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12. Plantas Y Líquenes Del Parque Nacional Natural De La Serranía De

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12. Plantas Y Líquenes Del Parque Nacional Natural De La Serranía De PLANTAS Y LÍQUENES DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL SERRANÍA DE CHIRIBIQUETE, COLOMBIA Dairon Cárdenas1*1*,, MaríaMaría FernandaFernanda GonzálezGonzález12 ,, NóridaNórida MarínMarín11 y Sonia Sua11,, JulioJulio BetancurBetancur2 RESUMEN principales de formaciones vegetales registrados para la Guayana: bosques, matorrales, praderas o Se presenta el inventario de las plantas y los pastizales y la vegetación pionera sobre roca dura. líquenes del Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de En los afloramientos rocosos predominan especies Chiribiquete (PNNSCh), obtenido a través de como: Abolboda spp., Acanthella sprucei, Bonnetia información de herbarios y exploraciones de campo. sessilis, Calliandra vaupesiana, Clusia spp., Cyrilla Chiribiquete es el área protegida más grande de racemiflora, Decagonocarpus oppositifolius, Drosera Colombia, pertenece a la formación Guayana, esmeraldae, Euphronia hirtelloides, Gongylolepis tiene altitudes entre 200 y 800 metros y representa una gran meseta tectónica fraccionada por erosión martiana, Hevea nitida, Molongum lucidum, hídrica y disectada en numerosas mesas (tepuyes). Navia spp., Ochthocosmus berryi, Monotrema aemu- Se registraron 2,138 especies que corresponden lans, Pachira coriacea, Parahancornia surrogata, al 7.6 % de las encontradas en Colombia y al 66.5 Senefelderopsis chiribiquetensis, Steyerbromelia % de las de la región amazónica. Las familias con garcia-barrigae, Styrax rigidifolius, Tepuianthus más especies fueron: Fabaceae (184), Rubiaceae savannensis, Utricularia spp., Vellozia tubiflora (167) y Melastomataceae (147). Se hallaron 67 y Xyris spp. Por otra parte, los tepuyes contienen especies endémicas de Colombia, correspondien- altos niveles de endemismos, como las familias tes a poco más de la tercera parte de las especies Tepuianthaceae y Euphroniaceae y los géneros endémicas registradas para la Guayana colombiana. Acanthella, Archytaea, Cephalocarpus, Decagono- Así mismo, 16 especies son exclusivas de Chiribi- carpus, Diacidia, Euceraea, Navia, Senefelderopsis, quete, 14 han sido categorizadas en algún grado de Steyerbromelia, Vellozia y Wallacea, entre otros. amenaza para Colombia y, como resultado de las recientes expediciones, se han encontrado al menos diez especies nuevas para la ciencia (pertenecientes Palabras clave a los géneros Aechmea, Annona, Aptandra, Guat- teria, Navia, Pitcairnia, Raputia, Tococa, Vriesea Chiribiquete, Colombia, Guayana, líquenes, plantas y Zamia). En Chiribiquete están los cuatro tipos vasculares. * Calle 20 No. 5-44, Bogotá, Colombia. Teléfono: (57+1) 4442060 / Fax: (57+1) 4442089. 1 Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi, Bogotá, Colombia. [email protected] 2 Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Apartado 7495, Bogotá, Colombia. [email protected] REVISTA COLOMBIA AMAZÓNICA Nº 10 de 2017 205 PLANTAS Y LÍQUENES DEL PARQUE NACIONAL NATURAL SERRANÍA DE CHIRIBIQUETE, COLOMBIA ABSTRACT INTRODUCCIÓN An inventory of plants and lichens of the National Colombia posee una alta diversidad biológica origi- National Park Serranía de Chiribiquete ispresented. nada principalmente por su posición geográfica pri- It was obtained through information collected in vilegiada, tanto por estar en la franja tropical como herbariums and field explorations. Chiribiquete is por ubicarse en el extremo noroccidental de Sur- the largest protected area in Colombia, is part of américa. Por otra parte, la cordillera de los Andes the Guiana Shield, has altitudes between 80 and provee a su territorio con una amplia variedad de 900 m and represents a large tectonic plateau frac- climas y gradientes altitudinales y ecosistémicos, tioned by water erosion and dissected in numerous los que van desde el nivel del mar hasta las nieves tables (tepuyes). We recorded 2138 species that perpetuas y desde las zonas desérticas hasta las más represent 7,6 % of all Colombian species, and 66,5 húmedas del mundo. En 1941, cuando Colombia se % of all recorded for the Amazon region. The fami- adhirió a la Convención de Washington sobre flora, lies with the highest number of species were Faba- fauna y bellezas escénicas, se inició el reto de crear ceae (185), Rubiaceae (170) and Melastomataceae y consolidar lo que hoy se conoce como el Sistema (148). We found 67 endemic species of Colombia, de Parques Nacionales Naturales. Está conformado corresponding to just over one third of the endemic por 59 áreas naturales protegidas que representan species recorded for Colombian Guiana. Likewise, el 11.27 % del área continental y el 1.5 % del área 16 species are exclusive to Chiribiquete, 14 of them