Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , 1 , , 10 , 8 2,31 , , 22 , , 2 , e 1 21 , 1 ff Chemistry 28 ´ eteil, France and Physics Discussions Atmospheric 4 , A. Amodeo , D. Lange 3 ¨ are, , M. Tesche 18 , F. De Tomasi ˆ 30 atel, Switzerland 9 , P. Seifert , A. Giunta ´ ogicas, Madrid, Spain 11 , A. Boselli ` 14 6 a Degli Studi dell’Aquila, , J. Preißler 27 , M. Adam , A. Papayannis 2 , M. A. P. McAuli , M. Iarlori 25 2 21 , K. Stebel ´ e Paris-Diderot, Cr , J. Cuesta 8 27 , D. Balis , H. Giehl ´ Evora, Portugal 5 , and K. M. Wilson , F. Schnell 2 11 6,13 , G. Pisani ´ 26 Evora, , D. Nicolae 5 , A. Hiebsch , U. Wandinger 17 , N. Spinelli 1 30204 30203 , A. Comeron 29 , R.-E. Mamouri ´ sica de eteil and Universit 7 ı ´ , J. Schmidt elin , M. Wiegner ´ e Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France and LISA, 22 ff 2,20 28 ¨ unchen, Germany , E. Giannakaki ´ eticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol 12 , A. Pietruczuk ¨ at, M , L. Alados Arboledas 17 4 , G. D’Amico , M. Hae ¨ arenforschung, Leipzig, Germany 1 ´ , I. Mattis e Paris-Est Cr ´ 1 erale de Lausanne, Switzerland , V. Simeonov , A. A. Ruth 8 , F. Navas-Guzman 11,16 ´ , F. Wagner ed 18 , A. Chaikovsky 24 ¨ ur Luft- und Raumfahrt, Institut f. Physik d. Atmosph ¨ ur Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany ¨ 27 5 okull volcanic cloud over , M. Gausa ¨ ur Technologie, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany 11 ´ Evora, Centro de Geof , C. Pietras , L. Mona ¨ ur Troposph ` 1 ecnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain 10 , A. Apituley , V. Rizi , S. Groß 2 , M. Sicard 24 15 , F. Madonna , X. Wang , F. Molero 19 ´ ` e Pierre et Maris Curie-Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Paris, France a del Salento, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Lecce, Italy 19 enhofen, Germany 14 23 ´ e ff National Institute of R&D forInstitute Optoelectronics, of Magurele-Bucharest, Geophysics, Romania Polish Academy ofConsorzio Sciences, Nazionale Warsaw, Interuniversitario Poland per leUniversidade Scienze de Fisiche della Materia, Napoli,Ecole Italy Polytechnique F Andøya Rocket Range, Norway Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio Unit,Karlsruher Finland Institut f Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian AcademyDeutsches of Zentrum Sciences, f Sofia, Bulgaria Universit CETEMPS, Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Universit Centro de Investigaciones Energ Max-Planck-Institut f Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, National Technical University of Athens, DepartmentPhysics of Department Physics, & Athens, Environmental Greece Research Institute, University College Cork,CSEM, Cork, Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique SA, Neuch Universit Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit This discussion paper is/has beenand under Physics review (ACP). for Please the refer journal to Atmospheric the Chemistry corresponding final paper in ACP if available. KNMI – Royal Netherlands MeteorologicalUniversidad Institute, de The Granada, Bilt, Granada, The Spain Netherlands Aristoteleio Panepistimio, Thessalonikis, Greece Institute of Physics, National AcademyUniversitat of Polit Sciences, Minsk, Bjelarus LATMOS, UMR CNRS 8190, Universit EC Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy Istituto di Metodologie per l’Analisi Ambientale CNR-IMAA, C.da S. Loja,Leibniz-Institut Tito f Scalo, Potenza, 25 26 27 28 29 15 17 18 I. Grigorov 12 13 14 16 Oberpfa 24 20 Italy 19 Albin-Schwaiger-Weg 10, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg,21 Germany 22 Ireland 23 11 V. Freudenthaler H. Linn M. R. Perrone 10 J. A. Bravo-Aranda CNRS, UMR7583, Universit A. Ansmann 4 5 6 7 8 9 Four-dimensional distribution of the 2010 Eyjafjallaj Europe observed by EARLINET G. Pappalardo Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 12, 30203–30257,www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/12/30203/2012/ 2012 doi:10.5194/acpd-12-30203-2012 © Author(s) 2012. CC Attribution 3.0 License. V. Mitev M. Pujadas I. Serikov T. Trickl 3 1 85050, Italy 2 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ¨ okull vol- ¨ okull in April/May 2010 represents a 30206 30205 . ¨ okull volcano was detected over Spain and Portugal and then . A specific relational database providing the volcanic mask over www.earlinet.org ¨ ag 8, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden www.earlinet.org During the first days after the eruption, volcanic particles were detected over Central For the first time, volcanic aerosol layering and optical properties are presented and In this work we show the four-dimensional (4-D) distribution of the Eyjafjallaj Norwegian Institute for Air ResearchDepartment (NILU), Kjeller, of Norway Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Svante kind of volcanic events. Europe within a wide rangePlanetary of Boundary altitudes, Layer (PBL). from After theover 19 South lower April and stratosphere South 2010, down Eastern volcanic to Europe. particlesemitted the During were by the local detected the first Eyjafjallaj half ofover May the (5–15 Mediterranean May), and material the Balkans.until Last 25 observations May of in the Central event Europe were and recorded in the Easterndiscussed Mediterranean for area. the entiredented volcanic data event set on for a evaluating continental satellite scale data and providing aerosol an dispersion unprece- models for these and particle linear depolarization ratio)at are stored in the EARLINETEurope, database realized available ad hoc forrequest this at specific event, has been developed and is available on Europe derived from thework observations (EARLINET). by Based the on European multi-wavelengthonly Aerosol Raman instrument Research lidar worldwide systems Lidar that EARLINET NET- is istical the able data to to provide be denseproperties time used as series a for of function aerosol high-quality of typing altitude. op- and for thecanic cloud retrieval over of Europe as particle observedApril–26 by microphysical EARLINET May during the 2010). entire All volcanic event optical (15 properties directly measured (backscatter, extinction, The eruption of the“natural experiment” Icelandic to volcano study Eyjafjallaj theFor impact the of first volcanic time, emissionsvolcanic on quantitative cloud, a data in continental conjunction about scale. with the optical presence, information, altitude, are and available layering for of most parts the of Abstract 30 31 Arrhenius v Received: 26 October 2012 – Accepted: 2Correspondence November to: 2012 G. – Pappalardo Published: ([email protected]) 22 November 2012 Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ered ff erent alti- ff erent parts ¨ ager, 2005; ff ¨ osenberg et al., 2001), W, 1666 m a.s.l.) entered an c restrictions and partial clo- c. ◦ ffi ffi N, 19.60 ◦ 30208 30207 erent altitudes and times and with a large variety in load. ff ¨ okull volcano in Iceland (63.63 c. In order to prevent possible damages to aircraft engines, the airspace ffi ´ an et al., 2012) and then moved towards the East, reaching Italy, Greece, and erent regions of Continental Europe and toward the Atlantic Ocean at di The first characterization of the volcanic ash cloud was provided by Ansmann During the event (14 April–26 May 2010), the volcanic cloud was transported to dif- The Eyjafjallaj Lidar (light detection and ranging) techniques represent a powerful method for mon- The impact of particularly violent volcanic eruptions on the stratospheric aerosol load ff craft Falcon that covered several flights over Central Europe, Iceland, and the North et al., 2012).Norway The (Pietruczuk volcanic et cloud al., 2010;Greece was Schumann after then et 19 al., observed April 2011).volcanic over The (Mona cloud Switzerland, cloud et was reached transported Poland, al., Italy over and Guzm 2012; and the Papayannis Iberian et Peninsula (Sicard al.,Turkey et 2012). (Mona al., In et 2012; May al., Navas- 2010, 2012;publications the covered Perrone the et in-depth al., characterizationof 2012; of Papayannis Europe the et ash combining al., cloud measurementsSchumann 2011). over et di A of al. series (2011) lidars, of reported sun on measurements photometers, onboard and the German in-situ research probes. air- ferent regions of Europe at di Volcanic particles were firstand observed France in from the very UK, low2011; Ireland, altitudes Pappalardo The up et Netherlands, to al., Germany, the 2010a; upper Schumann troposphere et (e.g. al., Ansmann 2011; et Hervo al., et al., 2012; Matthias sure of European airspacefrom region were to not region depending uniforminformation on during on the height volcanic the ash and eruption transport density pattern period of and volcanic and the aerosol (sparse) di at theet al. time. (2010) relying onEARLINET, EARLINET the lidar European observations at Aerosol Leipzigperformed Research and almost Lidar Munich, continuous Network Germany. measurements (B evolution from of 15 the April volcanic 2010 cloud in over Europe. order to follow the di tudes. Even though this eruptionon was only air moderate tra in intensity,over it large had a parts strong impact ofthe eruption Northern plume Europe reached was Continental Europe. closed Air on tra 15 April when the first parts of period. Depending on the wind direction, the eruption plume was transported toward variable maximum height (between 2 and 9.3 km a.s.l.; Arason et al., 2011) during this the end of 2006sphere when that a were series recordedet of with al., several lidar eruptions 2011; systems injected Sawamuravations world-wide particles et are (Mattis into al., available et the for 2012; al.,tropospheric strato- volcanic 2010; Trickl events aerosol et Kravitz before in al., 2010, the2001 2012). such stratosphere, and Although as 2002 only those many (Pappalardo few et related lidar are al., to obser- known 2004a; Etna Villani for volcanic et al., eruptionsexplosive 2006; eruptive in Wang phase et al., on(Langmann 2008). et 14 al., April 2012). 