Quick viewing(Text Mode)

Relationship of the Alaya-Vijnana to Theories of the Unconscious

Relationship of the Alaya-Vijnana to Theories of the Unconscious

EAIOSI O E AAYAIAA O EOIES O E UCOSCIOUS

I E SYCOOGY

Y

ACESCA ACOA OAE

.A., h Unvrt f rth Clb, 86

A ESIS SUMIE I AIA UIME O

E EQUIEMES O E EGEE O

MASE O AS

n

E ACUY O GAUAE SUIES

prtnt f l Std

Aptd nfrn t th

tndrd rrd fr th

r f Mtr f Art

E UIESIY O IIS COUMIA

Aprl, 2 © rn b llndr, 2 In prntn th th n prtl flflnt f th rrnt fr n dvnd dr t th Unvrt f rth Clb, I r tht th brr hll t frl vlbl fr rfrn nd td. I frthr r tht prn fr xtnv pn f th th fr hlrl prp b rntd b th hd f dprtnt r b h r hr rprnttv. It ndrtd tht pn r pbltn f th th fr fnnl n hll nt b lld tht rttn prn.

(Sntr

prtnt f l Std

h Unvrt f rth Clb nvr, Cnd

t Ot.42

E6 (288 i i

Abtrt

álvjññnh álvjññn h bn th bjt f h hlrl rrh nd h frntl bn drbd tp f blnl r nn lvl f ntl prn. Althh vrl ttpt hv bn d t tt prn btn th f Yáár jñptátrtá nd th phll nn n pth phl, thr trdtn f rrr xplfd b rtl xlvl fr th phnlt prptv tht nr th ntv nn. Whl th prn rvl rd l tht thr r nn ntl pr pprtd b rnt r, thr , hvr, n nd t dntf npt f th nn th phnl nd prt f th prp f th ppr t prt th nn fr t rdn nntn. h nt dn n th prt f dn r drdtn phnlt thr, t dn n th ntrt f nptl lrt.

In hptr n I tln th phnlt thr f th nn n pth hl. In hptr t I d th ntv nn nd prnt prl vdn fr rrh td dn n nn ntl prn hh

pprt th l tht thr r nn ntl pr nd tht th nn ntl pr r n n rltd t rdn thr f th nn. Chptr thr pr th phnlt nn th th ntv nn n th b f rprn, rvrblt f nn ntnt, iii nblt, nd th fft f nn nfln. Chptr fr nd fv brfl d th dvlpnt f

á, t fndr, n txt, nd

álvjññnnpt. Chptr th x thrpr f th nn n th r f rprn, rvrblt f nnYáár ntnt, jñptátrt nblt nd th fft f nn nfln. nll, hptr vn d th phllálvjññn trnfrtnthr. n ▪•

v AE O COES Abtrt ii Intrdtn . hr f th Unn n pth hl . . 4 .. hnlt hr f th Unn . ... rptv Unn 0 ..2. n Unn 0 ... Stt Unn ..4. rnl Unn 2 ... Clltv Unn 2. hr f th nn n Cntv hl 8 2.. Unn Infln f Unttndd Inpt 2 2.2. Eprl Evdn 2 2.2.. Sblnl prptnSbptn . . 2 2.2.2. Infrtnrn rd f th nn 2 2.2.. vr rd f th nn 2 2.2.4. tn rd f th nn 2 2.2.. Iplt Mr 0 2.2.6. IpltExplt Mr tntn 2 2.2.. Iplt Knld b f th nn 4 . hnlt nn v ntv nn .. prn .2. vrblt 40 .. Inblt 4 .4. Unn Infln 44 4. vlpnt f Ylr: tr nd xt 46 . Yr rdtn 4 .. Ontl 4 .2. AlvSrn .2.. fntn 2 .2.2. Strtr f nn .2.. ntn 4 .. Ehtfld rf f lvjfn 6 ... Sr r ..2. Ipblt f Apprprtn hl r ... Ipblt f Orntn nd Sltn ntnn f th Sn Cnn 8 ..4. h Ipblt f Clr Mntl Cnn 60 ..6. Ipblt f Atn 6 ... Ipblt f hl Exprn 6 ..8. Ipblt f Mndl Attnnt 64 ... Ipblt f th 64 6. Ilvjnn & thr f th nn 6 6.. prn 66

6.2. vrblt 68 6.. Inblt 6 6.4. Unn Infln 6 . Cnln 0 .. hll rnfrtn

OES

IIOGAY 2

AEI: h Ehtfld rf f th Ilvn

Ioucio Scieiic sycoogy ega as e suy o cosciousess

Wu 1 icee a ames 3 wo oue e eaies

sycoogica aoaoies geeay assume a e mi was ae o osee is ow ie wokigs o is easo ey

eie o e meo o iosecio 5 y wic aie osees aeme o aaye ei eceios memoies a ougs a euce em o eemeay sesaios images a eeigs u oseaios i o e aoaoy a ciic suggese a mea aciiy was o imie o coscious eeiece o eame emoe cocue a coscious eceio was e ouc o ucoscious ieeces ie ae a simy eaig o eces e wo o eea simuaio we ucosciousy aw o ou as kowege i oe o eec accuae ieeaios o wa we eceie e eeiece o oes as eceio is ucosciousy ae o oes ese eacio o simuus A is cage wi Sigmu eu wose eoeica coiuio i o o oe mome assume we cou escae e imac o e ucoscious i ou mea ies o eu some ougs eeigs a aasies wee o oy uaee ey wee seeciey aoie---a ocess e cae eessio euia eoies o e ucoscious emasie e eisece a iuece o esoa iea ees a wee o aee o oice Cogiie eoies o e ucoscious as esee i cogiie sycoogy ae eamie e imac o eea ees a ae 2 nt ttndd r ntd. Althh ht phzd dffrnt, bth trdtn rt tht n xprn

bjt t nn nfln. 8 h Yrn t hd pl ntrt n th td nn. h ht t ndrtnd th rltnhp btn ntl pr nd thr rl pltn. An

ndrtndn f th ntr f ntl tvt, n nd nn, ntrl t Yr trl. h l f prtl prt t n nd fnll lnt th l pttrn f xprnn th rld fltrd thrh th fv n nd th drtn ntllt. h trtr f nn r th prnt bjt f td fr th rl Yrn phlphr. Mnd pbl f nn t n pr, f ndrtndn th ntr f ntl ntrtn thrh th ln dvlpd n vn ltr nd thrh th ntrdpndn btn nd nd t bjt b th bjt

f vr td nd ntrvr. In th r f thr nl f nn th Yrn dvlpd thrtl ntrprttn f ntl prn hh nldd n "ndrln nn" lr t th "nn" n th phll n. h "ndrln

nn" lld th lvjnn, ndrd t b th ltnt btrtr f ll ntl tvt.

Althh thr h bn rn ntrt n th prtv td f th lvjnn f jnpttrt

Yr (Yd O 86 Crnv 88 Wldrn 88 nd th nn n pth phl, t f th rtl

r rttn nl fr phnlt prptv b rd thrzn bt th nn h bn ptd th nl ntrprttn f nn ntl prn n ddht

td. bth Yr jnpttrt thr nd phl ffr nht nt th rn f nn ntl trtr nd pr, th ppr ll pr th l vjnn th thr f th nn n pth phl nd

ntv phl n th r f rprn, rvrblt f nn ntnt nd pr, nblt, nd th fft f nn nfln. 4

. hr f th Unn n pth hl In th hptr I ll xn th phnlt thr f th nn n pth hl fn n rprn, rvrblt f nn ntnt, nblt, nd th fft f nn nfln. "pth hl " tr d t drb n phl tht ptlt dn ph ntl tvt tht r "nn" nd ttpt t ndrtnd nd t r th th nn nd. h dfntn ppl t th phll

vnt fr Mr t rd nd nrd, nld phnl, nn nl, nd hpn. En llr (8 rdtd th hvn nd th tr `fnphl (pth phl hh pplr t th t hn phnl td th th phl f th nn. In th ddl f th nntnth ntr rtt nd phlphr hd dvlpd npt f th nn nd

hh pld n prtnt prt n hpn rd d n th

bjt, nd htrn f phl hv rnzd th dbt hh phnl t Erpn nt." th 00 Erpn hd t rb th flln fr prt fntn t th nn: ( th fntn f rrdn

r nd rtrn prptn hh ftn p n

ttntn (2 th dltv fntn, vdnd b hpnt bhvr nd th ltpl r plt prnlt f

hzphrn ptnt ( th rtv fntn f nnvtv r nprtnl thnn nd (4 th thpt fntn f fbrtn nnr rn, fnt, r dr hh v ph lf nd f tn rlt prt fr vnt tht trnpr n th phl nvr." t rd btn r

ntf rthr thn ltrr, nd h npt f nd l nflnd b tnt t ntf trl. A fr h nrnd ntl vnt r dttd b phl pr, nd h blvd tht phll fntn rdl dtrnd b ntrl l. rd hn bn dndnt fr prtv ntr, nd tht th hd nhrtd ntntv pl hh hd t b rtrnd n rdr t t th dnd f vlzd xtn. It n th ntxt tht rd bn t vlz th nn tdl ntttn, ntl trh n hh drptv ntnt ld b nfnd nd lnd. .. hnlt hr f th Unn

rd ntl dvr f lvl f nttn, hh nt bl t dt rn, bt hh h brvbl

fft n bhvr nd n xprn, rt n th dn npt t ntdt, h frt f th rd, "ph nl" n 86. nnvtn d xpl f ht h Khn h drbd th dvlpnt f n prd." It td n ntrt t th v f h frt llbrtr,

ph rr, h thrzd tht thr pl bn f

ntn btn ht h lld "hpnd" ntl tt nd 6 n nn. d tht n h hpnd ntl tt, rl tr hd rrd nd hd bn "frttn." rd trd t ll r phll thr t xt d b d th h n dl ntl "brvtn hd l nd nl n thn. "l b nvnd tht th

"plttn ff" f ntl ntnt dpl tvtd n h f htr nd nt pl n bn f ntn btn ntl tt. nldd tht th nblt f ntl ntnt rltd fr th dvlpnt f ll dfnd "nr" dnd t p th t f rn. rd frltd t jr thr f th nn. h frt prntd n h Intrprttn f r (00, nd th nd n th E nd th Id (2. An rlr frltn f th nn, prdtn tht f h Intrprttn f r, n b trd thrh A rt fr Sntf hl (8 nd h Orn f hnl (88

02.

In h frt frltn f th nn, rd ttptd t xpln ntn tht rn b h rfrn t lr f ntl ntnt l t nn. h ltnt nn, rdn t rd, nrprtd th ntl ntnt hh ld tprrl dppr fr nn bt

r ntll bl. rd pprtd th ptn th lnl brvtn h th nxptd rn f

ltn t thtl prbl drn lp, th pthpnt prfrn f td t, nd lr ndnt. dtnhn ltnt ntnt (bl t nn fr rprd ntnt (nbl t nn, t pbl fr rd t prlll ptn f lrn th ph nt th rprdnn, th ltntnn (prn, nd nn. h dvn ndrlnd b th ft tht n h ntn nr xtd hh

prtd th dffrnt r. 6 rd nvd th tr nn vrn n ntr t."

In rd nd frltn f th nn h dntnd tn th rprd nd th nn 8 nd n

h E nd th Id, rd t nt ndrtn th ttlt f th ndvdl, brn fr h prnlt pprh. thn plt th n, nn, nd prn nt

nd trprtt dvn f th E, Id, nd Spr. , th ntrpl btn th thr E, Id, nd Spr dr h jr ntrt. In th d, rd rnzd n r hh r npn thn th nn nd ntnd drv hh dd nt nd t b rprd. Evrthn hh h hd frrl

d t b hrtrt f th nn ll vld fr th d. h d pnd vt f th prnl phlnt brnd f th ph. It rprntd th "dr, nbl prt f r prnlt." f th nhrnt

nblt, rd th d n r hh pn t t nfln.

pl t bttt th tr "d" hr "nn" hd frrl bn d fr th dvr tht th pr 8 ntnd n nn prt f th hh hd nt bn rprd. h pr, lthh nt rprd, th f ll rprn tvt. Etn th nn nd th rprd n lnr pbl. h pr, tht nn prt f th , prtnt t rd b ntl fntn f th ndvdl h tn f nn r rlt rntd n th nn r prtd t f th nn. Wth th nptn f th pr rd t dv tp fr ndrn th lbdn bjt t n pprl f th bjt. rd th pr nl n rv nd lfdtrtv pr hh n t rl f ntrjtn prntl thrt nldd ll th rn ltd n th d f th frt prntr. thr th th dvr f th nn prt f th

nt lrr ndrtndn f th (prn prt, th `rlt. rd ndd t th th t f th rlt prnpl, f ntrl nd rprn. h hpth frthr nfrd b th dvr f th rt f th n th dp lr f th d. rd dtrnd tht th (prn " tht prt f th d hh h bn dfd b th drt

nfln f th xtrnl rld" 20 nd h b th rnzn ntr. Aftr rd hd llttd th rl fntn t th pr nd prtd t fr th ttl , th n th nrrr n rtnd th vtl fntn f rlt ttn nd f prttn th ndvdl fr ntrnl ll

xtrnl dnr. Sn th l nd th n f thnn, rnn, nd prdn, 2 th d t "lv t thr tr," prttn th ndvdl "fr th xtrnl

rld, fr th lbd f th d, nd fr th vrt f th

pr." 22 h, th nfnd nd pprd t h dr tht t l b "th tl t f nxt." 2 In phthrp, thrfr, rd nd jr prtn t th , nl n th djtnt t rlt nd ntrl f th drv. xprd th v n th ntn "Whr d , thr hll b. “24 In th t frltn f th nn, ntl pr r dvdd trtrll n tr f hthr th r nvlvd th ntntl rtftn (d, rlt ntrn (, rlt (pr,r, ntl pr vlbl t nn, rnn fr plt nvlblt (nn, ptntl vlblt (prn, nd plt vlblt (n.

pt th jr rl pld b th nn n phnl ht rd tll nt b th tr vr

nfn. r xpl, h d th tr nn (d Unbt n t thr nldd n th

"drptv, "dn," nd "tt". 2 d n h r n thl nd rln, Crl n frthr nfd th b n th "prnl" nd "lltv" nn. hrfr,

n th nxt tn I ll rv f h f th n n rdr t lltrt th n dfntn d fr th tr

nn. 0 ... rptv Unn rd nfd ll ntl ntnt nd pr tht r nt t n vn nt n nn th drptv

nn. h drptv nn dvd ntl ntnt nd pr nt t bt, th tht r n rn t n vn t (th n nd th tht r nt (th nn. h nn n th n h bn pprtd b rrh dn n ntv phl. ..2. n Unn h dn nn, l trd, "th nn prpr" r pl "th nn," rlt fr dtntn rd btn "t nd f nn." On dfnd

n r dptnl tr ntl ntnt tht r pbl f bn n tht nn ntl ntnt tht n b prt f nn nd th thr th hh th dfflt r pbl. lld th nn hh

nl ltnt, nd b l n, th Iprn 26

nd rtnd th tr nn fr th "thr". h rprnt frthr dvn f th drptv nn nt t plntr bt, th prn nd th nn prpr (r dn nn. h nn prpr (r dn nn b th "nbl, " hh

rrpnd t th ntv phll , 2 th prn rrpndn t "bl" ntl ntnt.

h dn nn dfnd b rd nt nl nbl bt l tht hh rprd fr nn." h tfld dfntn f th nn prpr th nbl, nd th rprdld nt b prblt f th t dfntn ntd t th thn r f n nrl pld th thr. Gvn tht rprn prd nblt, d th nvr fll tht ll nbl ntl ntnt r nbl b vrt f bn rprd? And f nt, h hld n dnt h nbl ntl ntnt? h r nt "prn," bt f th r nt nn n th n f bn rprd thn n ht n r th nn? h tn f th nn (th

nbl hld nt b ntnld th n thr bt h thn r nn (h rprn. It pbl t blv n th xtn f th nn, vn f n tv, ntrv, nd, thrfr, "dn" nn, tht nrl pprtn th prptn tht rprn nt fr ll r vn f th nn. rd nl dvlpd n thr f th nn. ... Stt Unn rd thrd n f th nn, th tt n

(ltr rdntd th d, rfr nt t rdtn f nnthh t nn bt t hpthzd t (trtr, rnztn f th nd tht, n ntrt t nprn t ltr dntd th ,

xlvl hdnt ("t b th plr prnpl" nd prtv ntvl (t prt rdn t "prr pr fntnn". It n th n tht "th l f nn 2 tvt dffr...fr th n." t n th tt nn blhd b rd n h E nd th Id nd nrprtd nt h "trtrl dl f nd" th d, th frl t b rvd t ndt tht th l f th d dffr fr th f th (th plr prnpl nd prr pr fntnn vr th rlt prnpl nd ndr

pr fntnn. h pnt ndrrd b bth

dvt nd rt f th nn, frntl th t f n tht fr th "phnlt" nn t b dntrtd, t t b hn tht nn pr fll dffrnt rl thn n n. h nn rpld b rd n 2, bn th d. h drptv nn, tht , th bl bt nt d, rrn n prl prf, nd n n dtnhd fr th nn prpr b rd rdntn f t th prn. Wht rnd thn th nn prpr (r "dn nn" hh th nbl. Inblt r nt b d t rprn, thh t hld b phzd tht th nbl

b dn n th n f bn tv r nflntl n

hpn nn bhvr. ..4. rnl Unn In ntrt t rd, n" r n th nn fd n th ttlt f n nd nn pr. d th tr "nt" nd "ttlt" r "hln" fr th

frt t n , nd h ndrtd h "ttl rtn" dvlpntl pr hh prd ll pt f th ndvdl. r thn n, h ntntl pd th th d f "ttl prnlt." th ttlt nldd n ll nn ntnt, vrthn dpndd pn tblhn prdtv rltnhp btn th nd

th nn. h dtn f th ppt f n nd nn th prrt fr "ndvdtn," tht "pr f dffrnttn hvn fr t l th dvlpnt

f th ndvdl prnlt." 6 h l nldd th plnttn f th prnlt b th ntrfntn, "th rtr prnlt" pr hh n xltd n th

npt f lfrlztn.

Cn nd nn r nt nrl n nfltn pptn, hh prdnntl rd v. n phl pld r ph n n tttd pn trd th ntrpl btn nn nd th nn. n thr f th nn nldd: ( n r (2 th prnl nn nd ( th lltv nn.

