Libro Omen?Aca

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Libro Omen?Aca El gótico navarro en el contexto hispánico y europeo* Clara Fernández-Ladreda Aguadé Universidad de Navarra Resumen Durante el Gótico Pleno (1200-1276) el influjo foráneo será puntual y no tendrá casi eco. Procede, en general, de Francia, tanto en el caso de la arqui - tectura y escultura monumental, como en el de las piezas importadas. En el Gótico Radiante (1276-1387) la influencia exterior es más visible. En la arquitectura y escultura monumental, el principal receptor de los influjos foráneos es la catedral de Pamplona, claustro y dependencias, donde trabajan maestros franceses (Miguel y Arnalt Puyssiveler) e ingleses conocedores del arte francés (Guillermo Inglés). A su vez, ejercerá un gran ascendiente sobre el arte navarro y alavés. Destacan también las obras importadas: de Francia (vírgenes de Roncesvalles y Huarte, y relicario del ajedrez de Carlomagno ), Italia (Cristo de Puente la Reina) y Cataluña (Virgen de Sorauren). En el rei - nado de Carlos III sobresalen las obras de promoción real, abiertas al influjo exterior e influyentes de cara al interior. En escultura descuellan Jehan Lome y su taller, vinculados a la tumba real, que traen a Navarra el estilo borgoñón. Entre las piezas importadas destaca el retablo de las Navas, primer retablo esculpido de Navarra. El Tardogótico (1441-1512) es una etapa artísticamen - te pobre. Lo más sobresaliente son las obras importadas de Castilla (Cristo de Viana, Virgen de Marañón) y Países Bajos meridionales (Virgen de Cortes, Santa Ana de Tudela y retablo de Artajona). Abstract During the High Gothic period (1200-76), influence from outside Navarra was sporadic and had almost no followers. For both architecture and monu - mental sculpture it came, for the most part, from France, as was also the case for imported works. In the period of 'Gótico Radiante' (1276-1387), foreign influence is more significant. For architecture and monumental sculpture the main centre of reception is Pamplona Cathedral, together with its cloister and associated buildings. Frenchmen worked there (Michel and Arnault Puyssiveler), as well as Englishmen familiar with French art (William the Englishman), which at the same time dominated art in the rest of Navarra and in Alava. Imported works are also significant. From France are statues of the 88 CLARA FERNÁNDEZ-LADREDA AGUADÉ Blessed Virgin at Roncesvalles and Huarte, and the reliquary called 'Charlemagne's Chessboard'; from Italy the figure of Christ at Puente la Reina; and from Catalonia the statue of the Virgin at Sorauren. In the reign of Carlos III and his successors (1387-1441), work commissioned by the court is outstanding, being both open to influences from abroad, and influencing art within Navarra. For sculpture Jehan Lome and his school, who built the tomb of Carlos III, are outstanding, bringing the Burgundian style to Navarra. Amongst imported pieces are the retable of Las Navas, the earliest sculpted retable in the province. The Late Gothic period (1441-1512) is artistically poor. The most significant items are works brought from Castille (the statue of Christ at Viana, the Virgin at Marañón) and Flanders (the Virgin at Cortes, the statue of St Anne at Tudela, and the retable at Artajona). El presente artículo pretende ofrecer un panorama general del gótico navarro en lo concerniente a sus relaciones con el contexto artístico europeo e hispánico, básicamente, a los influjos recibidos -caso más frecuente-, pero también ejercidos. Sin embargo, antes de abordar el tema, conviene advertir sobre algunas circunstancias, que nos han llevado a matizar o restringir ese amplio campo. De entrada, hay que recordar que hace poco más de catorce años, en septiembre de 1994, dentro del Tercer Congreso General de Historia de Navarra , se presentó una ponencia titulada “El Arte gótico en Navarra en el panorama europeo. Reflexiones sobre la recepción y asimilación de fórmu - 1 las novedosas” , dedicada precisamente al mismo asunto que analizamos aquí. Por esa razón, aunque nuestra visión tiene pretensiones generalistas, por criterios de pura racionalidad, en aquellos puntos en que no se hayan produ - cido avances o modificaciones dignas de nota con respecto a la citada ponen - cia, la exposición será breve, remitiendo al lector al texto en cuestión, mien - tras que, por el contrario, nos extenderemos en los aspectos en que la inves - tigación ha aportado novedades, incidiendo particularmente en las inéditas. Por otra parte, habida cuenta que, en este mismo Congreso, otras ponencias, a cargo respectivamente de las doctoras Lacarra Ducay y Pradalier- Schlumberger, están consagradas a la pintura gótica y a la influencia de la escultura del Midi francés, pasaremos por alto dichos temas. El Gótico Pleno (1200-1276) Durante la primera etapa del nuevo estilo, la correspondiente al Gótico Pleno, cuyos límites podríamos situar entre 1200 y 1276, la presencia del * Quiero expresar aquí mi gratitud al profesor Joaquín Lorda, quien me enseñó a ver la arquitectura gótica. 