marina de Colombia (Parques Nacionales Naturales have been categorized to some degree of threat to de Colombia, 2017). Colombia, and, as a result of recent expeditions, at least ten new species for science have been found Actualmente, se estima que se conoce aproximada- (belonging to the genus Aechmea, Annona, Aptan- mente el 70 % de las plantas existentes en las áreas dra, Guatteria, Navia, Pitcairnia, Raputia, Tococa, protegidas del Sistema de Parques Nacionales Natu- Vriesea, and Zamia). In Chiribiquete we can the rales de Colombia. La flora conservada en los parques four main types of vegetation recorded for Guiana: nacionales naturales representa el 39.1 % de las espe- forests, scrub, grassland, and the pioneering vege- cies de plantas conocidas para el país, el 18.2 % de las tation on hard rock. In rocky outcrops the species endémicas de Colombia y el 56 % de las categorizadas predominant are Abolboda spp., Acanthella sprucei, con algún grado de amenaza, según los criterios de Bonnetia sessilis, Calliandra vaupesiana, Clusia spp., la International Union for Conservation of Nature Cyrilla racemiflora, Decagonocarpus oppositifolius, (IUCN) (Mendoza-Cifuentes et al. en prep.). Drosera esmeraldae, Euphronia hirtelloides, Gon- gylolepis martiana, Hevea nitida, Molongum luci- El Parque Nacional Natural Serranía de Chiribiquete dum, Navia spp., Ochthocosmus berryi, Monotrema (PNNSCh) constituye un enclave biótico dentro de aemulans, Pachira coriacea, Parahancornia surrogata, la Amazonia colombiana, en donde los afloramien- Senefelderopsis chiribiquetensis, Steyerbromelia tos rocosos o tepuyes que lo caracterizan albergan garcia-barrigae, Styrax rigidifolius, Tepuianthus condiciones climáticas muy extremas para la biota, savannensis, Utricularia spp., Vellozia tubiflora and que se manifiestan en fluctuaciones drásticas dia- Xyris spp. On the other hand, tepuyes contain high rias de temperatura, intensa radiación solar, estrés levels of endemisms, such as the families Tepuiantha- hídrico y pobreza de nutrientes. De acuerdo con ceae and Euphroniaceae and the genera Acanthella, la subdivisión fitogeográfica de la región Guayana, Archytaea, Cephalocarpus, Decagonocarpus, Diaci- propuesta por Berry et al. (1995), Chiribiquete está dia, Euceraea, Navia, Senefelderopsis, Steyerbrome- en la provincia de la Guayana Occidental, distrito del lia, Vellozia and Wallacea, among others. Alto río Negro, específicamente sobre la plataforma paleozoico-precámbrica de la formación Araracuara. Keywords El conocimiento de la flora del PNNSCh empezó Chiribiquete, Colombia, Guayana, Lichens, Vascu- con las colecciones hechas por Richard E. Schul- lar plants. tes entre 1943 y 1944, en la cuenca Alta del río 206 REVISTA COLOMBIA AMAZÓNICA Nº 10 de 2017 Apaporis, confluencia de los ríos Macaya (Tunia) conocimiento de su biodiversidad. Este trabajo pre- y Ajajú. Posteriormente, Elbert L. Little, en 1945, senta el inventario de las plantas y los líquenes del realizó colecciones en la parte sur de Chiribiquete. parque, el área protegida más grande del país, con el Sin embargo, el mayor aporte al conocimiento de fin de proveer datos para su manejo y conservación la flora de Chiribiquete se efectuó entre 1990 y y como base para su catalogación ante la Organi- 2002 con los estudios adelantados por el Instituto zación de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco) como patrimonio de Colombia, la Fundación Puerto Rastrojo, el inmaterial de la humanidad. Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, el Instituto Nacional de los Recursos Natu- rales Renovables y del Ambiente (INDERENA), la MÉTODOS Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional y el Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt. En la figura 1 se indica Área de estudio la cantidad de colecciones realizadas entre los años El PNNSCh representa un enclave del Escudo Gua- 1943 a 2016 y en la figura 2, el mapeo de éstas. yanés dentro de la Amazonia colombiana (figura 2). Está localizado hacia el sureste de Colombia, entre A pesar de que se conocen algunos estudios florísticos los departamentos de Caquetá y Guaviare. De para Chiribiquete (Estrada y Fuertes, 1993; Rangel- acuerdo con la subdivisión fitogeográfica de la et al. Ch , 1995a; Cortés-B y Franco-R, 1997; Cortés- región Guayana, propuesta por Berry et al. (1995), et al. B , 1998; Peñuela y Von Hildebrand, 1999; Chiribiquete está en la provincia de la Guayana Vasco, 2002; Arévalo y Betancur, 2004 y 2006), Occidental, distrito del Alto río Negro, específica- esta región sigue siendo una de las menos conocidas mente sobre la plataforma paleozoico-precámbrica de Colombia. La compilación más reciente sobre la de la formación Araracuara. flora vascular del PNNSCh la presentaron Cortés-B y Franco-R (1998), quienes registraron 587 especies Los afloramientos rocosos
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