2010 In and the this proximity of event the lasted volcano, until the 21 eruption May plume reached 2010 has been studied withDeshler lidar et remote al., sensing 2006;were Deshler, since those 2008). the The of early most El 1970s1996 important Chichon there (e.g. eruptions (Mexico, was J during 1982) a ten this and year period Mt. period Pinatubo without appreciable (Philippines, volcanic 1991). activity After which ended by the precipitation cycle. Thesemental volcanic conditions particles and can can be also very have dangerous an for impact air tra itoring on the environ- dispersion ofcapability. a In volcanic particular, cloud lidar inand techniques the thickness) atmosphere provide for because geometrical each ofoptical volcanic properties their depth), layer, (top, optical profiling aerosol bottom, properties typingvanced (extinction, and multi-wavelength backscatter, Raman in and lidar some systems cases are also used. microphysical properties if ad- Aerosols originating fromHansen volcanic et al., emissions 1997;from have Robock, volcanic an 2000; emissions reflect Solomon impactclei, solar et on and radiation, al., modify act the 2011): the as sulfate radiative cloud climate properties and condensation and (e.g. ash and lifetime ice particles of nu- clouds, and therefore influence 1 Introduction 5 5 25 20 10 15 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ¨ okull eruption event are de- ¨ ockmann et al., 2004; Pap- 30210 30209 ¨ afer et al., 2011; Chazette et al., 2012; Hervo et al., 2012; . ¨ uller et al., 2007; Amiridis et al., 2009), photochemical smog (Carnuth ¨ okull volcanic event (15 April–26 May 2010). Volcanic particle layers have ¨ osenberg, et al., 2001). At present, the network includes 27 stations dis- www.earlinet.org Data quality has been assured by inter-comparisons at instrument level using the Lidar observations within the network are performed on a regular schedule of one In this publication, we report the results regarding the distribution of the volcanic EARLINET observations performed during the Eyjafjallaj EARLINET started correlative measurements foret CALIPSO al., 2010b). in June 2006 (Pappalardo available transportable systems (MatthiasData et quality al., assurance 2004b; alsoalgorithms includes Freudenthaler for et the both inter-comparison al., backscatterpalardo of 2010). and et group-specific Raman al., retrieval lidar 2004b).formed data quality-assurance Based exercises (B of on lidar well-defined instrumentsdata and common products algorithms provided standards, ensure by that the the the individual routinely stations per- are homogenous and continuously of of special events such as2006; Saharan Papayannis dust et outbreaks al., (Ansmann 2008;forest et al., Guerrero-Rascado fires 2003; et (M Mona al., etet 2009; al., al., Wiegner 2002) et mixed with al.,eruptions biomass 2011), (Pappalardo burning et particles (Mamouri al., et 2004a; al., Wang 2012), et and al., volcanic 2008; Mattis et al., 2010). Moreover tributed over Europe (seeat Fig. 1). More information about EARLINETdaytime measurement can per be week around found localwell noon, developed, and when two the night boundary time layerin measurements is per order usually week, to with low performused background light, Raman to obtain extinction unbiased measurements. informationIn The addition for to climatological corresponding the studies routine data (Matthias measurements, further set et observations is al., are 2004a). devoted to monitoring EARLINET, established in 2000,key is remit the first is coordinatedicant the aerosol database provision lidar of network onscale whose a the (B comprehensive, spatial quantitative, and and statistically temporal signif- aerosol distribution on a continental 2 EARLINET and its observations during the volcanic event and finally a summary is given in Sect. 6. cloud over Europe asEyjafjallaj directly observed by thebeen EARLINET identified for lidar all network the EARLINET foraerosol stations the using mask a entire (Mona specific et methodology al., of a 2012). volcanic scribed in Sect. 2.volcanic A aerosol masking brief is overview presentedtribution of in of Sect. the the 4, volcanic volcanic and cloud event resultstional are is of database discussed the providing provided in the 4-dimensional in Sect. volcanic dis- 5. Sect. mask More over 3. Europe details The are for reported using the in rela- the Appendix 2011; Groß et al., 2011;Mona Sch et al., 2012;profiling observations Papayannis for et the al., wholepublished volcanic 2012; yet. event Sicard on a et continental al., scale 2012). has not A been study presenting mass concentration as theadvanced most EARLINET-type lidars relevant and propertymann sun for et photometers air al. was (2011), safety Gasteiger covered issuesrevisit et in time al. using and detail (2011), field data and by of Sicard of view, Ans- alsosatellite, et CALIOP,the al. observed backscatter (2012). the lidar Despite carried volcanic the on cloudevent limited the is CALIPSO (Winker related et to specific al., cases 2012).et studied Scientific al., in literature detail 2011; (e.g. for Ansmann Schumann this (e.g. et et Flentje al., 2010; et al., Gasteiger al., 2011; 2010; Marenco Ansmann and et Hogan, al., 2011; 2011) Bukowiecki or et specific al., regions 2011; Emeis et al., properties to distinguish volcanictions aerosol of from the other volcanic(Chazette et types. cloud al., Further 2012) including and aircraft the anstrated UK observa- the (Marenco on et benefit al., board of 2011). lidar Wiegner lidarmass et observations were al. concentration for (2012) the performed as demon- validation over calculated of France by the spatial a distribution chemistry-transport and model. The derivation of Sea. Groß et al. (2011) demonstrated the potential of lidar-derived intensive aerosol 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ), (iii) ¨ okull an alert vag.html ¨ okull eruption started around ce Bulletin for the daily status ffi http://www.eurad.uni-koeln.de/ ce.gov.uk/aviation/vaac/vaacuk 30212 30211 ffi ort of the network would be very useful for European ff orts to guarantee and improve the quality of data derived ff http://www.meto ), and (iv) available satellite data (as those provided by MODIS, SEVIRI, ¨ okull is one of the smallest glaciers in Iceland. After seismic activity recorded erent sources: (i) the Icelandic Meteorological O ff e.html The ash-loaded eruption plume rose to more than 10 km height, deflected to the east Figure 1 shows the approximate distribution of the volcanic cloud in the 3–5 km height Despite the fact that EARLINET stations are not truly operational, the lidar systems For the occurrence of special atmospheric events an alerting system has been im- EARLINET measurements have been performed since 1 May 2000 (Matthias et al., the event and is(Stohl in et reasonable al., agreement 2011), with VAAC, and other COSMO-MUSCAT model (Heinold results et from al., FLEXPART 2012). In general, by westerly winds. The heightdecreased of to the a emitted typical plume maximum was2011). around height The 8 of km plume 3–4 until km rose(Langmann 16 in et up April the al., and again following 2012). days to (Arason an et altitude al., ofrange 5–6 km over Europe in during the thewith period first the of week location after 4–20 of(EURopean the May the major Air EARLINET eruption Pollution on stations. Dispersion) 14 The April, forecast illustration together provided is on based the on the web EURAD site daily during glacier. After a shortearly hiatus morning in of eruptive 14 April activitywater under started a the to new volcano’s emanate ice-covered set from centraltion of the summit plume ice craters caldera. was cap opened Melt observed around in up 07:00 UTC the in on early the 14 morning. April, and an erup- evaluation and improvement of aerosol dispersion models. 