotranspiration, in comparison with grass land covers. The presentation concluded as well that the effects of rubber plantations on other meteorological variables and microclimate (rainfall, air humidity, etc.) should be further investigated in order to be better documented.

The second presentation by Dr Jessy (RRII, India) concluded that in a context of climate change, low rubber prices and the issues induced by the COVID-19 crisis, improving biodiversity inside plantations was beneficial: intercropping using fruit crops, vegetables, legumes, perennial crops, medicinal plants and ornamental plants or even maintaining the natural flora had positive effects on soil quality and fertility. Field experiments conducted in Kerala and Tripura states showed positive effects of such practices on soil moisture, erosion, soil chemistry (improvement of soil pH, exchangeable bases and nutrients, especially C, N, K, Ca and Mg). In case of maintained natural flora, biological soil properties like soil respiration, earth worm populations were improved as well.

The third presentation by Dr Sergey Blagodatsky (University of Hohenheim, Germany) presented his results obtained from the Surumer project (2011–2016 Yunnan, China), especially obtained after modelling using the Land Use Change Impact Assessment (LUCIA) model. The model is able to describe carbon sequestration by rubber plantations (biomass and soil), soil erosion, soil degradation and runoff, at watershed level, depending on land management and IPCC climate change scenarios.

The fourth presentation by Dr Fatimah Rubaizal (Malaysian Rubber Board, Malaysia) showed processes developed by MRB in order to increase the potential of natural rubber as a green substitute to synthetic rubber, using especially physical and chemical modifications of natural rubber (deproteinization and epoxidization). Potential future applications in tyres, shoes, sonic isolation, flooring, paints and adhesives markets were discussed and are seriously interesting and envisaged.

In the fifth presentation, Prof Minami Matsui (Riken, Japan) presented the possibilities of using rubber germplasm for climate change adaptation, using especially SNP markers for new genetic selection from 3 different Hevea species (H. Nitida, H. Spruceana and H. brasiliensis).

In the sixth presentation, Dr Lakshman Rodrigo (RRISL, Sri Lanka) showed that rubber plantations, even established in marginal (warm and dry) areas of Sri Lanka, enhanced environmental and social resilience of farms, especially through poverty alleviation and livelihoods improvements in the rural populations. The expected impact of a new carbon offset development project in 2 provinces of Eastern Sri Lanka was presented as well. 78 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 79

Finally, the seventh presentation by Dr Eric Penot (CIRAD, France) showed the important role of rubber agroforestry in farming systems and its effect on households and farmers livelihoods, based on a long term follow up in Indonesia and Thailand. In the context of low prices, those systems result in income diversification for farmers and an improved social and economic resilience. Possible advantages and trade- offs as well as still existing knowledge gaps, in a context of climate change, were presented and discussed.

As a conclusion, the final discussion concluded that the potential opportunities of natural rubber for climate change adaptation and mitigation, in traditional as well as marginal areas, were numerous and could involve many R&D areas. These include plant physiology and ecophysiology, carbon and soil sequestration, new genomic selection methods with an optimized use of the germplasm (looking especially to other Hevea species), improved land management through optimized agricultural practices including agroforestry, carbon offset projects, as well as new developments in the downstream sector by promoting new applications of natural rubber as a green substitute to synthetic rubber.

79 Photo by Rifky/CIFOR 3

Session 3 Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

Chairperson: Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir Secretary General, IRRDB

Session 3, chaired by Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Secretary General of the IRRDB considered the opportunities for better integrating natural rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions. Presentations on the potential of rubber for sustainable development and on broad initiatives related to sustainable materials were followed by a panel discussion on how rubber development can benefit from such initiatives.

81 82 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

Natural rubber: A strategic material for a sustainable world

Salvatore Pinizzotto(a), Lekshmi Nair(a), Guo Jianfeng(a)

(a) International Rubber Study Group (IRSG)

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Recent market developments have been impacted by externalities affecting both Rubber is without any doubt a strategic world production and demand. In 2019, raw material. It is used in more than 5,000 the outbreak of the Pestalotiopsis disease, products and of critical importance in our first in Indonesia and then in Thailand and day-to-day life, such as in the automotive Malaysia, has led to a reduction in natural sector and in the healthcare system. Natural rubber production in these countries rubber, produced mainly in the tropical that has been only partially balanced by regions, represents 47% of total world increases of production recorded in the rubber production (IRSG 2020a). Production Mekong area and in West Africa. At the is highly concentrated, with Thailand end of last year, the COVID-19 pandemic and Indonesia producing 62% of world started to emerge, first in China and since production. The rubber sector is also greatly then has infected 188 countries. Around the concentrated on the demand side with the world, manufacturing activities have been tyre manufacturing sector absorbing 58% temporarily closed, many people have of the total rubber (natural and synthetic) lost their jobs or seen their income cut. produced (IRSG 2020b). Unemployment rates have increased across major economies as a result. Demand for Natural rubber is an important economic oil all but dried up as lockdowns across the and social driver is many countries. world kept people inside. As a result, both Rubber plantations cover around 14 million production and demand has suffered and hectares with a total world production of showed negative trends. The long period 13.6 million tons (IRSG 2020a). Around of low prices has also had a negative 90% of production comes from the work impact on natural rubber productivity as the of smallholders (IRSG 2020a) with natural share of untapped area increased, farmers rubber sustaining 40 million people with left rubber plantations in search for more their families around the world. lucrative jobs and gradually poor agro- management practices have been used. Economically, in the last 10 years, the natural rubber sector has suffered a prolonged The need to implement practices raising the period of low prices. The spike in price sustainability credentials of natural rubber registered in 2011 has triggered an increase started to emerge in rubber systems. The in production as well as an expansion in availability of sustainable material is a key rubber area of about 3 million hectares that factor for end users; raw materials account has, over the years, brought an imbalance in for 50% of major end users’ tyres and the natural rubber supply and demand and about 12% of the environmental impact concerns about deforestation. Due to the occurs during production of raw materials lower level of price, new planting activities and manufacturing of products (ERJ 2019). have been greatly reduced in the last two to Nonetheless, sustainability goes beyond three years (IRSG 2020b). protecting the environment; it must ensure Natural rubber systems and climate change | 83

that stakeholders in the whole value chain, initiative of this workshop organized together from smallholders to end users, are treated in with CIFOR/FTA, CIRAD and the International a socially just and economically valuable way. Rubber Research & Development Board (IRRDB). Four main areas of intervention are identified for sustainable natural rubber: There is enough evidence that after more • Ensure responsible production and than 10,000 years of relative stability, the consumption Earth’s climate is changing. Since the 1880s, • Improve smallholders’ livelihoods the average global temperature has risen • Increase transparency in the supply chain by about 1.1°C, driving substantial physical • Promote a circular economy impacts in regions around the world (McKinsey 2020). As average temperatures Major end users have committed themselves rise, acute hazards such as heat waves and to implement sustainability policies in their floods grow in frequency and severity, and procurement process, but public–private chronic hazards such as drought and rising initiatives will be instrumental to addressing all sea levels intensify. These physical risks from challenges with the goal to address a broader climate change will translate into increased sustainability agenda. socioeconomic risks, presenting policy makers and business leaders with a range The International Rubber Study Group (IRSG) of questions that will challenge existing is the leading organization on sustainability assumptions about supply chain resilience, in the rubber economy. The Sustainable risk models and more. Natural Rubber Initiative (SNR-i), a voluntary and collaborative industry initiative developed For centuries, financial markets, companies, under the framework of IRSG, has been governments, and individuals have the first multi-stakeholder initiative to made decisions against the backdrop of promote best practices, defining voluntary a stable climate. However, the coming sustainability standards regarding the broader physical climate risk is ever changing natural rubber sector. In 2018, the IRSG and nonstationary. Replacing a stable Secretariat defined a wider sustainability environment with one of constant change agenda based on nine of the UN Sustainable means that decision-making based on Development Goals: experience may prove unreliable. • SDG 1: End poverty in all its forms everywhere Furthermore, climate hazards manifest • SDG 5: Achieve gender equality and locally. There are significant variations empower all women and girls between countries and even within • SDG 6: Ensure availability and sustainable countries. The direct effects of physical management of water climate risks must be understood in the • SDG 8: Promote sustained, inclusive and context of a geographically defined area. sustainable economic growth • SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities Climate change can have knock-on effects • SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption across regions and sectors through and production patterns interconnected socioeconomic and financial • SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat systems. Supply chains are particularly climate change and its impacts vulnerable systems since they prize • SDG 14: Life on Land – sustainability efficiency over resilience. They might quickly manage forests, combat desertification, grind to a halt if critical production hubs are halt land degradation and biodiversity loss affected by intensifying hazards. • SDG 17: Partnerships for the Goals For natural rubber, the implications are clear: With the goal of making sure that all actions • ‘Business as usual’ is not an option. are taken to adapt and mitigate climate Further research is needed to investigate change impacts in the natural rubber systems, the real risks posed by climate change the IRSG Secretariat has launched the to the natural rubber systems. We need 84 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

