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After the Violence Peace Efforts in Colombia Have Ended 50 Years of Intense Conflict

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After the Violence Peace Efforts in Colombia Have Ended 50 Years of Intense Conflict After the violence Peace efforts in Colombia have ended 50 years of intense conflict. Now, scientists are studying former fighters and victims as they attempt to heal. BY SARA REARDON hen she first of thousands of people and displaced had gathered hundreds Fighters with FARC have began study- millions. Four of Trujillo’s family mem- of ex-combatants for a chance to re-enter ing the people bers had been kidnapped, and the the day in Medellín’s Colombian society. who had ter- violence had driven her father from his botanical garden. rorized her farmland. Some of her colleagues had She and her research team entered the country,W Natalia Trujillo prepared herself experienced much worse. enclave with a battery of cognitive tests, to come face to face with monsters. Trujillo, now a neuroscientist at the panic buttons — in case something went She would be interviewing former University of Antioquia in Medellín, was wrong — and some preconceived ideas. “I combatants from the long, bloody con- interested in studying the psychological thought people who can kill their neigh- flict that had gripped Colombia for more roots of violence by looking at fighters bours, that can destroy their communi- FEDERICO RIOS ESCOBAR/NYT/REDUX/EYEVINE than 50 years. The complex power strug- who had laid down their weapons and ties, that can have the heart to force other gle between guerrilla insurgents, the were trying to re-enter civilian society. people to abandon their farms — they government, paramilitary groups and Her chance came in 2010, with a gov- have to be really bad,” Trujillo says. She drug traffickers had killed hundreds ernment reintegration programme that found a few who met her expectations. ©2018 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. NEWS FEATURE NATURE GREG KENDALL-BALL/ GREG The town of Vista Hermosa could serve as a natural laboratory for the study of reconciliation. With chains around their necks and boast- a unique opportunity to understand a popu- realized not ful swaggers, some tried to intimidate the lation that has both inflicted and suffered the researchers. But more often, the scientists horrors of war. Most research into the psy- all of them found ordinary people, strolling in the gar- chological roots of violence and trauma has “I den and eating ice cream with their children. been performed with veterans from wealthy are sociopaths. “At the beginning I was pretty disap- countries who fought in conflicts far from pointed,” she says. If something were wrong home. Most of Colombia’s ex-combatants, by I realized most with their brains, it would provide an easy contrast, have little education and are trying explanation for the evil they had done. But to re-enter the same society they once ter- of them are also after studying more than 600 combatants, rorized. There, they face enormous stigma she has begun to grasp the complexity of and resentment, which makes it difficult for victims.” their experiences. “I realized not all of them them to find work and form relationships are sociopaths. I realized most of them are with others. also victims.” A handful of scientists are now study- countries’ recovery efforts. That recognition has led Trujillo and her ing the former fighters in unprecedented But the research is also revealing just colleagues to re-examine not only their own detail, in the hope that they will be able to how deep the challenge is. And some feelings about ex-combatants, but also the inform and guide the peacemaking process. experts worry that the care available to ex- country’s approach to dealing with them. They have found that years of isolation and combatants in the meantime is inadequate. Colombia’s government is currently engaged exposure to violence might have altered the “It’s going to be incredibly difficult to get out in one of the largest peace efforts in history. ex-combatants’ psychology and cognitive of this vicious cycle,” says Jiovani Arias, a As part of a 2016 treaty with the left-wing processing in subtle ways. In laboratory psychotherapist and political scientist at the guerrilla group known as the Revolution- tests, many have difficulty empathizing University of the Andes in Bogotá. Without ary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), the with others and make flawed ethical judge- investment in improving mental health, he government will grant amnesty to fighters ments — shortcomings that could affect says, the legacy of violence that affects ex- who leave the conflict and complete a re- how they engage in civilian life. combatants and civilians alike could torpedo incorporation programme, provided they Scientists are now setting up long- Colombia’s precarious peace efforts. have not committed serious crimes. Around term studies in towns that were plagued 