3 Overview of the event Eyjafjallaj during December 2009, a first23:30 UTC. eruption After started a brief on stop, 20 amidnight March new phase on 2010, of between the 14 22:30 Eyjafjallaj April, and when melt water penetrated to the central crater beneath the were run almost continuously, weatherments permitting, were performed and day more and thanfirst night 5000 time, h during the of an period measure- aerosoltained 15 for mask April–26 a May and 2010. volcanican the For eruption. the unprecedented 4-D The data large distribution set amount on that of is a coordinated to continental observations be scale yielded used was in conjunction ob- with satellite data for the index based data of the vertical aerosol distribution on aplemented continental in scale. EARLINET. In the casewas of sent the to volcanic the eruptionfrom of whole di Eyjafjallaj network on 15of April the 2010. volcanic The event, alertvisory (ii) was the center based ash (VAAC, on dispersionthe information models European provided air by pollution the dispersion volcanic (EURAD) ash model ad- ( OMI, CALIPSO). Fromformed 15 within EARLINET April coordinated by daily 2010cloud alerts. Thus, almost was the evolution monitored, continuous of the providingover measurements volcanic Europe a were for four-dimensional the per- distributiontially entire driven of by event. the scientific Even interest volcanic though itobtained became cloud the from obvious the EARLINET after coordinated a observations e fewaviation were days authorities. that ini- A the page information withwas the made quicklook available data on of the the EARLINETitative lidar web information range-corrected site about signals in the order presenceThe to and provide quicklooks altitudes near-real-time were of qual- the accompaniedplain volcanic with the cloud a significance over of measurement Europe. the reportOrganization data (WMO) (updated at and the daily) national time. to agencies Directestablished. ex- links responsible with for the the World flight Meteorological zone safety were from observations in EARLINET are continue (Freudenthaler et al., 2010). 2004a). All measured profiles aredatabase stored which in a allows standardized for datastudies. easy Presently, format the access in EARLINET database a to represents centralized the the largest complete collection of data ground- set for further scientific highest possible reliability. E 5 5 25 15 20 10 10 25 15 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ´ an et al., 2012). 30214 30213 cient at the longest available wavelength was ffi ¨ okull eruption (15 April–26 May 2010). The method- erent aerosol load. Only small amounts of material were ff ¨ okull between 19 April and 3 May (see, e.g. Fig. 2 in Schumann cients at one wavelength, so that daytime measurements could be in- ective vertical resolution, as determined individually by each group ffi ff The mask was generated with a temporal resolution of 1 h in order to be able to The volcanic plume persisted over Central Europe for the whole period of 15–26 A first volcanic layer was observed at an altitude of ca. 3 km and up to 6 km over Ham- On 15 April the eruption plume reached Continental Europe, causing closure of the provide data with abest one-hour possible time resolution. e The volcanic mask is provided with the structure at longer wavelengths. Formodel aerosol outputs typing, backward were trajectory usedments analyses performed together and within with the network theprovides during snapshots multi-wavelength this of Raman event. distinguishable The lidar aerosol aerosolhour measure- mask type temporal methodology distributions and over Europepresence. high with vertical one resolution and unprecedented sensitivitycompare to the aerosol dataset directly with results from models (e.g. ECMWF) which typically whole network. The approach is basedbackscatter on coe aerosol layer identification using onlycluded aerosol in the study andinated. potential The observational limitations aerosol ofused backscatter some for coe stations the were layering, elim- thereby taking advantage of the better sensitivity to the aerosol Mediterranean area on 18–22 May.Central Last Europe observations by of 25 the May. event were recorded over 4 Volcanic aerosol mask A volcanic aerosol maskperformed has during been the generated Eyjafjallaj ology based for on obtaining all the EARLINET mask observations is specific to this kind of event and was applied to the of first volcanicOn layers 16 on May, 5 aagain May distinct and (Sicard ash reached et the plume CentralGermany al., travelled European in over 2012; the EARLINET Great night stations Navas-Guzm of Britain in2011). 16–17 Volcanic The toward layers May Netherlands were (see, Central observed and e.g. in Europe Figs. Central 14, Europe 15, and in and the 18 Central in and Schumann Eastern et al., to the Iberian Peninsula. EARLINET stations in Spain and Portugal reported the arrival May. The first of these phases mainly influenced Western Europe, from Great Britain April when a redistributionto of south aged volcanic occurred aerosol (seeobserved from Fig. a west clear 1, to signature east orangefurther of and area). dispersed the from On across north plume 20 Europe forarea). and April the reached first Italian Greece time. EARLINET on Afterwards, stations 21 the April plume (see was April, Fig. even 1, though yellow withemitted by di Eyjafjallaj et al., 2011). However, new significant eruptions occurred from 4–9 May and 14–19 (see Fig. 1, darktinct red feature and at light that red time.with areas). The time. Most layer Finally, EARLINET appeared volcanic stations first(PBL). aerosol at discovered After was a 5–8 17 km mixed dis- April a.s.l. intoEurope. the and the The volcanic then local transport plume decreased planetary to was the boundary dispersed south towards layer was Western almost and completely Eastern blocked by the Alps until 19 from CNR-IMAA, Potenza, wasa sent large to amount allall of EARLINET EARLINET stations ash stations promptly informing being started themconditions transported continuous allowed about measurements, it. towards whenever weather the northwest of Europe.burg in Almost the early morningreached of Central 16 April. Europe On4 (Germany the km morning and a.s.l. The of France) volcanic 16 at cloud April, crossed the 5–6 km Central major and ash a.s.l. Eastern plume and Europe on Belarus 16 at and 17 ca. April regarding the time ofprovided the online plume was arrival of was greatthe found. event. value The for EURAD steering dispersion the simulation ground-based observations during airspace over large parts of Northern Europe. On the same day at 10:00 UTC an alert good agreement between the EURAD model forecast and the EARLINET observations 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ¨ okull ected ff ¨ okull volcanic ). The results of the ) are used for identify- erent ash and sulfate mixing ratios ff 30216 30215 http://due.esrin.esa.int/wfa/ ce, VAAC, and dedicated studies (e.g. Langmann ffi http://www.bsc.es/projects/earthscience/BSC-DREAM erent sites. Moreover, the observed particles of volcanic origin may be a ff As far as volcanic aerosol is concerned, it should be noted that aerosol layers iden- The particle layer identification and typing is performed for each station on individ- Many types of aerosol may have been present over Europe during the whole erup- Once the particle path is identified through backtrajectory analysis, the type of the The second step in the procedure is to perform a rigorous cloud screening to the data The first step is the layer identification through the first derivative of the particle ered representative for a specific region, giving us the opportunity to study also local for di by modification processes and mixinglayers, with for other which air other massesvolcano, are during aerosol classified transport. sources as Aerosol mixed can aerosols. be identified besidesual the backscatter Eyjafjallaj profiles. Aof consistency the check is resulting carried layeringvantage out for of on each the the station. geographical temporallocated A distribution evolution at of further relatively EARLINET check short stations. is In distances performed particular, (below by stations 500 taking km) ad- from each other can be consid- classified as continental. Forclassified all as the “unknown”. other Alltaken cases possible into with account. mixings uncertain among situations, these aerosol types is of aerosoltified are through also this approach could consist of di the occurrences of otherpaths. specific The aerosol-related potential eventsDust along presence REgional the Atmospheric of identified Modelloading Saharan aerosol (DREAM) and dust forecasts dust in for concentrationsix terms profiles instance hours of at is ( each mapsATSR checked EARLINET of World site, the using Fire both dust Atlas the available (availableing every at the presence ofconfined forest-fire and episodes. without Cases the with presence backtrajectories of that any are specific locally source resulted in aerosol being activity and emission heights areby also taken the into Iceland account by Meteorologicalet using al., the O 2012). reports provided tive period. Specific models and satellite observations are used in order to check Raman lidar measurements performed within the network. The Eyjafjallaj aerosol is investigated using model output and the support of the multi-wavelength validity of the aerosoljectories source for identification. two In arrival particular,and times four-day 975 backward per hPa DWD day as tra- and wellof for as 1500, six four-day arrival backward 3000, FLEXTRA pressureFor and EARLINET trajectories levels 5000 stations between arriving m that 200 at every areveloped altitudes also six by AERONET the hours sites, Atmospheric the areavailable Chemistry backtrajectory at available analysis and 00:00 UTC for de- Dynamics and each Branch950 12:00 hPa UTC of EARLINET and and 200 NASA/Goddard site. hPa. were are used for eight height levels between and Rolph, 2012; Rolph, 