data, information and science to play a References and further reading fundamental role. • There is the need for a visionary R&D [IRSG] International Rubber Study Group. leadership with focus on emerging mass 2020a. Rubber Statistical Bulletin. Apr– markets and for investments to realize June. 74:10–12. International Rubber Study future potential technology. There is a Group. http://www.rubberstudy.org/reports wide gap between knowledge available [IRSG] International Rubber Study Group. in the institutional framework and the 2020b. World Rubber Industry Outlook: knowledge converted to effective Review and Prospects to 2029. July practice. We need to improve the 2020. International Rubber Study Group. knowledge transfer process and make it http://www.rubberstudy.org/reports effective. McKinsey & Company. 2020. McKinsey on • Innovative forms of collaboration across Climate Change. September 2020. national borders and among a variety https://www.mckinsey.com/business- of actors; governments, businesses, functions/sustainability/our-insights/ academia and civil society are all needed mckinsey-on-climate-change# Raleigh P. 2019. ERJ Special Report: Climate change requires urgent, coordinated Sustainability, September- October 2019. and consistent action. We need to act now. European Rubber Journal August 29. https://www.european-rubber-journal. Key words: Natural rubber, supply chain, com/technical-papers/erj-special-report- climate risk, knowledge transfer, leadership sustainability Natural rubber systems and climate change | 85

Delivering the circular bioeconomy for low- emissions development: The place for rubber

Christopher Martius(a), Vincent Gitz(b), Alexandre Meybeck(b), Malte Kassner(a)

(a) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Germany GmbH, Bonn, Germany. (b) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Productive, diverse landscapes can provide a multitude of bioproducts that deliver food, In face of the climate change crisis, three animal feed, timber, fuels and many other areas are currently emerging as central products that, properly managed, could help challenges of low-emissions development reducing dependence on fossil fuels and pathways. They relate to the development building better livelihoods while sustaining of the use of bioproducts to substitute productive landscapes. Humans have always non-renewable energy intensive products, been exploring bio-goods from trees (coffee, needed new thinking about the way we tea, cocoa, fruits, rubber, timber and non- manage the planet’s limited resources, and timber forest products), and recent innovations a needed redesign of production cycles in offer exciting new ways to substitute non- ways that interconnect them into value webs renewable, energy-intensive goods with more where everything, including co-products, sustainably produced ones (bioenergy, wood- by-products and waste, is used, re-used, based buildings, etc.). New wood-scrapers can recycled, and therefore where waste is be up to 70 stories high and replace emission ultimately reduced. intensive cement. Fast-growing bamboo varieties provide many products from furniture These three challenges are not currently to charcoal. Oil-seed trees can be harvested highlighted in the perception of for energy yet permanently restore forest policymakers, the public and even most cover in a degraded landscape. academics. There is much pressure on reducing emissions to control global warming Rubber is one of these forest-based natural from spinning out of control, and the term products that could become one of the ‘missing pathways’ has been used. Our point centrepieces of a forest-based circular here is that these pathways are not missing: bioeconomy. The dominant use for rubber is they are rather ‘pathways ahead,’ quite in the car industry, where around 80% of the concrete, that need to be underpinned by a production goes to producing tyre and non-tyre joint scientific and policy agenda. (tubes, pipes, adhesives, etc.) automotive parts. Non-automotive applications include footwear, Despite the massive economic crisis industrial goods, construction (door and window triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic, global siding, floors, etc.), and textiles (latex gloves). greenhouse gas emissions continue almost Demand for rubber is overall increasing but also unabated on an annual basis (Le Quére et al. suffering competition from polymers, plastics, 2020; Liu et al. 2020). The objective to ‘build vinyl, and synthetic rubber which are currently back better’ requires a better economic less expensive, readily available across the model respecting the planetary boundaries globe, and sometimes more resistant to and involving a circular bioeconomy, abrasion and wear (Fortune Business Insights grounded on sustainable management of 2020). However, in the long run, automotive land, and in particular of forested landscapes. uses might dwindle (think self-driving cars). Tyre 86 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

production is currently non-biodegradable, but patterns, including for food and energy, green biodegradable rubbers and plastics are production patterns, land use, and embedded under development (Mondragon 2017; Micu emissions into produce in view of the planetary 2019). Plastic substitution needs will, in the boundaries); Going Green (developing new long run, produce a new demand for natural biomaterials from forests, plantations and products such as natural rubber. Abandoned agriculture); and Weaving Together (advising or unproductive rubber plantations are communities, businesses and governments on being exploited and ‘recycled’ for bioenergy integration across value webs) (Figure 1). production (Gibson 2011; Ratnasingam et al. 2015; Riazi et al. 2018). Thus, rubber related We will pilot this innovative approach with production systems are being, or will be, re- stakeholders, producers and consumers in engineered in ways that interconnect them into the context of rural–urban material flows, circular ‘value webs’ where everything is utilized because these exacerbate the need for and waste and pollution are reduced. circularity (think products entering the cities and the removal of waste and polluted water Working on bioproducts, CIFOR and ICRAF becoming a problem). Peri-urban areas are bring in their joint experience of several highly dynamic ‘interfaces’ between rural and decades promoting sustainability for people urban production and lifestyles, making them and landscapes in the developing world. We will the ideal environment to bring policymakers, combine this with new approaches such as the practitioners from business and activists in integration of so-far separate production lines government and non-government together to into interconnected, low-waste value webs, realize circular economy principles in specific and with global discussions on production developing-country contexts. models and objectives. This program has three global thrusts: Choosing Goals (global and local Futuristic optimism will be underpinned with societal debates and decisions on consumption solid research and pragmatic know-how.

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Figure 1. Pathways to delivering the forest-based circular bioeconomy for low-emissions development. Rubber can playDeli an importantvering role The in this Circu transition.lar Bioeconomy For Low Emissions Development Natural rubber systems and climate change | 87

COVID-19 has displaced many people in Key words: climate change, developing countries, developing countries and pushed back many value chains, forest products into poverty. It has revealed the vulnerability of major international supply chains. New approaches to the use of land and resources References and further reading to develop food, materials and products are needed to create new green jobs as part of a Fortune Business Insights. 2020. Rubber Market sustainable ‘build back better’ process and to Size, Analysis, Share & COVID-19 Impact implement circularity in local and also distant Analysis, By Type (Natural, and Synthetic), production-and-consumption cycles. By Application (Tire, Non-Tire Automotive, Footwear, Industrial Goods, and Others), and Getting it right in these areas could provide Regional Forecasts, 2020–2027. Report ID: novel ways to address the needed reduction FBI101612. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights. in global greenhouse gas emissions in a com/industry-reports/rubber-market-101612 more connected, circular bioeconomy by Gibson L. 26 October 2011. Rubber tree chips to fuel developing innovative bio-based products, Danish power plant. Biomass Magazine. http:// reducing emissions and land use (this is the biomassmagazine.com/articles/5890/rubber- bioeconomy), closing production cycles and tree-chips-to-fuel-danish-power-plant picking up the many currently wasted open Le Quéré C, Jackson RB, Jones MW, Smith AJP, ends in value chains by weaving them into Abernethy S, Andrew RM, De-Gol AJ, Willis DR, integrated, interconnected value webs. In Shan Y, Canadell JG, et al. 2020. Temporary those webs, the by-product or end-product of reduction in daily global CO2 emissions during a process becomes not waste but the basic the COVID-19 forced confinement. Nature product for another process. For example, Climate Change 10:647–53. https://doi. biomass leftovers from food production org/10.1038/s41558-020-0797-x becoming a source of bioenergy (this is the Liu Z, Ciais P, Deng Z, Lei R, Davis SJ, Feng S, Zheng circular economy). True to the mission of B, Cui D, Dou X, Zhu B, et al. 2020. Near-real-

