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by Ms. Amatucci’s th 4 Graders

Stony Point Elementary School December 2005

We dedicate this book to all children who will be the "discoverers" of the future and who will some day fulfill their dreams in the world of science.

The Process

The Virginia 4th Grade Standards of Learning set an expectation that while studying different topics in science (Life Science, Physical Science, and Earth Science) students will become familiar with historical contributions made by individuals. This book came about as a consequence of our desire to meet the standards as well as to produce a book of artistic and literary merit. Initially, we immersed ourselves in the information contained in piles of books from our classroom and library. We created a brainstorming chart and a list of fascinating scientists. Later, each student thought about the field of science that most interested them and settled on one scientist. Each student studied their person and thought about questions like:

o What did the scientist do to make him/her well known in the scientific world? o Briefly describe the discovery, invention, or research. o What prompted him/her to do his/her work?

The first step in the art process was to sketch our image. We sketched the scientist in portrait style. We made adjustments and started on another sketch. Using our pencil sketches, we used colored pencils to recreate the portraits. We used normal pencils very lightly to get the general idea of what it would look like. Then we colored it in with colored pencils. We layered (using different shades of similar colors to make it stand out) and burnished our picture to give it a waxy, glazed look. For the writing process, we talked about what would be interesting to read. With this information in hand, we did more research on our scientists and collected interesting words and phrases. We answered questions in a template – Scientist Research By First Last Name

Who: Where: When: What: How: Why:

We took the prases and made them into sentences with whole sentences. We wrote our paragraphs and did the word processing on the computer. The final step was to mount our portraits and paragraphs in an aesthetic manner and prepare them for our group display.

Carl Sagan By Abby Weaver

Carl Sagan was born in New York on November 9, 1934. He died on December 20, 1996. He wrote books, had a TV show called “Cosmos”, and he also had a movie that was seen by about 500 million people. He was a consultant and advisor to NASA since the 1950s. He was one of the first to think that there was life on other planets, especially Mars. He helped design the Mariner 2 mission to Venus and the Mariner 9 and Viking trips to Mars. He also worked on the Voyager mission to the outer solar system and the Galileo mission to Jupiter. He helped solve the mysteries of the high temperatures in Venus. As a boy he loved to read science fiction books and was very interested in Astronomy. His parents taught him to search for his answers to his many questions. As an adult he continued to search for his answers to his questions about science.

Robert Oppenheimer By Alex Houchens

He did his research at Los Alamos in New Mexico. He did his research around June 1942. He is no longer living. Robert Oppenheimer invented the first atomic/nuclear bomb. Oppenheimer began to look for a way to separate Uranium 235 from natural uranium and to find out the mass that was to make an atomic bomb. The atomic bomb was used during World War II. It ended the war with Japan.

Tycho Brahe by Alex McNair

Tycho Brahe was born in Denmark and lived from 1546 to 1601. He created more accurate astronomy instruments and more accurate ways to observe the planets and the moon. His observations showed that the planets and other objects (comets, stars) were behind the moon and that planets and the moon moved in orbits. Brahe observed the moon and the planets and their orbits very carefully with the best instruments. He was very careful with his observations. He kept very accurate records of the movements of the planets and the moon. Brahe went to many colleges and got interested in astronomy. He even bought some astronomy instruments. He wanted to teach people more about astronomy and he believed he could do it by using accurate observations. King Frederick II gave him money to start an observatory. In a dual with a student while he was at college, in Wittenberg in 1566, Brahe lost part of his nose. For the rest of his life, he wore a metal insert over the missing part.

^tàx ZÄxtáÉÇ By Allison Keenan

Kate Gleason was born November 25, 1865 in New York. She also did her work in New York. She studied mechanical arts at Cornell University in 1884. Kate helped her father invent and improve a machine that made gears. Henry Ford said it was "the most remarkable machine work ever done by a woman." She also was the first woman president of the First National Bank in Rochester, New York. Kate began working in her father's tool company when she was just 12 years old. She went around the world selling the tools. She was very smart and got along well with people.

Thomas Alva Edison By Chandler Hamilton

Thomas Edison, known as the Wizard of Menlo Park, was born in 1847 and started inventing in 1868. He died in 1931. He was known as the Wizard of Menlo Park because he was born in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Edison invented the light bulb, phonograph, and the mimeograph. That is what made Edison famous. Edison made lots of stuff. I will tell you about the light bulb. He tried lots of substances and failed until he tried carbonated cotton. Edison was very curious so he made much much more!

Alexander Graham Bell by Alyssa Carroll

Alexander Graham Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in the 1870s on March 3rd. He died in Canada. He invented the telephone, photo phone, and the telegraph. He did it by connecting two wires, one for the sound and one for receiving. He liked to invent things. He was very interested in communication and wanted to help deaf people.

Jane Goodall By Brandon Wiseman

I did my research about Jane Goodall. Jane was born in 1934 in England. She currently lives in Nobory, Kenya. In 1985, she observed chimps. She watched them nurse their babies, eat, and catch food. She was awarded the J. Paul Getty Wildlife Conservation prize. She wanted to help us all better understand the relationship between all creatures.