2012) ischosen used, in because a the arrival flexible altitudes way and whichon times makes lidar could it be data very with useful highlogical for a Service vertical study (DWD), and FLEXTRA on temporal (Stohl aerosol et(Schoeberl resolution. typing al., and based In 1995; Newman, addition, Stohl, 1995) German 1998), backtrajectory and Meteoro- analyses NASA/Goddard are used to check further the cause the signal-to-noise ratio isthe too scattering low, ratio layers (i.e. aredefined identified the threshold as total-to-molecular chosen those backscatter as regions15 ratio) the %. where is value higher for typical than aerosol a background pre- conditions plus and to assign an aerosol typemodel to outputs each are identified layer. used Backward to trajectory investigate analysesers. the and In origin particular, and ten-day nature HYSPLIT of backtrajectory the analysis identified provided aerosol by lay- NOAA (Draxler statistical error lower than 50 %The are aerosol considered in mask order methodology to isrelevant gain described points a are in reliable aerosol therefore detail mask. only by summarized Mona here et in al. brief. (2012).backscatter The most profiles. At altitudes where the derivative method is not applicable, be- within EARLINET, typically between 15 and 180 m. Only backscatter data with a relative 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ; 1 er- − ff sr erent ; dark ; light 1 ff 1 1 − − − m sr sr 6 1 1 − − − m 10 m 7 7 × − − 1 cient is lower than 10 > 10 ffi × × 1 532 ¨ om exponent, and par- 5 erent shades of grey re- β < ff < 532 ˚ β 1064 Angstr < β 8 − ) (dark grey: λ 10 β × ; light grey: 1 − sr 30218 30217 1 − m ; grey: 5 cients above Hamburg on April 16 are the highest ). No distinction between ash particles and smaller erence between daytime and night-time conditions. 6 1 1 ffi ff − − − sr 10 erent shades of grey depending on the corresponding sr 1 ff 1 × − − 1 m m 7 < 8 − − 532 10 10 erent phases of the volcanic cloud transport over Europe have × ff × < β 5 5 7 > − < 10 erent aerosol backscatter values ( 1064 ff 1064 × β β Aerosol types: aerosol in theaerosol in PBL dark (mainly yellow, forest local) fires is inin reported light cyan; green; in desert volcanic yellow; dust mixing continental inorigin cases orange; cloud/cirrus are of shown particles inclassified in magenta. as If unknown a (purple). the layer identification was of not the possible, the corresponding aerosol was Minimum and maximum altitudeseach covered site in depending measurements. on These themospheric can corresponding conditions. vary lidar for instrument performances and at- PBL height (as derived directly by the lidar signals) (Steyn et al., 1999) grey: grey: non-ash particles (mainlylayers sulfate contain aerosol) both of of these volcaniceruption components and origin of then aerosol, is eventually originating being made.transport from subject across the The to the volcanic grey European modifications continent. that occur during the Volcanic aerosol layers are reported infer shades to of di grey. Di grey: 1 For each example, the aerosol mask is reported providing in particular the following Four interesting examples of the overall event in terms of aerosol content at di 4. 1. 2. 3. pre-defined threshold for the statistical error (50 %), the layer identification algorithm April when air masses reachingAtlantic Hamburg Ocean in and the the free United troposphere States.the It arrived observed was from aerosol not over which possible the is tothe therefore identify labelled mask a as specific for unknown. source some No of layers timesto are the since reported presence the of in low aerosol clouds.layer backscatter The is retrieval temporal exclusively was behaviour related of to not the the possibleDuring top di night-time due altitude the of the statistical volcanic error offor the data aerosol backscatter taken coe during daytime for a given altitude. This means that because of the found for the entireparticles plume were (see typically further observedinstrument. In below). over particular, the Figure the entire 2 intrusionvery altitude clearly of common range volcanic shows for particles sounded that this intofrom by volcanic the station Iceland the PBL into during lidar appears the this to(e.g. PBL period. see be as data Direct well around as injection 09:00 UTC transport of on of 23 volcanic volcanic April) particles was particles observed. at During higher the altitudes night of 24–25 4.1 EX1 The first example refersin to the Hamburg, lidar Germany, in observationsthe the performed volcanic period at event. The the 16–25 corresponding EARLINET April aerosolparticles station 2010, mask are is i.e. represented shown during in inaerosol Fig. the di 2, initial load. where phase volcanic All of othercolours. The aerosol peak types, backscatter coe also mixed ones, are represented by di information: been selected to betterconsidered as illustrate a the representative methodologyport example (see (EX) scenarios for during Figs. other the 2–5). aerosol event:during Each (EX1) occurrence the almost of first and direct phase trans- these transport ofover is towards France the Central and eruption; Europe other (EX2) Mediterranean co-presence(EX3) almost countries of direct dust during transport and the over volcanic thetransport first Iberian aerosol towards phase Peninsula Central of at Europe the the at beginning eruption; the of end May; (EX4) of May. multi-wavelength Raman lidar data, includingticle lidar linear ratio, depolarization ratio,information from supporting at aerosol least typing. one close station areent used as locations additional and di phenomena. When a doubtful atmospheric scenario is observed in a specific region, 5 5 25 15 20 10 15 10 25 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ´ an et al., ected by ff cient (Mona et al., 2006). ffi ¨ 30220 30219 okull eruption period, the volcanic cloud was Due to the large number of performed measurements the arrival of volcanic cloud over Geometrical properties of the volcanicolution cloud (typically over 15–180 Europe m) arethe in presented top with terms high and of res- the thecan base base be of and also a estimated top layeraerosol from of are layer lidar is identified, the useful profiles. the because volcanic Information the center layer.location. dynamics about Once of of Assuming the the mass the whole center of layer microphysical of can thelayer, properties be mass the described aerosol to of center at layer be this the of homogenous massweighted within can by an the be altitude-dependent aerosol estimated aerosol as backscatter the coe mean altitude of the identified layer 5 Results: 4-D distribution of volcanicThe aerosol over methodology Europe describedindividually in by Sect. each station 4 withmation was the about required applied 1-h the to temporal aerosol averaging. all layering In this and EARLINET way, types infor- data within provided the whole network was gathered. were observed over the entirefeature altitude is range located covered at by the aboutdecreased instrument. 5 in km The altitude a.s.l. strongest in around the18 18:00 following UTC May. hours The on down layers 17 to reported May. 3.5fication as This km was purple layer a.s.l. not slightly around are possible, 20:00 aerosol UTC becauseafter layers on of at passing unknown these over type. altitudes Southern The airtransport identi- Europe masses scenario arrived and prevented a from sometimes clear the also identification east of North the Africa. aerosol This sources to complex date. In the finalmainly part transported of over theranean Central 2010 region. Europe Eyjafjallaj Figure and 5lands, subsequently for shows into the the period the 17–20 volcanic Central May aerosol 2010. Mediter- As mask for for the Cabauw, Hamburg example, The volcanic Nether- particles 4.4 EX4 May 2010. This example showsmost a over situation the entire where altitude volcanic range particlesPBL covered were by was the observed also lidar al- observed. instrument Mixing andfor of intrusion the into volcanic whole the with period local uplarization and to dust ratio an particles was altitude was of measured observed ca.layer to suggest 3 the be km. mixing Above around of 3 volcanic 7 km, particles2012; %. the with Sicard The particle other et particles values linear al., (Navas-Guzm depo- of 2012). 