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Disertační Práce Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Disertační práce 2019 Tomáš Kristlík Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Středisko ibero-amerických studií Iberoamerikanistika Disertační práce Mgr. Tomáš Kristlík, M.A. Dopad narkoterorismu na bezpečnostní prostředí amerických kontinentů Impact of Narcoterrorism on the Security Environment in the Americas Vedoucí práce prof. Markéta Křížová, Ph.D. 2019 Poděkování Tímto bych rád poděkoval celému Středisku ibero-amerických studií FF UK, především pak panu profesoru PhDr. Josefu Opatrnému, CSc., za vytvoření vynikajících podmínek pro akademickou práci a rovněž školitelce své disertační práce, paní profesorce Markétě Křížové, Ph.D., za její odborné a trpělivé vedení, bez něhož by tato práce nevznikla. Zároveň bych chtěl poděkovat Terezce, za její podporu a zázemí, které mi vytvořila pro psaní disertační práce. Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem disertační práci napsal samostatně s využitím pouze uvedených a řádně citovaných pramenů a literatury a že práce nebyla využita v rámci jiného vysokoškolského studia či k získání jiného nebo stejného titulu. V Praze, dne 27. 3. 2019 Tomáš Kristlík Abstrakt Tato disertační práce si klade za cíl předložit strategickou kvalitativní ekonomickou analýzu průmyslu ilegálního obchodu s drogami, jež se ve své moderní formě vyvinul napříč americkými kontinenty především v druhé polovině 20. století, s hlavním důrazem na Kolumbii a Mexiko. Následně pak provést analýzu jeho dopadu na bezpečnostní prostředí amerických kontinentů ve snaze formulovat uchopitelná doporučení a komplexní návrhy na jeho narušení. Hlavní premisou práce a vodítkem pro pozdější vyvozování konečných závěrů je, že obchodní transakce představuje podstatu pašování drog a jeho hlavním smyslem je tvorba hmotného zisku. Z tohoto důvodu ekonomická analýza tématu skýtá největší perspektivu ve smyslu formulace uchopitelných závěrů a doporučení. Narkoterorismus, i obecněji násilí spojené s obchodem s drogami, tato práce uchopuje, analyzuje a vysvětluje jako obchodní taktiku, která je nedílnou a klíčovou součástí obchodního modelu pašování drog. V závěrečné sekci práce rovněž předloží kritickou analýzu existujících strategických přístupů při potlačování obchodu s drogami ve snaze identifikovat nedostatky těchto přístupů a poskytnout alternativní efektivnější strategické postupy a nástroje pro řešení problematiky. Abstract This dissertation aims to provide a strategic qualitative economic analysis of the illicit drug trafficking industry as it evolved in its modern form across the Americas in the latter part of the 20th century, with principal focus on Colombia and Mexico, and to assess its impact on the security environment in the Americas with the ultimate ambition to provide tangible recommendations for complex disruptive countermeasures. The key premise upon which all the conclusions are later formulated is that trafficking in illicit substances is primarily an entrepreneurial activity aimed to generate profit and economic approach to the issue therefore yields the most promising prospects for tangible results. Narcoterrorism in its own merit, and drug-related violence in general, is contemplated, analyzed and explained as one of the key tactics inherent to the trafficking business model. Finally, a critical assessment of existing counter-narcotics strategies is performed in order to outline deficiencies of these policies with the aim to provide alternative and more effective countermeasures against illicit trafficking. Klíčová slova: Narkoterorismus, ilegální obchod s drogami, ilegální sítě, analýza sociálních sítí, strategická analýza Keywords: Narcoterrorism, illicit drug trafficking, illicit networks, social network analysis, strategic analysis CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION 7 1. NARCOTICS, THE INDUSTRY AND ITS FOUNDERS 15 1.1. From the Coca Plant to Cocaine Hydlochloride 15 1.2. Colombia: Birthplace of Modern Illicit Drug Trafficking Industry 16 1.3. The Illicit Drug Industry and Its Entrepreneurs 20 2. THE COMMODITY, THE ENTERPRISE AND THE BUSINESS MODEL 26 2.1. Structure and Process of Cocaine Trafficking 26 2.2. Illicit Entrepreneurs 33 2.3. Illicit Networks 42 2.4. Illicit Business Models 58 3. ASSESSMENTS AND COUNTER-STRATEGIES 70 3.1. Evolution of Narcoterrorism and the Nature of the Current Drug War in Mexico 70 3.2. Critical Assessments of Existing Strategies 93 3.3. Towards Complex Counter-strategy and Beyond 100 CONCLUSION 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY 115 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, there are many buzzwords in the realm of international affairs with narcoterrorism being one of the frequently used ones. Despite the fact that many domestic and foreign policy decisions of various countries are linked to this term, semantically