( Cn r E

rd, n ttrbtd th pr f lfprrvtn

t th , prttn th ndvdl, bt, nl rd h dd

nt t th t f nxt. n npt f th dffrd fr rd d t t n nntn th nn. n rnzd n th th pnt f rfrn

f ll n tn. In th ntxt h frthr 4 nfrtn f th trtr f th plx nntl, th nt nl th ntr f th fld f nn, bt l "th bjt f ll n tn f th ndvdl."" In ntrt t rd, h rnzd n th pr n nn prt f th , n l ntnd tht "nn... t b th nr prndtn fr th "" hvr, "tht th , nn

nthnbl" nt ll vld. Onl thrh nn dd th p tht lt hh l tltd th prn th th ln bd f th n. Wth th flt th b th ppt f th nn, th n hh bl t dd nflt nd dn nd rpnblt. Evn thh n ndvdl prnlt rfltd n th

, th lt f nn nt vlnt t tht f th prnlt hl. n d f th "ntr hh n f thn" nthr ndd th rd (prn nr th h pr. Wht rd ttrbtd t th pr pprd t n h r l th f rprnttv f th lltv nn, f th "nvntnl rlt, th rtn f rdnl prptr

nd." 1 A ppd t rd ptn f bll

nn rn f th pr (b ntrjtn f rl rl nd ptrnl thrt, n n th pr n tn hh rfltd th rl rl nhrnt n nvntnl t. Wht n d n th npt f th pr th prn f n ntlltl thrt t hlln th ndvdl. n llnlv pnt f v l vdnt n h npt f th . th th rlt f dvlpntl pr n hh th ndvdl rdll r fr tt f plt dpndn n th brnd f th ph t ntn nd ntnt. r h, th pr th xprn f thn rtr n th ndvdl hh tndd t nntrt th ntll nntrd rl f th ph nt vrtl fnpnt. (2 rnl Unn d n npt f th prnl nn pr th rd d f th nn? rd dtnhd btn th prl drptv npt f th ltnt nn, hh

prtd fr nn nl b n nnfnt nr, nd th lld dn nn, tht , th rprd

ntnt. h ltnt nn lrl ndd th th

"frn f nn," hh l t nn. h rprd n rd nd n n phl nfrd nl n prt, n fr rd nrnd, th nn ntttd n ntll dffrnt n fr th (prn. It bd thr l (fr fltn nr,

blt f thx, hn f dtn btn fft

nd d ll dffrnt tv (plr prnpl. 6 h rl f nn rnd hdl t rd. ntnd th ptn f rdn nn t r pr f brvtnbth f ntrnl nd xtrnl vnt. In ddtn, h nvd th "prfl prt f th ph

pprt" "hhl ftv tt," hh d "nt lv bhnd n prnnt hn...bt xpr(, t r, n th phnnn f bn n. " 42 rtd tht nn nd r r n th hl tll xlv" thr plntr rltnhp btn nn nd tr f xttn."" In th pr f prptn th r tr t hv lppd nt th prn nd fr thr b bl t nd nn. h nt nl th fntn f bn n dpndnt n th prn nd rrvd fr th prn . rd nldd fr th tht brnn t nn th brnn t prn rn." In ntrt, n ld nt b dffrn btn th t phr f nn nd th prnl nn, tht , th rprd. th phr

nn ll th prnl nnprntd fln, , d, nd thht. n ndrd th "nvntn f nn th t pr frt f th tr f nld,"" n dvd th npt f th nn n t prt, th prnl nn nd th lltv nn." In h xplrtn f th nn n nrnd th th rl

f nn, hh h frntl rfr t th n. ntnd tht thr rltnhp r dtn f th n nd th nn. h nn ppr t b plntr t th n, flln t r pltn ht fnd ln thr. In th f dtn th nn xrtdl ppd t th ntnt f th

n, bt th fntnl rltnhp f th nn pr t nn drbd pntr, n xprn h tht brn t th rf th blnl trl tht ntlltd b th n ttn, .., ll th ntnt hh ld nt b n fr th ptr f vrthn r n. h pntr fntn f th nn b r bv th r ndd th n

tttd pthl frnh nr xpl f th. 4h pntr fntn f th nn t th n th rnrtn f n phl b fr phthrp. Unl rd phnl, hh t rtrv rprn fr th nn, n pprh t th nn pbl th nln b th n f n

nd tn tht hv nvr prvl bn xprnd

nl.

... Clltv Unn A rlt f n td n th phl f rln

nd thl, h nt tfd th ltn nn tvtn t nfntl, xl, r prnl drv. dd nt r th rdn nn tv t h nd

hflfllnt. r n prrdl nd h 8 brvtn f thr ftn vrprn nnt nd prprnl nn ld n t dvr tht ndvdl nn nt tht prdtrnn ftr. h prdtrnn ftr h fnd n th d f th lltv nn, h ntnt r nhrtd nd ntll nvrl. It "tr h....f ltd xprn, "° nd t ntnt, th rhtp, "dpt f th ntntl rptd xprn" f nnd. 4 Unl rd, t h th nn ntd ntll f rprd

nfntl xl h, ° n n t l " lltv ph dptn, rtv n hrtr." h lltv nn n bjtv ft, l xtnt nd frn th ntntl vtl brnd f ph vnt. h tr "lltv nn" pprd fr th frt t n drptn f th nvrl nd bt dp lr f th ph."

Whl th f th prnl nn rprntd rfltn f prnl xprn, th fr f th lltv nn r f n prnl ntr." n lld th pnnt f th lltv nn rhtp. n drbd th rhtp prrdl tht r th t fndntl nrdnt f th ph. h r th fr tht ndrl vrthn tht prv, n, nd thn. 2. hr f th nn n Cntv hl A flr th n ntv phl h bn tht phnlt nptn f th nn ld prl

vdn. Cntv phlt hv ll n bnd prl pt nd td tht vn th npt f

nn ntn h n pl n phl. h v, hh prtll xpln th n f th tp f th nn fr th rrh ltrtr, nd vn th n f th rd nn fr th vblr f n phlt prvlnt n th 0, hn prl rrh, 4 lttl bdd tht n nvnn vdn fr phnltnprd nptn f nn nfln n prptn. Erdl (4 nttd nd ttpt" b n trn fr thrtl nntn btn ntv phl nd phnlt nptn f nn ntn. Althh th rrh h rnd tv, t h nt prdd dl ptd vdn fr phnlt

ntrprttn f nn nfln n prptn.

t ftr r f nlt, pn, nd frtrtn, nn pr hv n b n ptd tp fr rrh n ntv phl. Slld blnl prptn h n l n lf, nd ntv nrphlt ffr

plln v f nn r. Sl nd nnl phlt hv dntd th rl f nn pr

n lrnn nd jdnt, nd xplrtn f nttn nd

nht r n th d f nn thht. h dvlpnt thn th ntv nn (Khltr, 8, tr ntrdd b l zn (6, hv t th t fr 20 rvvl f ntrt n nn tnl nd tvtnl pr ll. h ttntn t th trl f nd

(lrd, 80 v n ntrprttn f th phll nn (Khltr, 0. Intrt n nn ntl lf, r nfrtn prn td f n rn t rvvl t r dn b ntv nrphlt th ptnt ffrn

fr vr fr f th n ndr. h rntn tht nrll ptnt ffrn fr th n ndr h th prtn fft f pt vnt tht th nnt rbr ht Shtr (8 h lld plt r h d t pbl t npt h rn nd nn nd t pt th d f nn nfln n xprn, thht nd tn.

h rrh h prvdd prl rlt tht rt drptn n tr f nn ntn. h rlt fr xprnt tht ndrt tt fr dt r ln tr rd f brl prptbl r ttndd bt frttn vnt. h ll tblhd phnn r ltd t rltvl nr ntv ft. Althh nn ntn n ldl tblhd n prl rrh, t ppr t b vr dffrnt thn th nn prtrd n phnlt thr. h nn n th n ntn

plttt nld (ln, 8 Shtr, MAndr, nd

Mvth, 88 hh n ndvdl h ltd vr lf 2 t. Evn thh th nld nn nd b d ndrtl t tll nfln thht nd bhvr. Wth th thrtl prptv n nd, I hll v brf htr f th rrh dn n nn ntn nd thn trn t pf xprntl td dn b ntv nrphlt tht lltrt th ntv nn t r. 2.. Unn Infln f Unttndd Inpt Mt f th bhvrl phnn tht hv bn lnd t th nn hv lltblhd ntrprttn tht n rfrn t nn. A n vrd xpl, ndr th hhl prtd tn f drvn r. h tn, hh r prfrd tht pprnt ntl ffrt nd ftn tht blt t rbr ht n h dn, r drbd b bn dn nnl. Othr prfr t drb h tn tht rfrn t nn ntn, bn hbtl r tt, r prdrl nld. Slrl,

drb th prtl ntrn tht r fr brnd

nvrtn n rdd r nn, hr ntv phlt ld rfr t t prttntv. In th nxt f tn I ll drb f th rrh tht ll nvn th h rrntl vd pn f nn ntn tht th nnr f ph n n b d t rptbl. 22 2.2. Eprl Evdn h t nrl nn f nn "nr f." hr r t dffrnt n f "nr f" tht ppr n ntv phll rrh nd thr.

If nn ntrprtd th ltv pt f ttntn, thn n nn r nr f tl tht pn n rptr bt fll td f ltv ttntn. If nn f ntrprtd th blt t rprt xprn vldl, thn n nn r nr f th rrn, , r thr ttrbt f vnt r tn hn n nnt rprt th prprt vldl. Unl th ttntnl n, th n pr lnn rn, b lf drbn (rflxv blt, nd th xtn f vld rfrn drbn n xprn. A nn t td f th n f nn ntn nvlv flr t rbr vnt tht r nn t hv bn ttndd. h

jr rrh tn td th th vrbll

nrprtbl n f nn ntn , h r ntn nd tn nflnd b flr t rbr xprndbt

nrlltd vnt? nn d, pl, nd tn dtrn nd drv r n thht, prptn,

nd bhvr? Or, Grnld (2 pt th tn, " rt nn ntn?" rd blvd n th rt v f th nn. d n br dl f nd, n tht nl ll prtn f th nd l bv th rf, 2 n, hl th vt jrt f ntl pr t pl bl th rf, nn. vr, blvr n rt nn r tht th nn d nt l d ht bt. In ft, blvr n rt nn fll br th d tht th pr tht l bl th rf f rn ftn ld ppl t rt npprprtl. 2.2.. Sblnl prptnSbptn Mn lprn prtd n th blf tht th nn rt nh t ntrprt nd t ntrl bhvr. On rd ttn lnhd blnl pn nt tlvn b brdtn lr h " br." S dprtnt tr pld blnl nthplftn

("If tl, ll t ht" vr pbl ddr t (Wrtn & ft, 2. pn t th blnl r lld blnl prptn r "bptn" (zr & MClr, . h thr ntrprtd thr rlt prvn tht tl xpd brfl tht bjt nnt nt th tll b prd td n rn nd tht thr

bjt hd bn bl t drnt tl tht bn

r f hvn n rlvnt nld. h rl rrh n

bptn rtzd n nbr f nflntl rtl b Ern nd h t (ln & Ern, Ern, 6, 60, 62 n bth thdll nd thrtl rnd. hr rnt drd frthr rrh n blnl prptn fr n r. hn, n th 0, n l t 24 th (Erdl, 4 Grnrd (2 ll t " 2." At tht pnt, ntv rvltn n th fr f th nfrtnprn pprh t thnn bt th nd hd tn fr hld. h ptr n th fvrd dl f th hn nd, nd th th ptr tphr bv f thrtl ntrt tht "n l t ntttn rdvr f b rdn ntn." (Erdl, 8, p. . h l f 2 t dr nntn btn rd nd th ntv phl tht hd rd n th lt 0 nd 60 (Erdl, 4. h n ntn drbd n tr f fltrn nd ltvt, rthr thn nrhp. rpnnt f th n ntn tld f xtv pr rd hd tld f th . Sddnl th vr d f nn pr nt nl nnntrvrl bt n "bv nd fndntl ftr f hn nfrtnprn" (Erdl,

8, p. . h ntrdtn f n tr t tl bt ld d, th 2 ppl rd, nt d t vn bt th npt f th nn bt t dnlntn t b td th th x b tht pn th d f phnlt nn. In pt f th plhnt

f 2, th nn ntnd t b rrdd

ptll b n ntv phlt. Mtth Erdl (2 r tht r thn jt th td f th nn. h l f nn n hr th dvn btn

n nd nn pr l n th jr tbln bl. pt th t trt rtrn f ht nn 2 pprntl rlt th nn t nrlblt nd nnfn. Erdl pnt t th prlzn fft f th l f lr nptn f th nn h hd prl prr. 2.2.2. Infrtnrn rd f th nn

And th prbl rtrnd n n thrtl ntxt nvlvn n nfrtnprn prd (Atnn &

Shffrn, 68 th & th, 6 Khnn, nr, 8 nr & Sndr, . h l nfrtnprn npt f hn ntn dld ftr th ptr, nld t f trtr fr trn nfrtn, ll t f pr b hh nfrtn trnfrrd fr n trtr t nthr. h ntv nn n th pprh

hrtrzd b pttnl v (t rfrrd t th "ptr tphr f ntl prn, hh

nttn th npltn f n ntrnl rprnttn

("ntl dl" f n xtrnl dn. In th dl, nfrtn fr th nvrnnt, trndd nt pttrn f nrl pl b th nr rptr, nd brfl hld n th nr rtr, n fr h dlt. Infrtn n th nr rtr thn nlzd b pr nn ftr dttn nd pttrn rntn. n f ttntn,

nfrtn tht h bn dntfd nnfl nd rlvnt

t rrnt l thn trnfrrd t trtr nn prr r hrttr r hr t bjt t frthr 26 nl. At th t prptl nfrtn bnd th nfrtn rtrvd fr ndr r lntr r. rr r, hh h n xtrl ltd pt t pr nfrtn, ndrd th tn r f th ntv t, hr pr h jdnt, nfrn, nd prbllvn t pl. Infrtn rd n prr r nl ln t rhrd. On th b f n nl f th nn f th tl npt, rpn nrtd nd fnll, tr f th vnt prnntl

ndd n ndr r. h tr "nn," n th pprh drb th prdt f th prptl t tht nttndd r nrhrd, nd th r tht r lt fr prr r thrh d r dplnt bfr th n b ndd n ndr r. In r btntl n, nn n b dntfd thr th ttntn nd rhrl, r th th

ntv tn r tht hld th prpt, r, nd

tn t hh ttntn bn drtd. h, nn

ntl lf dntfd th rl prttntv prptl pr h ftr dttn nd pttrn rntn r th th ltnt r tr tht hv nt bn rtrvd fr ndr tr nd trnfrrd t prr r. h pltn f th v tht nttndd prpt nd

nrtrvd r n ntt th hhr ntl pr. hrfr, th l nfrtnprn dl, b rrdn ttntn nd rhrl prrt fr 7 ntv nl f th tl, nd b pltl dntfn nn th hhr ntl pr, lv lttl r n r fr th phll nn. A jr pl fr nn ntl trtr nd pr h bn rtd b vrnt f nfrtnprn thr nn nntn r prlll dtrbtd prn (. In dl th nptl nl fr th hn nfrtnprn t prvdd b th brn tlf, nd th npt nntn n nrn, rthr thn th rhp f th hhpd ptr. dl pt th xtn f lr nbr f prn nt, h dvtd t

pf t. Eh nt, hn tvtd, xt nd nhbt thr ln ntr f tv ln. h pttrn f tl nfln ntn ntl th ntr t rlx t td tt f tvtn tht rprnt th nfrtn bn pr.

It d n dl tht nfrtn bt n bjt r vnt dtrbtd dl r th prn t, rthr thn llzd n n prtlr nt. h tvtn f ndvdl prn nt n vr ntnl ppd t drtl. r th rn, t nt nr fr n bjt t b fll rprntd n nn bfr nfrtn bt t n nfln xprn, thht, nd tn. rdtnl nfrtnprn thr tnd t tht vr prptlntv fntn r bnd tthr n ntr prn t prtn ndr nl t f rl nd ndr 28 th ntrl f ntrl xtv. ntrt, dl th vr t (h pprtn prptn nd ln, fr xpl prt ndpndntl nd ndr dffrnt rl. Onl dl r d t b bl t rn nd bjt t vlntr ntrl. dl l bndn th trdtnl ptn tht nfrtn prd n n f t. rlll prn prt lr nbr f tvtd nt t nfln h thr t n prtlr nt, tht nfrtn n b nlzd vr rpdl. th th nbr f ltnl tv prn nt nd th pd t hh th p nfrtn n thlv xd th pn f n rn. dl f nfrtn prn rt tht nn ttr f t rthr thn tvtn. vrt f v prlll, prn t tnd t rh td tt vr rpdl, thn bt hlfnd. At th pnt f rlxtn th nfrtn rprntd b th td tt b bl t phnnl rn. Infrtn rh nn f th rlxtn pr ld b vrt

f bt n th tl pttrn n th , th ntnt

f nn ll hft b nd frth btn ltrntv rprnttn. h pltn f th frr tht n prn l nd ntl. In ntrt t lttr nfrtnprn thr tht rtrt th

ntv nn t lntr nrprptl

prtn, dl t ndr lt ll nfrtn 2 prn, nldn th hhr ntl fntn nvlvd n ln, r, nd thht, t b nn. h dl ppr t pprt th ntn tht th ntv nn np lr prt f ntl lf. 2.2.. vr rd f th nn

h rvr prd f th nn 5 rlzd hn bjt h nnt nfrtn t rtn t

n t t t bnt t. h bjt rvr nt nn nfrtn tht h ld nt rll ntll. h nfrtn hd t fr hrn vlbl bt nbl, nn rn f nd. h vlblt f th nbl trl rvld b t vntl rvr nt nn. h nn nt dfnd n t n tr bt rthr th rfrn t nnrn. h l f th prd trhtfrrd f n th bn f frthr xtrnl

nfrtn th rvrd nfrtn, pll f t nvlv pd r, t hv fr nn bffr. 2.2.4. tn rd f th nn

In th dtn prd57 f th nn,

`nn nttn dfnd n tr f brvd drpn n blt t nn, nd th

lltrt th rltnl ntr f th ntrt f nn nd nnn. h nn dfnd rltv t th n nd nt n t n tr. If th nt f nfrtn tht vlbl rtr thn th nfrtn 0 tht bl t nn, thn th nbl bt vlbl nfrtn nn. In th prd f th nn, nn nttn dfnd n tr f

brvd drpn n blt t nn, nd thrfr lltrt th rltnl ntr f th ntrt f nn nd nnn. h tvt f nn hn t fft th nfrtn bl t tlfn l prprt f nn."