4 %–5 % for the lower During most of the volcanicthe eruption presence period, of the the Iberianduring Peninsula volcanic which was cloud. the not The a windgal. only transported Figure exception volcanic 4 was particles shows the a directly volcanic ten-day toward aerosol mask Spain period over and in Granada, Portu- Spain, May for the period 5–7 This is a very interestingand period a of layer the of eruptionobserved volcanic event on particles where 23 beneath Saharan April dust it startingvolcanic above was at 4 particles 11:00 observed. km UTC entered Intrusion when the into intoparticles top the the altitude and PBL PBL. of Saharan was the A dust PBLSaharan mixed rose was dust while aerosol then layer layer observed started consistinglayer. on to of the decrease volcanic evening in of altitude 23 merging April with4.3 when the the volcanic aerosol EX3 time. 4.2 EX2 Figure 3 shows the aerosol mask for Palaiseau, France, for the period 23–24 April 2010. operates as expected only for a lower altitude range during daytime compared to night- 5 5 20 25 15 10 20 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ort for ff cient value ffi cient, and integrated backscatter at ffi 30222 30221 cient at 532 nm has been chosen because it is available in each cluster. ffi A peculiar feature was present over the Hamburg, Palaiseau, and Maisach stations During the first period (15–26 April) all stations within the Central Europe cluster Finally, a red line is shown on the abscissa axes of the figures for hours when no Geometrical and optical properties of the volcanic layers are reported for each clus- All cirrus clouds have been removed following the methodology described above, Starting from 15 April, 00:00 UTC, the following quantities are provided hourly: center Results are grouped into clusters representing five geographical regions: Central Eu- altitude from 6 to ca. 3 km a.s.l. This phenomenon was associated with an air-mass 2.5 km. Intrusion into the PBLcase was of a Maisach the common volcanic feature layer forafternoon came almost into of all contact observations. 17 with In the April. the boundarywas The layer investigated during process with the of a mixing veryThe of high state the of temporal mixing ash resolution was with ofing determined a one locally from methodology hour produced proposed the (Groß aerosol by particlestudies et Shimizu linear were al., et depolarization also 2011). al. ratio performed (2004) for apply- and three Tesche sites et in al. Germany (2009). Similar (Ansmannduring et the al., first 2011). arrival of the volcanic cloud: a volcanic layer rapidly decreasing with volcanic particles (see Fig. 6).over Clouds Cabauw were often also did verystantial frequently not observed. permit cloud Low lidar cover clouds data anddata inversion. rain had In limited to the be the successivetypically taken periods possibility around more sub- 3–3.5 to km sporadically. for perform The all center measurements, stations apart of hence from mass Maisach of where it the remained volcanic at about layer was ter in Table 1.base, top, center Specifically, of median mass, aerosol values532 backscatter nm coe and are provided minimum/maximum together(peak range with value) the values with maximum of corresponding aerosolcoe backscatter altitude, coe location, and time. The aerosol backscatter (Hamburg (hh), Cabauw (ca), Leipzig (le), Palaiseau (pl), and Maisach (ms)) observed measurements were performed. This situationconditions, but typically sometimes arose also during because adversethe of weather network technical is problems. not It designedmeasurement should to be series be noted lasting fully that for operationalmost around more of the the than clock stations. one and month that intensive imply a considerable e top of the PBL. even though the presence ofout volcanic and particles probably within occurred the regularly cirrus inis clouds the outside cannot time be period the ruled concerned. scope However,properties this of aspect during the the currentpublications volcanic report publication event specific and would cases a (Seifert be2011; et devoted required al., Bingemer study 2011; et to Hoyle related al., et addressentire to al., 2012; this 2011; period Rolf cloud Steinke of issue. et et the Some al., al., eruption. 2012) but neither for all of Europe nor for the volcanic aerosol mixed with anotherthe kind of center aerosol of are mass notedaerosol as of are well. the highlighted For mixed these by cases layerlocal orange is aerosol and indicated. above dark the Mixings yellowsubsequent PBL with symbols, mixing is dust respectively. with reported Mixing and local in with continental aerosol green. is The indicated intrusion by into magenta the crosses PBL located and the at the data is available. Stations areto listed in south order of (bottom) decreasingGarmisch-Partenkirchen, for latitude, i.e. Neuchatel, each from Payerne, north cluster. Sofia, (top) shown Further Barcelona, in data and the figures, Madrid) from but are are other available not stations in the (Andoya, EARLINETof Cork, database. mass of thetended identified layer), base volcanic and layer top (multipleas of the layers black identified are dots, volcanic regarded black layer. These as lines, quantities a and are shown unique cyan ex- lines, respectively. Scenarios where a layer with aerosol types and intrusions into the local PBL wasrope gathered. (Fig. 6), Central MediterraneanMediterranean (Fig. (Fig. 7), 9), Western Mediterranean andevolution (Fig. Eastern of 8), Europe Eastern the (Fig. volcanic 10). layer For is each reported cluster, for the each temporal station for which a long record of Europe could be timed very accurately. Information about cases of mixing with other 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | - 1 − ffi sr 1 − m 6 − with a maxi- 10 1 − × sr 1 − m 7 − cients at 532 nm ranged 10 ffi × cient measured by EARLINET ffi ¨ okull plume as it was presented and dis- erent scenarios were observed over Europe. ff to the maximum values of 26.6 30224 30223 1 − sr 1 − ected by the volcanic cloud only for few days in May ff m 7 − erent times. In Hamburg the descent was observed from observed over Ispra on 20 April, 08:00 UTC. Extensive and ff 10 1 − × sr 1 − m cient values at 532 nm were around 5.80 6 − ffi 10 × The Iberian Peninsula was a In the Central Mediterranean cluster the values of the aerosol backscatter coe Within the Central Europe cluster typical volcanic layers were observed between The Central Mediterranean cluster Ispra (is), L’Aquila (la), Napoli (na), Potenza (po), was quite unstable, characterizedsula. by Only the few presence sporadic of measurementsare clouds were therefore and possible not over rain reported Barcelona overstations: here. and the More Madrid Evora penin- measurements and (ev) were andvations possible Granada for of more (gr). the western The volcanic00:00 cloud UTC) results were over are Granada. made shown The onlayer in typical 5 was Fig. altitude May, about 8. 10:00 for UTC 4.1served First the km. (490 h at obser- center Similar since both of patterns 15 stations masstween in April, Granada on of (535 the 6 the to 544 May. volcanic center h There since of was 15 mass April, however 00:00 a behaviour UTC) and time were Evora delay (527 ob- to of 537 h about since 8 h be- intensive optical properties measuredsulfate in aerosols with this the cluster presence2012, revealed in Perrone the few et cases presence al., of of 2012). some aged mainly diluted ash (Mona etwhen al., the wind transported the plume from Iceland towards the southwest. The weather 10 and 5 km a.s.l.(146 was to observed 155 h over since Potenza 15 frominto April, 21 00:00 the UTC). April, In PBL 02:00 the UTC was Centralduring to Mediterranean also May cluster, 11:00 for UTC intrusion observed all very southern stations. often. Mixing withcient Saharan were dust much lower also compared occurred backscatter to coe those measured over Central Europe.mum Here of typical 6.7 about 2.8 km) comparedMay, to when there the was air Central mass Europe transportonly from cluster. over the the During west, the southern 6–10 volcanic stations cloudcloud May was was (na, observed observed and po, also 12–15 and in Northern lc).the Italy, In Central over Ispra, Europe the in cluster period agreement and with 18–19 over observations May, Maisach in the in volcanic particular. A descending layer between 19–22 April 2010 with the center of mass of the volcanic layer at lower altitudes (at Central Europe cluster. All the Italian stations observed the volcanic cloud in the period from the minimum of 0.8 observed at an altitudevalue of represented 2.8 the km largest over aerosolover Hamburg backscatter Europe at coe for 05:00 the UTC wholeby on the event. 16 multi-wavelength Extensive Raman April. and lidar The intensivephotometer systems latter observations optical available in allowed properties this the observed region discriminationin together between the with sulfate most sun particles intense and volcanic ash layers (Ansmann et al., 2011). and Lecce (lc) (see Fig. 7) observed the volcanic cloud later in comparison to the also for the center ofPalaiseau was mass caused of by the fixingthe volcanic the presence layer. maximum The of observation volcanic seemingly height aerosol at constant at this layer higher station, top altitudes hence for cannot be1.7 excluded. and 6.5 km height. Measured aerosol backscatter coe kind of time/altitude behaviour as manyThe di Hamburg, Palaiseau, and Maisachthe stations observed same the altitude, plume but descent05:00 almost at to at di 17:00 UTC, 16and April (29 Maisach to it 41 occurred h between48 since h 16:00 15 UTC, since April, 16 15 00:00 April, UTC), April,behaviour and while 00:00 is UTC). 