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Geophysical Study of Complex Meteorite Impact Structures Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 11-27-2017 9:30 AM Geophysical Study of Complex Meteorite Impact Structures William Zylberman The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Quesnel Yoann The University of Western Ontario Co-Supervisor Osinski Gordon R. The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Geophysics A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © William Zylberman 2017 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Geophysics and Seismology Commons Recommended Citation Zylberman, William, "Geophysical Study of Complex Meteorite Impact Structures" (2017). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 5165. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5165 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. UNIVERSITE D’AIX-MARSEILLE Ecole Doctorale 251 – « Sciences de l’Environnement » Centre Européen de Recherche et d’enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE)/UM34 En cotutelle avec/In co-tutelle with WESTERN UNIVERSITY « Geophysics (Planetary Science) » Center for Planetary Science and Exploration (CPSX)/Department of Earth Sciences Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade universitaire de Docteur en Géosciences de l’Environnement Thesis presented for obtention of the University Title of Ph.D. in Geophysics (Planetary Science) William ZYLBERMAN Etude Géophysique de Structures d’Impact Météoritique Geophysical Study of Meteorite Impact Structures Soutenue publiquement le 27/11/2017 devant le jury / Defended publicly the 27th November 2017 in front of the jury: M. Lauri PESONEN University of Helsinki Rapporteur M. Stuart GILDER Ludwig Maximilians Universität Rapporteur Mme Sheri MOLNAR Western University Examinateur M. Pierre ROCHETTE CEREGE – Aix-Marseille Université Examinateur M. Jérôme GATTACCECA CEREGE – CNRS Examinateur M. Yoann QUESNEL CEREGE – Aix-Marseille Université Directeur M. Gordon R. OSINSKI CPSX – Western University Co-Directeur 2 Abstract Hypervelocity impact craters are the most abundant morphologic features on rocky planetary bodies of the Solar System, except on Earth where they have mostly been erased by plate tectonics, erosion, or are buried under sediments. The internal structure of complex impact craters can only be studied on Earth by using ground-truth geophysical and geological studies. Such approaches - combined with modeling - can reveal how impact cratering, target geological composition, erosion and other post-impact processes can lead to the observed geophysical anomalies, which could also be detected by remote geophysical data on other planetary surfaces. In this work, a multidisciplinary approach is conducted by coupling geological data to field and laboratory geophysics. Magnetic field mapping, gravimetry measurements, electromagnetic soundings (EM34), paleomagnetic analyses, rock magnetism and petrography techniques are used. Four impact structures in Canada are studied: Haughton, Tunnunik, West and East Clearwater Lake. For the first time, we reveal that the recently-discovered Tunnunik impact structure has typical negative gravity and positive magnetic field anomalies, which help us to reconsider the brecciation extent in the target rocks. The 20 km diameter Haughton crater, which is less eroded than Tunnunik, shows evidence for an enhanced-magnetization in the core of the central uplift, caused by impact-generated hydrothermal alteration. Some samples of the Clearwater Lake impact structures in Québec are also studied with paleomagnetism, which helps to constrain the different ages of the East and West Clearwater Lake impacts. This work has important implications for our understanding of impact-cratering in the Solar System, especially concerning the study of planetary surfaces. The important roles of post-impact processes such as alteration and erosion on geophysical anomalies, petrophysical properties and morphometry of complex impact structures are also discussed in detail, suggesting that such effects should be more studied and quantified in future works. 