1 MARTÍNEZ DE AGUIRRE, J., “El arte gótico en Navarra en el panorama europeo. Reflexiones sobre la recepción y asimilación de fórmulas novedosas”, en Tercer Congreso General de Historia de Navarra , Pamplona, 20-23 septiembre 1994, Área II. Corrientes artísticas, Ponencia I , CD-room. EL GÓTICO NAVARRO EN EL CONTEXTO HISPÁNICO Y EUROPEO 89 influjo foráneo es, en general, puntual y aislada, circunscrita a unas pocas rea - lizaciones concretas, sin demasiado eco en el Reino, y esto vale para todos los géneros artísticos. La única excepción será la supuesta influencia de la arquitectura del Midi francés, plasmada en las iglesias de nave única, bastan - te difundidas. Bien entendido que el juicio anterior no afecta a la calidad de las obras, en algunos casos excelente, como ocurre con el relicario del Santo Sepulcro. Por lo demás, y de acuerdo con una tónica que perdura a lo largo de todo el gótico, la inspiración proviene mayoritariamente de Francia y, excepcio - nalmente, de otras zonas, como Aragón -imaginería mariana- e Inglaterra - escultura funeraria-. El predominio francés se justifica por razones histórico- geográficas de sobra conocidas. En el terreno de la arquitectura, el primer ejemplo del ascendiente externo 2 será la iglesia del Hospital de Roncesvalles , construida entre 1209 y 1219, por iniciativa de Sancho VII el Fuerte. Pese a sus reducidas dimensiones y las vicisitudes sufridas, hay que destacar su significación, por cuanto se trata de una de las primeras muestras de la arquitectura plenamente gótica en el ámbi - to hispano, anterior a las tradicionalmente citadas catedrales de Burgos, Toledo y León. Como se advirtió en tiempos, guarda un fuerte paralelismo con una serie de parroquiales del Norte de Francia, en concreto de la Île de France, la región en torno a París, derivadas de la catedral parisina, levanta - das a principios del XIII: Champigny-sur-Marne, Arcueil, Bagneux, Nesles- la-Vallée, Bougival, Mareil-Marly, Jouy-le-Moustier y otras. Las coinciden - cias afectan a todos los elementos -planta, soportes, cubierta y alzado-, sien - do particularmente significativa la relativa a la organización del muro de la nave central, con sus tres niveles -arcadas, triforio y rosetones-, pues, mien - tras las otras son comunes a muchos templos de la Francia septentrional, este rasgo resulta exclusivo de las citadas iglesias del entorno parisino derivadas de Notre Dame. Los vínculos con ellas son tan estrechos y el edificio resulta tan por completo ajeno a los modos de la arquitectura Navarra coetánea que se ha supuesto que el maestro de obras habría sido traído por el regio promo - tor del país vecino. El mismo especialista señaló que la repercusión de Roncesvalles, quizás por su mismo exotismo, fue reducida, limitándose a Santiago de Sangüesa y a la problemática San Bartolomé de Aguilar de Codés. Recientemente, en una publicación aún inédita, se han apreciado ecos suyos en las parroquiales este - 3 llesas de San Juan y San Pedro de la Rúa, y en Santa María de Viana . Vendrían a continuación las iglesias de nave única con ábside poligonal, cuya tipología se fija en Navarra en la segunda mitad del XIII, si bien se pro - longará a las centurias siguientes, alcanzando una gran difusión, combinán - dose la planta de nave única con un léxico constructivo preclásico, clásico y 2 TORRES BALBAS, L., "La iglesia de la hospedería de Roncesvalles", Príncipe de Viana , t. VI, 1945, pp. 371-403. 3 MARTÍNEZ ÁLAVA, C., “El modelo parisino: Roncesvalles y sus ecos”, en FERNÁNDEZ- LADREDA, C. (Dir.), ARAGONÉS ESTELLA, A., MARTÍNEZ DE AGUIRRE, J. y MARTÍNEZ ÁLAVA, C., El arte gótico en Navarra , en prensa. 90 CLARA FERNÁNDEZ-LADREDA AGUADÉ 4 radiante, en función de la evolución cronológica . Entre los ejemplos incoa - dos en el XIII sobresalen Santa María de Olite, San Saturnino de Artajona y la Asunción de Miranda de Arga. Se han supuesto inspiradas en un templo del 5 Midi francés, del mismo siglo, actualmente desaparecido , pero algunos auto - res advierten que se trata de una tipología excesivamente simple como para 6 tratar de determinar el edificio prototipo . En el más ignoto terreno de la arquitectura civil hay que mentar el casti - 7 llo de Tiebas , que las crónicas -Garcí Lopez de Roncevalles, Príncipe de Viana- atribuyen a Teobaldo I (1234-1253), aunque los historiadores actuales -en base a la documentación- se decantan por su hijo y sucesor Teobaldo II 8 (1253-1270) , y lo suponen edificado en un único y relativamente breve impulso constructivo. Su importancia radica en que fue la primera fortaleza erigida en territorio navarro, que adoptó la tipología de planta regular en torno a un patio, tomada de la castellología francesa de tiempos de Felipe Augusto y muy difundida en el vecino país desde principios del XIII. Por ende, imitaba al palacio parisino del Louvre, uno de los principales conjun - tos palatinos regios, y de hecho se aprecian paralelos entre la denominada Sala de San Luís -construida por este monarca, suegro de Teobaldo II, entre 1240 y 1245- y Tiebas: ménsulas decoradas con cabezas.
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