00:00 in evident UTC, As Palaiseau in 17 shown the Aprilof in Hamburg (40 the the series to mask for PBL in the exhibited layer Fig. a top. 2, For strong the Hamburg diurnal/nocturnal diurnal/nocturnal also the cycle, top leading to the same behaviour air intrusion documentedet by al. daily (2003), Zanissome forecasts, et sense similarly al. the to (2003)cussed signature those at and of many Trickl described the conferences etthis and by Eyjafjallj al. publication, specific the Stohl (2010). related presence of events. This the However, volcanic behaviour as plume emphasized became was not in in always associated with this propagation on the east side of an anti-cyclone, accompanied also by a stratospheric 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ´ an ¨ om ¨ okull cient ffi cient val- ˚ observed Angstr ffi 1 − sr 0.13 µm in the 1 ± with a maximum − 1 m − 6 − sr 1 10 − × m found over Thessaloniki on 7 − 1 − 10 sr 0.11 µm to 0.55 erent wavelengths are available × 1 ff − ± m cient values at 532 nm were around 6 ffi − ) in the volcanic category. From these 10 × 30226 30225 cient values at 532 nm were found to be for this ffi with the maximum of 17.9 1 − www.earlinet.org sr 1 − ) is also reported for further exploitation. The Eyjafjallaj m 7 observed over Minsk at 14:00 UTC on 17 April. − 1 − ective radius ranged from 0.30 10 ff with a maximum of 5.02 sr × 1 1 − − sr m 1 6 − − www.earlinet.org m ¨ okull 2010 EARLINET relational database are reported in Appendix A. This 10 7 − × 10 × Quantitative optical data, specifically aerosol backscatter and extinction coe Geometrical data for the layers related to the volcanic cloud have been collected In this cluster typical aerosol backscatter coe The Eastern Europe cluster, Minsk (mi) and Belsk (be), observed the volcanic cloud In the Eastern Mediterranean cluster, Bucharest (bu), Thessaloniki (th), and Athens Typical aerosol backscatter coe exponent data. This kind of spectral extensive and intensive optical data are useful PBL height, and thename indication of of the whether correspondingdatabase ( there original was file an (netCDF)2010 intrusion contained 2010 into in EARLINET relational the thelink database public PBL. on is EARLINET the The available EARLINET on web request site. through the related profiles and particle linearin depolarization the ratio EARLINET atdata, database di it ( is possible to derive lidar ratio (extinction-to-backscatter ratio) and mean relative aerosollayer backscatter is statistical linked errors toLINET evaluated the database. within corresponding The the aerosol followingprofile: backscatter layer. information Each profile station is available name in providedgated and the for within coordinates, EAR- each each time, aerosol profile, minimum backscatter first and altitude maximum above the height fixed investi- threshold in the relative error, and are publicly availableEyjafjallaj on request in adatabase, relational specifically database. set More up detailsvolcanic for about (ash, this the sulfates, event, and contains modifiedpresence volcanic details particles) of about and layers volcanic mixed identifiedFor layers aerosol as involving each (e.g. the layer, volcanic-dust base,aerosol and backscatter top, volcanic–locally mean and mixed and layers). center standard deviation of values, mass integrated backscatter, altitudes and are reported together with erly direction. The volcanic layer observedcenter in of this mass cluster was of characterizedaerosol 4.3 by into km a the over typical PBL Belsk wasues and also at commonly 6.2 km 532 observed. nm over Typical observed backscatter Minsk.of coe over 1.35 Intrusion Minsk of were around the 1.8 volcanic cloud had reached Central Europe and had spread out with parts if it moving in east- mainly in the the first period of the event (16–25 April, see Fig. 10) after the volcanic 18–19 May, the centeragreement of with the mass measurements of at Potenza the in volcanic the same layer period. 7.1 was at an altitude22 April, of 17:00 UTC. 2.5 Extensive km and intensivecharacteristics, in aerosol combined optical with properties and model geometrical simulationsdust were aerosol used discrimination for over agedbetween the ash 2–5 and Eastern km mineral height Mediterrenean a.s.l., area, especially in during the May 2010 height (Papayannis range et al., 2012). These values observed over GreeceCentral were Europe lower and in in comparison good toing agreement those from with observed 7 data over km from on Southern 21on Italy. April, A 22 22:00 layer UTC April, descend- (165 07:00 h UTC sinceThis (175 15 h observation April, since 00:00 was UTC), 15 down consistent April, to with 2.2 00:00 km UTC), those was observed from over Potenza Athens. 20 h before. In the period to 8 May. Particle e volcanic plume along this night.station This was study mainly indicated composed thatet by al., the sulfate 2012). volcanic and plume sulphuric over acid this droplets (Navas-Guzm (at), generally less volcanic aerosolcal occurrences height of were the recorded center (see ofover mass Fig. Athens of 9). and the The Thessaloniki volcanic layer typi- and has at been a observed at higher about altitude 2.5 (around km 4.6 km) over Bucharest. approximately 300 m higher than over Granada. cluster around 2.1 over Granada atGranada 06:00 were UTC also on used to 13 retrieve May. microphysical properties Multi-wavelength during Raman the lidar night from data 7 from 15 April, 00:00 UTC). Data from Evora furthermore showed the center of mass to be 5 5 25 15 20 10 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | cient www. ffi was observed 1 ¨ uller et al., 1999; − sr ¨ okull eruption event 1 − ¨ m om exponent) observed 6 − 10 ˚ Angstr × ¨ okull eruption in April/May 2010 as erent wavelengths and derived lidar ratio ff 30228 30227 ort to monitor the Eyjafjallaj ff ¨ ockmann et al., 2005). ) in the volcanic category. Typical optical data observed for this particular ¨ om exponent profiles are available through the EARLINET database ( ˚ Angstr Mixing of volcanic particles with other kind of aerosol (dust,The continental results and about local) the 4-D distribution of the volcanic cloudQuantitative are optical reported data, in specifically a specific aerosol backscatter and extinction coe A first volcanic layer was observed at an altitude of ca. 3 km and up to 6 km over The main objective of this work is to summarize the spatial and temporal evolution Table 2 summarizes the values for geometrical and optical properties (aerosol optical earlinet.org relational database available on request through the EARLINET web site. profiles and linear depolarizationand ratio at di over Central Europe forDescending aerosol the layers whole were periodthe typically PBL (15–26 observed was in April), commonly all withdetected detected of over varying Europe at Spain aerosol and almost and intrusion each loads. Volcanic Portugal particles into site. and were In then observed May over over volcanic Central the Europe particles Mediterranean until were and 25 the May. was Balkans. identified. Mixing with Saharan dustern was stations. observed mainly during May for all south- event have been alsoevent, including reported the specific in relational this databasethe related publication. volcanic to cloud, EARLINET the geometrical represent data properties aand collected of unique integration. database for for this model evaluation, data validation, Hamburg in the earlyobserved morning over of Central 16at Europe April. 8 (Germany km In and a.s.l. theat The France) following an maximum at days altitude backscatter 5–6 the km of valueover ash 2.8 of a.s.l. Italy km plume on 26.6 and over 20 was Hamburg Belarus April on and 16 over Greece April. on Volcanic 21 particles April. were The observed volcanic cloud was persistent 60–180 m) in terms of base, top, and center of mass of the volcanic layer. 6 Summary EARLINET made a very substantialin e April/May 2010 by performingtire almost period. continuous The lidar measurements coordinated duringspecifically observations the designed by en- EARLINET ad and hocdistribution a for of methodology this the that event volcanic was providederties cloud a of over detailed the Europe description volcanic for of cloud the the over whole Europe 4-D event. were Geometrical provided prop- with high resolution (typically region because the aerosol maskply methodology transferred to presented in the this UTLSUTLS related work region to cannot and all be above. observations sim- Thestratospheric available data analysis from require the of a EARLINET volcanic separate stations aerosol study. able in to the provide corresponding references. of the volcanic cloudobserved generated by the by coordinated the ground-basedsented Eyjafjallaj in lidar this network publication EARLINET. comprise The allduring results valid the EARLINET pre- 2010 observations eruption in the event.at troposphere The higher data altitudes, also reaching reveal(UTLS) the the (Trickl presence et upper of al., troposphere-lower volcanic 2012). stratosphere aerosol However, it altitude was range decided to focus only on the tropospheric Veselovskii et al., 2002; B depth, lidar ratio, linear particle depolarizationfrom ratio, specific and EARLINET multi-wavelengththe Raman event. lidar The stations table in also specific reports periods the of retrieved volcanic aerosol type together with the for aerosol typing and for the retrieval of microphysical properties (M 5 5 15 10 20 25 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , , (as top, sta- ) to- , http:// (auto- ID fraction ID base (xx: hours above sea Backscatters , time backscatter skipped Altitude backscatter std Stations ). Additional values cal- and table. For each backscat- reference height ), and in degree, and Stations . The maximum value of the aerosol backscatter treshold time, PBL mean Longitude eyja2010.sql