2.2.. Iplt Mr prn prn ppr t b dtd b th tvtn f rlvnt ntl rprnttn lrd trd n r, th tn rd hthr nl fft b brvd n r tlf. t thr r tnbl fft n xprn, thht, nd tn f tl tht nnt b

nl prvd, thr b lr fft f vnt

tht nnt b nl rbrd. On h fft

brvd n n xprnt b ln (8 n rlrnn. h bjt r d t rz lt f prd t ntn f nbr nd rd rbtrrl lnd tthr. r ltr th r vn tt f d rll nd rntn fr th t. Whn frttn pr r prntd

ln th ntrl n pr n nd t f lrnn trl,

prvl n t tht r nt nl rnzd hd n dvnt rd n prfrn n bnt lrnn nd r t. S f th t drt xpl f nnn r ppr n f th n ndr, hh rlt fr bltrl d t th dl tprl lb" nd dnphln. 6° tnt ffrn fr th drdr xhbt r ntrrd n, nn tht th nnt rbr vnt tht rrd n th nt f th brn d thr ntlltl fntn rn rltvl ntt. Althh t rnll thht tht n ptnt r nbl t nd tr f n xprn, t n ppr tht thr r dft h r ltv. r xpl, n ptnt n lrn n ntv nd tr ll, ll n vblr t nd thr ftl nfrtn hvr, th ppr nbl t rbr th pd n hh th rd th nld (Grf, 84 Chn & Sr, 80. In thr

rd, th n ndr ppr t pr th ndn f n pd r, hl prn prdrl nld nd

nt r. 6 nt rrh vdn t tht pt f pd r r prrvd n th ptnt (Shtr & Grf, 86. r xpl, n hh bjt r d t td

lt f flr rd nd r d t rll th rd hrtl thrftr. Cprd t th prfrn f ntt bjt, n ptnt h r prnt n r. ffrnt rlt r btnd hn th bjt r d t dntf brfl prntd rd r t plt rd t r thr frnt th nnfl rd. Intt bjt h prr 2 prfrn n trl hr th rrt rpn rd tht hd pprd n th prvl tdd lt, prd t trl hr th rrt rpn n ntrl n rd. h dvnt f ld vr n t rflt rt f prn fft f th prv lrnn xprn. vr, n bjt l h nrl lvl f prn, dpt th ft tht th nnt rbr th rd th tdd. In ddtn Shtr nd h ll prvdd n ptnt th br ftl nfrtn n tn nd nr frt. On ltr tt trl, th ptnt r bl t rrtl nr tn n th trl, bt ld nt rbr th rtn ndr

hh th hd rd th nfrtn phnnn n r n (Shtr, 86 Shtr t. l., 84. tnt rbr th ntnt f prr vnt bt nt t r. Wht th nl d ndr t dndn dntftn f th r t p r hh th l blv t b rl.

2.2.6. IpltExplt Mr tntn

rn nd r n h tht t prfrn b

fftd b rdl r f prr xprn, vn thh th xprn r nt bl t n rll. On th b f th rlt, Shtr nd thr hv drn dtntn btn xplt nd plt r (Shtr & Grf, 86. Explt r rr n rlltn f prv pd, hr plt r rvld b hn

n t prfrn tht ttrbtbl t nfrtn rd 33 drn h n pd. Mlnr, Crn, nd br (68 dntrtd n r tht th llnn n ptnt .M. ld r rdll r trl nd n vr prptl nd tr ll, vn thh h ld n xplt

r fr th pd n hh h rd th ll. Slr xpl f ntt ll lrnn dpt prd xplt r hv bn n rprtd b n thr (., r & rddl, 6 Chn & Sr, 80 Knbrn & Wd, Mvth, 82. Aln th ln, Gl, Shtr & lvn (86,b r bl t h tht, th nth f prt, n ptnt ld r nd rtn plx

nld nd ll ndd t prr nd ntrt th rptr vn thh, hn rd t th bnnn f lrnn n, f th ptnt ntntl fld t rbr xpltl tht th hd vr rd n rptr. trtr fr bth ptnt nd nnptnt ppltn

ndt tht ppl n dpl plt r tht hvn n n rlltn f th xprntl b f th

fft. Iplt r fft r nptll lr t

blnl prptn fft, n tht bth rvl th pt n xprn, thht, nd tn f vnt tht r nt bl t n rn. h t fft hld b dtnhd. In ntrt t blnl prptn, th vnt ntrbtn t plt r fft r lrl dttbl b th bjt, ttntn dvtd t th, nd th r rprntd n phnnl rn t th t th rrd. 3

7 Iplt Knld b f th nn h rrh td n plt r rprnt xpl f prrvd plt nld n nrphll ndr. Shtr, MAndr, nd Mvth (88 r bl t pll vdn fr nbr f nrphll ndr tht r hrtrzd b n ftr: t prvd plln vdn fr th xtn f plt nld dpt ptnt r dft n tndrd tt f xplt nld. h rrhr rfr t plt nld nld tht xprd n prfrn tht bjt phnnl rn tht th p t. W t th phr flr t n t nn t drb th ttn n hh plt nld xprd n th bn f xplt nld. Explt nld rfr t xprd nld tht bjt r phnnll r tht th p. Althh th xt dfntn nd nt f plt nld dffr n th vr lnl nd xprntl ttn tht ndr, th ph n ll

n ptnt l f rfltv rn f nld tht rvld n t prfrn. Shtr n nd

rt tht, n l bn d tht prfrn f t tht tp plt nld n l "n" thn prfrn f t tht tp xplt nld....ht nt n n rtn , hvr th nld tht xprd n t prfrn. It th nld xprd n t prfrn, rthr thn th rrn t f th t tlf tht n ld nt t hrtrz plt r prhp

"nn" 62 . ln (8 ll th "tt nld" nld nt nrll prnt n r n xprn, nt b t rprd, bt b t plt nd nt plld t, bl thrh th vr rd nd tn rd, rvld ndrtl hn b dtn nd rvr thr. h nld pv bd f nld (vr dn nd nt fntn f nn prn.

In th ndr f prpn, 6 ptnt rprt n flrt th th f f fl,rltv, nd frnd. vr, rrh rprtd b r (84 nd l b rnl & (8, n phphll nd, h tblhd tht prpn ptnt p plt

nld f fl flrt. r xpl, rnl & (8, fnd tht vrl prpn ptnt hd lrr n ndtn rpn t flr f, vn thh nn f th f d flr t th ptnt. In r f td tht hv d r nltl bhvrl thn, d n,

Yn, nd b (8 Yn & d nn, 88 hv rprtd dt tht pprt nd xtnd th phphll fndn.

On f thr ptnt ntrl nbl t dtnh

xpltl btn flr nd nflr f. On thn t tht rrd dffrnt jdnt bt t ltnl xpd f, th ptnt, l ntrl

bjt, ftr t rpnd hn jdnt d bt 6 flr thn nflr f, thrb dntrtn t fl flrt nfrtn. In ddtn, th ptnt bjt t ntrfrn fr flr fvn thh h dd nt rnz th xpltln Strpl nn t, nd l hd prn fft tht rrd plt thh nt xplt t fl flrt nfrtn. Iplt nld th b f th nn

hlln th trdtnl rdn ntn f th nn n th flln r: t pv bd f nld (vr dn b nt fntn f nn prn nt nrll prnt n r n xprn nt b t rprd d vr rd rnn nd d ndrtl. h rlt f th nd thr xprnt, ld t txn f nnn ntl trtr nd pr rprntn th dn f th ntv nn (Khltr,

84. Cnn nt t b dntfd th n prtlr prptlntv fntn h drntv rpn t tltn, prptn, r, r th hhr ntl pr nvlvd n jdnt r prbllvn. All f th fntn n t pl td f phnnl rn. thr

nn n xprntl lt tht pn n f th fntn. h ft f n rn hv prtlr nn fr phll fntnt nr fr vlntr ntrl, fr xpl, ll fr

ntn n ntl tt t thr. t t nt nr fr plx phll fntnn.

. hnlt nn v ntv nn In th hptr I ll pr nn ntl pr rn fr ntv phl nd t th phnlt nn n pth hl. h prn ll rvl tht rd l tht thr r nn ntl pr pprtd b rnt r (El, 8 Erdl, 8 Wn, 8 t., thr r prtnt dffrn btn h npt

f th dn nn nd th ntv nn. h dffrn hv t d th th rl f rprn, rvrblt f nn ntnt nd pr, nblt, nd nn nfln. h tndn t td th ntrtn f ntv nd dn pr n th nn prdd b th dvlpnt f t drt rrh trdtn n th lt th

nd 20th ntr. On trdtn, td th lhltz

(86, Wndt (822, t. l., xprntll rntd, nd rrdd th nn n ntll rtnl phnnn pltd n dvl prptn. h thr trdtn, td th rd (86, rn (20, nt, (4 t., lnl n tl, nd vd th

nn th rptr f rrtnl, ntntl pl tht r ln, r plt ff fr th rt f th n prnlt. 8 hnl xplt phll dtrbn b n f dn hpth rltn rrnt dfflt t ntdnt ndtn nd , (.. t dtrbn n phxl dvlpnt, hh v r t th ntrph pr tht (nd xpr nl n th ndvdl xprn f hlfhrlf nd thr n th rld. nt fr th prl nfrt tht rp p rptdl n trtnt, phnl bld t pt dl f ntl nd dvlpntl pr. hnl r vrt f bnrl phl, nd t thn th frr tht th dn nn frt ptrd ttntn. ntrt th ntv nn dnd t xpln h ntv nd nr npt r prd n rdr t rndr r r l rt ptr f xtrnl rlt. Whl rd prd th th rrtnlt f th nn, h ll n xprntl phph r ntrtd xlvl n t lnt, nrtlt rnn. 5

rhp th t bv dffrn btn th phnlt nn nd ntv nn td b th tr

"dn nn" n th phnlt ltrtr." h rdn "dn nn" nt nl f d pl, n

rd rd, " ldrn fll f thn xttn" 7 h prr ntr t trv fr dt rtftn, ndpndnt f nn f rlt. rd dd nt ndr th pblt tht ntn nd thht ld hv thr n

trtr nd dvlpnt, ndpndnt f ntntl drv. In 39

rdn thr f nn ntl pr l rvl thr ln t drv rtftn nd r hrtrzd b prr pr h rrtnlt, lllt, dplnt, t.

Anthr prtnt t f dffrn btn th phnlt nd ntv nn h t d th th frr ph n rprn nd rvrblt. Wht prvnt fll xprn n nn f ntntl h th pr f rprn, hh tlf nn. h "dn nn" rptr f rprd ntnt. It frthr ld tht hn th tv pr rvd (.. thrh th thrpt pr, th nn ntnt r rvrbl nd r nl xprnd xtl th ntnt ld hv bn xprnd hd nt th pr f rprn prvntd t. 68 .. prn

h phnlt nt f rprn tht

nznt nn n, r f thrtnn r, prvnt th r fr bn nl rtrvd nd thrb n dtr. In th phnlt thr f rprn, rthr thn bn dtvtd, ntntl pl ntn t pr fr drt xprn n bhvr nd xprn nd fnd ndrt xprn n pt, dr, t., nd f n nld

bltn, n ll bhvr. h n f rprn nt tht nfrtn nt prd, bt tht nfrtn tht 40 prd nt xprnd n n rn nd nt ntrtd nt n lfrnztn. Wht nt lr n th prn btn ntv phl nd rprn ht rl ntv phl hld pl n phpthl. In th ntxt f rdn thr, th rltnhp btn ntntl pl nd th nnt prtn f drv dhr (rd, 2,26, n n ndrtnd tht rprn ld b n th prr pthn f nr. t h hld "dtvtn," b td th phpthl? frltn f rprn n tr f ntv thr ftn t th prprt ntl t rprn. h l d nt lr, n thrtl rnd, th nntn ewee th tpltd ntv pr (.. dfnv xln, l f fll prn dd t b nl t rprn nd th dvlpnt nd ntnn f pthl. rthrr, f rtl phnlt nrn nt h nfrtn prn, bt th ft f th nfrtn prd, th xtnt t hh th nfrtn ntrtd nt th ndvdl lfrnztn nd th pr ndrln th dr f r flr n plhn h ntrtn. And ht

bt plt nld nd rprn? S fr, ntv phl h lttl t rrdn th . .2. vrblt

h npt f rprn n th "dn nn" ( rptr f rprd ntnt l tht nn 4 ntnt r rvrbl n n xprn. r th ph n ntnt nd nn rprnttn. In

ntrt t th v, th pr phzd n ntv phl r nrll nt rvrbl n n xprn.

vrblt b fntn f th ntrt btn th phnlt ph n ntnt (.. nn ntnt tht r n n nd th ph f ntv phl pr. On tnd t nl xprn ntnt rthr thn th pr ldn t th ntnt (btt nd Wln, . h pr phzd n ntv phl r nrll nt rvrbl, .. "nn nfrn," nd nt xptd t b drtl rprntd n n xprn. Whl th n b drbd f th r vlbl t rn nd hl th r "rfltd" n prptl nd ntv prdt, th pr r pl nt phnnll prnt n n xprn. In phnlt thr, t, hl rprd nn ntnt

r hld t b rvrbl n nn, th pr f rprn nt rvrbl n n xprn (Mlln, 8. A ntrl ptn ntnd n th phnlt d f rprn nd rvrblt "dntt ptn" (Mrl

8,b. h ptn d tht prtlr nn ntnt tht n xprnd nl dntl t th

nn ntnt tht rprd. h ntn f th "tln f th nn" pprt th d tht 42 nn trl (.. pl r pnfl hldhd

xprn r n nn, flln th lftn f rprn, dntl t th rlr nn trl (.. pl r pnfl hldhd xprn rndrd nn b rprn. Mrl (8,b pnt t th "dntt ptn" h l hrtrzd nptn f prptn nd r (.. prpt vd p f phl bjt, rrd f n vnt tht, hn rvrd thrh rll, prdd th rrd. In ntrt, th ntprr ntrtvt v t th "dntt ptn," r tht nn nd th phnnl xprn tht pr t r ntrtn. A prptn nt p r rpl f phl rlt, bt ntrtv pr tht "ttpt( t n f h dt pbl..." (Mrl, 8b. rd ( hlf rnzd tht r r nrll ntrtn rfltn

n rrnt tt t lt h th prprtd vnt.

vr, rd dd xtnd th nht t nn h, d, nd pl. r th tr, rd dhrd t th "dntt ptn," f nn h, d, nd

pl r hll frd nd flln th rvl f th rprn brrr, d thr pprn n nn, n

nltrd fr. Mndlr (8 nd Mrl (8b t tht

n xprn r ntrtn tht dpnd n th prtlr nn nd prn ht tht hv bn tvtd. In th thr th rltnhp btn th 4 nn nd n, th nn (nd prn nt trh f h nd pl tn t b n, bt ntl trtr f ftr, ht, t., tht r drn pn b, bt nt dntl t, n xprn. h "dntt ptn" t pprn hn rd d th "dn nn" nd th rl f rprn. hrh th npt rd ttptn t xpln phnn n hh n pl t., xprnd t n t thn bnhd fr nn bt d t ntn t nfln xprn nd bhvr (.. pt. ht , n th prn ntn t bhv f h hrbr th bnhd pl. It t ndrtnd h rd thht f th rprd pl, t. ntnn t xt n t rnl fr n th nn. On nld tht lthh rvrblt r nt b rl dffrn btn th phnlt nd th ntv nn, t prtn dnhd hn n rjt th

"dntt ptn." Mn th nn nvr ttr

f drt rvrblt. .. Inblt In rd dtntn btn t nd nn, n hh ltnt nd l rvrbl nt nn, lld th prn nd th thr n hh rvrblt dfflt r nt vlbl h lld th dn nn. h dn nn thn b th "nbl" (rd, , 44 p., nd ln p th th ntv phl (lvn

nd rltn, 66, 6 nd th prn rrpndn t "bl" nfrtn nd th nn t th "vlbl bt nbl." In th prn thr dr f blt. t n hld dtnh btn t dffrnt tp f nblt n th nn nvd b

n l Ch, 0nd th rdn nn. Ch, hn tln bt th nn ntl trtr hh prdp n t p rtvl, hr nd ndrtnd ntn hh n h nvr hrd bfr, ld tht th trtr hh lld n t d th rdll nbl t nn nd ld nt b rtrvd. t nt b t rprd.

.4. Unn Infln Cn thn tht rl n nn pr b d t t n tht r ntr t n prp? h prt tn n t hv lttl t d th prbl f dfntn, thrhld, r xprntl dn prbl tht hv pd ntv phlt. A ntd n th rrh dn b b t l (2, r (84 nd

thr, nn nfln r vr n. pl t

nl pln nd thn t, bt r ftn bhvr nflnd b nn pr tht , ppl t nd thn, f lld pn, thr x. h prtn f nn prptn, dtnt fr

nn drv nd tv tht prptn n r 4

tht ntn nd ht ntd nd nt b prhndd r ndrtd. Ardn t th v, dtrnnt f thht nd

tn tht r nt ntd r pprtd h nttt

nn nfln (r, 84 ntnt th th phnlt ntn f nn nfln hh lrl ntrph (th rprd nn bt l ntnt th ntprr l ntn nt hh phz h xtrnl ndtn xr nn nfln vr thht nd bhvr (.. btt & Wln, btt & Wln , b. In r, th npt f th nn prntd b ntv phl, rfr t nn pr, h prdt r bl t rfltn, bt hh r nt n thlv prvd b th bjt. On th thr hnd, th

ntv nn l rfr t pr hr bth th pr nd th prdt r nn, lbt tht nrl bn rprd. r n ndvdl n thn, bt tht nn tht h n t (.. ln tt nld. nll, bth pr nd prdt r nn, th dffrn bn tht: ht nzd hr r nt prptl dt r ll trnfrtn, bt dt bt n

n r nthr ntrph pr. rh n ntv phl pprt th thr tht n ndvdl ltd b

r nr nfrtn h n nl lt. Wht rd prnt th nd ht ntv phl h 46

nhrtd fr rd h blf tht thr r nn pt f nn.

h pnt tht ntprr rrh n nn ntl lf dd n th rnd tht rd hd d t ll bfr nd tht xprntl r trvl r rl l n th lnl nht f phnl. th ntrr, t prtnt t rnz tht h f th rrh ld nvr hv bn dn hd rd nvr lvd.

Mr prtntl th phll nn dntd b lttrd ntf phl vr dffrnt fr ht rd nd h phnlt ll hd n nd. hr nn thd th lt nd nr t hllntr, prtv, nd rrtnl. h nn f ntprr phl ndr nd ntlr thn tht. 4. vlpnt f YOdIr: tr nd xt

h rn f th Y4 trdtn n Ind r tl lt t . h f p f vlbl rptrl vdn r prblt tht t dfflt t frlt n dfnt htrl nln. In th hptr I ll v htrl vrv f th dvlpnt f th Y4r. In rdr t d th I hll dnt fr ph f th YSr trdtn nd ll prvd th jr txt vlbl fr h.