CGIAR, we intend to develop these pathways in time monitoring of global CO2 emissions reveals particular to increase the role and participation the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature of developing countries in a global green Communications 11:5172. https://doi.org/10.1038/ economy, involving above all the developing s41467-020-18922-7 world. These new pathways towards Micu A. 9 April 2019. Potential for Earth- sustainable, circular bio-based economies can friendly plastic replacement: New provide jobs and income for many and lift the biodegradable “plastic” is tough, flexible. living standards of the worlds’ poor. ScienceDaily. https://www.sciencedaily.com/ releases/2019/04/190409083223.htm Rubber offers a good opportunity to be part of Mondragon L. 26 April 2017. Green, biodegradable future economic development trends towards rubbers & plastics will soon be available. a circular, forest-products-based bioeconomy. Science Times. https://www.sciencetimes. It is a natural product with many positive com/articles/13526/20170426/green-and- characteristics which make it an essential biodegradable-rubbers-and-plastics-will-soon- part of plastic substitution and future uses in be-available.htm industry, textiles/footwear, and construction. Ratnasingam J, Ramasamy G, Lim TW, Senin AL and It is also quite strongly associated to the fate Muttiah N. 2015. The prospects of rubberwood of the car industry, which warrants including biomass energy production in Malaysia. rubber in global trend models for forest-based BioResources 10:2526–48. https://bioresources.cnr. bioproducts: How long will the automotive ncsu.edu/resources/the-prospects-of-rubberwood- demand last? What novel pathways will biomass-energy-production-in-malaysia/ substitute dwindling automotive uses, and Riazi B, Karanjikar M and Spatari S. 2018. Renewable when? How could this change the industry? rubber and jet fuel from biomass: evaluation What would be the effects on small and large of greenhouse gas emissions and land use producers? How can rubber and rubber tree trade-offs in energy and material markets. ACS biomass be included in other forest- and non- Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 6:14414–22. forest value chains? https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03098 88 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable World initiative and its relevance to the rubber and climate change agenda

Michael Brady(a)

(a) Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Total vegetation carbon stock (above and below ground) has been measured at 105.73 The Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable Mg ha–1 (30–40 years), which is more than World (SW4SW) initiative is discussed in a many tropical forestry and agroforestry series of short presentations on initiatives systems across the world (Brahmana et and mechanisms that are used for other al. 2016). Considering the economic value commodities (than rubber) before considering of plantation management through latex how it can be of interest to rubber. The production and its capability to sequester SW4SW initiative was adopted in May 2018 substantial stocks of carbon, restoring as a Joint Initiative of the Collaborative degraded and secondary forests through this Partnership on Forests (CPF) (FAO 2019). The species can improve livelihood security and initiative is jointly led by FAO, with support advance climate change mitigation strategies. from its Advisory Committee on Sustainable Forest-based Industries (ACSFI), the Center Rubberwood and latex non-timber forest for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), product (NTFP) value chains are important the International Tropical Timber Organization elements of the bioeconomy (Figure 1). The (ITTO), the World Bank and the World Wildlife SW4SW initiative is ensuring sustainability of Fund (WWF). The initiative aims to strengthen wood and NTFP management, governance sustainable wood value chains by enhancing and contribution to people’s livelihoods. This and promoting their social, economic and includes upscaling to make better use of what environmental benefits from production we already use and promoting future uses of through to consumption. It targets primary NTFP for what we do not use yet. wood value chain stakeholders, industry associations, small and medium enterprises Key words: Sustainable wood, Wood-based (SMEs), policymakers, governments, the bioeconomy, non-timber forest products, financial sector, non-forest sectors, consumers, carbon sequestration, climate change multilateral mechanisms and opinion shapers. mitigation, rubber plantations This includes rubber wood and associated rubber latex as a non-timber forest product (IUFRO NTFP Task Force 2019). References and further reading Brahma B, Nath AJ and Das AK. 2016. Once considered of low value with limited Managing rubber plantations for advancing uses, over the past several decades climate change mitigation strategy. Current rubberwood has seen many new uses and Science 110(10):2015–19. https://www.jstor. gained in value. While primarily managed for org/stable/24908193 latex production, rubber wood is also being [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization explored for its role in vegetation carbon stock of the United Nations. 2020. (SW4SW) management and climate change mitigation. Roundtable: COVID19-related impacts Natural rubber systems and climate change | 89

TR DS ANS OO ITIO IH NI EL NG IV L TO E S L W H AT W E U B E R A S A T L R T N T E A I E A I A B D N T G Y A S Non-timber B U N U L S I S Forest Products S E M G U E M N e I d A T d N o Documenting Documenting ic O economic ecological A o i importance importance n G M F and impacts and impacts e E O M

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Figure 1. Sustainability of rubberwood and latex NTFP value chains in the bioeconomy (IUFRO NTFP Task Force 2019).

on wood products value chain and Workshop Summary. 10–11 December contributions to building back better. 2019. Rome: FAO. Report http://www.fao. http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/ org/forestry/sustainable-wood/en/ cofo/covid-19-forestry-webinar- [IUFRO] International Union of Forest week/programme/en/; http://foris. Research Organizations. 2019. fao.org/cofo/programme/COVID-19/ Unlocking the Bioeconomy and Non- session/5ee746c70f94210982673f30 Timber Forest Products. IUFRO NTFP [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of Task Force. https://www.iufro.org/ the United Nations. 2019. Sustainable science/task-forces/bioeconomy-and- Wood for a Sustainable World Initiative. non-timber-forest-products/ 90 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

FLEGT and other mechanisms to promote wood trade legality and avoided deforestation

Paolo Omar Cerutti(a)

(a) Center for International Forestry Research, Nairobi, Kenya.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract Japan, South Korea, and more recently, China. Although FLEGT remains unique in Concern about the environmental impacts its dual engagement (VPA + EUTR), all other of illegal logging has grown considerably engagements indicate that concern for illegal over the past two decades and brought the logging has broadened over the years. issue to global attention, with international environmental NGOs at the forefront in As of 2020, while about 15 producing raising awareness about the issue. Reported countries are engaged in the VPA process, to account for more than 50% of annual only Indonesia is exporting FLEGT-licenced harvest in several countries, illegal logging timber. Data indicate that the licence may has been seen as undermining the efforts have contributed to an increase in Indonesian by the private sector and donor agencies exports to the EU market, while upstream to support sustainable forest management. impacts in the country of origin (social, These concerns have led to the development environmental and economic) remain mixed of regional and global initiatives to combat and in need of better data and assessments. illegal logging, including the 2003 Action Plan for Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Today, it seems that the expansion of rubber Trade (FLEGT) of the European Union. plantations in Central Africa is driving a FLEGT-like response from environmental FLEGT is a pragmatic public policy response organizations, similar to the one they had to to a complex problem, dealing with both illegal logging in the 1990s. Yet a FLEGT-like production and consumption. On the instrument may not necessarily be the most production side, producing countries adapted to the current rubber production and can engage the EU in the negotiation of trade trends. voluntary partnership agreements (VPA), trade agreements in which producer countries Key words: FLEGT, Illegal logging, VPA engage to produce and export – and the EU engages in importing and trading – only timber of ‘legal’ origin (FLEGT-licenced References and further reading timber). On the EU side, the EU Timber Regulation (effective as of 2013) forbids the Bartley T. 2014. Transnational governance placing of ‘illegal’ timber on the market, and the re-centered state: Sustainability guarantees a ‘green lane’ for timber imported or legality? Regulation & Governance with a FLEGT-licence delivered in VPA 8(1):93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/ countries, and mandates due-diligence to rego.12051 companies importing non-licenced timber. Cashore B and Stone MW. 2012. Can legality verification rescue global Over the years, several more efforts to tackle forest governance? Forest Policy illegal logging and trade have been adopted, and Economics 18:13–22. https://doi. including responses in the US, in Australia, org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.12.005 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 91