dump (for further details please 30230 30229 stop error ), first altitude where the relative error exceeds backscatter and on . below height and information reported in the original netcdf file (all error table). For each layer, geometrical properties ( Latitude Layers (Fig. A3) contains the main information pertaining to this , max (Fig. A2) provides information about each backscatter file height measurement and filename relative layers (Fig. A1) provides basic information on the EARLINET stations: is flagged with number “1” if an intrusion of volcanic layer into the erent operating systems (Windows, Linux, Mac, and others) at Mixing and first ff ) are reported. For each layer, the mean and standard deviation of Location , cient values are reported ( . and and are linked to backscatter profiles through the height ffi Backscatters ID mean start mass earlinet eyja2010.sql (full dump of Eyja2010 MySQL database) ID Backscatters volcanic Stations intrusion of min Layers is reported corresponding to the entry in the PBL A MySQL server (versionwhere 5.0 the or Eyja2010 later) MySQLavailable which for database must di is be tohttp://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/ running be on set the up. computer MySQLA server is MySQL freely clientfreeware is MySQL clients needed available to onSQuirreL the connect SQL, internet; phpMyAdmin. to some examples the are HeidiSQL, MySQL server. There are many README (text file containing these installation instructions) earlinet ID center – – The table The table The table 2. 1. gether with the ter profile the the netcdf files aremeasurement available in the EARLINET database) are listed ( backscatter coe Volcanic an incremental level in meters. analysis for the 4-Dincremental) identifies volcanic the cloud backscatter distributiontion profile study. inside Also this in relational this database. The table an refer to your MySQL client documentation). A2 Database description For the administration of the database four tables are created: and load in it the contents of the earlinet since 15 April, 00:00 UTFinally time for which thePBL is profile observed can for be the considered corresponding representative). backscatter profiles and “0”study, i.e. otherwise. characteristics of the layersby identified as a volcanic specific layers. Layers arereported identified in the and To install the Eyja2010 database just connectare to needed the MySQL for server that) (administrator rights using your favorite MySQL client, create a new empty database culated from netcdf file arethe also profile reported: ( minimum andthe maximum 50 altitude % available threshold in ( The database zip archive contains two files: used because it isaccess. based The on full open-sourcewww.earlinet.org Eyja2010 software MySQL and allows database platform-independent is freely availableA1 on request Installation at The Eyja2010 MySQL database can beto installed all the locally output to of provide the easyare: 4-D and analysis full presented access in this work. The installation requirements Eyja2010 EARLINET relational database A relational database, containingrelated to the the output volcanic of eruption the of 4-D 2010, analysis has of been EARLINET set data up. MySQL server has been Appendix A 5 5 10 25 15 20 15 20 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | top, http: ) to- mix- ). Fi- , ¨ okull vol- ). Finally backscat- base peak 10.5194/acp- peak , 2011. backscatter std , 2003. backscatter and of backscatter ´ arquez, M., Matthias, V., Mat- of altitude ´ opez M . The maximum value of the aerosol backscatter 10.1029/2010JD015567 altitude and ´ on, A., Eckhardt, S., Eixmann, R., Freuden- ´ Angel L http://en.vedur.is/earthquakes-and-volcanism/ 10.1029/2003JD003757 and mean value 30232 30231 ´ e, H., table). The first reported information is the backscatter value peak on calculated within the identified volcanic layer is re- peak ¨ uller, D., and Wiegner, M.: The 16 April 2010 major error , 2010. calculated within the identified mixed layer is reported. (Fig. A4) contains information related to aerosol layers in and are linked to backscatter profiles through the Backscatters ce and available at ffi ID backscatter ; and Tom L. Kucsera (GEST) at NASA/Goddard for back-trajectories relative backscatter layers ) are reported. For each mixed layer, the mean and standard de- The financial support for EARLINET by the European Union under grant ¨ uller, D., Music, S., Nickovic, S., Pelon, J., Sauvage, L., Sobolewsky, P., backscatter ´ e, H., Heinold, B., Hiebsch, A., Schnell, F., Schmidt, J., Mattis, I., cient observed within the volcanic layer and the corresponding alti- ecient observed within the mixed layer and the corresponding altitude which is a number describing the type of mixing (e.g. “1” for volcanic ffi ffi mean backscatter ¨ mass . osenberg, J., Chaikovsky, A., Comer , 2009. ¨ okull volcanic activity was monitored through updated reports provided by the mixed type of integrated (as reported in the 10.1029/2010GL043809 center aerosol integrated ID thaler, V., Ginoux, P., Komguem, P.,tis, Linn I., Mitev, V.,Srivastava, M M. K., Stohl, A.,range Torres, O., transport Vaughan, of G., Saharan Wandinger, U., dustEARLINET, and J. to Wiegner, Geophys. Northern M.: Res., Europe: Long- 108, the 4783, 11–16 doi: October 2001 outbreak with Wandinger, U.,volcanic Mattis, ash I.,ter plume M observations overdoi: at Central Leipzig Europe: and EARLINET Munich, lidarSerikov, Germany, and Geophys. I., AERONET Res.Wandinger, Linn U., photome- and Lett., Wiegner, M.: 37,AERONET Ash and observations L13810, fine-mode over particle Central masscano Europe profiles in 2010, after from J. EARLINET- the Geophys. eruptions Res., 116, of D00U02, the doi: Eyjafjallaj Optical characteristics of biomassfrom burning UV-Raman lidar aerosols measurements, over Atmos.9-2431-2009 Southeastern Chem. Phys., Europe 9, determined 2431–2440, doi: The table Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Seifert, P. Groß, S.,Freudenthaler, V., Apituley, A., Wilson, K. M., Ansmann, A., Tesche, M., Groß, S., Freudenthaler, V., Seifert, P., Hiebsch, A., Schmidt, J., Amiridis, V., Balis, D. S., Giannakaki, E., Stohl, A., Kazadzis, S., Koukouli, M. E., and Zanis, P.: Ansmann, A., B The Eyjafjallaj Iceland Meteorological O articles/nr/2072 References vided from ECMWF (European Centre//www.nilu.no/trajectories for Medium Range Weatheravailable Forecast) at available the at aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov website.Center We for also forecasts thank with theElement the Barcelona of Dust Supercomputing the Regional European Atmospheric Space Model Agency Data (DREAM) for and data the available Data from “ATSR User World Fire Atlas”. analysis, NILU for providing FLEXTRA back-trajectories based on meteorological data pro- tude are reported too ( backscatter coe viation of backscatter values are reported ( nally the ported. which a mixingidentified between by volcanic a specific andter other aerosol types is observed. Layersmixed with are local aerosol,mixed to “2” continental for aerosols). For volcanic eachand mixed mixed layer, to geometrical properties Saharan ( dust and “3” for volcanic ing backscatter coe are reported toothe ( Acknowledgements. Authors would like to thankHYSPLIT the backtrajectory analysis; NOAA the Air German Resources Weather Laboratory Service for (ARL) the for air the mass back-trajectory provision of the gether with the RICA 025991 in the Sixth FrameworkLINET Programme is is integrated gratefully acknowledged. in Since theUnion 2011 ACTRIS EAR- Research Seventh Infrastructure Framework Project Programme supportedThis (FP7/2007-2013) by work the has under European been grant partiallyaeronautics) agreement supported grant agreement by n. no. the 262254. 285050. EU FP7The project authors WEZARD acknowledge (Weather the hazardsand for ESA 22202/09/I-EC. financial support under theAdditional ESRIN financial contract 21769/08/IOL supportthrough have project been P10-RNM-6299 receivedthrough and projects from CGL2010-18782, from and the the CSD2007-00067. Andalusia Spanish Regional Ministry Government of Science and Technology 5 5 15 25 30 20 10 10 15 30 25 20 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | ¨ okull ¨ uller- , 2010. 10.5194/acp-11- ¨ unkel, C., Obleit- , 2011. http://ready.arl.noaa.gov/ ¨ ¨ ockmann, C., Calpini, B., ulmer, C., Steinbrecht, W., ¨ okull volcanic aerosol plume in ¨ okull eruption in April 2010 – de- 10.5194/acp-10-10085-2010 ¨ okull volcanic ash plume, Atmos. 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A.: A multiple-level trajectory analysis of vortex filaments, J. 5 5 20 25 15 30 10 30 20 25 15 10 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | , 2006. MaxTime (UTC) 16 Apr 2010 – 05:00 (hh) 20 Apr 2010 – 08:00 (is) 13 May 2010 – 06:00 (gr) 22 Apr 2010 – 17:00 (th) 17 Apr 2010 – 14:00 (mi) 6 6 6 6 − − − − 6 ) − 1 − 10 10 10 10 10 sr × × × × 1 × − MaxBack (m , 2012. Peak altitude (km) 2.8 26.6 3.1 6.7 3 17.9 1.3 5.02 2.3 1.35 ) 10.1029/2006JD007126 1 ¨ − okull, and beyond, Atmos. Chem. , 2011. sr 1 − m 7 − 2.6 3.9 1.2 5.3 0.5 10 ± ± ± ± ± × β (1 3.6 0.8–99.9 5.8 0.4–19.2 2.1 0.2–42.2 7.1 0.6–23.4 1.8 0.8–3.4 ) , 2003. 1 − sr , 2012. 