Yrn ndrd n f th fr rt trdtn f Indn ddh (ln th th rvtv, trht, nd

M.dh. h fndr f th trdtn Mtrnth, 2 flld b An, h ttzd Yl ., nd b An 4 nr brthr nd dpl bndh h pltd th t nd dvlpd t phlphl v. h prtlr dtrnl tn f th hl td b t ltrnt n, lfnvd, r th "trn" (vld tht ll phnnl xtn fbrtd b vjnn.

h frt ph n b hrtrzd th prtt ph nd nld ttrd ntn f Y4r th

n rptrl txt nn Utr, ppdl ntnn th rd f th ddh, hh pn prd fr th nd t th frth ntr A. h th hr tht th nvr n tt ntl phnnn, tht th nl thn hh tll

xt nd. 6 h rlt rvvn vrn f th th r n rptrl txt rnll pd n Snrt bt n xtnt nl n Chn trnltn dtd t A. hrftr, th rtn tht vrthn nd r nt nfrntl n rptrl txt, ntl th xplt f t n th Srd xt Whh vl Wht ddn

(Sdhnrntr fr th frth ntr A.. 8

h nd ph b lld th rl tt ph nd prrvd n th txt nttld Stt f Sprtl

rt (Ybh nd ht nn, flln th btn trdtn, th fv b f Mtr. hr r fr jr r rprntn th rl tt ph f Indn Yr:

h St f Sprtl rt (Yrbh, h Ornnt f th Srd xt f th Grt hl (MtYnrlr, h

rntn tn Mddl nd Extr (Mdh ntvbh nd 48

h rntn tn hn nd lt (hrdhrvbh. h frt, St f Sprtl rt (Yrbh, lr r, prtll xtnt n Snrt nd ntrl xtnt n bth btn nd Chn 79 t ttrbtd b bth th ddht trdtn nd b Wtrn hlrhp, t An. h ttrbtn nt nprblt t prbbl tht th St , brt Shthn td, hlt pltn rthr thn r f nl thr, n t t h

ntrnl vdn f rth nd hn. w h Shtbhr f th " Stn" n th Yrbhr rprnt th trtn

1 pnt fIlvjnn thr. h lt thr r ntnd dffr fr th St n tht th ll nt f vr tthr th pr ntr

r ntr. h vr ln, n ll thr , r

ttrbtd b th btn trdtn t th thl fr

f Mtr. h thrd ph r ll ph n th dvlpnt f th YAIr trdtn prdd n ntrtd tt trl ptzd b th r f An nd bndh.

h txtl r fr th td f th ph r:

An Cpnd f th Grt hl (Mhnrh" nd th Sr f Mtph (Abhdhr," ll hh prt f th St f Sprtl rt n b ttrbtd t h. r bndh hv ntr t Ar

Cpnd, nd thr hrt r: th rt f nt r 4

(tvjrptl. trtSddh," th rt f hrt r (rlvjpttrtddh" nd th rt f

hr Apt (rvbhvnrd." h tlr (th tvrtt nd th rr tthr p th jpttrtddh," "Etblhn ht hr jlpt

Onl." h frth nd fnl ph f Yr nt f th ntrl ph. All th txt ntnd ttrtd th ttntn f ltr nttr, h hrpl, Sthrt

nd Avbhv, h dvlpd nd ddd n phlphl ph. tbl thr r Sthrt ntr t An Sr f Abhdhr nd bndh hrt r nd Avbhlv ntr t h Ornnt f th Srd xt f th Grt hl nd t Ar Cpnd f th Grt hl.

. YIr rdtn

.. Ontl

h b ntll ptn f th Y n f th ll prd tht thr nthn bt nd (tttr. Mn f n th rtn r fnd n th rptrl txt f Ar nd bndh h ht t h tht ht nvntnll t xtn d nt rll xt, nd tht t prl th prptn tht prptt r pttrn

f nntd bhvr nd nhbt fr th lbrtn t b xprnd n brn fr fr th nntd pttrn. bndh lr ttnt f th ptn t th 0 bnnn f h nt r." tht th ntr , tndrdl dvdd nt thr pt (trvbhv b ddht lt, nthn bt rprnttn (vpt. It thnl tr hh rfr t ll ntl vnt th ntntnl bjt, ll ntl vnt hrn thn rprntd r ntd t th xprnr. h n tht, fr xpl, ll vnt f nprptn r nrl l ntn f `rprnttn. h nn f vjrpt drvd drtl fr dntn Ix t b l, hn th pndnt (prtntr tn nd thn ln t n t Inr

(prlpt pt n th ddht thr pt thr

(trvbhv. th An nd bndh t b fn n th tvt f tn n thn nthr, r n n ptll ntxt, th pr f npt frtn. If nn nvd xlvl n n ntntnl dl, nvlvn th d tht t b n l t b n

f thn, t ld tht ll ntl vnt ll hv t b ndrtd ntn f rprnttn n ll f th hv ntntnl bjt nd ll f th rprnt thn t th xprnr. h Yrn rnzd tht xprn h thr pt (trvbtv." bndh dfn th : h thr pt r th nd, th rltv, nd th prftd. h d t b th prfnd thn hh n n.

ht hh ppr th rltv b t r n dpndn pn ndtn. h n hh t ppr th nd b t pl ntn. h trnl nnxtn f th d f pprn f ht ppr hld b ndrtd th prftd pt th b t d nt hn.

h thr pt r th `nd (prlpt, 2 th

`dpndnt (prtntr, nd th `prftd (prnpnn. 4 h r nt ntlll dtnt. h prtn f th thr

pt thr vdnt, n t f th pt, th "dpndnt" n (prtntr nd th "nr" n (prlpt nttt th prl nd th thrd n, th "prftd" pt (prnpnn, th Ablt rlt. In th Mhhrh, AA t frth th v tht th nd nd th prftd r t pt f th dpndnt ntr th dpndnt ntr ppr th nd ntr b dnt f fl ntn nd th prftd ntr hn th fl ntn rvd. In r, th nn tht r n h nt th th f n bjt f dpndnt ntr b t rntn dpndnt n th prn f xprn prrvd n th lvjrn. .2. Ilvlrn

h l vrn thr b ndrtd n ttpt t ttz n f d nd rth. h f d nd

rth d n ddh bfr th prd f ll YWr nd prnnt n th r f th Strnt thrt. In th h tn dpt `d (bj n th ntn f d ntr vnt hh pr th

`prn h prfrd th tn, nd th d hv n dt fft pn th ntn. Onl ltr ll th 2 `tr nd br frt, hh n tht nl ltr ll th hv pfbl fft pn th ftr f tht ntn hrn th r rnll plntd. h Strnt thrt, h frt d f th d, dd nt prvd tt nr t h tn : hr r th d ltd hl th r rpnn? l d rr b, rth n hh t r. Cn th d b xtndd th , nd f t n ht rt f b ntndd? h tt nr r prvdd b th Yrn h ttd tht thr

h b nd t lld th Ilvjnn, 6 h ndvdl hvn thr n Ilvjrln. .2.. fntn h jptItrtItr drb th Ilvn fll: "h frt (trnfrtn Ilvjn, r v (dtntl trd r rvbj (pd f ll d". In th rr thr hrtrt f th vjnn r dtnhd,tht , Ilvjnn th lfhrtrt, vp th ffthrtrt, nd rvbj th hrtrt.

Alvjn h bn rndrd th nbr f dffrnt n: ndbfll, tr nn, fndtn nn, rndrnnn (rllr, nnn rptl (tt, r nnntrfnd (v, t. h rd Ilvjrn fr th Snrt vrb ll nn t

ln t, dhr t, lht n, r b hddn n. h nnl fr f l n n fr r fndntl b, nd b xtnn d t rfr t dlln r h." .2.2. Strtr f nn

h YffIrn xpltd n "ntllphll" dl fr tlnn th vltn f nn. Cnn (vrn plld b frr dd,"vlv n ht fr: n

ddtn t th trdtnl x nd f vfrn, .. th fv nprptn nd nnnr ntn (n vjnn, 0 thr r t r r l nn fr, th

vnth th n 02 nd th hth trd th Il vjnn. h frr ntn, btl ntn r fln f

II , hr th lttr, b hrtrzd th ntnr r trh f ltnt rd r prn f prv tn nd nd pr r flln th l btn trnltn

In z rn pr p ("ndntl nd,"

"Grndrnnn". 0 h hth vjh rdn t th Yrn th "ndrln nn" f ll ntl tvt. It dtnhd fr th thr vn vjln hh r d t b th ntdnt f ntl prn r

"nd t frth r nft tlf n (ntv t" (prvrttvjAn. If th tvt f n prtll n nd prtll nn ndtd, thn th tvt f th hth vjn ttll nn.

h YIrn r plt n th prt f dttv trn, nd rlt f th prt th flt tht th x

trtr dd nt xht th fll rn f ntl tvt: t 4 ld nt nt fr f th "pl" r "ltrd"

tt4 f ntn th hd xprnd n dttn. h pntd t, tht thr t b ddtnl d f ntl tvt t nt fr th ntnt f th ndvdl prnlt thrh prd hn th frt x trtr r

nprtv.“6 lv th prbl th prpd th ddtn f t frthr trtr: n nd th Ilvjrn. .2.. ntn h Ilvjrn fntnll dfnd th tvt f iiga tht ntn rtn tp f bhvr nd prptn. It tphrll lld th rptl fr

Kr l°6 b t th rlt (vp f pt r n th fr f "prn" (vn r hbt, hh ndtn ftr r "d" (bj r tl. 08 Whl th l vjrn ltnt, th x nd f vjnn nd th n r n nft tvt nd r th lld th "nn n tn" (prvrttvjlln. h lvjn nd prvtt vjrn r dpndnt n h thr: th lttr prdd fr th d (bj prrvd n th frr nd lv, n trn, t

prn n th frr. h th "dftn" (prnn, r

"hn" f iaa t pl n t : ( d (bj plntd b th "nn n tn" (prvrttvjrn b rp n th Ilvjnn nd (2 th "nn n tn" r fr th d. h tr "prn" frt d

n th ntxt b bndh, bt th thr f th tl dpndn f th lvjnn nd th prvrttvjnn frltd b An n th Mhlnrh. h lvjnn fr "tr" f v nt, n vjln rpld b nthr vjrn n th nxt nt tht ntn t fl ntl th bj plntd n t r

pltl dtrd. In h nt thr r th prvrtt .4 vjnn, nd frth ntl nptlztn frd. An

ndvdl "tr f th nn" (ttntn nd prl rlt nl th prjtn tht ppr n th "tr f nn." Sn th nn ntn (prtddhlt nd n t pprprt t tlf (plddt th bd (, t lld th pprprtn nn (dnvn. th d (bj f ll th dhr l thrn (lt, t lld th rptlnn (lvjrn. It th rtrbtn (vl f tn ld dn n pt lv

(prvjnn, t l ll rtrbtnnn (vplphlvjln. h thr f Ilvltn t tht n ndvdl tn d n th ndvdl l vjnn th d n trn prd r r prhp prdptn, hrtr trt, ftr pblt f

tn. h r ltd n th "lvjrn nd ll tr nd hv thr fft pn th fntn nd tvt f th ndvdl n th ftr. h Ilvrh lrl l rltd t th thr pt thr (trvbhv ntnd rlr. Entll t th f th rltv pt f 6 xprn, n t nl n vrt f th d nd tndn ltd n th lvSrln tht n

xprn n r t ll. It l th f th nd nd prftd pt f xprn, n th dffr n fr nthr nl n th d ndr hh th prt. h . ..4, lvljnn nt nl prtnt b f t rl n th dn f nn ntl fntnn, bt l b t n ntptn f th thr f th nn n pth phl. ..A.— .. Ehtfld rf f Alvjnn

A rt nt th nd rthdx t, th rl ddht hl ntnd th dtrn f ntn (nStn r nl t hh trd t dn th trnl nhnn l

h. 2 h ddht ntnd l nthn bt "tr f nn" (ttntn. h dl f prnlt prrl prptl n ntr, th ndrln

ptn bn th ntr hrtr f nn. t th tr hd nthr prprt: t ld nl tn n tp f nn t n t, lthh th pt nt f nn d p th b fr bnt nt f prptn, hh th prnpl fntn f nn. h prbl r n thr pf r: nt f

nnn, th t btn dth nd rbrth, nd th prbl f r trtn. Yrn, thrfr, flt t nr t ptlt "th ndrln nn" (l vjnn, hh pprt th n nn, th ntl b hh pprt ll th d (rvbjtt, nd th " pprprtn nn (dnvjnn hh th lnt rpnbl fr th trnfr f ptntlt fr n xtn t th nxt (ntnt f prnlt.

h Ilvjn pld b th Y . n n th

ntxt t h t ndpnblt b ldn th nt prf f t xtn. 4 h prf fnd n bth An

YrIbhn nd n Sthrt ntr t Ah Abhdhr (Sr t Mtph . 6 Eh rnt h th fr f ntv ndtnl: tht th dlvlhn rtn phnn nnt b xplnd r nnt r, phnn hh d r nd hh th rr n xplntn. t ptltn th lnt ntl rtn ndrbl nn (d, nd thrfr th lnt t b ptltd. h phll pltn hr tht th "lvjrn b th rt r trx f ll n t. n

... Sr r

h htfld prf bn th r vr (ddn, prd th brf ttnt f h f th ht rnt nd thn v dtld prnttn f h rnt. ..2. Ipblt f Apprprtn hl r h pprprtn f th phl fr b th nn dpndnt n th xtn f th Wlvrn.

h frt prf xpln th pprprtn r tn n phl bd nd th nd t ptlt thllvjrn n

rdr t xpln th pr. Ardn t ddht thr 8 bt dth nd rbrth, vr prn ndr r thn n lf nd thrfr p r thn n phl bd vr t. ht th ndvdl d nt t xt hn th phl bd d. Althh th ptn dfd n ddh b f dnrt nnbtntlt thr

bt ht n ndvdl , t tll nr fr ddht thr t prvd nt f h n bd r `pprprtd t th bnnn f n lv. And th frt prf .4. tt tht tht th Ilvjnn n h nt n b vn.

... Ipblt f Orntn nd Sltn ntnn f th SnCnn

h prf tr tht tht th Ilvjrn n xplntn fr bth , th ltn fntnn f r thn n nrn, nd 2, th ntl nt f nn n b vn.

h rnt ndrr th ddht thr f tn

hh tht fr h nd vr nt f nn thr t b n dtl (tprll prdn nd (lttvl

lr ndtn fr t rrn. h rdll dntn

dl f th fntnn f nn vn b th bhI thrtn, 118 fr xpl, rrd tht fr h nt f,

, vl nn thr b n dtl prdn nt f vl nn, nd fr ll th thr nd f nnn. h dl, rdn t th Yrn,

ll nt xpln th frt nt f prtlr nd f n nn n prtlr ntn .., hr th

dtl prdn nd lr ndtn fr th rrn f vl nn n th nd f n ndvdl h hv bn ld fr hr? r ll t xpln, th , th ltn fntnn f vrl dffrnt n nn, hn , hr, th nd ll n bjt

MIMI Ar t th t. h Yr n th Ilv]nn ll prvd h n xplntn n t n t th dtl prdn nd lr ndtn fr vr nt f nn. In th nd prf th llvjnn bn d prnpl f ntnt, n xplntr tr t nt fr phnn dfflt t xpln n th dl f rdl prnn nd dntnt vdnd b bth hrvd nd

bhl ddht. h prf d nt hvr, prv th xtn f th

lvjnn bt rthr th ft tht vrl vjnn n r

ltnl. 119 Sthrt n h Cntr t th hrt r: ...Whn thr ndtn fr th rn f nl v n rt fld f tr nl nl v r nd hn thr ndtn fr th rrn f t r thr r n v, thn jt n r. [In h t nt tht th rt fld f tr trn ln t xt t pl tht thr n n n dntn t h. Slrl, hn thr ndtn fr th rrn f nl [n]nn bd pn nd ltd n th Ilvjnhh l fld f trthn nl th vl nn fntn [fr xpl]. t f thr ndtn fr th rn f t r thr [n 60 nn, thn n fv fntn t th t. 20 ..4. h Ipblt f Clr Mntl Cnn h thrd prf pprh th prbl f th ltn fntnn f dffrnt nn, nntrtn n th prtn f th ntlltl nn (nvjAn. h nvnn rr th lvnn t tr th d (bj. h prf d nt pprt th xtn f th l " vnn bt rthr th ft tht vrl vnn n r ltnl. ... h Ipblt f Mtl Sdn h prf nt nrnd th th t pt f .A., lvjnn bt th t fntn th Sd (bj f rdnr fr f nd, bd n th rnt tht th lttr nnt b n nthr Sd.

h frth prf fll: hr ld [brdl] b n d f vrt r nnvrt, t. f thr r n iaya- iiga hr n ndfntn [n th prvn] b nl th lvnn th pl hr ll ltnt prn r thrd 2 .

"S th tp f ntl ltn tht th rd nd n nvn thn rltn fr pt tn nd xprn hh rn ltnt bt p ptntl l ff ntl ndtn r ndv t thr bn n. h vr lr t th b bj thr n th Yr txt. r th YEIrn th bj thlv rprnt th ltnt ptntl fr prdn r hr, ntl ftr. "22 6 ..6. Ipblt f Atn h tr tn (r hr rfr t th trtr f ntl tn, vn th ntll prpptn f th .. .. Yr, th nl nd f tn thr . It xplnd b .,... th Snrt tr v]npt hh rfr t ll ntl vnt th ntntnl bjt, ll ntl vnt hrn thn ...., `rprntd t th xprnr. jnpt tr d t rfr t th pr f th ntl lf n thr ntrt. Wht thr n th rld, n th thr, nn rprntn tlf t tlf th vr n hh th rprnttn ppr ( bjt r bjt nt fr th ft tht rdnrl thn f rlv prvn bjt n bjt xtrnl t . h bjtbjt trtr fndntl t xprn nd frthr bdvdd n th rnt nt fr pt, .., th nnt, th nt, th xprn f lf bjt nd prtn f ntn. h frt t bdvn r vlnt t th bjt pt f th tndrd bjtbjt dvn f xprn, nd th lttr t r vlnt t th bjt pt. h pnt n th ffth prf tht th frfld trtr f xprn f ntnll prnt t n n t plt p nd ttrbt t prtl t h n

nn, ld hv t b dn f thlvjn dnd nd t rtd tht th nnn nnt

prt ltnl. h Y rn rd tht th nl

n hh th ntnn frfld trtr f ll xprn n 62 dtl b xplnd t tht t ltd n th v lvljnn.

h fr bnd v rpt ("rprnttn f

nn" r: h bhjnvjrpt ("rld rprnttn f nn". h th pprn f th ntnnt, tr rld. b h rvjpt ("btrt rprnttn f nn". h th pprn f th vn rldth trl rlt f th lvn bnth x n tn nd thr b. h h t vlrpt ("lfrn rprnttn f nn". h th ntrptv, ntnll prtn thht "I ." d h vvvjpt ("bjt rprnttn f nn". h th pprn f hp, nd, t. Sn n nt tht t n nd th t, th xtrnl nd ntrnl ppr, tht thr lfrpn nd tht thr rpn t n r thr f th x nbjt, n nn d ndd

r ltnl.