Cerutti PO, Artati Y, Dermawan A, Kelly A, Humphreys D. 2006. Logjam: Deforestation Lescuyer G, Mejia E, Obidzinski K, Pacheco and the Crisis of Global Governance. P, Putzel L Tsanga R and Wardell A. 2014. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd. https://www. Policy options for improved integration routledge.com/Logjam-Deforestation- of domestic timber markets under the and-the-Crisis-of-Global-Governance/ voluntary partnership agreement (VPA) Humphreys/p/book/9781844076116 regime. Synthesis from lessons learned INDUFOR. 2004. Impact assessment of in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic the EU Action Plan for Forest Law of the Congo, Ecuador, Gabon and Enforcement, Governance and Trade Indonesia. Infobrief. Bogor, Indonesia: (FLEGT). Helsinki, Finland: Indufor Oy. Center for International Forestry Research https://induforgroup.com/news-media/ (CIFOR). https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/ news/ publication/5079/; https://doi.org/10.17528/ [ITTO] International Tropical Timber cifor/005079 Organisation. Biennial Review and Cerutti PO, Tacconi L, Lescuyer G and Nasi Assessment of the World Timber Situation, R. 2013. Cameroon’s hidden harvest: Yokohama Tokyo. Web link: http://www.itto. Commercial chainsaw logging, corruption int/annual_review/?,_via_publisher,_G,_ and livelihoods. Society & Natural Full_text_journal,_Current_YR=&pageID=1 Resources 26(5):539–53. https://doi.org/10. Lawson S. 2014. Consumer Goods and 1080/08941920.2012.714846 Deforestation. An Analysis of the Chinese Government. 2000. The Regulation Extent and Nature of Illegality in Forest on the Implementation of the People’s Conversion for Agriculture and Timber Republic of China Forestry Law. http:// Plantations. Washington, DC: Forest www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/ Trends. https://www.forest-trends.org/ LEX-FAOC023867 publications/consumer-goods-and- [EIA] Environmental Investigation Agency. 2012 deforestation/ Appetite for Destruction: China’s Trade in Lawson S and MacFaul L. 2010. Illegal Illegal Timber. London, United Kingdom: Logging and Related Trade – Indicators EIA. https://eia-international.org/report/ of the Global Response. London: appetite-for-destruction-chinas-trade-in- Chatham House. http://awsassets. illegal-timber panda.org/downloads/chatham_house_ Fearnside PM. 2005. Deforestation in illegallogging_2010.pdf Brazilian Amazonia: History, rates, and Lewis S. 2016. Informality and inclusive green consequences. Conservation Biology growth - Evidence from ‘The biggest 19(3):680–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523- private sector’ event. IIED. 25 February 1739.2005.00697.x 2016, London, UK: International Institute Global Witness. 27 February 2014. Combating for Environment and Development (IIED), the global trade in illegal timber: what Green Economy Coalition (GEC), Women action will China take? [Blog] https://www. in Informal Employment: Globalising globalwitness.org/en/blog/combating- and Organizing (WIEGO), the Center global-trade-illegal-truncated/ for International Forestry Research Hussmanns R. 2003. Statistical definition of (CIFOR), the Organisation for Economic informal employment: Guidelines endorsed Co-operation and Development Sahel by the 7th International Conference of and West Africa Club (OECD-SWAC) and Labour Statisticians (2003). Geneva: TearFund. https://pubs.iied.org/sites/ International Labour Office. http://ilo.org/ default/files/pdfs/migrate/17365IIED.pdf public/english/bureau/stat/download/ Leipold S, Sotirov M, Frei T and Winkel, papers/def.pdf G. 2016. Protecting “first world” Hoare A. 2015. Tackling Illegal Logging and markets and “Third World” nature: The the Related Trade - What Progress and politics of illegal logging in Australia, Where Next? London, UK: Chatham House. the European Union and the United https://www.chathamhouse.org/2015/07/ States. Global Environmental Change tackling-illegal-logging-and-related-trade- 39:294–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. what-progress-and-where-next gloenvcha.2016.06.005 92 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

Li J, Cook S and Weng X. 2015. Status and blog/2016/06/27/chinese-furniture- next steps in China for sustainable trade exports-reach-all-time-high-in-2015/ and investment in Africa. Country Briefing Scotland N, Fraser A and Jewell N. 1999. – China-Africa Forest Governance Project. Roundwood Supply and Demand in London: IIED. 2p. http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/ the Forest Sector in Indonesia. ITFMP G03945.pdf report no. PFM/EC/99/08. Jakarta, McDermott CL, Irland LC and Pacheco P. Indonesia: Indonesia-UK Tropical Forestry 2015. Forest certification and legality Management Programme.. initiatives in the Brazilian Amazon: Seneca Creek Associates and Wood Lessons for effective and equitable forest Resources International. 2004. “Illegal” governance. Forest Policy and Economics Logging and Global Wood Markets: The 50:134–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. Competitive Impacts on the U.S. Wood forpol.2014.05.011 Products Industry. Washington, DC: Nellemann, C. and INTERPOL Environmental American Forest & Paper Association. Crime Programme, eds. 2012. Green http://forestindustries.eu/sites/default/ Carbon, Black Trade: Illegal Logging, files/userfiles/1file/afandpa.pdf Tax Fraud and Laundering in the Worlds To XP, Nguyen TQ, Huynh VH, Tran LH and Tropical Forests. A Rapid Response Cao TC. 2016. Vietnam’s imports of Assessment. Arendal, Norway: United Cambodian logs and sawnwood from Nations Environment Programme, natural forests: 2013–2015 [Report]. GRID-Arendal. https://www.grida.no/ Forest Trends, VIFORES, HAWA and FPA publications/126 Binh Dinh. https://www.forest-trends.org/ Overdevest C and Zeitlin J. 2014. Assembling wp-content/uploads/imported/vietnam- an experimentalist regime: Transnational cambodia-report-formatted_final_11-23-16- governance interactions in the forest pdf.pdf sector. Regulation & Governance Toni F. 2011. Decentralization and REDD+ 8(1):22–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748- in Brazil. Forests 2(1):66–85. https://doi. 5991.2012.01133.x org/10.3390/f2010066 Putzel L, Kelly AB, Cerutti PO and Artati Y. Wit M, van Dam J, Cerutti PO, Lescuyer G, 2015. Formalization as development in Kerrett R and Parker McKeon J. 2010. land and natural resource policy. Society Chainsaw milling: supplier to local & Natural Resources 28(5):453–72. markets - A synthesis. Wageningen, the https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.101 Netherlands: Tropenbos International. 4608 52: xxii + 226. https://www.tropenbos. Richer E. 2016. Chinese Furniture Exports org/resources/publications/chainsaw+m Reach All-Time High in 2015. [Blog] illing%3A+supplier+to+local+markets+- Forest Trends. http://forest-trends.org/ +a+synthesis Natural rubber systems and climate change | 93

Jurisdictional approaches to reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods

Amy E. Duchelle(a)

(a) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract ecological–economic zoning; worked to restimulate the rubber economy, which had Jurisdictional approaches to REDD+ and low- declined after federal price supports were emissions development can be understood removed; created new agencies responsible as government-led, comprehensive for timber management and smallholder approaches to forest and land use across production systems; experimented with one or more legally defined territories payments for environmental services; and (Boyd et al. 2018; Stickler et al. 2018). They pursued sustainable forest management offer important opportunities to link REDD+ initiatives at both the industrial and community incentives, sustainable supply chain initiatives, scales (Schmink et al. 2014). and domestic policy and finance in more integrated ways (Nepstad et al. 2013). In SISA’s jurisdictional REDD+ approach is based Brazil, Acre’s State System of Incentives for on three overall strategies: (i) command- Environmental Services (SISA) is known as and-control – promotion of environmental the world’s first subnational jurisdictional compliance, including application of REDD+ program. It was created through the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) State Law 2.308 (Government of Acre 2010), required by the Brazilian Forest Code; (ii) which was passed in October of 2010. SISA, monitoring – improved monitoring of small- and specifically ISA-Carbono, is a state scale deforestation and forest degradation policy designed to reduce emissions from through technological advancements; and deforestation and forest degradation, while (iii) sustainable production – promotion of promoting conservation and sustainable sustainable activities in both the agriculture forest management. It was a culmination of and forestry sectors, including beef and milk decades of pioneer initiatives for sustainable production, family agriculture, reforestation, development in the state. and bolstering sustainably-managed timber and non-timber forest products (NTFPs), such Acre’s state government, known from as natural rubber (Duchelle et al. 2014). It has 1999–2010 as the ‘Forest Government,’ is become a model for partnership between credited with the creation of an innovative, government agencies and indigenous peoples forest-based development model in the in jurisdictional REDD+ strategies towards state. This model combines market-oriented promoting effective and equitable outcomes strategies with local participation and social (DiGiano et al. 2020). It also reshapes the idea development. It was largely inspired by of payments for environmental services by the success of the rubber tapper social emphasizing that forest use, including through movement, in which Chico Mendes was an the production of natural rubber, can facilitate important leader. That movement resulted protection (Greenleaf 2020). in the creation of extractive reserves and recognition of some traditional land rights In the period from 2010–2019, Acre received (Allegretti 1990). As part of this development approximately USD 192 million to support model, the government undertook SISA, including results-based finance from 94 | Session 3: Integration of rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies, including economic and social dimensions