and analytically it remains rather ambiguous in its focus and implications depending on which part of the word in emphasized. Originally, the term narcoterrorism was first coined by Peruvian President Fernando Belaúnde Terry in 1982 to describe terrorist tactics, such as assassinations and car bombs, employed by drug traffickers against anti-narcotics law enforcement forces in Peru and Colombia in the early 1980s.1 In this context, narcoterrorists are individual members of drug cartels2 or other criminal enterprises, whose actions attempt to influence government policies by systematic threat or use of real violence. Such description takes drug trafficking entities as the analytical object of reference, with the illicit smuggling representing the primary activity and terrorism depicting optional tactics, which is occasionally deployed. Trafficking in illicit substances is entrepreneurial activity aimed to generate profit. In that sense, the only difference between cocaine smugglers and car sellers is the legal status of their respective products. This statement is not intended to avoid the obvious moral relativity implied in that example, it is to point out the core fact and inevitable key assumption upon which any analysis of the topics must built upon: illicit drug trafficking is above all a business activity. Nevertheless, there is a key and prominent feature to this business activity, which makes it rather unique: the use of excessive violence. I define narcoterrorism, the keyword in the title of this dissertation, as “the use of excessive violence as indispensable business tactic to secure operational environment for profit-seeking illicit drug smuggling enterprise.” Illicit drugs are a commodity, trafficking industry is guided by the same economic logic as any other commercial activity. It is the legal status that makes difference in key aspects of illicit trafficking business models. The main deficiency resulting from the illegal status of certain drugs is the absence of a legal authority enforcing rules. When there is a conflict between companies like Pfizer, Merck or Novartis, their disputes regarding trademarks, mergers, acquisitions, insider trading, employee rights, tax evasions or frauds will be handled by attornies and settled by respective court’s ruling. There is no such tool available for illicit drug traffickers. There is no central legal authority to rule over territorial disputes, trademark issues or any other troubles a legal enterprise might encounter in its daily operational environment. Illicit traffickers need to provide solutions on their own to settle disputes involved in their business operations. Bribery and violence have become the tactics of choice due to their universal applicability and effectivity. Excessive violence rose to such a prominence among illicit drug traffickers that the term narcoterrorism was coined quite early in the evolution of the modern day illicit drug industry in the Americas to describe the scope and extent of violence involved. Prosperity and development in the Americas have been challenged by a variety of security threats, traditional and modern in nature, but none so far as menacing as narcoterrorism. Wars, foreign invasions, insurgencies, these dangers have been present for many states ever 1 “Police Station Attacked Near Site of Peru Prison Break,“ UPI Archives, March 9, 1982, https://upi.com/4256756. 2 Throughout the thesis, I occassionally use the term “cartel“ in its popular significance, as a reference to illicit drug trafficking organization of substantial size and capacity, without implication of collusive price fixing. 7 since they gained independence from Spain. Natural disasters, unemployment, lack of education, demographic issues, weaken rule of law in many states represent some of the most urgent modern ones. Illicit drug trafficking belongs to both of these categories. In countries such as Colombia or Mexico, smuggling has long and prosperous tradition dating back to at least the 19th century. Nevertheless, industrial level trafficking in illicit narcotics, primarily marijuana and cocaine, is a phenomenon created in the 1960s and 1970s when the United States developed a nation-wide passion for Latin American psychoactive plants consumption thus creating the largest consumer market in the world. In less than a decade after the U.S. demand stimulated increase in supply individuals such as Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria turned from local petty criminals and smugglers into drug lords controlling large trafficking enterprises with vast international network moving tons of cocaine across Latin America into the United States and Europe. Among the most effective tactics used by Escobar and other illicit drug industry tycoons have been bribe and brutal violence aimed at anyone representing an obstacle in their profit-making.
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