Wh r th fr vrpt lld rn ("tn"? h frfld trtr f ll xprn ntnll prnt

Wht thr n th rld, nn rprntn tlf t tlf th vr n hh th rprnttn ppr .. bjt, bjt t., nt fr th ft tht

rdnrl thn f rlv prvn bjt n bjt xtrnl t fr th pnt f v f nt (rtr.

h bjtbjt trtr frthr bdvdd n th prf

nt fr pt, .., th nnt, th nt, th 6 xprn f lf bjt nd th prtn f ntn. h ntl pnt d n th ffth prf tht th fr vjpt r ntnll prnt tht tht th l vjrh th fr r pbl. h r pbl f n pt th l. h b th vjrpt tht th xtrnl nd ntrnl pprn, .. th pprn f bjt nd ntnt bn th Sl b th vjtpt tht th pprn f lf ltn nd th pprn

bjt r th t f x, fr, t d [n th r] hrd r th [x ntrn nn] tht brv th x bjt.

A t n n t plt p nd ttrbt t prtl t h nnn, ld b dn tht th Il vfrEn nd t frthr rtd tht th nnn nnt prt ltnl. h nl n hh th ntnn fr vlrpt n dtl b xplnd t tht t ltd n th lvlrn. ... Ipblt f hl Exprn

h xth prf fll: hr th rnt f n phl xprn trn tht th nfrt f n ndvdl n tt f nd t n vn t (nntrtd, pndrn, t. nnt xpln th vrt f phl xprn ndrn b tht ndvdl. h Ul vj ptltd fr tht prp, n nl th Sl vjnn n hld th d (bj f vr nd tll nptbl lt t n nd th t.

..8. Ipblt f Mndl Attnnt nd f nntrtn hh r nn (nrdhrptt, jnptt rll nd lvl f

prtn vn n rdr t rtrn t th phl fr, n t ntnn dpndnt n ll th rt (ndh bn prnt. h nn n b blnl, bt t t b prnt. r th Yrn ptd fr rdfntn f th ttnnt f tn, rdfntn hh prprd t ll tht th ltrd tt f nn ndl (tt r tt, bt nt tht t tht nn (vSrn. Yt th rnz tht th ttnnt f tn t b tht nn f ht nt b nn ntntnl nn, nn f thn b n r r f th n rn. r th nnl dfntn f th ttnnt f tn, thr nt ntntnl ntl vnt n th ndtn. Cnntl, thr t b nn f

rt n th ndtn, nd tht th nn thl vjnn. ... Ipblt f th

h tn d: hh nn prtd fr th bd t dth?

nll, b th fntn f th lvjrn t pprprt th phl fr hthr n th f th n

nn r t th t f brth, th ndvdl nnt d ntl th Ilvn bndn th phl fr. It

ndr th bll pt tht lvjrn ppr t hv 6

t b ntrdd nt th ntxt f dth. 1 r dth nd ." rbrth, th lvjnn , thrfr, th ddn ftr. ..,.. 6. Alvjnn & thr f th nn Althh h bn rn ntrt n th prtv ..4, td f Ilvjnn f vjpttrt Yr nd th nn n pth phl (Yd O 86 Crnv 88 Wldrn 88, th rtl r rttn fr n xlvl phnlt rnttn f th nn nd hv nt xnd, nr ntrdd th ntv nn t ddht hlrhp. rh n th nn nttd b phnl nd ntl th 0 nn pr r nvttd lt xlvl thn th phnltl frr. h vdn lltd thn th frr ndrd b nl b th thdl d nptbl

th thdl n prl rrh. A rlt ntv phlt vd n rrh nvttn nn ntl pr th pn ntl th dvlpnt f th nfrtnprn prd f nn ntl prn. h prd nt nl prvdd pprt tht ntl prn nn bt h f ht pr t pl td f

r rn.

h td dd (r, 84 Shtr, 84,8, 86,8,8b,88, 8 t. dntrtd tht ntv pr nbl t n xprn pl n prtnt rl nd pprt th ntn tht nn prptn, 66 dtnt fr nn drv nd tv, n r tht ntn nd ht ntd nd nt b prhndd r ndrtd. rh n plt r hv hn prrvd `plt nld (Shtr, MAndr, nd Mvth, 88 n nrphll ndr. Iplt nld dfnd pv bd f nld, nt prnt n r n xprn, nt b f rprn, bt b t plt, nd rvld ndrtl. I, ht, nd rn dl f nlf nd thr nrll fr th brnd f r ntrtn nd xprn, rthr thn bn thlv fl nd xplt. h r ht ln (64 ll "tt nld." h hlln f th ntl ptn f th phnlt nn, (.. rprn, dn nn, rvrblt nd nblt t.. th th Ilvjrn nd thr f th nn r nrnd th ntl pr tht t pl td f

n rn nd xtnt t hh th nn ntl pr fft th ndvdl prptn f rlt. vr, th d f n nn rndd n pthl n b hllnd b th rrh dn n ntv phl (Erdl,4,,86 Shtr, 84, 8, 86, 8,

8b, 8 Mrl 8,8b,88. W d nt thrfr, hv t pt th rdn dfntn f th nn.

6.. prn

In phnlt thr rprn (vrdrnn rfrrd t th pl ntn tht dtrn h, d, r r 6 frd t r bld f nn. rd d tht "th thr f rprn th rnrtn n hh hl trtr

f phnl rt" 2 nn th xtn f th

ntnt p th n tt f nnn. ht hh ld nt nt nn b f rprn ndrd prt f th "dn nn" nd tht hh tprrl nn ld l b n ndrd prt f th "prn," hh drptvl nn, bt ttll n. rd l td th rprd th n d hh hd bn frd nt th

nn nd prtd fr ll thr xprn. n, n ntrt t rd, rrdd th hn prnlt ttlt, th n ntrtn f th ndvdl prt. h prnpl pnt th hh n ld nt r rd trn rprn b t ntntl h nd pl. A plr nt f rprn prll tblhd phnn f plt r th b fr ndrtndn pprnt ntn f rvr f rprd r (Grnld, 2. Explntn f plt r tht r tr

f n ttndd vnt r ftn prrvd dpt nblt t rll th vnt. th nn tr nfln n xprn th n prvd b fr rvrn th

thr nrtrvbl vnt. h pltbxplt r nt fr plr n t thrtl ntrprttn thn th phnlt nt hh rr phttdl

nznt nn. 68 rnltn th ntn f rprn nt nfrtn prn tr, rprn vd th flr t pr nfrtn, r, "dfnv xln. prn h bn rdfnd th dfnv xln f xtrnl nd ntrnl npt "tthr th th thht nd fln t hh h nfl v r... u17 In ntv tr th t th dtvtd d t b rprd, r, th fft f rprn r rrdd bn d t rtn nfrtn f

nfn t th ndvdl bn ttll xldd fr frthr prn. 6.2. vrblt Wht rd ld nd ht th thr f rprn l tht nn ntnt r rvrbl n n xprn. In ntrt, th nn ntl pr phzd n ntv phl r nt rvrbl n n xprn. r xpl, "nn nfrn" r nt eece thrh n n, t b drtl rprntd n n xprn. Whl th n b drbd f th r vlbl t rn, nd hl th r rfltd n prptl nd ntv prdt, th pr r nt phnnll prnt n n xprn.

h dffrn n rvrblt fntn f th ntrt btn th phnlt ph n ntnt nd th ph f ntv phl n pr. A btt nd

Wln ( hv ttd, n tnd t nl xprn

ntnt rthr thn th pr ldn t th ntnt. h 6 pr d nt ppr t b rdl bl t n xprn. 6.. Inblt Un th d tphr (bj thr, n f th hrtrt f th Ilvjrn b ndtnl nn. rnhd th ll th d (rvbj vpvjrln, d (bj r ntnl bn pld n th lvjnn thrh th ndvdl tn, nd bn "ntr, ltn, prdn ntnl, dtrnnt, dpndnt n ndtn, nd pltd b thr n frt." n h lt phz th pv, trn fntn f th Ilvjrn. h YErn ndr th d (bj t b th ptntl fr rtn ndtn t r. In th v th d f Ilvjn ld t b nbl t n xprn, hvr, bndh lbrt, n tht th

d (bj r "ndvdll dtrnd", nd t

`trtn hn n vn t nd pl th d nntr thr prpr ndtn nd tht h frt nl brn fr

d (bj tht prpr t t. 2 6.4. Unn Infln trnnt f thht nd tn tht r nt ntd r

pprtd h nttt nn nfln (r,

84. Ardn t th v, th lvjnn tp f igiga th pprt f ntl ftr, pr nd dfld l bt nt t ." Eh t lv ntl prn (vnl hh dhr t nr r "d" (bj ftr 0 vltn (prnE n th nn r. rO rfr t hn n th nnr tht nft thn r .... lv b f th pr f th lvjnn, n, nd prvrttvjn n th bjtv d f n pr. h d (bj f n vn t rn drnt n th nn trh (lvjAn ftr th t h bn ttd. tr, th d (bj ll tr rtrbtn (vp r pntn drvd fr th prv t hh lft ntl prn (vnI.

Erl Yr ntd fr th ntnt f th "d" (bj f rtrbtn, r, t., ftr nrl fntnn f

nn h tprrl d (trn, dttn, nd nn drl lp t., b rrtn t th ntn f th lvjnn, tphrll, th nntrrptd r f ltnt "d" tht nfln bhvr nd prptn. h r f nn nt ntn t fntn n ntr bt td tr thrht tt f nnn. . Cnln

In ddh, th d f prtn tht dtrn bhvr

nd prptn trd "ndtnn" (prtttpd. h "ndtnn" n nn pr n rld vd n

Ylr prnnt nd nt lfxtnt. ndrtnd th t f nn rr nln th pr f

ndtnn tht dtrn h vr trtr f

nn fntn. In phl th pprh h bn

prd th ntv thr f tn. 2 On th t ndrtd, n bl t hn prptl pttrn tht ntrbt t hbtl bhvr. h fntn f nn t ndtn, t b ndtnr r ndtnn pr, t b fftn r ntrtn thn. r th rl prptv f Yr, th rtrbtv trtr f nn nl n thl dn nd rrdd th fndntl fntn f ll n tvt. h ndrln trtr t b nvttd ntl tn f t tvt r n

dttn, r trnfrtn (rprvrtt• .. hll rnfrtn

h Yrn ntrbtn t ddh n b n n thr ph n th phll pt f dln nd lbrtn. h lbrtn tlnd n th thr f fndntl trnfrtn (Arprvrttpvrtt hh drb th phll trnfrtn tht prtl prt brn t n ndvdl. h thr n f th t prtnt thn f

Yd lr ddh.

h frt rrn f tr Irprvrtt l n ddht ltrtr td t xl nvrn n th ntxt f prbl rltn t vn. In th rl nd plr fr, th dtrn f xl nvrn ll nvlvd th trnfrtn f n t n flln hr dnhntnt th th ntr f nhd. h trnfrtn ftn brht bt thrh ttnt f trth (tvn, n

bn rll n xltn nrnn th ntr f th ddh. h pblt l ntnd fr th 2 trnfrtn f n nt n nd f n nh nt n. 137

Yr n nrl nrnd th th Alvjnn nd

t trnfrtn. In th Ydrbhtr th Il vjn prtd dtl ftr th Irprvrtt. h Irprvrtt th trnfrtn r rvltn f th b trtr f nn t th nvrn f th Il vSrn hh tr ll d (rvbj. h td f th lvjrn nd thr f th nn n pth phl nd ntv phl pprt th ntn tht ntl prn t pl td f rn. W n ndrtnd nn nfln lrl n tr f h th hp nn prptn nd thht. hvr n b fntn f th prn phnnl fld bt th phnnl fld tlf prdt f r ntl tvt, ll r ntvt t nvrnntl vnt, thn n bl t nt r rprt. An ntrt n th nn nd nt b rtrtd t th rdn hnlt nn f `prtv drv.

NOTES

. Wndt, Wlhl Mx (8220 h `fthr f xprntl phl. h b pr n Wndtn phl tht th nl rtn rlt dt xprn. rdn fr th pr, Wndt hd ptd th flln l fr ll n: th ntrtn f xplntn f xprn nd th dvlpnt f thn fr bjtfn xprn. Wndt phl r nd fll th th lt th ntr ndl. r ph n vltn nd pprptn trht fr rlr Grn dlt phlph. S A.. lnthl, "A rpprl f Wlhl Wndht," Arn hlt, 0 (: 08088. 2. thnr, Edrd rdfrd (862. Stdd phlph t xfrd nd t h dtrt ndr Wlhl Wndt t pz. h n r nl n ntn nd ttntn. r thnr, phll t fl prrl frr n hh xprntl rrh ld b ntd. trtrlt b h flt tht th frt l f phl th nl f nd nt lntr nt f ntn (r ttrbt f ntn, th trtrl rrnnt f hh ld thn b d t nt fr hhr rdr pr h tn, ll, nd ttntn. h l n trn hvl nflnd thnr h f thdl, n prtlr th f ntrlld ntrptn n hh trnd brvr rprtd th lnt f thr n rn n rpn t ntrlld tl. S n . n, "rrt rh n Exprntl hl: E.. thnr lbrtr nvttn, 8 2." n hl n th ntth Cntr hht nd St. Ed. Mthl G. Ah. Yr: Cbrd Unvrt r (80 p. 2 nd thnr, E.. "h Sh f Intrptn." h Arn rnl f hl. 2:4 ( 2 p. 4808.

3 , Wll (8420 An Arn hlr h r, rnpl f hl (80 prbbl th bt nn b n ll phl.h b t 2 r t rt bt tblhd th frt phlt f th d. h pnn p plnd nt th rrrnt n th f ndvdlt, h, nd prp. S Mrnd Sh (8 "Wll nd Yr hlph: prtv nr." l .C. Mthr (8 "h trl ddh (Gt, , nd n th lf: prn nd vltn." S En I. lr (8 "hl f ln nd An Std: th Wll ." 4 4. f th nblt t ht nd , n phlphr prfr t p nt f nd h bt pl f ntl ft, ntl tt, ntl prprt, ntl t, ntl pr, ntl vnt t. W n ndt rhl ht n b h f th tr b ndtn th xprn t rprt h thn. h, t t th lt ntnd, ntl vnt, th t prtnt f ll fr th ndbd prbl, tht t rfr t th l f vnt rprt hn h thn "A n jt t , "I jt hd th thht tht ," "I hv jt ddd tht....," "I fl ," "M ft hrt," t. h r ll rprt f ntl vnt. Wht ld t ll th vnt ntl tht th r d dtl, tht n rt f nfrn. h t tht n b d bt rprt f ntl vnt tht th prn rprtn nd nt d n th b f prptn v hhr fv n r n th b f nfrn fr h prptn th r rrn f th vnt p ft pt th prn t h t rrd n ptn t rprt t. h t xprd b n tht th prn h "prvld " t th vnt. h tr nd prhp d nt ttr h fr xprntl phl n n t n lnr rrdd xtn th th n nd. h ndbd prbl, ntlphl dht nrnl bn pplntd b th d tht thr r nr lvl f drptn h f th tr phll, thrphll, nd `nrphll, vr h lvl. (Wl 88. . n nt n n nd. Ud phll thn t h rt dnr f ntrprttn, vn thht ntrptn t prvd th t drt nld f rlv tht hv. It h, hvr, b lr tht vr lttl tht n n th brn td th th nd bl t n ntrptn, nd rrd th nd h brdr npt thn rn, nn, r ht nn b ntrptn. Grr. .. Oxfrd Cpnn t Mnd. btt & Wln ( rd tht ppl hv n prvld ntrptv t thr bhvr. S btt & Wln (, , b.

lhltz, rnn d rdnnd n (824. ndr f th n f prptl phl. rptn r `nn nfrn. h hllnd th prvln v tht rpnblt, jt bl nd pr, dpnd n nl hld rn nd tvtn. Snd rd ntn f n tv nn nd rthr dffrnt d, thh ll hn t th trn. r lhltz t pl tht t f ht n n th nrv t nt rprntd n nn. lhltz d thr jr ntrbtn. rt, h ndtd tht Knt phlphl dt dd nt hv blt vldt: t ndd pbl t llnt pt f hn ntl 75

fntnn n n prl fhn. Snd, lhltz lrd pl fr llr fr f nl (th pd f n pl trvlln ln nrv fbr ll lr nvttn (th n hh plx ptl rr r n ndr bth nrl nd dtrtd ndtn. nll, b trn th prvn bjt ntrbtn t prptn, lhltz b n rl ntrbtr t th dl f ntv n.

. rd, Snd (86 rd thd f trtnt n phnl dntfd rtn fr f prttn fr pn, nd rprn th f lntn tht pn fr n rn. prn b th fndntl prnpl f phnl. prd trl nvrd thrh fr tn nd dr nl n ln, ntnv r f thrp ltn nth r r. rd thr nd thd hv bn rtzd n vrl rnd: ( ntt nd nntrlld dt lltn nd ntrprttn (2 vrph n bll fr, prtlrl x, th prr nfln n prnlt dvlpnt nd ( dtrnt v f th nfln f pt bhvr.

8. S Knnth S. r (84 "n nnl Inflnd nd Infrd." pp. 244246 n h Unn ndrd. r nd b r t dnt th nn npprtd r nprhndd nfln. trnnt f thht nd bhvr r nt nrl lfvdnt t nn r ntrptn th r nflntl, h dtrnnt n b prvd tht bn ntd, r ntd tht bn pprtd nflntl. In thr , ppl thht nd tn r dtrnd b ftr td rn.

. Spnbr, ( .p. hr r t fr f th tr, vjnpttr nd vjnpttrt. h t ndn n th nd fr rrpnd t r ffx n. h frt fr th djtv fr n th ttnt: "Evrthn nthn bt vjnpt" r "vjnptnl." h ddtn f th ffx n th nd trn th lftn nt n btrt nn, n th phr, "th dtrn f r vjnpt" r "vjnptnln." In ntrt t th Ctttrt (thhtnln dtrn f rlr Yrn. h dtrn f n th ntr f th tt f lbrtn, hr vjnpttrt ttpt t xpln th ntr f th tt f bnd.

0. S thr t dpth phl th phnl. h pnt n th ntn f "dpth" tht f rf pprn n ntrt th ht l "thn" r "bnth." On f th n thd f nvttn h bn th 6 thrpt ntrv. Undr th hdn b nldd nt nl phnl prtd b rd nd h fllr, bt l th thd f trtnt dptd b th h dvtd t rtr r lr xtnt fr th rnl rdn rdtn, .. C.G. n (86, A. Aldr (80, Krn rn (882, nd Mln Kln (88260. Wlr, .. (88, p.2 Ellnbrr, . (0, pp.4800, 6 Kln, .. (, pp.8 2 26.