3 Keywords Geophysics, Impact Structures, Impact Cratering, Paleomagnetism, Post-impact Processes 4 Résumé Les cratères d'impact hypervéloces sont les structures morphologiques les plus abondantes à la surface des corps planétaires telluriques du Système solaire, sauf sur Terre où ils ont été pour la plupart effacés par la tectonique des plaques, l'érosion ou bien sont enterrés sous les sédiments. La structure interne des cratères d'impact de type complexe ne peut être étudiée en détail que sur Terre par des études géophysiques et géologiques de terrain. De telles approches - combinées à de la modélisation - peuvent révéler comment le processus de cratérisation, la composition des roches cibles, l'érosion et d'autres processus post- impact peuvent conduire aux anomalies géophysiques observées, qui peuvent également être détectées par des données satellitaires sur d’autres planètes. Dans ce travail, une approche multidisciplinaire est menée en couplant les données géologiques à la géophysique de terrain et de laboratoire. La cartographie du champ magnétique, les mesures gravimétriques, les sondages électromagnétiques (EM34), les analyses paléomagnétiques, le magnétisme des roches et les techniques pétrographiques sont utilisées. Quatre structures d'impact au Canada sont étudiées : Haughton, Tunnunik et les lacs à l’Eau Claire Ouest et Est. Pour la première fois, nous révélons que la structure de Tunnunik récemment découverte présente des anomalies de gravité négative et de champ magnétique positif typiques, ce qui nous aide à reconsidérer l'étendue de la fracturation dans les roches cibles. La structure d’Haughton de 20 km de diamètre, moins érodée que Tunnunik, montre des signes d'une aimantation augmentée au centre de son soulèvement central, ce qui est causé par l’altération hydrothermale induite par l’impact. Des échantillons provenant des structures d'impact des Lacs à l’Eau Claire au Québec sont également étudiés avec le paléomagnétisme, contribuant à contraindre les âges différents des deux impacts. Ce travail a des implications importantes pour notre compréhension du processus de cratérisation dans le Système solaire, notamment en ce qui concerne l'étude des surfaces planétaires. Les rôles importants des processus post-impact tels que l'altération et l'érosion sur les anomalies géophysiques, les propriétés pétrophysiques et la morphométrie des structures d'impact complexes sont également discutés en détail, suggérant que ces effets devraient être plus étudiés et quantifiés dans de futurs travaux. 5 Mots-clés Géophysique, Structures d’Impact, Cratérisation, Paléomagnétisme, Processus Post- Impact 6 Résumé étendu (extended abstract in French) 1. Etat de l’Art et Méthodes Les cratères d’impact sont les structures les plus représentées à la surface des planètes telluriques, astéroïdes et comètes1. On différencie souvent les cratères d’impact de type simple (forme concave standard) des cratères d’impact de type complexe. Ces derniers sont en effet caractérisés par une zone centrale élevée (soulèvement central), une dépression annulaire faillée et un bord structurellement compliqué, ils ont des ratios profondeur/diamètre typiques de 1:10 à 1:20, ce qui signifie qu'ils sont aussi plus profonds que les cratères simples2. Les seules véritables preuves scientifiques confirmant la présence d'un cratère d'impact sont les critères de métamorphisme de choc, telles que l’observation de cônes de percussion ou de structures de déformations planaires dans les minéraux choqués. Même si toutes les roches affectées par un impact sont appelées « impactites » (incluant les roches pré-impact), le processus de cratérisation résulte en la production d’impactites néoformées telles que les brèches d’impact, les roches d’impact fondues, le verre et les tectites. Les processus post-impact tels que l’érosion affectant les cratères terrestres sont importants car ils peuvent en modifier les caractéristiques géologiques, morphologiques et géophysiques. Par exemple, le diamètre D d’un cratère complexe est souvent inférieur au diamètre apparent Da d’un cratère érodé (alors appelé « structure d’impact »). Cette thèse présente de nouvelles données géophysiques acquises sur le terrain dans des structures d’impact de type complexe. Quelles sont les anomalies géophysiques typiquement associées aux cratères d'impact de type complexe, et que peuvent nous apprendre ces données sur leurs structures profondes et les processus associés à l’impact ? Typiquement, la signature gravimétrique des cratères complexes correspond à une anomalie de Bouguer négative. Ces anomalies augmentent généralement en taille et en 1 French 1998, in Osinski 2013 2 Melosh 1989 7 amplitude pour un diamètre de cratère croissant3. Elles reflètent les densités réduites des roches en raison de la fracturation induite par l’impact ou la présence de nouvelles roches de densités plus faibles par rapport aux roches cibles originales4. Des anomalies de Bouguer positives liées à un épaississement crustal peuvent être observées aux centres des grands bassins d'impact (D > 30 km) tels que sur la Lune. Les structures d'impact de D < 40 km peuvent être caractérisées par des anomalies de champ magnétique négatives (e.g., les Lacs
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