the REDD+ Early Movers Programme, which is https://www2.cifor.org/redd-case-book/ funded by the German and UK governments. case-reports/brazil/acres-state-system- Yet, it has made less progress than other incentives-environmental-services-sisa- tropical jurisdictions towards meeting its brazil/; https://www.cifor.org/publications/ deforestation reduction targets, given pdf_files/books/BCIFOR1403.pdf recent road paving and the importance of Government of Acre. 2010. Sistema Estadual cattle production in the state (Stickler et al. de Incentivos aos Serviços Ambientais. 2020). Balancing forest conservation and Rio Branco, Brazil: Government of Acre. development goals remains a challenge, but Greenleaf M. 2020. Rubber and carbon: Acre has served as a laboratory for innovative, opportunity costs, incentives and forest-based development policies that require ecosystem services in Acre, Brazil. continued support. Development and Change 51(1):51–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/dech.12543 Key words: REDD+, jurisdictional approach, Nepstad D, Irawan S, Bezerra T, Boyd W, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) Stickler C, Shimada J, Carvalho O, MacIntyre K, Dohong A, et al. 2013. More food, more forests, fewer emissions, References and further reading better livelihoods: linking REDD+, sustainable supply chains and domestic Allegretti M. 1990. Extractive reserves: An policy in Brazil, Indonesia and Colombia. alternative for reconciling development Carbon Management 4(6):639–58. and environmental conservation https://doi.org/10.4155/cmt.13.65 in Amazonia. In Anderson AB, ed. Schmink M, Duchelle A, Hoelle J, Leite F, Alternatives to Deforestation: Steps toward Oliveira M, Vadjunec J, Valentim JF and Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rainforest. Wallace R. 2014. Forest citizenship in New York, USA: Columbia University Press. Acre, Brazil. In Katila P, Galloway G, de 252–264. https://www.cabdirect.org/ Jong W, Pacheco P, Mery G. Forests cabdirect/abstract/19920662914 under Pressure– Local Responses to Boyd W, Stickler C, Duchelle AE, Seymour F, Global Issues. Finland: IUFRO. https:// Nepstad D, Bahar NHA and Rodriguez- www.iufro.org/science/wfse/forests- Ward D. 2018. Jurisdictional approaches to pressure-local-responses/; https://www. REDD+ and low emissions development: iufro.org/fileadmin/material/publications/ progress and prospects. Working Paper. iufro-series/ws32/ws32-PII_ch01_Acre_ Washington DC, USA: World Resources Brazil.pdf Institute. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/ Stickler C, David O, Chan C, Ardila JP publication/6933/ and Bezerra T. 2020. The Rio Branco DiGiano M, Stickler C, and David O. 2020. Declaration: Assessing progress towards How can jurisdictional approaches to a near-term voluntary deforestation sustainability protect and enhance the reduction target in subnational rights and livelihoods of Indigenous jurisdictions across the tropics. Frontiers peoples and local communities? Frontiers in Forests and Global Change. https://doi. in Forests and Global Change https://doi. org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00050 org/10.3389/ffgc.2020.00040 Stickler C, Duchelle AE, Nepstad D and Duchelle AE, Greenleaf M, Mello D, Gebara Ardila JP. 2018. Subnational jurisdictional MF and Melo T. 2014. Acre’s State System approaches: Policy innovation and of Incentives for Environmental Services partnerships for change. In Angelsen (SISA), Brazil. In Sills EO, Atmadja SS, A, Martius C, De Sy V, Duchelle de Sassi C, Duchelle AE, Kweka DL, AE, Larson AM and Pham TT, eds. Resosudarmo IAP and Sunderlin W, eds. Transforming REDD+: Lessons and New REDD+ on the Ground: A Case Book Directions. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. of Subnational Initiatives across the 145–60. https://www.cifor.org/knowledge/ Globe. 33–50. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia. publication/7072/ Natural rubber systems and climate change | 95

Conclusions of the chair

This session allowed the opportunities for better integrating natural rubber in broad climate change and sustainability policies to be considered, including economic and social dimensions. Natural rubber, as a renewable material, and because of its contribution to the livelihoods of millions of small holders has a considerable potential to contribute to sustainable development in its three dimensions: economic, social and environmental.

Rubber offers a good opportunity to be part of future economic development trends towards a circular, forest-products-based bioeconomy. It is a natural product with many positive characteristics which make it an essential part of plastic substitution and future uses in industry, textiles/footwear, and construction. The Sustainable Wood for a Sustainable World (SW4SW) initiative aims to strengthen sustainable wood value chains by enhancing and promoting their social, economic and environmental benefits from production through to consumption. The development of FLEGT and other mechanisms to promote wood trade legality and avoided deforestation show the growing interest of importing and exporting countries to promote mechanisms that can guarantee sustainable sourcing to consumers. There is growing interest in jurisdictional approaches to reducing deforestation and promoting sustainable livelihoods. Such approaches can support the coordination of initiatives and actors in a landscape.

The discussion highlighted the importance of balancing the three Ps: people, planet and profit. There is a risk of smallholders exiting rubber production if it is not profitable anymore. Need to be careful not to create additional constraints and costs for smallholders. They need to be supported and to have a voice in discussions on sustainability. The social dimension is too often ignored. There is in fact a lack of data on social issues in many countries. Certification might not be the best way to promote sustainability for tyres as consumers do not directly buy their tyres and tyres are not the main environmental concern when thinking about cars. It would also be very difficult to implement traceability for sustainability schemes, particularly for smallholders if there is no additional benefit.

It is particularly important for all actors to work together to improve the sustainability of the rubber sector. It would for instance be good to have the private sector supporting efforts for conservation of genetic resources and breeding research conducted in producing countries and that ultimately benefit the whole sector. There is a considerable potential for new uses of rubber and modified rubber, including to replace plastic. There is a need to strengthen research capabilities and there are opportunities for the private sector to get engaged.

95 Photo by Mokhamad Edliadi/CIFOR 4

Session 4 Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Chairman: Salvatore Pinizzotto Secretary General, IRSG

Session 4, chaired by Salvatore Pinizzotto, Secretary General, IRSG, considered how natural rubber could be better integrated in international discussions on climate change.

97 98 | Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Opportunities for natural rubber in international climate change negotiations and mechanisms

Vincent Gitz(a), Alexandre Meybeck(a)

(a) CIFOR/FTA. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract with the negotiation process. The purpose of this intervention is to highlight what There is growing agreement that meeting creates new opportunities for natural rubber the global temperature targets of +2°C or in the international negotiations on climate even +1.5°C will not be possible without the change, identify some of these opportunities, land use sectors (IPCC 2018, 2019; Roe et al. entry points in the negotiations, in terms 2019). Natural rubber has a key role to play of institutions and issues, and propose a for both adaptation and mitigation of climate way forward. change. However, this role is not properly accounted for. Neither the IPCC Fifth The Paris Agreement creates new Assessment Report nor its Special Report opportunities for natural rubber on Land Use mention rubber. Nor is rubber mentioned in international discussions on Natural rubber production has a considerable climate change. potential for both climate action and sustainable development (Gitz et al. 2020) Reflections and discussions about trees and for enhanced synergies between climate in climate international negotiations have action and sustainable development. This been very much focused on REDD+, but potential has not been yet recognized in REDD+ is a tool that was designed to reduce international discussions on climate change. deforestation and forest degradation to The changes brought by the Paris Agreement mitigate climate change. It was not adapted create new opportunities. to the needs and specificities of rubber. In fact, in this context rubber was rather felt, The aim of the Paris Agreement is, as along with other plantations, as contributing described in its Article 2, to enhance the to deforestation, even though rubber implementation of the United Nations plantations are considered as forests. We Framework Convention on Climate Change need to take the full dimension of what has (UNFCCC) by: changed with the Paris Agreement: it is a b. Holding the increase in the global average bottom-up approach involving all countries, temperature to well below 2°C above and increasingly other actors; it is grounded pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts on a much more holistic approach to the to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C land use sectors, particularly for developing above pre-industrial levels, recognizing countries; and it gives more consideration that this would significantly reduce the for synergies, both between adaptation and risks and impacts of climate change; mitigation and with sustainable development. c. Increasing the ability to adapt to the All of this creates considerable opportunities adverse impacts of climate change to increase the visibility and integration of and foster climate resilience and low rubber in international negotiations and greenhouse gas emissions development, mechanisms. But to size these opportunities in a manner that does not threaten the sector needs to understand and engage food production; Natural rubber systems and climate change | 99