. phr, S. (8. p.02. "tn f th Unn Mnd." n Stt f Mnd. 2. S Ellnbrr nt f th htr f th dn phtr, nttld, "h vr f th Unn," (0. Ellnbrr td dntrt tht th Erpn "dvr" f th nn n b fll ndrtd nl thn th lrr ntxt f Erpn l nd ntlltl htr. And vr trnd f Erpn ltrl thht prvdd th prpptn pn hh ndvdl h rd nd n t bt ntrprtn th "ft" f th nn. Ellnbrr l pnt t tht dbt n Cntnntl phlt nrnn hh f th fntn bt dfn th nn hv nvr bn rlvbl thrh nrl ntf prdr. . Khn, , (62 p.4.

4. rd, (4, "h tr f th hnlt Mvnt." . rr & rn, (84. 6. A rl 00 rd rt:

"h thr r t nd f nn, hh hv nt t bn dtnhd b phlt. th f th r nn n th n d b phl bt n r n n f th, hh trn th U., l ndbl t nn, hl tr th . b t xttn ftr brvn rtn rl, t tr, nd prhp nl ftr pn frh nrhp, thh nnthl tht rrd t th U.,r bl t rh nn." rd n Intrprttn f r. (00, pp.64. . "th nl t frn prt f t [bn] nn." rd fr "A t n th Unn n th hAnl" (2, p.266.

8. rd, h E nd th Id (2, pp..

19 rd, " Intrdtr tr n hAnl" (, p.. 20. rd, "E nd Id," p.2. 2. rd, "E nd Id," p.26 22. rd, "E nd Id," p.6.

2. rd, "E nd Id," p.. 24. rd, " tr," p.80.

2. rd, "A t n th nn n phnl." (2 "h Unn." (b "h E nd th Id". (2 " Intrdtr tr n hnl" (. 26. rd th prn t th t rt f bffr zn btn th nn nd th n t.

2. rd, (, p.. Intrdtr tr n hnl. 28. rd, (, p.. A Gnrl Intrdtn t hnl.

2. lvn, E., nd rltn, . (66 "Avlblt vr blt f nfrtn n r fr rd." rnl f rbl rnn nd rbl hvr. , 8. 0. rd, (2b, p.264. A t n th Unn n hnl. . rd, (2b, p.266. A t n th Unn n hnl.

2. rt prpd b rd n h E nd th Id. (2 nd ltr rptltd, th nr dftn, n Intrdtr tr n hnl. (.

. n, Crl Gtv (86. h th hh nf th lr nbr f rtn tht n bntl pblhd Indvdtn. n nvd f Indvdtn bn drtd trd th hvnt f h hln ntrtn, nd n hrtrzn th dvlpntl jrn h d lltrtn fr lh, thl, ltrtr, nd Wtrn nd Etrn rln, ll h n lnl fndn. 4. n, "Gnrl Apt f hnl." (, p.24. . n, "h rnndnt ntn" (68, p.8.

3 n, "hll p." (2, p.448 8

. n, "h ltn tn th E nd th Unn." (628. p.6.

8. n, "hll p," (2. p.42. . n, "Sprt nd f," (26. p.2. 40. n, "Sprt nd f," (26. p.2. 4. n, "Snd rd n trl Sttn." (2, p.. 42. rd, (20, "nd th lr rnpl," p.2. 4. rd, (00, h Intrprttn f r, p.6. 44. rd, "E nd Id," p.20. 4. n, "h Mnn f hl fr Mdrn Mn." (, p.40.

46. n, hll p. Cplt Wr 6 (2, p.48. W n dtnh prnl nn, prn ll th tn f prnl lf, vrthn frttn, rprd, blnll prvd, thht, flt. t, n ddtn t th prnl nn ntnt, thr r thr ntnt hh d nt rnt n prnl tn bt n th nhrtd pblt f ph fntnn n nrl, .., n th nhrtd trtr f th brn. h r th thll tn, th tf nd tht n prn p n nt nhr, ndpndntl f htrl trdtn r rtn. 4. n, hll p. (2, p.48. 48. n, "On th ntr f th h." CW 8 (46. 4. Arhtp h rnl pttrn r dl, fr hh ll thr thn f th nd r d.

0. rd, "hr E n th hr f Sxlt." (0.

. n, "Y nd th Wt" (6, p..

2. n, "On th hl f th Unn," CW (64 p. "h lltv nn, bn th rptr f n xprn nd t th t th prr ndtn f th xprn, n f th rld hh h tn n t fr." . n, "On th hl f th Unn." CW (264 p.. n ntndd "prnl" 2t n fr nt ndvdll xprnd. "Whr th r f th prnl nn r, t r, flld t, b th r prnll xprnd b th ndvdl, th rhtp f th lltv nn r nt flld t b th r fr nt prnll xprnd." 4. h trtn th rnr & tn, 4. . Erdl, M.. (4 n ` 2. 6. Erdl, (8.

. Erdl, (8. pp. 0 (8. Cntrt th prd t . nt (88 phll drptn f dtn, h vd nn nfln bnrl nd pthll. S r & Mhnb (84 fr fll dtl f nt dtn thr f th nn. 8. Mrl (88 . h rf f th rbrl hphr dvdd nt fv lb: frntl, prtl, tprl, nd ptl. 60. nphln ("ntrbrn" bdvn f th frbrn h prnpl trtr r th hl nd pthl. Crln, (8. p., 6. 6. Epd r tbrphl n hrtr, nd ntn r l xplt rfrn t th lf th nt r xprnr f vnt, nd th n nvrnntl nd rn ntxt n hh tht vnt rrd nt r. th "ntl lxn" f btrt nld, trd tht rfrn t th rtn n hh t rd. h ntnt f r r lfd nt dlrtv nld trtr tht rprnt th ndvdl fnd f nrl nd pf ftl nfrtn, nd th prdrl nld rprtr f ll, rl, nd trt tht prt n dlrtv nld n th r f prptn, r, thht, nd tn. lrtv nld n b lfd thr pd r nt n ntr. Khltr, (8. p. 446.

62. Shtr, nl ., Mr t MAndr, nd Mrr Mvth. "A t Cnn: tn n nrphll ndr." hht Wtht n. (Ed. . Wrntz. Oxfrd: Clrndn r. (88. 80 6. rpn ppl th drdr nnt rnz f, hvr flrvn thr n f n rrr. rpn prbl r nt n f thht `tht hn hn hn phtrph t th rt trnl t t f, hn l frnd h h rntl dd. S t nn lvl, hv t , rntn hvd. Wl, (88. p..

Strp fft nd fr th phlt . dl Strp, h ttll dntrtd t n . In Strp ( rnl xprnt h hd ppl lt f lr n tht r prntd n lr n n. Eh lr n prntd n lr dffrnt fr th lr t nd, .. th rd rd ht b prntd n bl n nd th rd bl n rn n. Svnt ll tdnt hd t rd nd lt prntd n bl n. Strp fnd lttl dffrn n th rdn t fr th t lt. Apprntl, th tdnt ld lrl nr n lr hl rdn. A nd rp f 00 tdnt nd th lr f th n tht th lr rd r prntd n nd l nd th lr f lt f lr pth. Strp fnd tht tdnt rrd n vr f 0 nd t dntf th n lr n th rd lt. Stdnt ld nt vd rdn th rd hn th trd t n thr n lr, nd th nflt btn th n nd th n lr ld dn thr rpn. h nflt r b th prn tr t ld th n f th n lr, thr r t lr n n nn. On th n lr, hh th rrt rpn. h thr th rd tht ttll rd. If th prn d nt hv t vrbl rpn bt, rthr, ndt n thr ht lr th n , th ntrfrn rtl rdd. Gl & l, (86, p.0.

6. Wndt, (862. p.48 td n vn rtnn, (. p..

66. El, (8. pp.68. h phnlt "dn nn" , bv ll, n nn f , tv, nd drv, n ntrt t ntv nn f nnn ntl pr.

6. rd, (. p. " Intrdtr ltr n ph nl."

68. rd, "h Unn." (. p.68 W n fr rtn tht th hv bndnt pnt f ntt th n ntl pr th th hlp f rtn nt f r th n b trnfrd nt, r rpld b, n ntl pr, nd ll th tr hh pl t drb n ntl t, h d, prp, rltn nd n, n b ppld t th. Indd r bld t f f th ltnt tt tht th nl rpt n 8 hh th dffr fr n n prl n th bn f nn. 6. lvn & rltn, (66. "Avlblt r Ablt f Infrtn n Mr f Wrd." Ardn t th td ntt r tr f n rd nt rlld ndr th nnd rll ndtn r vlbl n th r tr, bt nt bl fr rtrvl. Ardn t n nfrtn prn dl f r thn frttn r nt b nfrtn n tr dtrd, bt b lrnd trl b "nbl." h ppr nrnd th nptl nd xprntl nl f nn rll f lrnd t n tr f h dtntn btn vlblt nd blt. It drb n xprnt h prr prp t xplr th hpth tht btntl prt f nnrll f flr rd ndr tpl xprntl ndtn ttrbtbl t nblt f thr ntt r tr. 0. Ch, Avr (28 rfr f Mdrn n nd nt t th Mhtt Inttt f hnl. b "Sntt Strtr" th frt t tln nd jtf nrtv nptn f ln.

. h tr YdAr n prttnr f prtl dpln. It d t drb dfnt hl th ll dfnd phlphl ptn b bndh n th

Abhdhrbh4 (fr xpl t Ah ., hn n pnn n rptrl txt hh drb thr nd f rp ttrbtd t th YOn nd th hd b tblhd hln b th frth ntr A t th ltt, nd prbbl h rlr thn tht. Altrntv n fr th hl r vj?nvd (nn dtrn, vpttrt ([th dtrn tht] thr nthn bt rprnttn nd ttItrtl ([th dtrn tht ] thr nthn bt nd.

2. Mtr (.040 h rptd htrl thr f Ah. h n l rfr t Af ttlr dt, rd Mtr, h rprnt th ddh pt "lv" (tr. Wll, ( p. 8. h tndrd ddht nt f Ah lf fr bth th btn nd Chn trdtn h f Ah nntr th Mtr. h btn trdtn ttrbt fv b t Mtr, n Ah rl th rpnt nd trnrbr f th r. h tn f Mtr htrt h prvd rt dl f dbt n th bnnn f th tntth ntr Wll [: t 42].

. h dt f Ah prblt. rrth f f bndh tll tht Ah bndh ldt brthr ( [04:224], nd tht Ah 82

ntrntl n nvrtn h nr brthr t th Mhnn ( [04:2022]. nzn nt f h trvl n Ind rpt n f th tf nd dd pf t th txt rvd b An fr th ltl bdhttv Mtr (l [8:.22622]. Slr dtl r vn b btn htrn. lln th nn tn f th trdtn, An n ldr brthr f bndh tht h brn trd th nd f th frth ntr A n Gndhr

tht h ntrd , th ddht h n n, pbl thn th Mhh hl, Wll [ff] tht h ltr b nrd f th rn dtrn tht n ll Yr r jrpttrtI" tht h pd nbr f nl trt n th r nd tht h dd rnd th ddl f th ffth ntr A. (Grffth, l . [86:]. 4. jnn [prt] jnn [nldnht] nrll n ddht hlrhp th tr h bn trnltd `nn bt rn Gll (80 r tht vjrn d nt rrpnd t nn bt prptn b vjln ht hppn hn thr n rn, n bjt, n btrtn btn th, nd nd tht fntn prprlt nd, ndrnd, pprhnn f h tl t rp th r bjt r th bjt ln. jn thrfr d nt rrpnd t th Enlh rd, "nn", hh l nvlv n d f lfhd, bt t prptn. I th trdtnl trnltn f vn nn. . Sr Snrt tr nn " thrd". It l d t rfr t hrt, phrt ntn nd, lltvl, t r ntn f h ntn (.., nnl txt ppd t "6tr (hlt trt. S Eld, (8 pp.884. Sr

6. Grffth, (86. p. h l vrn f th n Snrt ttfftr d d d trdht. . Sdhnrn Sr nfld (nrn th "ntntn" (dh f th ddh tht hddn n th dtrn f vdn (.., Str n th Explntn f th rfnd Mtr.

8. h t prtnt p f th SdhnrnEtr n b fnd n tt dtn [:0]. Cpr M [:2ff] fr dn f rlvnt p n th Sdhrjtr. Mtll [4] h llntn nt t n th p nd prvd n (Enlh trnltn f th rlvnt p fr th Sdhnrn. 3 79 e Y was oigiay wie o comie i Saski a aeas o ae ie mao as e is o ese as cae auumikaasu is e "asic Secio" aoimaey equa i eg o e oe ou as a is ise suiie io 17 secios coesoig o e 17 sages o e acice o a oisaa accoig o e Yogacga scoo

(Giis[19191 79] Y eeses e "Sasa o eaise aiio Sasa is a Saski em meaig is "ece comma ue"; ece a eaise i wic eces o a aicua oic ae ee coece (Eiae[197- 1] See Scmiauses suy [199] Scmiause iks o e Y as a Iamaic gewacsees Scuwek [1991] 1 See ame Scmiause Aaya-iaa O e Oigi a e Eay eeome o a Cea Coce o Yogacaa iosoy (197 ee is o eici eaaios o is iea meaig i e Yogac5aUmi u oy a imici oe wic is owee ay oigia e oes aaiae eaaio a eas e oes eici eaaio is ae e oe a is ou i e Samiimocaasaa Oe imoa eay souces eaiig e em aaya- iiiaa ae Aiamasua Maayaasamgaa a asuausKamasiiaiya-aayakya(aiya- Samuaaiiagaiesa a acaskaaakaaa e eaaios iege ue o ocia eeomes u aso o e ey amiguiy o e wo Iaaya Maayaa-samgaa [samgaa=Comeium] ie Comeium o e Maayaa 3 A so esey ase e y Asaga asuaus -ese e ogee wi is ow ose commeay ( See ei [195] 5 asuaus wok i 3 eses eouig e key ees o Yogacaa ooogy a sycoogy is wok suies i is oigia Saski ogee wi Siamais commeay ( See ei [195] asuaus so ese-e eouig e Yogacgi ee- asec eoy See e eiio/asaio y oa a agoei [193]

7 Souces o e iSiaiaa -i-sii ae ouis e a aee ouss i "asuau imgakakikaakaaa aie es ig gokas aec e commeaie e aueu" Museo (ew Seies 13 (191 53- 9 [omaie iea e o wi ec asaio] Syai ei iaimaa5sii eu aes e asuau imsaika e iigikA iioeque d Ecoe e aues Eues (scieces isoiques e ioogiques ascicue 5 (ais iaiie Aciee ooe Camio 195 [Saski e o K K a (Siamais commeay o k]

Syai ei Mae-iau ou eue e sysemeiiiiaimia iioeque e Ecoe es aues Eues (scieces isoiques e ioogiques ascicue (ais iaiie Aciee ooe Camio 193 [Icues Saski emeaios a ec asaio o ei 195] Caece amio Wei Si E Si u e eaise i wey Saas o eeseaio-oy y asuau (asae om e Ciese esio o sua sag iiaka Mase o e ag yasy Ameica Oiea Seies 13 (ew ae Ameica Oiea Sociey 193 [sua-sags Ciese e o wi Egis asaio] Siamsu Seka agci "iaimaa5sii"aa-aaa- Maaiaa eseac uicaio 1 (195737-39 (+ Saski ages 1-1 [Saski e o K- ei 195 wiou emeaios wi Egis asaio o K- emee i agcis ieeaio] Wig-si Ca "e iy eses o e Mi-oy ocie" i Saeai aakisa a Caes A Mooe d., A Souce ook i Iia iosoy (iceo iceo Uiesiy ess 1957 333-337 [Egis asaio o k om sua-sags Ciese esio aog wi (3-333 a aia ei o amio 193] omas A Kocumuom A uis ocie o Eeiece A ew asaio a Ieeaio o e Woks o asuau e Yogacei (ei ia aasiass 19 [Icues Egis asaios o k- a K Kocumuom seems o ae eee eiey o e Saski e o K K a o a eemey ueiae eiio; Sami Maesaaaa Acgya asuau aia / iiiai maaesii / acasaika / saiika imgaik5 kik / acaya _siamai aiam imgika asyaca [sic] (1aasi Giaama kgyaaya 19 Some o e ew eaues i Kocumuoms asaio seem o e ase o Maegaaas misis e misi o Maesaaaas ie age as aaey mise Kocumuom io cosisey caig k e "imgaikg"] Sea Aacke See Woks o asuau e uis sycoogica oco eigio o Asia Seies (ei Moia aasias 19 [Icues Egis asaios o aaii acaskaaakaaa 9S Kamasii-akaaa 9KS k- K Mayaaiagaasy (M a isaaaiega (S a eis Saski eiios o K M a S] a (19

