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Peroxisomal Fatty Acid Beta-Oxidation in Relation to the Accumulation Of Peroxisomal fatty acid beta-oxidation in relation to the accumulation of very long chain fatty acids in cultured skin fibroblasts from patients with Zellweger syndrome and other peroxisomal disorders. R J Wanders, … , A W Schram, J M Tager J Clin Invest. 1987;80(6):1778-1783. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI113271. Research Article The peroxisomal oxidation of the long chain fatty acid palmitate (C16:0) and the very long chain fatty acids lignocerate (C24:0) and cerotate (C26:0) was studied in freshly prepared homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts from control individuals and patients with peroxisomal disorders. The peroxisomal oxidation of the fatty acids is almost completely dependent on the addition of ATP, coenzyme A (CoA), Mg2+ and NAD+. However, the dependency of the oxidation of palmitate on the concentration of the cofactors differs markedly from that of the oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate. The peroxisomal oxidation of all three fatty acid substrates is markedly deficient in fibroblasts from patients with the Zellweger syndrome, the neonatal form of adrenoleukodystrophy and the infantile form of Refsum disease, in accordance with the deficiency of peroxisomes in these patients. In fibroblasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy the peroxisomal oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate is impaired, but not that of palmitate. Competition experiments indicate that in fibroblasts, as in rat liver, distinct enzyme systems are responsible for the oxidation of palmitate on the one hand and lignocerate and cerotate on the other hand. Fractionation studies indicate that in rat liver activation of cerotate and lignocerate to cerotoyl-CoA and lignoceroyl-CoA, respectively, occurs in two subcellular fractions, the endoplasmic reticulum and the peroxisomes but not in the mitochondria. In homogenates of fibroblasts […] Find the latest version: https://jci.me/113271/pdf Peroxisomal Fatty Acid #B-Oxidation in Relation to the Accumulation of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids in Cultured Skin Fibroblasts from Patients with Zellweger Syndrome and Other Peroxisomal Disorders Ronald J. A. Wanders,* Carlo W. T. van Roermund,* Michel J. A. van Wijland,* Ruud B. H. Schutgens,* Judith Heikoop,* Henk van den Bosch,* Andre W. Schram,I and Joseph M. Tager' *Department ofPediatrics, University Hospital Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, $Laboratory ofBiochemistry, State University Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, §Laboratory ofBiochemistry, University ofAmsterdam, 1000 HD Amsterdam, The Netherlands Abstract clear in recent years that these organelles play an important role in a number of metabolic pathways including fatty acid The peroxisomal oxidation of the long chain fatty acid palmi- ,B-oxidation, ether-phospholipid biosynthesis and bile acid bio- tate (C16:0) and the very long chain fatty acids lignocerate synthesis (for reviews see 1-4). The importance of peroxisomes (C24:0) and cerotate (C26:0) was studied in freshly prepared in man can be gauged from the existence of a group of genetic homogenates of cultured skin fibroblasts from control individ- diseases caused by an impairment in one or more peroxisomal uals and patients with peroxisomal disorders. The peroxisomal functions (5-8). Goldfischer and co-workers (9) were the first oxidation of the fatty acids is almost completely dependent on to observe that morphologically distinguishable peroxisomes the addition of ATP, coenzyme A (CoA), Mg2+ and NAD'. are absent in liver and kidney tubules from patients with the However, the dependency of the oxidation of palmitate on the cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome, the prototype of concentration of the cofactors differs markedly from that of the this newly recognized group of peroxisomal disorders. oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate. In 1976 Lazarow and de Duve (10) reported that mamma- The peroxisomal oxidation of all three fatty acid substrates lian peroxisomes are capable of oxidizing fatty acyl-coenzyme is markedly deficient in fibroblasts from patients with the A (CoA)' esters. Subsequent studies revealed that fatty acyl- Zellweger syndrome, the neonatal form of adrenoleukodys- CoA p-oxidation in peroxisomes occurs via a true p3-oxidation trophy and the infantile form of Refsum disease, in accordance system involving sequential steps of oxidation, hydration, de- with the deficiency of peroxisomes in these patients. In fibro- hydrogenation, and thiolytic cleavage (1 1). Rather than being blasts from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy the a duplication of the mitochondrial 3-oxidation system, mam- peroxisomal oxidation of lignocerate and cerotate is impaired, malian peroxisomes seem specially equipped to catalyze