“Automated Rubber Tapping Machine”
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The Strategy of Shifting Cultivators in West Kalimantan in Adapting to the Market Economy: Empirical Evidence Behind Gaps in Interdisciplinary Communication
The strategy of shifting cultivators in West Kalimantan in adapting to the market economy: empirical evidence behind gaps in interdisciplinary communication Prudensius Maring1 Budi Luhur University, Indonesia Abstract Issues of climate change and expansion of large-scale land acquisition for industrial plantations continue to ravage the shifting cultivation system that 300–500 million subsistence farmer households depend on. In Indonesia, particularly in Kalimantan and Sumatera, village communities continue to practice shifting cultivation amidst the conversion of lands into industrial plantations. The rampant conversion of farmer's land by large scale companies based in the market economy has resulted in the decline of the shifting cultivation system, and compelled them to enter commercial production. I employed qualitative methods, conducting in- depth interviews and observations in West Kalimantan in 2018. Shifting cultivation today is not just for subsistence, but it is also a strategy to maintain claims to land that has been handed over to companies. Concurrently, people have been developing community plantations using industrial commodities such as rubber and oil palm, which still incorporate subsistence features. The changes occurring in villages have led to conflict since land availability has reduced, while the alternative of working for forestry and plantation companies is hampered by their lack of skills and knowledge. Theoretically, this study indicates the need for communication and synergy between the perspectives of political ecology and cultural ecology in order to understand the socio-politico-economic complexities haunting the village community's alterations in subsistence strategies. The practical implications are that land-based village development should open up communication among stakeholders and position village communities as the key beneficiary in the long run. -
Latex Free Claims: a White Paper on the Risks Associated with Latex Allergies and Latex in Healthcare
Latex Free Claims: A White Paper on the Risks Associated with Latex Allergies and Latex in Healthcare Brought to you by: Allergy and Asthma Network: Sue Lockwood and Robert Hamilton, M.S., Ph.D. Avella Specialty Pharmacy: Eric Sredzinski, Pharm.D., AAHIVP and Jenna Vaughn, Pharm.D., PGY1 Executive Summary There is significant confusion as to the meaning of “latex free” in healthcare. The FDA has urged manufacturers to drop the term “latex free” or a ”does not contain latex” claim from labels because of the challenge to ensure a product is completely devoid of natural rubber latex proteins which cause the allergic reactions. While there are no regulations requiring the On December 2, labeling of a medical product to state natural rubber latex was not used as a material in the manufacturing process, the terms “latex free” or 2014, the FDA “does not contain latex” are used too broadly. According to the FDA, these labeling techniques are not sufficiently specific, not necessarily scientifically released the accurate, and may be misunderstood and applied too widely. final latex guidance On December 2, 2014, the FDA released the final latex guidance document document advising [https://www.fda.gov/downloads/MedicalDevices/DeviceRegulationandGuidance/ GuidanceDocuments/UCM342872.pdf] advising firms to use “not made with firms to use natural rubber latex” if no natural (Hevea brasiliensis) rubber latex was used in the "not made manufacturing process. Not all types of latex are from natural rubber latex; for example, products that contain nitrile and polyvinyl chloride, will not cause a with natural natural rubber latex allergy because these are synthetic formulations. -
“Growth and Production of Rubber”
biblio.ugent.be The UGent Institutional Repository is the electronic archiving and dissemination platform for all UGent research publications. Ghent University has implemented a mandate stipulating that all academic publications of UGent researchers should be deposited and archived in this repository. Except for items where current copyright restrictions apply, these papers are available in Open Access. This item is the archived peer-reviewed author-version of: Growth and production of rubber Verheye, W. In: Verheye, W. (ed.), Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK. http://www.eolss.net To refer to or to cite this work, please use the citation to the published version: Verheye, W. (2010). Growth and Production of Rubber . In: Verheye, W. (ed.), Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences . Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS), UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers, Oxford, UK . http://www.eolss.net GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF RUBBER Willy Verheye, National Science Foundation Flanders and Geography Department, University of Gent, Belgium Keywords : Agro-chemicals, estate, Hevea, industrial plantations, land clearing, land management, latex, rubber. Contents 1. Introduction 2. Origin and distribution 3 Botany 3.1 Cultivars and Classification 3.2 Structure 3.3 Pollination and Propagation 4. Ecology and Growing Conditions 4.1 Climate Requirements 4.2 Soil Requirements 5. Land and Crop Husbandry 5.1 Planting and Land Management 5.2 Plantation Maintenance 6. Tapping and Processing 6.1 Tapping 6.2 Collection of Tapped Latex 6.3 Processing 7. Utilization and Use 8. Production and Trade 9. Environmental and Social Constraints of Plantation Crops 9.1 Land Tenure 9.2 Land Clearing 9.3 Use of Agrochemicals 9.4 Social and Rural Development 9.5 Biodiversity Glossary Bibliography Biographical Sketch Summary Rubber is a tropical tree crop which is mainly grown for the industrial production of latex. -
Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands
land Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands Edited by Jeffrey Sayer and Chris Margules Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Land www.mdpi.com/journal/land Biodiversity in Locally Managed Lands Special Issue Editors Jeffrey Sayer Chris Margules MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade Special Issue Editors Jeffrey Sayer Chris Margules James Cook University, Australia James Cook University, Australia Tanah Air Beta, Indonesia University of Indonesia, Indonesia Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Land (ISSN 2073-445X) from 2016–2017 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/land/special_issues/biodiversity_managed). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Author 1; Author 2. Article title. Journal Name Year, Article number, page range. First Edition 2017 ISBN 978-3-03842-454-3 (Pbk) ISBN 978-3-03842-455-0 (PDF) Artic les in this vo lume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Co mmo ns Attributio n license (CC BY), whic h allows users to download, copy and build upon published artic les even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maxi mum disse minatio n and a wide r impac t of our public atio ns. The boo k taken as a who le is © 2017 MDPI, Base l, Switze rland, distribute d unde r the te rms and co nditio ns of the Creative Commons license CC BY-NC-ND (http://c reativeco mmons.o rg/licenses/by -nc -nd/4.0/). -
Peat Swamp and Lowland Forests of Sumatra (Indonesia)
Forest Area Key Facts & Peat Swamp and Lowland Carbon Emissions Forests of Sumatra (Indonesia) from Deforestation Forest location and brief description With an area of some 470,000 km2, Sumatra is Indonesia’s largest island, and the world’s sixth largest, supporting 40 million people. The lowland forests cover approximately 118,300 km2 of the eastern part of the island. These rainforests are characterized by large, buttressed trees dominated by the Dipterocarpaceae family, woody climbers and epiphytes. Figs are also common in the lowland forests. There are more than 100 fig species in Sumatra. According to the SPOT Vegetation 2006 data, the Sumatran peat swamp forests total approximately 33,600 km2. These forests are located on Sumatra’s eastern coast and boast the deepest peat in Indonesia. Over 30 per cent of Sumatra’s peat are over 4 metres deep. Most of the peat are in the Sumatran province of Riau (56.1 per cent of its total provincial area). Unique qualities of forest area Sumatra’s lowland forests are home to a range of species including: Sumatran pine, Rafflesia arnoldii (the world’s largest individual flower, measuring up to 1 metre wide), Amorphophallus spp. (world’s tallest and largest inflorescence flower measuring up to 2 metres tall), Sumatran tiger, orang utan, Sumatran rhinoceros, Sumatran elephant, Malayan tapir, Malayan sun bear, Bornean clouded leopard, and many birds and butterflies. Although Sumatra’s peat swamp forests do not support an abundant terrestrial wildlife, they do support some of the island’s biggest and • The forest sector accounts rarest animals, such as the critically endangered Sumatran tiger, and the for 85 per cent of Indonesia’s endangered Sumatran rhinoceros and Asian elephant. -
CORALITE MUSCLE JOINT- Camphor Menthol Menthyl Salicylate Patch United Exchange Corp
CORALITE MUSCLE JOINT- camphor menthol menthyl salicylate patch United Exchange Corp. Disclaimer: Most OTC drugs are not reviewed and approved by FDA, however they may be marketed if they comply with applicable regulations and policies. FDA has not evaluated whether this product complies. ---------- Active ingredients Purpose Camphor 1.2%...........................................Topical analgesic Menthol 5.7%.............................................Topical analgesic Methyl Salicylate 6.3%.................................Topical analgesic Uses For temporary relief of minor aches and pains of muscles and joints associated with: arthritis simple backache strains bruises sprains Warnings For external use only Allergy alert: If prone to allergic reaction from aspirin or salicylates, consult a doctor before use. Do not use on wounds or damaged skin with a heating pad if you are allergic to any ingredients of this product When using this product do not use other than directed avoid contact with the eyes, mucous membranes or rashes do not bandage tightly Stop use and ask a doctor if: rash, itching, or excessive skin irritation develops conditions worsen symptoms persist for more than 7 days symptoms clear up and occur again within a few days If pregnant or breast-feeding, ask a health professional before use. Keep out of reach of children. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poision Control Center right away. Directions Adults and children 12 years of age and over: clean and dry affected area remove patch from film apply to affected area not more than 3 to 4 times daily remove patch from skin after at most 8 hours of application Children under 12 years of age: consult with a doctor Other information avoid storing product in direct sunlight protect from excessive moisture Inactive ingredients butylated hydroxytoluene, glyceryl rosinate, natural rubber, polybutene, polyisobutylene, precipitated calcium carbonate, quinton, sorbitan stearate, tocopherol acetate, YS resin, zinc oxide DISTRIBUTED BY: UNITED EXCHAGE CORP. -