d. Making finance flows consistent with have ratified the KP. The COP serves as the a pathway towards low greenhouse meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement gas emissions and climate-resilient (CMA), constituted of the parties that have development. ratified the agreement is the governing body of the Paris agreement. The Subsidiary The Paris Agreement recognizes the Body for Scientific and Technological Advice importance of land use for the achievement of (SBSTA) assists the governing bodies (COP, its goals. Moreover, under the Kyoto Protocol, CMP, CMA) through the provision of timely there were two very different categories of information and advice on scientific and countries: Annex I (developed countries) technological matters. The Subsidiary Body and non-Annex I. This had very important for Implementation (SBI) assists the governing consequences on the way land use activities bodies in the assessment and review of the were considered, with REDD+ activities in implementation of the Convention, the Kyoto non-Annex I countries to reduce deforestation Protocol and the Paris Agreement. and forest degradation, to be financed by Annex 1 developed countries; and for Annex I In addition, the Convention has a range of countries, a much broader coverage of land constituted bodies with specialized functions. use activities including agriculture and land They include, among others: use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). • The Adaptation Committee (AC) All land use activities are now covered in • The Least Developed Countries Expert all countries. Group (LEG) • The Technology Executive Committee (TEC) With the Paris Agreement and the nationally • The Climate Technology Centre & Network determined contributions (NDCs) there is (CTCN) also a better recognition of synergies and trade-offs between mitigation and adaptation There is also a range of funds and financial as well as of synergies with sustainable entities linked to the Convention: development, opening up additional ways • The Green Climate Fund to better integrate land use, and in particular • The Adaptation Fund rubber production. • The Global Environment Facility (GEF) • The Least Developed Countries Fund (LEG) The PA has also profoundly changed the way • The Special Climate Change Fund climate action is determined, putting the focus on the NDCs, on national action, priorities The GCF is the largest international climate and specificities. This gives additional fund. It aims at allocating resources evenly opportunities for sectors that are important between mitigation and adaptation. It has two nationally to have a broader influence in the results areas particularly relevant for forests: determination, implementation and revision forest and land use (under mitigation), and of the NDCs. In addition, recent years have ecosystems (under adaptation), and aims at seen a growing emphasis on the role of the looking at them together under cross-cutting private sector in climate action, with more mitigation and adaptation projects. The GCF importance given to initiatives of actors other is preparing sectoral guidance for forestry and than governments. agriculture. It would be important to ensure that this guidance can cover rubber. International discussions on climate change offer multiple entry points for rubber related The nationally determined contributions issues are submitted by countries. They have no predetermined format, have to cover The Conference of the Parties (COP) is the mitigation and can include adaptation. The highest governing body for the UNFCCC. The first set was submitted in 2015 for actions Kyoto Protocol (KP) has its own governing post-2020. They are to be reviewed every five body: the Conference of the Parties serving years, being gradually more ambitious. There as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto will be a global stock taking in 2023 and then Protocol (CMP), constituted of the parties that every five years. 100 | Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Article 6 of the PA, on market and non-market IPCC reports and in the research dialogues financial mechanisms, is still under discussion. of SBSTA; bring rubber directly into the Three mechanisms are being discussed: negotiations, linking it to a topic under • Cooperative approaches involve discussion, for instance a topic linked to land countries working with one another using use, or Harvested Wood Products (HWP) internationally transferred mitigation or the KJWA; more broadly give visibility outcomes (ITMOs) in the achievement of to rubber in the discussions around the their NDCs. negotiations including with civil society and • The Paris Agreement established a the private sector. sustainable development mechanism commonly referred to as the 6.4 These are not exclusive but on the contrary mechanism. It is to mitigate greenhouse very complementary, supporting each other. gas emissions and support sustainable This event is a good start for an organized development. plan of action mobilizing various channels: • Non-market approaches are considered scientific papers, official negotiations to be actions and activities that address channels, mobilization of the private sector; mitigation and adaptation but do not result including action at national level as will be in tradable units. presented in the next intervention.

In addition, the International Civil Aviation Key words: Rubber, climate change Organization (ICAO) agreed in 2016 to set up negotiations, Paris agreement, Harvested a new offsetting mechanism to compensate wood products, Koronivia Joint Work program the growth in aviation emissions post- 2020. To meet requirements under this new mechanism, called the Carbon Offsetting and References and further reading Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), airlines will purchase offsets from Drieux E, St-Louis M, Schlickenrieder J and international schemes. Bernoux M. 2019. State of the Koronivia Joint Work on Agriculture - Boosting There is a wide range of issues where rubber Koronivia. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao. could be introduced. For instance, there org/3/ca6910en/ca6910en.pdf are discussions in the Koronivia Joint Work Gitz V, Meybeck A, Pinizzotto S, Nair L, Penot Program on Agriculture (KJWA) on the need E, Baral H, JIanchu X. 2020. Sustainable to properly prevent and manage risks. It development of rubber plantations in a could be highlighted that such systems of risk context of climate change: challenges monitoring for weather, pests and diseases and opportunities. Montpellier: CGIAR shall also cover plantations, including rubber. Research Program on Forests, Trees and Carbon stocked in harvested wood products Agroforestry (FTA). https://www.cifor.org/ can be accounted for as sinks. Currently knowledge/publication/7860; https://doi. it does not take into account rubber, nor org/10.17528/cifor/007860 bamboo and rattan. There could be value in [IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate proposing to integrate rubber, bamboo and Change. 2019. Climate Change and rattan. Such a proposal would have more Land: an IPCC special report on climate weight if it is supported by strong evidence change, desertification, land degradation, with numbers; it relates to both rubber, sustainable land management, food bamboo and rattan; or it is supported by a security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in consortium. terrestrial ecosystems. [Shukla PR, Skea J, Calvo Buendia E, Masson-Delmotte V, How to bring rubber into the international Pörtner H-O, Roberts DC, Zhai P, SladeR, discussions? Connors S, van Diemen R, et al. , eds.]. IPCC. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/ There are various ways to bring rubber into the uploads/2019/08/Fullreport-1.pdf discussions: give visibility to research findings [IPCC] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate on rubber and climate change, particularly in Change. 2018. Global Warming of 1.5°C. Natural rubber systems and climate change | 101

An IPCC Special Report on the impacts guidelines. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao. of global warming of 1.5 °C. above pre- org/3/cb1203en/CB1203EN.pdf industrial levels and related global Roe S, Streck C, Obersteiner M, Frank S, greenhouse gas emission pathways, in Griscom B, Drouet L, Fricko O, Gusti the context of strengthening the global M, Harris N, Hasegawa T, et al. 2019. response to the threat of climate change, Contribution of the land sector to a 1.5 °C sustainable development, and efforts to world. Nature Climate Change 9:817–28. eradicate poverty. [Masson-Delmotte V, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-019-0591-9 Zhai P, Pörtner H-O, Roberts D, Skea J, United Nations. 2015. Paris Agreement. Shukla PR, Pirani A, Moufouma-Okia W, https://unfccc.int/files/essential_ Péan C, Pidcock R, et al., eds.]. Geneva: background/convention/application/pdf/ IPCC. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/sr15/ english_paris_agreement.pdf Meybeck A, Gitz V, Wolf J and Wong T. 2020. [UNFCCC] United Nations Framework Addressing forestry and agroforestry in Convention on Climate Change. n.d. National Adaptation Plans: Supplementary Accessed 18 April 2021. https://unfccc.int/ 102 | Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Opportunities for natural rubber in NDCs and NAPs

Alexandre Meybeck(a), Vincent Gitz(a)

(a) CIFOR/FTA. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract depend on additional international resources. The first set of NDCs (the INDCs) were prepared Nationally determined Contributions (NDCs) and in 2015, often quite quickly to meet the UNFCCC national adaptation plans (NAPs) are national deadline before COP25. There was an opportunity policy documents that are meant to orient national for countries to review their NDCs before ratifying policies and planning related to climate change. the PA. NDCs are now entering implementation. It They have both been established under the United is the moment to look for opportunities to propose Nations Framework on Climate Change (UNFCCC). rubber-related measures that contribute to the They are increasingly used by international realization of the commitments of the NDCs. The funds like the Green Climate Fund (GCF) and monitoring of their implementation as well as others as well as by international cooperation to the preparation of the next round of NDCs, that, orient their funding decisions. These common by construction, need to be more ambitious, will characteristics make them particularly important provide additional opportunities. to orient action and investment related to climate change in countries. Both NDCs and NAPs are to Most NDCs distinguish, in their mitigation part, be periodically reviewed and updated, creating agriculture emissions and the land use, land opportunities for natural rubber to be more visibly use change and Forestry (LULUCF) sector that covered. NDCs and NAPs are however very accounts for emissions and captures from carbon different in nature and scope. sinks. LULUCF is referenced in 77 percent of all countries’ INDCs, and as such is second only to Land use, forests and rubber in the NDCs energy. Agriculture is mentioned in 73 percent of the countries’ mitigation contributions. 86 percent The NDCs (initially INDCs) have been prepared of countries refer to agriculture and/or LULUCF. In by countries to state their commitments as part addition, land use is the sector the most frequently of the process towards the Paris Agreement (PA), mentioned for synergies between adaptation and in the context of the international negotiations. mitigation as well as for co-benefits with SDGs. Their original purpose is to convey national This gives a strong basis for integration of rubber commitments and relative orientations to the related measures even if rubber is rarely explicitly international discussions, not to constitute an mentioned. This absence is not really surprising internal plan of action, even if they provide considering that NDCs cover all economic sectors the orientations for such a plan. They are thus and are often very short. For instance, the NDC generally short and synthetic documents, with of Malaysia is six pages long. However, the NDC varying degrees of precision regarding the of Indonesia mentions the objective of making activities covered, implementation and means of more use of rubber wood for energy. Most NDCs implementation. They always include mitigation of rubber-producing countries contain broad commitments. They may include adaptation orientations on forests or plantations (afforestation, commitments, in fact present in all NDCs of plantations, sustainable forest management) aimed developing countries. NAP is often mentioned at increasing carbon sinks, reducing deforestation, in the NDCs as the vehicle for implementation and strengthening adaptation to which policies and of their adaptation commitments. Commitments measures for implementation in the rubber sector are often distinguished in non-conditional could be linked. There might also be opportunities commitments, to be achieved with national in consuming countries, either to support actions resources, and conditional commitments that in producing countries, or for actions based on Natural rubber systems and climate change | 103