the but not that of palmitate. Competition experiments indicate chain-shortening of monounsaturated long chain fatty acids that in fibroblasts, as in rat liver, distinct enzyme systems are (12) and saturated very long chain fatty acids ( 13). responsible for the oxidation of palmitate on the one hand and Before fatty acids can undergo further metabolism, activa- lignocerate and cerotate on the other hand. Fractionation stud- tion to the corresponding fatty acyl-CoA esters must occur ies indicate that in rat liver activation of cerotate and lignocer- ( 14). Several acyl-CoA synthetases are known to be present in ate to cerotoyl-CoA and lignoceroyl-CoA, respectively, occurs mammalian cells (14, 15) including long chain acyl-CoA syn- in two subcellular fractions, the endoplasmic reticulum and the thetase (acid:CoA ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.2.1.3; also peroxisomes but not in the mitochondria. In homogenates of known as palmitoyl-CoA synthetase), which has been found to fibroblasts from patients lacking peroxisomes there is a small be localized in mitochondria and microsomes (for reviews see (25%) but significant deficiency of the ability to activate very 14, 15) as well as in peroxisomes (16-19). Evidence has re- long chain fatty acids. This deficient activity of very long chain cently been brought forward (20) indicating that in rat brain fatty acyl-CoA synthetase is also observed in fibroblast ho- microsomes the enzyme catalyzing the activation of the very mogenates from patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. long chain fatty acid tetracosanoic acid (lignoceric acid, C24:0) We conclude that X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by is different from the corresponding enzyme responsible for the a deficiency of peroxisomal very long chain fatty acyl-CoA activation of hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid, C16:0). We synthetase. have recently shown that this is also the case in rat liver ho- mogenates (2 1). Introduction Very long chain fatty acids accumulate in patients with the cerebro-hepato-renal (Zellweger) syndrome, in which peroxi- Although peroxisomes were long believed to have only a somes are absent and peroxisomal functions are impaired minor function in mammalian metabolism, it has become (5-8). This finding stresses the importance of peroxisomes in the oxidation of very long chain fatty acids. Accumulation of very long chain fatty acids is also found in patients with the Address reprint requests to Dr. Wanders. X-linked form of adrenoleukodystrophy, a disease in which Received for publication 7 April 1987 and in revised form 8 July other peroxisomal functions are not impaired (5-8). Hashmi 1987. et al. (22) have suggested that the impairment in peroxisomal (-oxidation in this disease is due to a deficiency of the peroxi- J. Clin. Invest. © The American Society for Clinical Investigation, Inc. 0021-9738/87/12/1778/06 $2.00 1. Abbreviations used in this paper: CoA, coenzyme A; MOPS, mor- Volume 80, December 1987, 1778-1783 pholinopropane sulphonic acid. 1778 Wanders et al. somal enzyme responsible for the activation of very long chain in peroxisomes was prepared by differential centrifugation according fatty acids. to standard procedures (23, 24). Subsequently, 0.5 ml of this fraction The availability of cultured skin fibroblasts from patients was loaded on top of a preformed Metrizamide gradient (20% -0 50%, with mutations leading to peroxisomal disorders provides the wt/vol). The gradient was formed by diffusion (24 h, 40C) after layer- of the mechanism of oxidation of ing equal volumes (0.9 ml) of 50%, 40%, 30%, and 20% (wt/vol) Me- opportunity studying very trizamide in a buffer containing 2 mM MOPS-NaOH 2 mM chain acids. In this we on such a plus long fatty paper report study EDTA (final pH 7.40). Centrifugation was carried out at 4VC for 5 h at and also on the intracellular distribution in rat liver of the 104,000 gav in an ultracentrifuge (L8-70, Beckman Instruments, Inc., enzymes responsible for the activation of very long chain fatty Fullerton, CA) using a Ti-rotor (SW-55, Beckman Instruments, Inc.) acids. The results indicate that peroxisomes contain at least (25). The gradient was carefully unloaded in the cold by making use of two fatty acid activating enzyme systems, one that activates a hypodermic needle connected to a peristaltic pump. Fatty acyl-CoA long chain fatty acids such as palmitate and a second that is synthetase measurements were carried out on freshly isolated fractions, responsible for the activation of very long chain fatty acids, whereas the other enzyme activities were measured after freezing. such as lignocerate and cerotate. The very long chain fatty acid Activity measurement ofmarker enzymes. Catalase (26), glutamate synthetase is present not only in peroxisomes, but also, in dehydrogenase (27), and NADPH: cytochrome c oxidoreductase (25) with Bhusnan et al. in microsomes.
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