In Search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States, and the Nature of A
IN SEARCH OF THE AMAZON AMERICAN ENCOUNTERS/GLOBAL INTERACTIONS A series edited by Gilbert M. Joseph and Emily S. Rosenberg This series aims to stimulate critical perspectives and fresh interpretive frameworks for scholarship on the history of the imposing global pres- ence of the United States. Its primary concerns include the deployment and contestation of power, the construction and deconstruction of cul- tural and political borders, the fluid meanings of intercultural encoun- ters, and the complex interplay between the global and the local. American Encounters seeks to strengthen dialogue and collaboration between histo- rians of U.S. international relations and area studies specialists. The series encourages scholarship based on multiarchival historical research. At the same time, it supports a recognition of the represen- tational character of all stories about the past and promotes critical in- quiry into issues of subjectivity and narrative. In the process, American Encounters strives to understand the context in which meanings related to nations, cultures, and political economy are continually produced, chal- lenged, and reshaped. IN SEARCH OF THE AMAzon BRAZIL, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE NATURE OF A REGION SETH GARFIELD Duke University Press Durham and London 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Scala by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in - Publication Data Garfield, Seth. In search of the Amazon : Brazil, the United States, and the nature of a region / Seth Garfield. pages cm—(American encounters/global interactions) Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Rubber Tapping Machine
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 06 | June 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Rubber Tapping Machine Mr. Raghavendra Prasad S.A Assistant Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, St. Joseph Engineering College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - A labour has to apply force many times on each 89% of area and 92% of production came from small holding tree to get the desired path for the harvesting of rubber so, this with an average size of 0.50 ha. The total area of natural makes the labour tired and they to do this job for so many rubber cultivation is sub-grouped into traditional (0.53 Mha) trees in a short duration at early morning on every day. This and nontraditional regions, where the traditional regions leads shortage in labour for rubber tapping in India. Hence a have the lion share. The state of Kerala and Kanyakumari motorized concept of tapping knife is needed to reduce their district of Tamil Nadu are the traditional NR cultivating effort. Our proposed machine will satisfy and full fill the above regions, whereas the non-traditional region are in the states problem. The main aim of this project is to rubber tapping in of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Goa , Andhra Pradesh and rubber trees. This equipment is having rack and pinion, Odisha, as classified by RBI [3]. battery, motor arrangement, in the rubber tapping machine. In this project the components are modeled by CREO Software 1.1 Uses & Importance of Rubber and animation also done by CREO software. -
(AMEO) As a Coupling Agent on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Palm Kernel Shell Powder Composites
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Chemistry 19 ( 2016 ) 327 – 334 5th International Conference on Recent Advances in Materials, Minerals and Environment (RAMM) & 2nd International Postgraduate Conference on Materials, Mineral and Polymer (MAMIP), 4-6 August 2015 The Effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane (AMEO) as a Coupling Agent on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Palm Kernel Shell Powder Composites Shuhairiah Daud, Hanafi Ismail*, Azhar Abu Bakar aSchool of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia *Corresponding author:[email protected] Abstract This research is conducted using palm kernel shell powder (PKS) as filler in natural rubber. The effect of 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent on composites were studied at different palm kernel shell loading i.e, 0. 