3 − 10 × 30241 30242 (1 1.0315 0.016–26 1.18 0.009–9.2 0.6865 0.003–6 1.988 0.02–10 0.48 0.3–2 ¨ uller, D., Wandinger, U., and Whiteman, D. N.: Inver- 10.5194/acpd-12-23135-2012 10.1029/2011JD016619 3.3 1.0–13.0 3.1 1.4–14.5 4.1 1.5–7.9 2.7 1.5–7.7 4.5 2.8–8.2 ¨ okull volcano in April 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00U15, , 2012. 6.5 1.6–14.5 5.2 2.1–16.2 6.2 1.7–18.1 5.0 1.7–12.2 5.7 2.9–13.4 10.5194/acp-3-763-2003 ¨ okull ash-plume: potential of lidar remote sensing, Phys. Chem. Earth, 10.1016/j.pce.2011.01.006 ¨ ager, H., and Vogelmann, H.: 35 years of stratospheric aerosol measure- 0.2–11.7 0.5–13.8 1.1–7.4 1.0–6.4 1.2–8.2 Geometrical and optical properties of the volcanic layers for each of the clusters: me- 10.1029/2011JD016499 ), and integrated backscatter (IB) at 532 nm are reported together with the maximum β ClusterCentral Europe Base (km) 1.7 Top (km) CoM (km) IB Central Mediterranean 2.0 Western Mediterranean 2.5 Eastern Mediterranean 1.8 Eastern Europe 3.5 Volcanic dust characterization by EARLINETEnviron., during 42, 893–905, Etna’s eruptions 2008. in 2001–2002, Atmos. 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Res., case 111, study D21102, doi: sion with regularization forlength the lidar retrieval sounding, of Appl. tropospheric Optics, aerosol 41, parameters 3685–3699, from 2002. multiwave- ments at Garmisch-Partenkirchen: from FuegoPhys. to Discuss., Eyjafjallaj 12, 23135–23193, doi: Table 1. dian value and minimum/maximum rangeter value ( of base, top,backscatter center value of (peak mass value) (CoM), with backscat- corresponding altitude, location, and time. Wiegner, M., Groß, S., Freudenthaler, V., Schnell, F., and Gasteiger, J.: The May/June 2008 Winker, D. M., Liu, Z., Omar, A., Tackett, J., and Fairlie, D.: CALIOP observationsZanis, of P., Trickl, the T., trans- Stohl, A., Wernli, H., Cooper, O., Zerefos, C., Gaeggeler, H., Schnabel, C., Wang, X., Boselli, A., D’Avino, L., Pisani, G., Spinelli, N., Amodeo, A., Chaikovsky, A., Wieg- Wiegner, M., Gasteiger, J., Groß, S., Schnell, F., Freudenthaler, V., and Forkel, R.: Characteri- Villani, M. G., Mona, L., Maurizi, A., Pappalardo, G., Tiesi, A., Pandolfi, M., D’Isidoro, M., Veselovskii, I., Kolgotin, A., Griaznov, V., M Trickl, T., Giehl, H., J 5 15 20 10 25 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Sicard et al., 2012 Sicard et al., 2012 Navas et al., 2012 Mona et al., 2012 Ansmann et al., 2011 Papayannis et al., 2011 Gross et al., 2011 Ansmann et al., 2011 Mona et al., 2012 ¨ okull eruption volcanic particles some ash some ash mixture ash/sulfates some ash Type Reference 532 / 0.18 Pure dry ash Ansmann et al., 2010 355 0.63 Fresh 0.54 Sulfates0.4 with Sulfates with 1.10.26 Sulfate-ash Aged 0.40 Ash0.2 Ansmann et al., 2010 Sulfates with ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ¨ om 0.11 ¨ − okull (red star) volcanic aerosol ˚ Angstr

0.030.02 0.03 0.03 1.4 0.005 0.79 0.07 1.1 0.03 0.1 ± ± ± ± ± ± 532 mi δ

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0.02 0.37 be ± 355 lc

δ

po

an

lk 30244 30243 3 0.57 55 0.35 3 0.33 4 0.15 0.68

le

161224 0.066 0.16 0.30 (sr) ms na ± ± ± ± ±

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hh

7 48 1 44 5 60 2 50 11 78 13 89 10 32 ne (sr) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± pa ca 355 op S

pl ba 532

16/04, 12 16/04, UT 12 17/04, UT 12 19/04, UT 12 21/04, UT ¨ oping, ma – Madrid, ms – Maisach, mi – Minsk, na – Naples, ne – gr

ma co

ev Granada 2.6–2.9Potenza 1.5–2.3CabauwAthens 2.7–6 47 3.0–4.8 60 0.53 0.05 42 67 Munich 2.6–3.5Potenza 2.0–3.0Evora 50–60 2.7–3.7 55 42 0.07 39 Leipzig 2.6–4.3 0.35 60 Values for geometrical properties and optical properties (aerosol optical depth, lidar Map of Europe showing the distribution of EARLINET stations (station IDs: an – Andoya, 8 May 2012, 03:30– 04:30 UTC 1321:01 UTC May, 20:16– 1720:15–20:45 UTC May19 2010, 20:30–21:30 UTC May 2010, 17 Apr 2010, 01:40– 02:30 UTC 20 Apr 2010, 21:00– 23:05 UTC 7 May 2012, 00:30– 01:30 UTC 16 Apr 2010, 14:15– 15:30 UTC Date and hour Location Height (km) AOD plume during the first weekof after the the major plume eruption in on(light the 14 red), April 3–5 19 km 2010. April The height (orange), approximate range and location is 21 April given 2010 for (yellow). 12:00 UT on 16 April (dark red), 17 April Neuchatel, op – Observatoire desf Haute-Provence, – pa Sofia, – th Payerne, – pl Thessaloniki) – and Palaiseau, the po dispersion – of Potenza, the Eyjafjallaj at – Athens, ba –gp Barcelona, – be – Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Belsk,Lecce, bu gr le – – – Bucharest, Leipzig, ca Granada, lk – – Cabauw, hh Link co – – Cork, Hamburg, ev – is Evora, – Ispra, la – L’Aquila, lc – Fig. 1. Table 2. LINET multi-wavelength Raman lidar stations in specific periods of the Eyjafjallaj ratio, linear particle depolarization ratio, and Angstr (April/May 2010). The table reportsreferences. also the retrieved volcanic aerosol type with corresponding Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 30246 30245 Aerosol mask for the Palaiseau EARLINET site in the 23–24 April 2010 period. Aerosol mask for the Hamburg EARLINET site in the 15–25 April 2010 period. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 30248 30247 Aerosol mask for the Cabauw EARLINET site in the 17–20 May 2010 period. Aerosol mask for the Granada EARLINET site in the 5–7 May 2010 period. Fig. 5. Fig. 4. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 30250 30249 Central Mediterranean cluster: Ispra (is), L’Aquila (la), Napoli (na), Potenza (po) and Central Europe cluster: Hamburg (hh), Cabauw (ca), Leipzig (le), Palaiseau (pl) and Fig. 7. Lecce (lc). The followingcanic quantities layer are (black reported dots),respectively). Mixing hourly: base with center dust and and of topsymbols, continental mass respectively. aerosol of Mixing is of with the highlighted the local by identifiedsion orange aerosol identified and in volcanic above vol- dark the the layer yellow PBL PBL (blacklocated is and, and reported at therefore, in cyan the the green. lines, top mixingaxes The indicates with of intru- no local the measurements. aerosol PBL is as indicated obtained by from a lidar magenta observations. cross Red line on the abscissa Maisach (ms). Thevolcanic following layer quantities (black are dots), reported baserespectively). Mixing and hourly: with top dust center of andsymbols, continental of the respectively. aerosol identified mass Mixing is volcanic with highlighted of layer local bysion the orange (black aerosol and in and above identified dark the the cyan yellow PBL lines, PBLlocated is and, reported at therefore, in the the green. top mixingaxes The indicates with of intru- no local the measurements. aerosol PBL is as indicated obtained by from a lidar magenta observations. cross Red line on the abscissa Fig. 6. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 30252 30251 Western Mediterranean cluster: Evora (ev) and Granada (gr). The following quantities Eastern Mediterranean cluster: Bucharest (bu), Thessaloniki (th) and Athens (at). The following quantities are reporteddots), hourly: base center and of topwith of mass dust the of identified and the volcanic continental identifiedtively. layer Mixing aerosol volcanic (black with is and layer local cyan (black highlightedand, aerosol lines, by therefore, respectively). above orange the Mixing the mixing and PBL withof dark local is the yellow aerosol reported is symbols, PBL in indicated respec- asmeasurements. green. by obtained a The magenta intrusion from cross in lidar located the observations. at PBL the Red top line on the abscissa axes indicates no Fig. 9. Fig. 8. are reported hourly: center ofthe mass identified of volcanic layer the (black identified and cyanaerosol volcanic lines, is layer respectively). highlighted (black Mixing by dots), with orange base dust andabove and and dark continental top yellow the symbols, of PBL respectively. Mixing with islocal local reported aerosol aerosol in is green. indicatedlidar The by observations. intrusion a Red in magenta line on the cross the located PBL abscissa at and, axes the indicates therefore, no top the measurements. of mixing the with PBL as obtained from Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | 30254 30253 Eastern Europe cluster: Minsk (mi) and Belsk (be). The following quantities are re- Parameters included in the table Stations of the Eyja2010 relational database. Fig. A1. Fig. 10. ported hourly: center ofidentified mass volcanic of layer the (black identifiedaerosol and is volcanic highlighted cyan layer by lines, (black orange and dots), respectively).above dark base Mixing yellow the symbols, and with PBL respectively. Mixing top dust with is oflocal local and reported aerosol the aerosol continental in is green. indicatedlidar The by observations. intrusion a Red in magenta line on the cross the located PBL abscissa at and, axes the indicates therefore, no top the measurements. of mixing the with PBL as obtained from Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Layers of the Eyja2010 relational database. 30256 30255 Parameters included in the table Backscatters of the Eyja2010 relational database. Parameters included in the table Volcanic Fig. A3. Fig. A2. Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Layers of the Eyja2010 relational database. 30257 Parameters included in the table Mixed Fig. A4.