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IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM TRENDS ON AERONAUTICAL SECURITY By CHRIS ANTHONY HAMILTON Bachelor of Science Saint Louis University Saint Louis, Missouri 1987 Master of Science Central Missouri State University Warrensburg, Missouri 1991 Education Specialist Central Missouri State University Warrensburg, Missouri 1994 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of the Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF EDUCATION May, 1996 COPYRIGHT By Chris Anthony Hamilton May, 1996 IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL TERRORISM TRENDS ON AERONAUTICAL SECURITY Thesis Approved: Dean of the Graduate College ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere appreciation to all those who, support, guidance, and sacrificed time made my educational experience at Oklahoma State University a successful one. First, I would like to thank my doctoral committee chairman, Dr. Cecil Dugger for his guidance and direction throughout my doctoral program. Dr. Dugger is a unique individual for which I have great respect not only as a mentor but also as good and supportive friend. I would also like to thank my dissertation advisor Dr. Steven Marks, for his support and impute in my academic life at Oklahoma State University. I would also like to thank the Dr. Kenneth Wiggins, Head, Department of Aviation and Space Education for his continue and great support in many ways, that without, I will have never completed my educational goals. Finally, I would like to thank Dr. Deke Johnson as my doctoral committee member, that has always a kind and wise word to get me through difficult days. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY .......................................... 01 Introduction ....... '. ............................................................. 01 Statement of the Problem ..........................................· ............ 02 Purpose of the Study ........................................................... 02 Hypothesis ...................................................................... 02 Delimitations .................................................................... 02 Limitations . .. .. .. .. .. 03 Basic Assumptions ............................................................. 03 Defmition of Terms ............................................................ 03 Significance of the Study ...................................................... ITT II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................ 10 Origin of Terrorism ............................................................ 08 Definitional Focus on Terrorism .............................................. 09 Reign of Terror .......................................................... ; ...... 10 Characteristics of Terrorists........................... .. .. 11 Airport Security and Airlines .................................................. 11 Airport Security Plan ........................................................... 12 Protecting Airports from Terrorists . 12 Less Apparent Airport Security ........•...................................... 14 The International Response to Terrorism ............•....................... 15 Improve Defense Against Terrorism ......................................... 16 Terrorism and Ait Safety ...................................................... 17 The Stockholm Syndrome ..................................................... 18 III. ME'IlfOOOLOOY ...................................................................... 20 Collection of the Data .......................................................... 20 Data Synthesis .................................................................. 22 Logical Analysis ....................... ~ ......................................... 24 IV. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA ........................................................... 26 Characteristics of the Study ................................................... 26 Europe, and the former Soviet Union ........................................ 26 North Africa, Near and Middle East ......................................... 45 Sub-Sahara Africa ............. : ................................................ 55 South and East Asia· ...................... : ..................................... 58 Australia and the Pacific Ocean ............................................... 67 iv Chapter Page North America .................................................................. 68 Central America and the Caribbean ........................................... 88 South America .................................................................. 94 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... ~ ......... 104 Summary ............................................................ ~ .......... 104 Conclusions ................................................................ ; ... 112 Recommendations ...................... ·....................................... 114 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................... 116 APPENDIXES ....· ......... · ..................................................................... 119 APPENDIX A - LIST OF ORGANIZATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............ 120 APPENDIX B - CHRONOLOGY OF AVIATION INCIDENTS · FROM 1931 TO 1994 ............................................................. 122 V '.i.~·.,_>. : LIST OF TABLES Table Page I. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in Europe, and former Soviet Union ............................................ 27 II. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in North Africa, Near and Middle East. ......................................... 45 III. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in Sub-Sahara Africa ................................................... 55 IV. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in South and East Asia ................................................. 58 V. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in Australia and the Pacific ............................................ 67 VI. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in North America ....................................................... 68 VII. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in Central America and the Caribbean ........................................... 88 VIII. Chronology of Aviation Terrorist Incidents in South America ....................................................... 94 Vl 1 CHAPTER 1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY Introduction We are living in a mobile society and many people are traveling via the fastest economical means of transportation, the airplane. Within this fast-moving society, we are also experiencing a fast-growing fear of utilizing this means of transport. One cause of this fear is "terrorism." There can be few regular airline travelers who have not had occasion to worry about their involvement in a hijacking or aerial piracy. Yet the recognition of terrorists and the detection of their potential activities present major difficulties. Hijacking attempts are a serious threat to air safety. In addition to risks arising from the willingness of hijackers to use their weapons on the ground or, more dangerously, in flight, it is possible that an aircraft will be involved in an accident because hijackers insist on continuing a flight in unsafe conditions. There have been occasions when the lives of passengers were put at greater risk by the captain not being fully in command of the aircraft than by the direct violence threatened by the hijacker(s). The best place to stop aeronautical terrorism from occurring is at the airline terminal. International airport terminals are utilized by large numbers of people from nearly every country of the world. This is why airports and aircrafts are used by terrorists in their attempts to settle the arguments of the world. It is possible to produce a terror-proof airport, but this would require procedures and restrictions very frustrating to travelers. Such procedures however, would stop terrorists from carrying in and/or checking in luggage containing explosives, and subsequently not boarding the airplane. Terrorists may carry weapons not easily detectable by the current airport security systems. Improved 2 security would require better devices to detect such weapons. Such security measures would mean a huge increase in equipment, facilities, labor costs, and time delays. Unfortunately, if terrorism continues to be a problem, these measures may well be part of the future of air travel. Statement of the Problem Terrorism is a phenomenon of our daily life. At this point no systematic study of trends of international aeronautical terrorism has been conducted. Information is needed to further help design and guard against aeronautical terrorism. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study is to document past incidents and project future aeronautical terrorist activities worldwide. Terrorist activities and hijackings can be further prevented by utilizing information obtained through a review of prior air piracies, hijackings, and other airport and airline security problems and situations. Hypothesis The hypothesis of this study is that hijackers use similar procedures and attack patterns during an air piracy. By tracing these similarities, air carriers and agencies can further prevent future air piracies, and other airport and airline security problems and situations. The Delimitations 1. This study did not compare individual security systems of international

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