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr. The palm kernel shell was crushed and sieved to an average particle size of 5.53 µm. The palm kernel shell filled natural rubber composites were prepared using laboratory size two roll mill. The curing characteristics such as scorch time, cure time and maximum torque were obtained from rheometer. The palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber composites were cured at 150oC using hot press according to their cure time. Curing characteristics, tensile properties, rubber-filler interaction and morphological properties of palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber were studied. Scorch time and cure time show reduction but tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% (M100) and modulus at 300% (M300) increased with the presence of 3-aminopropyltrimethyloxysilane. Rubber-filler interaction studies showed that rubber filler interaction in natural rubber filled with palm kernel shell powder improved with incorporation of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane. -
Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin
- z NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS ~-> 2 Gum naval stores:stores: turpentine and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations N\O\ON- -WOODWOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 22 Gum navalnaval stores:stores: turpentine• and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin J.J.W.J.J.W. Coppen andand G.A.G.A. HoneHone Mi(Mf' NANATURALTURAL RESRESOURCESOURCES INSTITUTEIN STITUTE FFOODOOD ANDAN D AGRICULTUREAGRIC ULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETH E UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The designationsdesignations employedemployed andand thethe presentationpresentation of of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinionopinion whatsoever onon thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concernconcerninging thethe legal status of any countrycountry,, territory, city or areaareaorofits or of its auauthorities,thorities, orconcerningor concerning the delimitationdelirnitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37M-37 IISBNSBN 92-5-103684-5 AAllll rights reserved.reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrretrievalieval systemsystem,, oror transmitted inin any form or byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechanicai,cal, photocphotocopyingopying oror otherwise, withoutwithout thethe prior permission ofof the copyright owner. AppApplicationslications forfor such permission,permission, with a statementstatement -
Natural Rubber Systems and Climate Change Proceedings and Extended Abstracts from the Online Workshop, 23–25 June 2020
May 2021 FTA WORKING PAPER • 9 Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020 Salvatore Pinizzotto, Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Vincent Gitz, Jérôme Sainte-Beuve, Lekshmi Nair, Eric Gohet, Eric Penot, Alexandre Meybeck Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Working Paper 9 © 2021 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI: 10.17528/cifor/008029 Pinizzotto S, Aziz A, Gitz V, Sainte-Beuve J, Nair L, Gohet E, Penot E and Meybeck A. 2021. Natural rubber systems and climate change: Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020. Working Paper 9. Bogor, Indonesia: The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CIFOR Headquarters Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62-251-8622-622 E [email protected] foreststreesagroforestry.org We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/our-funders/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. -
Effects of Coconut Coir Powders on the Properties of Natural Rubber Composites
International Jounal of Science and Innovative Technology Volume3 Issue1 January - June 2020 53 Effects of Coconut Coir Powders on the properties of Natural Rubber Composites Teerakorn Kongkaew1,Sureeporn Kumneadklang1, Jate Panichpakdee1 and Siriporn Larpkiattaworn1, * Received May 18, 2020; Revised, June 10, 2020; Accepted June 29 2020 Abstract In this work, the coconut coir powders (CCP)/natural rubber (NR) composites were successfully prepared. The CCP acts as a reinforcing filler with two different sizes of fine powders (39 um) and coarse powders (101 um). The coconut coir powders added to the natural rubber matrix at the filler content of 25, 50, 75, and 100 phr. The effect of CCP contents on physical and mechanical properties was studied. The result revealed that the increase in CCP content has decreased the tensile strength, elongation at break and toughness of composites but increased the modulus of elasticity. The CCP/NR composite at 25 phr of filler loading shows better mechanical properties. For different sizes of fillers, the F-CCP exhibit the better mechanical properties and hardness compare to C-CCP. These properties of composites indicate that it can develop and possible apply in rubber mats. Keywords: Coconut coir powders, Natural rubber, Mechanical properties, Composites Introduction al., 2002; Luz et al., 2007; Panthapulakkal et al., 2006). Polymer composites are a combination of a The natural fibers act as reinforcing natural fillers with polymer matrix with fillers. They have been attractive- biodegradable and renewable properties. The proba- ly applied in industrial and academic researches due bility of natural fibers such as kenaf, sisal, pineapple to the control of the material properties.