broader commitments on biomaterials to promote is sustainable forest management, explicitly linked use of natural rubber to substitute non-renewable to other sectors. By contrast, in most adaptation products, or to increase the lifespan of carbon plans of developed countries there is a specific stocked in rubber products, for instance blending section on forestry, covering all types and functions ground tyre rubber with asphalt to produce longer of forests. lasting road surface. Main measures for adaptation of natural forests At this stage, either for the implementation of in the NAPs relate to: monitoring and risk the NDCs or to increase commitments in the management systems of risks (forest fires, pests next period, many governments would welcome and diseases) and more broadly of changes; proposals that show contributions to the national research, especially on species of interest commitments, based on solid evidence, including (commercial, threatened, invasive), restoration, quantitative impacts in terms of mitigation, biological indicators of stress, modelling effects adaptation and co-benefits. Because of its on ecosystems; and ecosystem-based adaptation. potential contribution to both climate action and Main measures for adaptation of planted forests in sustainable development, the rubber sector could the NAPs include monitoring and risk management attract interest of both national governments and systems, with for instance an integrated international donors for the implementation of the monitoring system for pests and diseases for NDCs, provided it builds a strong case for it. agriculture and planted forests in Chile; changes of planted species and varieties; conservation and Forests trees and rubber in the NAPs sustainable management of genetic resources; anticipation of future changes, for instance use The NAP process was established by the UNFCCC seeds coming from areas that are hotter or drier in 2010 in Cancun (COP16) with the objectives to in order to have adult trees that will be adapted to a) reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate the future climate. change, by building adaptive capacity and resilience; b) facilitate the integration of climate Most NAPs promote the plantation of trees for change adaptation, in a coherent manner, into numerous adaptation purposes. A first group relevant new and existing policies, programmes is for natural resources management, including and activities, in particular development planning to: restore degraded land, reduce soil erosion, processes and strategies, within all relevant restore water catchments, protect water tanks and sectors and at different levels, as appropriate. The rivers (against erosion and evaporation), reduce process shall be “guided by best available science” coastal erosion and protect against storms. A (UNFCCC, decision 5/CP.17). To date 20 countries second one relates to agriculture with wind breaks, have published their NAPs. shade trees, agroforestry in general. A third one is for the protection and greening of cities to reduce The NAP covers all sectors but it focuses, by the urban heat island effect, while managing definition, on the most vulnerable sectors and increased fire risks. populations and on the issues that are the most important for the adaptation of the whole country. In most cases agroforestry is covered in the It is most often organized by chapters/sections agriculture section of NAPs. The word “agroforestry” by sectors. Two NAPs, Sudan and Palestine, is mentioned in about two-thirds of the NAPs; three are organized by regions, with in both cases a countries mention it more than twice. There are only strong focus on agriculture. The Ethiopian NAP few mentions of the need to adapt agroforestry is organized by broad options. Some NAPs systems or planted trees (Sri Lanka, Cameroon and (Cameroon, Chile, Colombia, Kenya) explicitly Chile). In some cases, agroforestry is mentioned mention forms of coordination and organization (Togo) or broad measures like increase the at subnational level. Forests are in the majority proportion of perennial plants and forest farming of cases integrated in the ecosystems and or planting 10% of agricultural land with forest biodiversity section. There are some exceptions trees (Sudan). In some countries broad measures where forestry is a specific section (Cameroon) or or orientations implicitly include agroforestry like: a subsection of a broader agriculture and forestry design farming systems to reduce thermal stress, part (Togo). For Chile, forests are included in the plant shade trees (Chile), identify and manage biodiversity plan, but planted forests are part of the ecosystems that provide ecosystem services silvo-agro-pastoral plan. For Ethiopia, one “option” that sustain agriculture systems, to prevent soil 104 | Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

erosion, regulate nutrient cycles, pollinate plants, Crumpler K, Dasgupta S, Federici S, Meybeck M, Bloise control pests and regulate water in quantity and M, Slivinska V, Salvatore M, Damen B, Von Loeben quality (Colombia). S, Wolf J and Bernoux M. 2020. Regional analysis of the nationally determined contributions in Asia – NAPs already published give good examples Gaps and opportunities in the agriculture and land for integration of rubber. In Sri Lanka’s NAP use sectors. Environment and Natural Resources rubber is part of the agriculture export Management Working Paper No. 78. Rome: FAO. sector along with other commodities for https://doi.org/10.4060/ca7264en which the following adaptation options have Crumpler K, Meybeck A, Federici S, Salvatore M, been identified: germplasm improvement, Damen B, Dasgupta S, Wolf J and Bernoux M. 2019. improvement of farm and nursery management Assessing the role of agriculture and land use in practices, initiate research studies to assess Nationally Determined Contributions. Environment climate impacts, monitoring and surveillance and Natural Resources Management Working Paper of pests and diseases, sectoral capacity No. 76. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/3/CA5543EN/ development. Importantly the Rubber Research CA5543EN.pdf and Development Institute was associated [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United to the preparation of the NAP. Cameroon’s Nations. 2020. A Common Framework for Agriculture NAP contains a measure (6.15): strengthening and Land Use in the Nationally Determined of rubber production capacity in a context of Contributions. Working Paper No. 85. Rome: Food climate change, classified in the Industry section. and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. In Chile’s NAP there is a specific adaptation plan http://www.fao.org/3/cb1589en/cb1589en.pdf for plantations, with some measures common to [FAO] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United agriculture (monitoring of pests and diseases). Nations. 2016a. The Agriculture Sectors in the Some countries (Urugay, Uganda) have Intended Nationally Determined Contributions: conducted multistakeholder dialogues that can Analysis. Environment and Natural Resources inspire a similar national process for rubber. Management Working Paper No. 62. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. These experiences also show some of the 92pp. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5687e.pdf elements that can facilitate the integration of a [FAO and CIFOR] Food and Agriculture Organization sector in the NAP process: of the United Nations and Center for International • Evidence of the contribution of the sector Forestry Research. 2019. FAO Framework to economy, employment and to improve Methodology for Climate Change Vulnerability resilience of the most vulnerable populations Assessments of Forests and Forest Dependent • a sector-focused adaptation reflection, People. Rome: FAO. http://www.fao.org/documents/ to identify vulnerabilities and means for card/en/c/ca7064en/ adaptation Gitz V, Meybeck A, Pinizzotto S, Nair L, Penot E, Baral H, • a dialogue between the sector and the JIanchu X. 2020. Sustainable development of rubber sectors that can benefit from it for adaptation plantations in a context of climate change: challenges (allies) and opportunities. Montpellier: CGIAR. https://www. • engagement of the scientific community cifor.org/knowledge/publication/7860 Meybeck A, Gitz V, Wolf J and Wong T. 2020. Addressing Keywords: Rubber, NDC, NAP, adaptation forestry and agroforestry in National Adaptation Plans: Supplementary guidelines. Rome: FAO. http:// www.fao.org/3/cb1203en/CB1203EN.pdf References and further reading UNFCCC NAP Central. n.d. National adaptation plans. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Pages/national- Crumpler K, Bloise M, Meybeck A, Salvatore M adaptation-plans.aspx and Bernoux M. 2019. Linking Nationally UNFCCC NDC Registry. n.d. Accessed 18 April 2020. Determined Contributions and the Sustainable https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NDCStaging/Pages/ Development Goals through Agriculture: A All.aspx methodological framework. Environment and UNFCCC. 2011. Decision 5/ CP 17. https://unfccc.int/ Natural Resources Management Working Paper files/adaptation/cancun_adaptation_framework/ No. 75, Rome: FAO. 40pp. http://www.fao.org/3/ national_adaptation_plans/application/pdf/ ca5003en/ca5003en.pdf decision_5_cp_17.pdf Natural rubber systems and climate change | 105

Climate risks: What 1.5°C pathway for rubber fora?

