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Authors: Peter D. Karp Suzanne Paley Julio Collado-Vides Ingrid Keseler Markus Krummenacker Cesar Bonavides-Martinez An online version of this diagram is available through EcoCyc.org and may be used for analysis of omics datasets. Lines in the diagram correspond to reactions; nodes correspond to metabolites. Carol Fulcher Ian Paulsen Socorro Gama-Castro Biosynthetic pathways are positioned in the left of the cytoplasm, degradative pathways in the right, and signaling pathways in the bottom-left. Pathways are colored according to their cellular function, such as biosynthesis of cofactors. Reactions not assigned to any pathway are in the far right of the cytoplasm. EcoCyc: Escherichia coli K-12 MG1655 Cellular Overview In the inner and outer membranes are transporters (with arrows) and other membrane proteins. In the periplasm are periplasmic enzymes and other periplasmic proteins. Connections between pathways are omitted for legibility.

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Recruitment of Genes and Enzymes Conferring Resistance to the Nonnatural Toxin Bromoacetate
Recruitment of genes and enzymes conferring resistance to the nonnatural toxin bromoacetate Kevin K. Desai and Brian G. Miller1 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390 Edited* by Richard Wolfenden, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, and approved August 24, 2010 (received for review May 28, 2010) Microbial niches contain toxic chemicals capable of forcing organ- tance of a naïve bacterial population can play a role in combating isms into periods of intense natural selection to afford survival. the toxicity of a nonnatural small-molecule. Revealing the reser- Elucidating the mechanisms by which microbes evade environmen- voir of intrinsic resistance genes that are subject to evolutionary tal threats has direct relevance for understanding and combating recruitment promises to aid our understanding of the processes the rise of antibiotic resistance. In this study we used a toxic small- leading to the emergence of antibiotic resistant pathogens. molecule, bromoacetate, to model the selective pressures imposed We sought to identify the full spectrum of bromoacetate resis- by antibiotics and anthropogenic toxins. We report the results tance mechanisms available to the model bacterium, Escherichia of genetic selection experiments that identify nine genes from coli. The reactivity of bromoacetate is likely to mimic that of elec- Escherichia coli whose overexpression affords survival in the trophilic natural products as well as anthropogenic environmen- presence of a normally lethal concentration of bromoacetate. Eight tal contaminants that microbes may encounter. The clinically of these genes encode putative transporters or transmembrane significant natural antibiotic fosfomycin, and the fungal natural proteins, while one encodes the essential peptidoglycan biosyn- product terreic acid, are electrophilic molecules that both target N thetic enzyme, UDP- -acetylglucosamine enolpyruvoyl transferase an essential nucleophilic cysteine residue in bacteria (8, 9).
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A Disease Spectrum for ITPA Variation: Advances in Biochemical and Clinical Research Nicholas E
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