6,800 FARC fighters have entered already. by conflict, to track how cognition and THE ROAD TO PEACE The effort, which is politically contro- attitudes might change over the course As a bus full of scientists pulls into the town versial and expected to cost 129.5 trillion of the reconciliation process, both for ex- of Vista Hermosa in central Colombia, Colombian pesos (US$46 billion), faces combatants and for civilians. The data Diana Matallana, a neuropsychologist at the overwhelming odds. But it grants scientists could eventually inform other war-torn Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, 20 | NATURE | VOL 557 | 3 MAY 2018©2 0|1 8CORRECTEDMac millan Publish 10ers LMAYi mited , 2018part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. ©2018 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. FEATURE NEWS still seems unable to believe where she is. “Five years ago, you could not come here,” she says. “It’s like a symbol of the hardest part A lingering of the conflict.” Colombia’s armed conflict waxed and conflict waned for half a century as various mili- A 2016 treaty is helping to end decades of violence between the Colombian tant groups vied for control of territory. government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC), a Civilians were caught in the crossfire: left-wing guerrilla group. As a result, thousands of former FARC combatants are entering designated ‘transit zones’ known as territorial spaces for more than 260,000 people were killed and training and reincorporation (ETCRs) which are dotted around the country. In 7 million displaced during the decades of these zones, the ex-ghters will begin a process to demobilize and prepare violence, according to a government registry for re-entry into Colombian society. Still, there are several guerrilla Caribbean of victims. groups that continue to ght, including 1,000 FARC ‘dissidents’ who Sea have refused to put down their weapons. They pose a danger to The Meta region, where Vista Hermosa ex-combatants and a challenge for peacemaking eorts. lies, was one of many areas abandoned by the Colombian military in the 1990s and ETCR FARC dissidents’ activity left to be governed alternately by paramili- tary groups and guerrillas. It was a fraught arrangement. The guerrillas helped to develop infrastructure but were swift to kill suspected informants. The paramilitar- PANAMA ies, hired mostly by drug lords and wealthy VENEZUELA AND RESPONSES TO TERRORISM (2017); RETRIEVED FROM HTTP://WWW.START.UMD.EDU/GTD TERRORISM (2017); RETRIEVED TO AND RESPONSES political elites, tended to be more ruthless, torturing suspected spies and leaving bodies Medellín across the doorsteps of elementary schools. Both sides dealt heavily in the cocaine trade South COLOMBIA and kidnapped thousands of people for ran- America Bogotá Pacific som — including Matallana’s brother. La Unión SOURCES: MAPS, ARN/LA FUNDACIÓN IDEAS PARA LA PAZ; GRAPH, NATL CONSORTIUM FOR THE STUDY OF TERRORISM THE STUDY CONSORTIUM FOR GRAPH, NATL LA PAZ; IDEAS PARA MAPS, ARN/LA FUNDACIÓN SOURCES: Since the 2016 peace deal, FARC combat- Ocean Cali Vista ants have been allowed to enter a disarma- Hermosa ment and rehabilitation campaign run by Colombia’s Reincorporation and Normali- zation Agency (ARN) in Bogotá. The ARN had been established years earlier, and it has since facilitated the reintegration of some 20,000 paramilitaries and guerrillas who left the conflict independently or as part of ECUADOR a separate peace agreement. For newly re-entering FARC members, HALF A CENTURY OF TERROR BRAZIL the ARN now operates 26 makeshift set- The Global Terrorism Database contains decades of data on tlements throughout Colombia, known as attacks and kidnappings initiated by FARC, paramilitaries, transit zones (see ‘A lingering conflict’). They drug trackers and other militant groups during the half PERU century of violence that gripped the country. These attacks 200 kilometres offer amenities such as education and health reect just a fraction of the estimated 260,000 lives lost to care, and help to provide at least a measure the conict over the years. of protection for the ex-combatants, who are regularly targeted by former enemies, Deaths Kidnappings former allies who refuse to surrender, and 1985 1989 civilians. After completing a programme, ex- Marxist guerrilla group Drug lord Pablo Escobar combatants can receive ID cards that allow M-19 lays siege to the orders the bombing of 1,200 Palace of Justice in Bogotá; Avianca Flight 203, them to live and work legally in the country. 89 people are killed. killing 107 passengers. The prospect of their return doesn’t thrill some local residents of Vista Hermosa. A 1,000 2002 road sign in Spanish that reads “Together, Fighting between FARC and peace and life after the conflict are possi- a paramilitary group results 800 ble” has been pelted with pink paintballs. 1977 in the death of 119 civilians “Someone disagrees,” remarks one of the Protester deaths in the town of Bojayá.
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