William Ryan and Walter Pitman by Brittany Murphy

William Ryan does research at Columbia University. Walter Pitman does research at Colombia University. During the 1990’s they did research and in 1997, they published a book about Noah’s flood. They discovered Noah’s flood was real by studying the earth’s surface and other clues. They looked at everything from the past like pottery and they discovered that there had to be a flood. They studied sediments in the rock from the bottom of the Black Sea. They discovered as the climate got warmer, the seas started to rise. The water rose quickly and homes were washed away. Scared people told their story to others. They were curious about the flood. They wanted to know if it was it real and when did it happen.

Francis William Aston By Cage Lambert Francis William Aston researched in Birmingham, England. He was born on September 1, 1877 and died on November 20, 1945. Francis researched chemistry and then turned to physics. He won the Forster scholarship in 1898. That allowed him to work on the optical properties of tartaric acid derivatives. Francis developed mass spectrograph, a device that separates atoms or molecular fragments. He went to collage and was trained as a chemist. He was a chemist when he evolved into a psychologist.

Thomas Jefferson By Chloe Herring

Thomas Jefferson lived in Shadwell and Charlottesville, Va and Paris, France between 1743-1826. He was an inventor, astronomer, a man of science, a paleontologist, and an expert on anatomy. He was an architect. He designed “Monticello”. He liked farming and was an observer of nature. He invented the polygraph, a machine that copied each letter as he was writing. He always wanted to learn about science and study a lot of things.

Benjamin Franklin by Cody Herring

Ben Franklin was born on Milk Street in Boston Massachusetts on January 17, 1706. He died April 17, 1789. Franklin wanted to answer the question “Are lightning and electricity the same thing?” He made a strange looking kite – it had a rod at the top and a key on a silk cord at the end. On a stormy day, he and his son, Billy went outside with the kite. When lightning hit the rod, Mr. Franklin was holding the key. He got a “tingle” in his hand and figured out that lightning and electricity were the same thing. Mr. Franklin wanted to be able to control electricity. By taking a metal rod and putting it on top of a house he could help prevent homes from catching on fire caused by lightning. He had invented the “lightning rod”. People weren’t so afraid of lightning.

Jacques Cousteau By: Cole Dickerson

Jacques Cousteau was born in St. Andre- Cubzac, France on June 11th, 1910. He died on June 25th, 1997 in Paris, France. Jacques Cousteau did most of his work in the 1940s. Jacques Cousteau wanted to invent a device that would allow people to stay under water longer. He succeeded in the year of 1943. The device was called The Aqualung. Jacques Cousteau worked with Emile Gagnan on a portable breathing device. A portable breathing device would help them stay under water for several hours. It also allows divers to swim through the water more easily than the old diving suit. When Jacques Cousteau was young, he was injured in a car accident breaking both arms and other bones. When Cousteau was 20 years old, he graduated from the French naval academy at Brest and became an officer in his country’s navy. While Cousteau was recovering from his accident, he swam more. His friend, Philippe Talliez, told him to swim so he could get better faster.

Robert Oppenheimer

By Dalton McWilliams

Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City, NY on April 22nd, 1904. He died of throat cancer on February 18th, 1967. Robert Oppenheimer studied at Harvard and then started working with Ernest Rutherford at Cambridge University. Mr. Oppenheimer began to seek a process for the separation of uranium 235 from natural uranium to make an atom bomb. Robert Oppenheimer went to school and studied math and science after retuning to the USA in 1929 at university of California he worked with many great men and soon helped develop the 1st nuclear weapon. He then became the director of the Manhattan project where he worked with others in developing the atom bombs. Oppenheimer worked on this goal and it was clear that this was going to be a major change in the human world. He thought it might make a difference between victory and defeat.

Charles Robert Darwin by De'Andre Bright

Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12, 1809 to 1882. He became famous for his theories of evolution. He did his research at Chris Cambridge College. He collected plants, insects, and geological samples to study. He wrote The Origin of Species By Means of Natural Selection. He had a natural interest in how life began and how the strongest animal or healthiest plant lived.

Galileo Galilei

By: Elise Mollica

Galileo was born in the year 1564 in Pisa, Italy. He invented the 30- power telescope in the year 1609 while he was a professor at the University of Padua, in Italy. He did this by improving the Dutch 3- power spyglass. Later that year he became the first person to point a telescope at the sky, and discovered craters on the Moon, rings around Saturn, moons orbiting Jupiter, and the phases of Venus! Later in his life he used his invention to make many heavenly discoveries. He also wrote many books about them, like “Discourse on Floating Bodies”, and “Letters on Sunspots”. Galileo died in the year 1642 in Arcetri, Italy.