Lekshmi Nair(a), Salvatore Pinizzotto(a), Guo Jianfeng(a)

(a) International Rubber Study Group (IRSG)

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Extended abstract are all important factors that could improve the carbon footprint of rubber and rubber products The climate crisis is becoming increasingly (IRSG 2020b). New mobility solutions are evident with more frequent, more intense aiming for energy-efficient transition towards natural disasters. These phenomena are decarbonization and various regulations are in clearly felt in the areas where natural rubber place to achieve this goal. is planted and grown. Asia-Pacific contributes 91% of natural rubber production, a strategic Reducing carbon emissions is no longer enough raw material essential to guarantee mobility to halt the impacts of climate change. There is and improve healthy living (IRSG 2020a). an urgent need to address ecosystem-based Limiting warming to 1.5°C would reduce the adaptation plans for renewal of plantations odds of initiating the most dangerous and well aligned with the nationally determined irreversible effects of climate change and contributions (NDCs). Around 14 million hectares such a pathway would require dramatic of rubber plantation is a strong carbon sink (IRSG emissions reductions over the next 10 years. 2020a). Climate finance is critical to significantly Keeping to 1.5°C would require limiting all reduce emissions and to encourage climate future net emissions of carbon dioxide from adaptation ensuring livelihood improvement for 2018 onward to 570 gigatons and reaching small farmers. It is important to bring forward net-zero emissions by 2050 (McKinsey 2020). projects on mitigation and adaptation and Natural rubber has a key role to play for both increase awareness among farmers for adopting adaptation and mitigation of climate change them. A strong partnership among stakeholders as an important land user, a producer of in the natural rubber value chain can bring renewable materials, and as a major economic discussion on integration of rubber in mitigation activity. Adoption of sustainable practices in policies, measures, and adaptation policies in production and consumption with efficient the wider climate dialogues. traceability check from product origin will boost a sustainable rubber economy. Business Keywords: Sustainable production, Natural model shift towards sustainable production rubber, Circular economy, NDC and consumption, embracing the circular economy and boosting efficiency in raw material to reduce carbon emissions, would References and further reading underlie the transition to a 1.5°C pathway. Deloitte Southeast Asia. 2020. Climate Sustainable production implies the adoption Change and Business. Responding to the of land use changes and farming practices Pressing Crisis. https://www2.deloitte.com/ together with the implementation of an content/dam/Deloitte/my/Documents/risk/ efficient traceability system from land of origin, my-risk-sustainability-risk-climate-change- deforestation free supply chains embracing business.pdf circular economy to reduce overall carbon [IRSG] International Rubber Study Group. 2020a. footprint. The development of bio-based Rubber Statistical Bulletin. Apr–June. 74:10– products and the enhancement of material 12. International Rubber Study Group. http:// recycling in the tyre and non-tyre segments www.rubberstudy.org/reports 106 | Session 4: Rubber and climate change in the international fora

Sustainable production

Responsible sourcing - traceability from land Land use changes and origin of products to their overall carbon footprint farming practices and evolving business strategies on efficient raw material, deforestation free supply chain and circular economy

Sustainable material supply is a key factor for end-users leading to increased sustainability awareness Bio-butadiene Natural rubber Bio-BR/SSBR

Tyres Other car parts

Tyre and non-tyre Recycling

Figure 1. Transition to a 1.5°C pathway for rubber fora

[IRSG] International Rubber Study Group. Nixon J. 2019. The Economic Impact of Global 2020b. Opportunities and Challenges for Warming. An Oxford Economics White Sustainable Production and Consumption. Paper, November 2019. 6p. https://cdn2. Indian Rubber Meet, February 2020, hubspot.net/hubfs/2240363/Research%20 India. http://www.rubberstudy.org/reports Briefing%20The%20economic%20 Mckinsey & Company. 30 April 2020. Climate impact%20of%20global%20warming.pdf math: What a 1.5-degree pathway would [UNFCCC] United Nations Framework take. https://www.mckinsey.com/business- Convention on Climate Change. functions/sustainability/our-insights/ 2019. United Nations Climate Change climate-math-what-a-1-point-5-degree- Annual Report 2019. https://unfccc.int/ pathway-would-take documents/234048 Natural rubber systems and climate change | 107

Conclusions of the chair

The importance of bringing rubber at the centre of the climate change debate has been acknowledged by the speakers of this session. To effectively reach this goal it is essential to abandon a silos approach and adopt coordinated actions both horizontally (among the various stakeholders) and vertically inside the institutions overlooking the natural rubber economy. Rubber is not mentioned very often in national and international fora as the main entry point in the climate change discussions is food security and it has been easier to consider other commodities such as cocoa or coffee. But rubber has a powerful narrative: a renewable material, 90% of production coming from smallholders and a strategic economic and social raw material for many countries in the world. We need to start to introduce rubber in the public debate on climate change highlighting rubber’s role at national and international levels, the important role played by the private sector and its contribution to food security and a more stable economy.

107 Photo by Deanna Ramsay/CIFOR 5

Session 5 The way forward: Short term actions and long term plans

Chairman: Lekshmi Nair Head of Economics & Statistics, IRSG

The Session 5 panel discussion titled “The way forward: Short-term actions and long-term plans” was chaired by Dr Lekshmi Nair (Head of Economic & Statistics, IRSG). Four panellists joined this session: Dr Jérôme Sainte-Beuve (Rubber Value Chain Correspondent, CIRAD), Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz Kadir (Secretary General, IRRDB), Dr Vincent Gitz (Director, CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA)), Mr Salvatore Pinizzotto (Secretary General, IRSG).

The chairperson started the panel discussion by re-emphasizing that there is a great opportunity for the rubber industry to open the dialogue on mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Dr Nair gave the floor to the panellists by asking them their takeaways from the workshop. The four panellists shared their opinions accordingly.

According to Dr Gitz from the perspective of a person with a climate change background, it is striking to know how collaborative research in the past has helped the natural rubber industry.

He also emphasized the importance of a systematic approach in understanding how the bio- physical conditions could combine with possible technological itineraries in the rubber industry and how that could interact with the labour component in the rubber value chain. Thus, reliable and accurate data is critical to the future work in this aspect. Dr Gitz concluded that climate change actions are going to be people-centric in the future as has been already recognized by the SGDs.

Dr Aziz, IRRDB, stated that natural rubber is considered as a capital-intensive crop for many smallholders. The smallholders do not have the necessary financial means to carry out replanting under the current circumstances having rubber prices been persistently low. Furthermore, the 109 110 | Session 5: The Way Forward: Short term actions and long term plans

industry is becoming less attractive to younger generations. Dr Aziz also pointed out that natural rubber is often wrongly categorized as an industry crop among the climate change discussions. He urged the industry to consider not only the Hevea brasiliensis but to bring all other NR species to discussion.

Mr Sainte-Beuve, CIRAD, pointed out that there is a lack of scientific knowledge regarding the relation between natural rubber and climate change and the industry needs to address that urgently. The industry needs actual and real-time data about the welfare of smallholders so that the social-economic aspect could be reinforced in the framework of discussion and meaningful projects could be initiated.

Mr Pinizzotto, IRSG, mentioned that there is a significant data gap in relation to the socioeconomic aspects of the natural rubber industry. He suggested the rubber industry to set priority to research and development and pointed out that the international organizations in the rubber industry should also take responsibility on the slow progress in climate change discussion.

When asked by the chairperson on how to address the issues raised during the workshop, the panellists shared their ideas and opinions as follows.

Mr Pinizzotto emphasized that the participating organizations in this workshop need to build on from the proceedings of the discussion and to agree on a follow-up agenda and an action plan to bring this agenda forward. The rubber industry needs to identify areas to initiate actions immediately.

Dr Sainte Beuve added on by saying participating organizations need to identify shared priorities and search for organizations to fund priority research projects. There is also a need to leverage on the private sector in the climate change discussion for the rubber industry.

Dr Aziz urged the industry to bring rubber as a discussion topic to the UNFCCC Conference of the Parties (COP). Dr Aziz also emphasized the importance of value addition for smallholders and involving the cooperatives in the climate change discussion.

Lastly, Dr Gitz stressed the need to increase the visibility of the rubber sector at the international level, in an evidence based and organized way. The participating organizations should fully utilize the outcomes of this workshop and seize the opportunities in various climate change events in 2021 such as COP26. The industry needs to explore new ways of communication in the new normal in order to attract attention from the public and the rubber community.

The chairperson, Dr Nair, concluded the panel discussion by mentioning the opportunity to take the rubber sector into the international level of climate change discussion with collaboration between IOs in rubber industry.

Finally, Mr Pinizzotto ended the workshop by stating the urgent need for an action plan and the importance of communication and collaboration between different parties in the rubber industry.

110 111 Photo by Ryan Woo/CIFOR

FTA WORKING PAPER

DOI: 10.17528/cifor/008029

The International Rubber Study Group (IRSG), with the International Rubber Research and Development Board (IRRDB), the CGIAR research program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) led by CIFOR, and the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), ran an open digital workshop on natural rubber systems and climate change on 23–25 June 2020, attended by more than 500 scientists and stakeholders.

The purpose of the workshop was to review recent research results on impacts of climate change on rubber production, potential means of adaptation and contribution to mitigation of climate change, and to identify knowledge and research gaps as well as recommendation for action.

This document brings together the extended abstracts of the presentations and summaries of the discussions held during the workshop.

The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) is the world’s largest research for development program to enhance the role of forests, trees and agroforestry in sustainable development and food security and to address climate change. CIFOR leads FTA in partnership with ICRAF, the Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, CATIE, CIRAD, INBAR and TBI. FTA’s work is supported by the CGIAR Trust Fund.

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