See (a 19; ue 19 8 8. Grffth, (86. p. 6 h txt f nd r 2, rd fll (th vr f r trnltd n ppr nd th pr ntr f r trnltd n lr : `In th [dtrn f] th Grt hl th thrrld [] tblhd t b nthn bt rprnttn, fr rd txt : `0 Sn f th Cnrr, th thrrld [] nthn bt nd. h tr `nd, `ntl nn nd `rprnttn r nn [ n f th ld hv bn d n th rd txt td]. h tr `nd [n th rd txt td] rfr l t ht td th nd. h tr `nthn bt[n th rd txt td] ndt th dnl f xtrnl bjt. IS [EEEAME COSMOS] IS OIG U EESEAIO ECAUSE O E AEAACE O OEISE OECS I US E SAME WAY A MA WI AUY ISIO SEES SUC IGS AS UEA AIS A MOOS. ( r t d: I EESEAIOS AE WIOU [COESOIG] EEA OECS E EE COU E O: ( IMIAIO [O EI AEAACE] O [OE] ACE A IME ( OIMIAIO [O EI AEAACE]O [OE] MEA COIUUM ( EOMACE O UCIO. (2 Wht d th n? If rprnttn f thn h phl fr r tht xtrnl bjt ntn n phl fr, thn [h rprnttn] d nt r b f [th prn f] xtrnl bjt ntn n phl fr. [If th thn th flln tn r]: ( Wh d [h rprnttn]r n prtlr pl nd nt jt nhr?( Wh d [h rprnttn] r n tht pl t prtlr t nd nt t jt n t? ( Wh d [h rprnttn] r n th ntn f ll th h r n prtlr pl t prtlr t, nd nt jt n n ( th , fr xpl, fr th pprn f h thn hr n th ntn f th th flt vn, h [h thn d nt ppr n th ntn] f thr? (v Wh d h thn hr nd nt n b th th flt vn nt prfr th fntn f [rl] hr nd frth? r t nt th tht thr thn [.., rl hr nd frth] d nt prfr [thr prpr fntn]. Al, thn n n drfr xpl fd, drn, lthn, pn, pnd nt prfr thr prpr fntn(vz., f bn tn nd frth, hr thr [rl ntn] f h thn d prfr [thr prpr fntn]. h tr, fr xpl, f n nrl t, h tht n hh th Gndhrv lv: th d nt prfr th fntn f t, hr thr [rl t] d prfr [h fntn]. S, f thr r nt xtrnl bjt [rrpndn t rprnttn] t ld nt b prpr t rt ( lttn t [ nl] t nd pl ( nnlttn t [ nl] ntn nd ( prfrn f [th pprprt] fntn. 9 e Saski em isaaa is moe oe asae ee aues We ae eaig ee wi a se o caegoies esige o eai ow cosciousess ucios e ee moes ue wic i oeaes is is i a a eisemoogica oio a i a a esciie- eomeoogica oio 91 oa & agoei [1939] Kaia aaaa ca aiisaa ea ca / aya saaa igigm gamiam ieyam isyae // ya kygi aaaosau yaa kyai sa kaia / ayayaiaia kaaamaaaaa//asya kyau yaakyaam ya saaiaa / ieya sa aiisaa saaaoayaaa // S 1-3 9 e imagie asec is e om ue wic e eee aue (aaaa maiess ise aeas Eeciey e eee aue is e woe o e eeseaios ec oigiae y e asaas "eacuaiaio" e oaiy o e uea mea ceaios wic cosiue i Coceie i is way e eee aue ecessaiy eses ise aways wi uaiy ie comose y a suec wo kows oose o a oec wic is kow is imagie asec eceies e ame o "imagie" ecause i is a mee uea mea ceaio sice o ue eaiy coesos o e suec a o e oec wic comose i sice ey ae o a couea ea eea o mi ieee om i (oa & agoei 193 93 e eee aue is wa aeas a i is so cae ecause i eiss eeig o causes e causes o wic e eee aue "ees" ae e asaas Ay iea cogiio ec wic is ouce i e mi eaes i e "su-cosciousess" a asaa ese asaas ae someig ike a weak eoucio o coy o e eeseaiosieas cogiios ec wic e em ese asaas emai i e "sucosciousess" i a ae om ui ceai coiios ey "eacuaie" emsees ey ass io e cosciousess oucig n coscious eeseaios ec simia o ose y wic e asaas wee e o eae o em i some way e eee aue "ees" o ese asaas i e sese a i ee ae asaas ee is eee aue i ee ae o asaas ee is o eee aue (oa & agoei 193 9 e wo aiisaa use y e oigia ieay meas "eeoe" "eec" "ea" "eise" (Moie-Wiiams icsu oce I ae asae i y "eece" u i is usuay asae as "asoue" (oa & agoei 193 95 See aii (1959 7 9 Asaga i e is cae o is Comeium o e Gea eice (Maaygasamgaa escies e aaya-iiiga i suc ems See oay MS 1-3 a MS a MSU amoe [193-1755-17]; agao [191111-11] MS 11 a MS a MSU [amoe 1931-5]; agao [19-3133-135] KS 33 amoe [193519-1997-9] a c ei [1951-19 is assage eas "EE E MAUAIO [O ACIO] IS A COSCIOUSESS WIC IS CAE SOE I OS A SEES" (cee e em soe is use ecause [e soe-cosciousess] acs as a eceace o e sees o a eie igs eceace a soe ae syoymous Aeaey e em soe [i e eessio soe-cosciousess] meas (i a cosiee as eec a igs ae soe i o eee uo a; (ii cosiee as cause i is soe i o eee uo a igs e em mauaio is use ecause [e soe- cosciousess] as e quaiy o eecig e mauaio o goo a a acios i a cosmic sees esiies woms a is [i i eey ossie ki o ei] e ems os a sees is use ecause [e soe- cosciousess] ossesses e quaiy o eig e asis o e sees o a igs" (aiay5kyam iaam iSaka saaiakam / aa saasaykegikaamaiasaaa aaya / siam ii ay5yau / aa iiyae uaiayaesmi saaam kayaaea / a Aiyae uaiayae kIa9agea saaames iy aay / saaaugaiyoiaisukusaakusaakamaiakaaiaka / saaamaasayaa saaiakam/ (Giis 19 97 See Aacke (19 9 Eaie ceai uis scoos a aeay iouce io ei sycoogy ceai eemes wic eseme e eceace cosciousess; e me meio e "meme-o- eisece cosciousess" (aigaiia-a o e amaaiya e "oo-cosciousess" (muaiiga o e Mas5Mgikas a e "eeme wic as ui e e o Samsaa" (Isaigaikaskaa o e Maigasakas u i is o e Sauaikas a o o e iigaais a e oou accues o aig is sysemaie e sycoogy o eiuio-cosciousess amoe (19 Egis as o Kamasiiakaaa 3

99 uiss em is a Kama

1 See Sogeg (1979 5 11 Mao-iiga - "mea" awaeess as sueio o e ie kis o "sesoia" awaeess is ecica em esigaes e cee o eceio a aeesio seco o e see acuies eiig om e Iaya-ia 88

02. Mn Mn n nd,. thn r ntt, nd t ppr t . h Yrn l t n (rfltv ttn, thnn nd t l th thr vjnn hld b ndrtd n tvt. hr dbt vr hthr nn n txt f th vr (r II n (ttn, rfltn r Mnn (nt n th n f vn nn nd prd. th ld fll thn th tvt f n n n . Mn rpnbl fr r rn f th bjtbjt dht n th nprfd tt, lt n dfld nd, t th ptltn fntn.

0. rllnr ,(6. 28:2: 86f hlph d ddh.

04. Khltr, hn . 84, p.0 Undr rtn xprn prfnd ltrtn n th ntrn ndr ntrlln fntn f nn. rtn dttv dpln h Y r n, flln lp, nd bn hpntzd ll t ld t h ltrtn d rtn ndr f phpthl h t hzphrn.

0. S Shthn (8 In th Shtbh th Il npt d t xpln xt fr th ttnnt f tn (nrdhptt. h ndtn n hh nd nd t ntnt hv ltthr d t fntn, l hv th x nr vjrn. h pblt f lvn h ndtn xplnd b th ntnd prn f th l.

06. Kr r th Snrt vrb rt r, "t d r " th nn n "tn." In ddh, th tr rfr pll t th l f nd fft, .., t th prnpl tht vr tn prd rlt.

0. p h "trtn" , th fr f tn prpr t th ndvdl r (vplht r th "fft" r frtn fr ndvdl r rltn thrh th vplfr f tn (vpphl.

08. h tr bj nd vnl r ll ntrprtd nn fr th pr (v r nr (t f th nd. In

tlf, blj r An nnll xtnt tht , t tr d tphr t drb th pr f ntl nd tttdnl hn. S n, "h Strnt hr." pp.24244 (.

0. S Krddhprrn. (88 b Etnn tt Enlh trn. b M. rdn. pp.666. 8 0. h rltnhp f nd fft lrl ttd n S (rvbhvnrd 6: td dhtphlbhvn tt dvvdh t d lhvjnn prvrtth ptdh l nd rntt [8:24]. . Shthn, [8:2,(2..[6:2] "h bjtv ntnt f th lvjnn nt [] f ntl f th hl rld nd dtrnd b th frr d nd bd dd (rn f th rptv lvn bn. h, th hl rld, pll th tr rld, nl bjtv ntl prdtn f h bn." "ht fr th Yrn vn th nfld nvr f flttn ntl ftr nl n prft r prlnr lvl f rlt. In th tl nttn n n b r f dpr rlt ntttd b th lld IShn r r En. A frthr pld prprt f thl t bn btl ( r blnl.

2. S dhrhnn & Mr. (, pp.888. "ht Slf (Atn nt th, t nt [th] (nt, nt. It nzbl, fr t nnt b zd ndtrtbl, fr t nnt b dtrd ntthd, fr t d nt tth tlf nbnd, d nt trbl, nt njrd..." (rhdrn Upnd (I.v.. dhfrhnn trnltn rd, "ht lf (t b drbd nt th, nt th." In thr rd, th Atn thr drbd b ntvn tr f ht t nt.

113 See Shthn, (8. p. 4. S Sprh, (2 Chptr fv "rf f th l vrh," d n prv th xtn f th Al vnh? r blvbl rptrl thrt ( nd thrh rnn (t.

. S Mrtt, ( p.6 An dfntn f l vjh. .., t d t b tn, ndrn,nn dfnd, n l rltnhp th th l dhr hh prf t, tht t hh n tthd, nd tht n hh ll th d (bj f th x prvrttvjdh r rtnd nd pt fr prhn. h btj r pprprtd fr Stht r nd dfd b th YS&rn. h xtt f vjr ntn f th fv tr prptn pl nvjh ndt t nt fr th n ntnt f xprn.

6. h vrn n th Yh, xtnt nl n btn, b fnd n S 2b44. h vrn n th ASh, xtnt n th rnl Snrt, b fnd n t [6:. .20]. S l Mrtt []. h tndrd td n pn [8]. 0 . S Wldrn, 88. pp. 242 Wht th n tht n t r bd n r rnt n th lvln nd th nn. MS.I.8 tt tht "th nd (tt frnhd th ll th d v brth t th (n nd th [n ntn." 8. h bhE tr, r bhr, ntntr f th Srvtvddn. . Shthn, (8. p..

20. v [2:.264.]

2. Wln, (84. p.44 "Alvjnn xt b f t dd nt, thr ld b n d f vrt nd frth n th ntn f ntnt bn." 22. Wldrn, (88. pp. 6 2. Sprh, (2. pp.4. 24. Shthn, (8. p.40 "Alvn." 2. rd, h tr f th hnlt Mvnt S.E.(4. Ctd n Grnb, Adlf. h ndtn f hnl: A hlph Crt. Unvrt f Clfrn r, rl: 84. 26. trfrnd, ( Erdl & Gldbr, ( lb, (80, 8. 2. lb, (80. p.6. 28. tt, p. 8 , p.

2. MSh. ..2b2.bh.b8. tt. 40

0. S Wldrn, 88, p. 22.MS. . MSU.. .84.0 28b826. tt, p.2.

. rtttpd h bn rntrprtd thrht th htr f ddht thht. On f th ntntl dtrn f ddht phlph, th tr drptv phr hh hrtrz th tp f rn r "rn" (tpd hh r "tthr th" ( r nd b (.., dpndnt pn th n f thr phnnn. Wll (

2. nnr, (8, pp.222. nnr pr ddht thr f tn th ntv thr f tn n phl bd n th thr f Albrt Ell nd hrd zr.

. Ardn t rrth n h Chn hh ln. S l, (84, pp. 8.

4. S vdn. (8 p. 4. h tr lr dl d t dnt th phl fr. rnfrtn (rt vrb prvrt th vrb nn hh ll dntd th hn f x (njnprvrtt hn h vrb ndd. vdn nd tht th tr rprvrtt ppld t x hn dd nt r thr bfr f ftr th ptn f th Mhntrlrbh. S l S (0 p. 68 h tt tht th rlt f th tr 2rprvrtt n th xl n n b fnd n th nrhn f th YIrbhr. rvrtt n t rvr drtn, t n th ppt drtn rprvrtt "th fndntl hn n ntl tttd hh tht nr t nld f th tr dtrn." S Edrtn, ddht brd Snrt tnr, p.20: prvrtt. In MnrWll, Snrt Enlh tnr, p., prvrtt dfnd "trnn b r rnd, rtrnn, rvlvn, hn, ntrhn, xhn." . S S (0 p.68

6. n txt rrdn th rl nd rltn fr ddht n.

. S vdn (8 p.2 2

IIOGAY rr Sr: Mdhhtvbhbh, b bndh vr b An. Ed. b Gdjn. , (64. Abhdhr b bndh. Chptr I nd II. Ed. r. rhld rdhn. rn. r. Sbhdr h. tn, (8. Mhnrh, b An. rn. Etnn tt S d rnd vhl dAn. vn, (8 2nd d., (. Sndr Sr: Altn, Wll . "l Stt f hnlt hr." Enlpd f hlph. (6 6:2. Anr, Stfn. "bndh Krddhprrn nd th prbl f th hht dttn." hlph Et nd Wt. (4 22:, 2428. Anr, Stfn. Svn Wr f bndh. lh: Mtll nrd, (84.

Andrn, .. "Atn f Cntv Sll". hll v. (82 8,6406.

Arhrd, vd. Cnn nd th Unn. Sll: Opn Crt r, (84.

Atnn, .C. & .M. Shffrn. "n Mr: prpd t nd t ntrl pr." K.W. Spn & .. Spn (Ed. h hl f rnn & Mtvtn: Advn n rh & hr. Yr: Ad r. (68 .2 Atnn, .C. & .M. Shffrn. "n Mr: prpd t nd t ntrl pr". K.W. Spn & .. Spn (Ed. h hl f rnn & Mtvtn: Advn n rh & hr. Yr: Ad r. (68 .2 lt, .A. "Unn nt prn: h pndl p n nn." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86

rh, .A. "Attntn nd ttt n th prn f lfrlvnt nfrtn". rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. (82 4, 4246.

rh, .A. & . trn. "Att Infrtn rn & Sl rptn: th nfln f trt nfrtn prntd td f n rn n prn frtn." rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. (82 4, 444.

rh, .A. "Attntn nd ttt n th prn f lfrlvnt nfrtn." rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. (82 4, 4246.

rh, .A. & . trn. "Att Infrtn rn & Sl rptn: th nfln f trt nfrtn prntd td f n rn n prn frtn". rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. (82 4, 444.

rrtt, Wll. th f th Sl. Yr: Anhr r (86.

r, .M. "Att rntn f n nd f n prpn: A nrphll td." rphl. (84 22, 446. htl, Wll. hlph f Mnd: n vrv fr ntv n. lldl, ..: rn Erlb At In. (88. rr, tr & h nn. h Sl Cntrtn f lt: trt n th l f nld. Grdn Ct: bld (66. hrt, Ahnnd. "Mdrn nd Ex f Mhn trn." hlph Et nd Wt (62 2:28.

htthr, . "Evltn f jnnvd." Indn trl Qrtrl. (4 0, .

h, E. "hrh th lnl nd ht ntv phl fnd thr." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86 , 242.

lnthl, Arthr . "A pprl f Wlhl Wndt." Arn hlt. ( 0, 08088. l, Grdn . "rd Cntv nptlztn f Mdttn." rnl f rnprnl hl. 0:2 (8.

rn, Edn G. "Edrd rdfrd thnr, 862." h Arn rnl f hl. (20 .8, 4806. drx, Grr. "rd n th tr f Unn Mntl r." hlph f th Sl Sn. ( , 2. 4 r, K.S. "Inttn nd vr." hr f th Unn nd hr f th Slf. phl Strn. (Ed. lldl, ..: h Anlt r. (8, 0. r, K.S. "Knn Mr hn W Cn S d t Sn Mr hn W n Kn: n bn pltl nfrd." . Mnn (Ed.. rd hl f Sttn. lldl, ..: rn Erlb At In. (8, 4.

r, K.S. "On bn nnl nflnd nd nfrd." h Unn ndrd. K.S. r & . Mhnb. (Ed. Yr: Wl, (84, 2222. r, K.S. "vnn th Unn." Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 04.

r, K.S. "h hl f btl ntrl: n ttrbtnl nl f bhvrl prtn." Cndn rnl f hvrl Sn. ( :, 8.

r, K.S. nd . Mhnb, . (Ed. h Unn ndrd. Yr: Wl (84. lb, . Atthnt nd , .: . Yr: , (80. rdbnt, nld E., tr tzrld nd Mrrt .. rdbnt. "Iplt nd Explt Knld n th Cntrl f Cplx St." rth rnl f hl. (86 , 0.

r, .. nd A.. rddl. "Wht n An tnt rn?" rphl. (6 4, 22.

r, . "nnlt npt frtn nd r fr ntn." E.h & ..ld (Ed. Cntn & Ctrztn. lldl, ..: Erlb (8. rn, nl . "h St f Mndfln Mdttn: A vldtn td." rnl f rnprnl hl. 2:2 (80. rnr, r. "Anthr t ". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 8084.

rnr, .S. & tn, . "nn nd tnnrl rnzn ftr n prptn. rnl f rnlt. (4 :0008. rn, l. "hll Chn n Mdttn Wtrn Mn n hlnd." rnl f rnprnl hl. (82 2:. rtn, nl. "h Cntv nd n Unn: rtl nd htrl prptv." Cntprr hnl. (86 22:, . thr, tr. "h phnnll hl f . Krhnrt." rnl f rnprnl hl. (86 8:.

Cpn, ., . tt, & Y.M. Sth. "I blndht n fft f ttrd lht, prd rtx, nd nrthrhld vn?" h hvrl nd rn Sn. (8 6, 42486. Cpr, rtjf. "Mdrn h nd Etrn Mt." rnl f rnprnl hl. (6, 8:. Cpt, tln. Unn, Gd t th Sr. hldlph: Arn hll brr Atn, (8.

Crln, l . hl f hvr. 2nd d. tn: Alln & n, In. (8.

Crr, .. & . nbh. " t, n dnt: rltn btn nt tvtn nd rn." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86 . Cr, .S. . lbt, K. Chndlr & .. Wlbrt. "h prptl prn phnnn n n." rphl. (8 2, 6622. Crnv: dn. "hnl & btn ddh." h Arn rnl f hnl. (88 .48:, 6. Chn, Wnt. "ddht Idl: nn f th Cnn Onl Shl." A Sr n Chn hlph. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r, (6, 0.

Chn, . & hlp M. Mrl. "Wrd ntn nd Cnn." dn rh: Advn n hr & rt. (8 ., .

Chth, Er. "An Mhnrh." ddht Std v. (8 2:, 2.

Ch, . l nd prnttn. Yr: Clb Unvrt r. (80, 224. 6 Chn, .. "rrvd lrnn pt n An: vdn fr ltpl r t." rphl f Mr. (Ed .. Sr & . ttr. Yr: Gldfr r. (84, 80. Chn, .. & .. Sr. "rrvd lrnn nd rtntn f pttrn nln ll n n: tn f "nn h" nd "nn tht"." Sn (80, 20 2020. Cnz, Edrd. ddh: t n nd dvlpnt. Yr: rpr rhb. (, 6.