John Wesley Powell By: Hailey Gelzer

John Wesley Powell was born in Mount Morris, New York, September 23, 1834. Powell died September 23, 1902 six pm at night. On May 24, 1869, Powell started the river trip. They started their trip down the Green River in Green, Wyoming. John was the first person to navigate the Grand Canyon. It took 3 months to complete the trip. During the trip they ran 414 rapids and made 62 portages. They used four boats that were twenty-one feet long and four feet wide and could hold about four thousand pounds of cargo includes rice, flour, beans, coffee, sugar, bacon and dried apples. For Powell, the trip was based on intellectual adventure. Another reason was to make collections in geology, natural history, annuities and ethnology.

Orville Wright by Jacob Morris

Orville Wright was born on August 19, 1871 and he died on January 30, 1948. Orville and his brother, Wilbur, made the first “controllable” airplane. The plane was completed on December 17, 1903. He first flew the plane in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. When Orville and Wilbur were kids they loved mechanics. When they read about the death of pioneer glider pilot Otto Lilienthal in 1896, they became fascinated in flying. They started to study on the subject. By fall 1903 they made the first airplane.

Mary Anning By Kristine Evans

Mary Anning was a fossil scientist. She found fossils by the cliffs around her house. Mary Anning was born May 21, 1799 and she lived in England in 1799. She died of breast cancer on March 9, 1877. She studied fossils and bones and sold them. She dug the fossils out of the rocky cliffs. She found fossils because she liked to dig for strange stones and shapes buried in the cliffs around her house. She also liked to sell the fossils for money.

STEVE PAUL JOBS By Larry Castle

Steve Paul Jobs was born in Los Altos, CA in 1955. He is still living. He did his research in Los Altos, CA. He co-founded Apple computer. He also started his work in his family garage. The company was named after his favorite fruit the “apple”! Steve Job worked for Atari. He was a friend of Steve Wozniak and they designed games together. They made their “first killing” when the Byte Shop in Mountain View bought their first fifty fully assembled computers. The reason that he did all of this was because he loved computers and making games for them.

Herman von Helmholts By Luke Opitz

Herman Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholts was born in 1821 in Potsdam, Germany, and he died in 1894. He developed the first law of thermodynamics, also called the law of conservation of energy by studying metabolism in muscle. He also invented the ophthalmoscope.

Marie Curie By Maydha Kapur

Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland in Europe. For her studies she moved to France. She was born in 1867and died in 1934.She was awarded in 1903 and 1911. Marie Curie was a physicist chemist. She discovered two elements, Polonium and Radium. She was the first woman to get a Nobel Prize and the first person to get two. She discovered a process to get Radium out of ore. She also found out that Polonium is highly radioactive in its pure form. It was so radioactive it glowed. Mr.Becqurel discovered that Uranium emitted some rays that pass through flesh and wood. Other scientist ignored his discovery. Marie deiced to find out about the rays leading to her discovery of Radium.

Edwin Powell Hubble By Michael Bryant

Edwin Powell Hubble was a scientist who studied the sky. He was born in Marshfield, Missouri. He lived from 1889 to 1953. Hubble helped design a 200-inch Hale telescope. He was the first to use it .He studied the planets and the skies of space, and he used telescopes to see them. He wanted to see space and stars.

Marlin Perkins By: Monica Rishel

Marlin Perkins did his research all over the world. He was born in 1905 and he died in 1986. He lived for 81 years. Marlin Perkins was a zoologist. He had his own TV show, Wild Kingdom. He had a zoo career then he recognized his talent and became a zoologist and TV personality. He was always around animals.

Galileo Galilei by Morgen Leake

Galileo Galilei was an astronomer, philosopher, and mathematician. Galileo lived in Florence, Italy. He did his research at the University of Pisa. Galileo was born in Pisa, Italy, February 15, 1564. His family moved to Florence, Italy. He died in 1642. Galileo invented the telescope and he invented the pendulum. He invented the pendulum from his interest in motion and he also got his idea from a swinging lamp. He wanted to model the European telescope so that it would magnify objects 20 times greater. He invented the telescope so he could magnify objects in space.

Aristotle By Parker Miller

I did my research on Aristotle who lived in Ancient Greece from 384-322 B.C. Aristotle did physics, math, astronomy, and philosophy. He did many tests. He studied the world around him and worked on many things. He did research because he wanted to understand the world around him.

Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)

Sir Isaac Newton was born in Woolsthorpe in Linconshire, England, but he did most of his work in Cambridge. He wrote the three laws of physics which are displayed below. 1. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it. 2. The relationship between an objects mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F=ma. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector. 3. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

By Buddy Andersen

Sylvia A. Earle By Sophie Bromberger

Sylvia Earle was born in Gibbstown, New Jersey; now she lives in Oakland, California. She was born August 30th 1935 and is still alive. Sylvia Earle is a deep-sea diver. She also wrote 3 books. She helped get more funding from the government. By diving into the sea and researching the undersea world, she discovered some new animals. She also set some records. She was pulled into the ocean when she was a kid, and ever since she has loved the sea.

Thomas Alva Edison By Tom Sam

Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847 and died in 1941. He made the incandescent light bulb. Mr. Edison used wires which made the electricity run through them. He did it to help people to see in the dark. Thomas Edison gave light to the people.