Crn, nd. (Ed. Enlpd f hl. Yr: hn Wl & Sn. (84. Crtn, .S. & . Wd. "Atn rpn t htd rd n nttndd hnnl." rnl f Exprntl hl. (2 4, 08. Crtn, .S. & .nn. "Shtd rd n nnttndd : tt fr ntr rn." rnl f Exprntl hl. (4 02, 444. Czz, M. Unn Sl Infrtn rn. Unpblhd dtrl drttn, Unvrt f Wr, lnd. (84 vdn, nld Mr. ddht St f rnfrtn: Arprvrttprvrtt An th YSr. Unvrt Mrfl Intrntnl: Ann Arbr, Mhn. (8 d n, E. . ., A. Yn & . b. " rntn tht rn". Cntv rphl. (8 4, 84.

n, Arthr. h Obrvn Slf: t nd pvhthrp. tn: n r, (82.

nntt, nl C. Cnn Explnd. rnt: ttl, rn nd Cpn, (.

nntt, nl C. "Qnn Ql." Cnn n Cntprr Sn. (Es A. . Mrl nd E. h. Oxfrd: Clrndn r, (88, 428. th, .A. & . th. "Attntn: thrtl ndrtn." hll v. (6 0, 800. ln, Ilh. "I th Unn hrtl Cntrt?" Mnt. (2, 6, 42.

ln, Ilh. "h Unn." Mnd. ( 68,4464. xn, .. Sblnl prptn: th ntr f th ntrvr. Yr: MGr ll. (. ln, .E. & C.W. Ern. "Ar f brhtn drntn rd b nrrnt vrbl rpn nd GSs" rnl f Abnrl & Sl hl. ( , 4842. ln .E. Crln, .A. & , G.I. "A f ntt lrnn & jdnt: n nd h btrt?" rnl f Exprntl hl: Gnrl. (84 , 4. ln, .E., Crln, .A. & , G.I. "On nn n ntt lrnn & jdnt: A rpl t br, Alln, nd n." rnl f Exprntl hl: Gnrl. (8 4, 22.

ln .E. Crln, .A. & , G.I. "A f ntt lrnn & jdnt: n nd h btrt?" rnl f Exprntl hl: Gnrl. (84 , 4. El, Mrr . "vnn th nn" : rpn t ntr. Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 6 El, Mrr . "h hnlt nd th Cntv Unn." hr f th Unn nd hr f th Slf. phl Strn (Ed. lldl, ..: h Anlt r. (8.

El, Mrr . nt vlpnt n hnl. Yr: MGrll. (84.

Edrtn, rnln. ddht brd Snrt tnr. l. vn: Yl Unvrt r (. Edn, Edrd. "hnlt hrp: h En Arnt." Arn hlt. (80, :. Eldr, Gr. (Ed. ddht Inht: b Alx Wn. lh: Mtll nrd. (84.

Eld, Mr. (Ed. h Enlpd f ln. Yr: Mlln blhn C. (8. Ellnbrr, nr "htr fr Annt t drn ." Arn ndb f htr. (4, , 2. Ellnbrr, nr . h vr f th Unn. Yr: In., (0. 8 Enlpd f ddh. . rt III. "Alvjnn" d. G.. Mll Sr. (64.

Eptn, Mr . "On th lt f Evnl Spndd Attntn." rnl f rnprnl hl. (84, 6:2. Eptn, Mr. "h trtn f th Slf: E nd "ln" n ddht Inht Mdttn." rnl f rnprnl hl. 20: (88. Erdl, Mtth h. "hdn nd th Unn". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 8488. Erdl, Mtth h. hnl: rd Cntv hl. Yr: W.. rn & C. (8. Erdl, Mtth h. "t nt p rprn ndr th r: trd ntv phl f rprn." n ntnl rdr f Mr. Ed. .. Khltr nd .. Evn. lldl, ..: rn Erlb At. (. Erdl, Mtth h. "A l t th : prptl dfn nd vln." hll v. (4 8: 2. Ern, C.W. "rntn nd lrnn tht rn: A thdll rv & vltn." hll v (60 6, 200.

Ern, C.W. "Sbptn: t r Artft?" hll v. (6 6, 480.

Ern, C.W. hvr & Arn: A p f rrh & ntrprttn. rh, .C.: Unvrt r. (62.

EvnWntz, W.Y. h btn f th d. ndn: Oxfrd Unvrt r. (60.

rrll, .A. "rdn hl nd t pltn." n Stt f Mnd. b nthn Mllr. Yr: nthn . (8, 2220.

nnr, tr. "Cntv hr f th Etn n ddh nd Wtrn hl." hl. (8, 0, 222. ld, G.C. "I th Cnptn f th Unn f l n hl?" Mnd (2 .

dr, . & nn W. lhn. "Cnntn nd Cntv Arhttr: rtl nl." Cntn. (88 28, .

dr, . Mdlrt f Mnd. Cbrd, M.A.: Mt rdfrd. (8. dr, ndr & rn Gnr. (Ed. rd: tnr f hnl. Yr: Grnd r. (8, 4. rllnr, Erh. "ndr n th tr f Indn ." Wnr thrtt fr Knd SdUnd tn. (6 :2 48

rllnr, Erh. hlph d ddh (6 rd rv. d. rln (t d. 8.

rd, S. (8 rjt fr Sntf hl. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trnltd b . Strh. l.l. ndn: rth r, 66. (Unpblhd nrpt, rnll nttld, "hl fr rlt," pltd n 8. . (00 h Intrprttn f r. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trnltd b . Strh. l. 4 nd . ndn: rth r, .

,(0 hr E n th hr f Sxlt. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trnltd b . Strh. l.. ndn: rth r, . ,(2 A t n th Unn n phnl. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trnltd b . Strh. l.2. ndn: rth r, 8.

,(4 h tr f th hnlt Mvnt. rn. b . vr nd . Strh. n h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd b . Strh. l. 4. ndn: rth r, .

,( prn. rnltd b C.M.n nd . Strh. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd b . Strh. l. 4. ndn: rth r, . , (b h Unn. rn. b C.M. n nd . Strh. In h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, l. 4. ndn: rth r, . , ( A Gnrl Intrdtn t hnl. rn. b . vr. Yr: vrht, 6. 00

, (20 nd th lr rnpl. n h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trn. b . Strh. l. 8. ndn: rth r, 6. , ( h E nd th Id. rn. b . vr nd . Strh. n h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt Wr f Snd rd, dtd b . Strh. l. . ndn: rth r, 6. , ( Intrdtr tr n hnl. n h Stndrd Edtn f th Cplt hll Wr f Snd rd, dtd nd trnltd b . Strh. l. 20. ndn: rth r, 64. rhn, . r rd t n: prtv td f th phl f th nn. rn. rd E. Enrn & Evln K. Enrn. tn: Shbhl. (0. llr, brt C. Arn nd th Unn. Yr: Oxfrd Unvrt r. (86. Gll, . "A Yr Anl f th Mnd, d n th jnn tn f bndh nndhprrn th Gnprbh Cntr." h rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (80 :2, 20. Gll, . "jnn, Sjn, nd Mn." h Mddl W. :2 (8, 62.

Grdnr, rd. h Mnd Sn: htr f th ntv rvltn. Yr: . (8.

Gl, A.. & K.. l. Cntn. 2nd Ed. Yr: nd . (86. G, . rd: lf fr r t. Yr: rtn. (88. Gl, E.., .. Shtr & E. lvn. "rnn & rtntn f ptrrltd vblr n rprd ptnt: thd f vnhn ." rnl f Exprntl rphl. (86b 8, 222.

Gl, E.., .. Shtr & E. lvn. "Cptr lrnn b rprd ptnt: tn & rtntn f plx nld." rphl. (86 24, 28. Gl, E.., .. Shtr & E. lvn. "Cptr lrnn b rprd ptnt: tn & rtntn f plx nld". rphl. (86 24, 28. 0

Gln, nl. "rptv On hl, lt nd th Std f Cnn." rnl f rnprnl hl. (4 6:.

Gln, nl. "h ddh On Mdttn nd Stt f Cnn prt II: A tpl f dttn thn." rnl f rnprnl hl. (2 4:. Gln, nl. "h ddh On Mdttn nd Stt f Cnn rt I: h thn." rnl f rnprnl hl. (2 4:. Grdn, .C. & K.. l. "Iplt rnn nd Gnrlztn f th r xpr fft." rnl f rnlt & Sl hl.(8 4, 4200.

Grh, hrd . "hl f ln." Annl v f hl. (88 :202.

Gvnd, Anr. ndtn f btn Mt. ndn: dr & C., (6. Grf, tr nd nl . Shtr. "Untztn nd rpn Mdt tn n Mr fr Atn." rnl f Exprntl hl, rnn, Mr nd Cntn. (8 :, 040. Grf, tr nd nl . Shtr. "Iplt nd Explt Mr fr Atn n rl nd An Sbjt." rnl f Exprntl hl, rnn, Mr nd Cntn. (8 :, 08.

Grf, tr, .. Sr, & Mndlr, G. "h Infrtn tht n ptnt d nt frt." rnl f Exprntl hl: rnn, Mr, nd Cntn. (84 0, 64 8. Grnld, Anthn G. " : Unn Cntn ld". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 6680.

Grr, hrd . (Ed. h Oxfrd Cpnn t Mnd. Oxfrd: Oxfrd Unvrt r. (8.

Gr, .. " nd Cnvrtn". h f Grr. Ed. . vdn & G. rn. nn, Enn, C.A. (6.

Grffth, l. On n Mndl: ddht Mdttn nd th Mndd rbl. Sll, Illn: Opn Crt. (86 Grf, Stnl. nd th rn. Yr: Stt Unvrt f Yr, (8. 02 Grnb, Adlf. "r f th ndtn f hnl phlphl rt." hvrl nd rn Sn. (88 , 2284. , r, hn Knn, nd l Grffth. h l f Ann: trnltn nd td f th tnth hptr f Ar Mhnnrh. Yr: Oxfrd Unvrt r. (8. , r. Arh nz n hh rnh n nr hbnn. Kz b Kn K. (8 6:26. , r. "rdhptt It trl Mnn n th jnpttrt St." Ind nv (rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. ( 46:2. , r. "h l f Enlhtnnt n jnpttrt: th frltn f th "r Knd f r hr"." Ind Kn (rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (80 :2, 24.

ll, Crn. "h Mnn f jnpt n bndh npt f Mnd." h rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (86 :, 2. pdnrnr, Chrl. Mn f th Mnd. Yr: Cllr . (8. phr, S. "tn f th Unn Mnd." n Stt f Mnd, b nthn Mllr. Yr: nthn . (8. 006. , Sht. "Knld nd rnndn: Mdrn Idlt hlph nd Yr ddh." pn rnl f l Std. (84 :2.

lhltz, ... (86 rt n hll Opt. rn. fr th rd Grn d., Ed. .G.C. Sthll, Yr: vr (62.

nl, S..A. "Unn prptn rvtd: A nt n Mrl ppr." lltn f th hn St. (84 22, 224.

lrd, E.. "h rl f Mnd: ntn, fftn, nd ntn". rnl f th tr f th hvrl Sn. (80 6:0.

hbr, . rptn. Enld Clff, : rntll. (8. 0 lndr, . "I th nn nbl t ntf rtn?" Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 202 lndr, . "Snt tvtn tht n dntftn n dht ltnn, prfvl vn, nd vl n: A rv nd pprl." hvrl nd rn Sn.(86 ,66. lt, brt . rd pprd. Yr: Glfrd r. (8. nt, Erl. "Cntv Sn: fntn, Stt nd Qtn." Annl v f hl. (8 40, 602. Inz, Kz. "h Cnpt f jrpt nd n n th xt f bndh tvjWptEtrtEddh." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (66 :. Id, S. n nd Eptn. : h d r. (80. 2808. Inz, Kz. "jpttrt trn Sttl Explntn f dhttv f." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (68 6:2, 62.

b, rnn. rn. rvjnpt es bndh t h d Ar Sthrt. Stttrt: .W. r. (0. b, rr ., . Stphn nd, nd ffr . th. "Unn Infln vld: Attntn, Arn, nd Cntrl. Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 80280. b, .., & . Wthrpn. "brn tht rn." Cndn rnl f hl. (82 6, 0024. b, .., & M. ll. "On th rltnhp btn tbrphl r nd prptl lrnn." rnl f Exprntl hl: Gnrl. (8 0, 0640.

n, dnbh S. "h vlpnt f th hr f th prtSr." lltn f th Shl f Orntl nd Afrn Std. ( 22.

n, dnbh S. "h Strnt hr f j." lltn f th Shl f Orntl nd Afrn Std. Unvrt f ndn. (, 22. n, dnbh S. "h bhI hr f Wrd nd Mnn." lltn f th Shl f Orntl nd Afrn Std. Unvrt f ndn. (, 22. 04 , Wll. h rt f l Exprn. Yr: nd , In. (02.

n, C.G. ( Gnrl Apt f hnl. CW 4. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. , (68 h ltn tn th E nd th Unn. CW . rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. ,(68 rnndnt ntn. CW 8. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. ,(264 On th hl f th Unn. CW . rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr.

, (2 hll p. CW 6. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. , (26 Sprt nd f. CW 8. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. , (2 Snd rd n trl Sttn. CW . rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr.

, ( h Mnn f hl fr Mdrn Mn. CW 0. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. , (6 Y nd th Wt. CW . rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr. , ( hll Cntr n th btn f Grt brtn. CW . rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr.

, (46 On th tr f th h. CW 8. rntn, ..: rntn Unvrt r (llnn Sr.

Khnn, . Attntn & Effrt. Enld Clff, ..: rntll. (8. Klff, Mrtn. "h tn f E n btn ddh nd nn hl." rnl f rnprnl hl. :2 (8. Knzr, Mr. d. h Unn d: n hnr f Mx Shr. Yr: Intrntnl Unvrt r, . 0 Knn, hn . "Ornl rt nd th f Erl Yrr." rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (82 :, 8. Khltr, hn ., rrn M. rnhrdt, nd l . trn. "h hll Unn: nd, t, nd nd". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 882. Khltr, hn ., "h hll Unn". In . rvn (Ed., ndb f rnlt: thr nd rrh. Yr: Glfrd r. (0 pp.44464.

Khltr, hn . "Cn, bn, nn: A ntv prptv". In K.S. r & . Mhnb (Ed. h Unn ndrd. Yr: hn Wl. (84, 42. Khltr, hn . "h Cntv Unn". Sn (8 2, 4442. Knbrn, M. & E.K. Wrrntn. "A vrt f rdn dblt td th rht hphr ln". rnl f rl, rrr & htr. (62 2, 208. Knbrn, M., & . Wd. "Shrt tr r nd th n ndr". In .. th & .A. th (Ed. Shrttr r. Yr: Ad r. (, 282.

Kln, .. h Unn: Invntn r vr: A htr rtl nr. Snt Mn: Gdr blhn C. In. (. Kln, l. "h Exprntl Std f th hnlt Unn". rnlt & Sl hl lltn. (8 :, 68. Khtt, h A. A ddht trn f Exprn. lh: Mtll nrd. (82.

Klr, .A. "dn r ltr". rnl f Exprntl hl: n rnn nd Mr. (6 2, 46. Kt, vd . "btn ddh nd hthrp: A nvrtn th th l ." rnl f rnprnl hl. (8, :. Knd, Ah. "Illn nd n Sffrn: brf Cprn f rn d th ddht ndrtndn f nd." ddht nd Wtrn hl. d. thn Ktz. Clrd: rjn r. (8. 06

Krln, Ar W. "h tn f th nn: f nt bt t, t." Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 02. Khn, h S. h trtr f Sntf vltn. ndn: Unvrt f Ch r. (62, 4. tt, Etnn. "h Ant f xtl Intrprttn n ddh." ddht rnt. d. nld S. pz, r. nll: Unvrt f r. (88. tt, Etnn. Krddhprrn. trn. M. rdn. rl, Clf.: An nt r. (88. tt, Etnn. (Ed. & rn. Sdhnrntr: Expltn d Mvtr. tvn: Unvrt d vn. (.

nd, ., M. rd, & A. Srrnt. "In rdn n f lx tht rph d b brn tr: A thtp td". rn nd n. (80 , 4. t nbh & Elzbth ppr. Mnd n btn ddh. ndn: dr (80. zr, .S. "vnn th nn." Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 006. zr, .S. "Sbptn: ft r rtftA rpl t Ern". hll v. (6 6, 44. zr, .S. & .M. MClr. "Atn drntn tht rn: A td f bptn". hll v. ( 8,22.

r, . "Inl Knt nd th vlpnt f Mdrn hl." n h rblt Sn. Ed. Wdrd, W. nd Ah, M., Yr: rr Spl Std. (82. v, S. (Ed. jnpttrtddh. x rt d bndh: rt t r. blth d lEl d t Etd, Sn tr t hll, l 24. r: brr Annn nr Chpn. (2. . v, S. Un t d phlph bddh: Mtrx pr ltd d t jMptrAtr, htr d t pttr, dpr . Shj, pr M. . vll. Ilvrn, dpr l n n t, trdt n llbrtn v E. Chvnn. r: lltn d ll dht td, (2. 0 , l, h ll, nd Mr Czz. "nn Atn f Infrtn". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 6802. , l, Czz, M. & . ffn. "Unn tn f plx prdrl nld". rnl f Exprntl hl: rnn, Mr, nd Cntn. (8 , 20. , l. "rn nfrtn bt vrtn tht nnt b rtltd". rnl f Exprntl hl: rnn, Mr, nd Cntn. (86 2, 46. , l. "Unn r xplntn f hvr n Cntv, rnlt, nd Sl hl". rnlt & Sl hl lltn. (8 :, 62. , l. nn Sl Infrtn rn. Orlnd, l.: Ad r, In. (86b.

, .. "Snt rn f Unttndd M n ht ltnn". rnl f Exprntl hl. (0 8, 22228. ft, Elzbth . nd Mr . Klnr. "I th Unn Srt r b?". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 6 66. pz, nld S. r. "On th Intrprttn f th Mhn Sttr." ddht rnt. d. nld S. pz, r. nll: Unvrt f r. (88.

, Chrl, d.nd trn. h Srn Sr Mn Yn Chn. ndn: dr & C., (66.

ndh, rGnnr. "Intrptn, nn, nd hn nfrtn prn." Sndnvn rnl f hl. ( 20:2228.

, — ..... Mrtt, A. Chrln S. "An fn f Alvjn n." rnl f Indn hlph. ( 2, 64. MGlnn, S. M. & . . Shtr. "Unrn f dft n nrphll ndr." rnl f Clnl & Exprntl rphl. (8 , 420. Mlntr, A.C. h Unn: A nptl Anl. r: nt r, (8.

Mllr, G.. d. "Alvjnn.• • Enlpd f ddh. (64 . prt III. 08 Mll, nt. hnl: h pbl prfn. Yr: Alfrd A. Knpf, (8.

Mndlr, G. Cntn,Sh,nd rd. pr prntd t Sp n "hnl nd Cntv hl: Cnvrn nd vrn," t Annl Mtn f th Arn hll Atn, Anh, CA. (8. Mrl, A.. "hnnl xprn nd fntnl." Cnn n Cntprr Sn. (Ed. A. . Mrl nd E. h. (88 Oxfrd: Clrndn r, (88, 2 . Mrl, A.. "Cn nd nn prptn: Exprnt n vl n nd r rntn". Cntv hl. (8 , 2. Mrl, A.. "Cn nd nn prptn: An pprh t th rltn btn phnnl rn nd prptl pr". Cntv hl. (8b , 2800. Mthr, .C. "h htrl ddh (Gt, , nd n th lf: prn nd vltn." hlph Et nd Wt. (8 28:, 26220. Mtll, l Krhn. "A Crt f ddht Idl." In . Cn, A. Knt nd K.. rn (Ed., ddht Std n nr f I.. rnr. rdrht: dl. (4 6. M, . " phlph ddh Idlt." Etd At ( 2:262. Mrl, hlp M. "rptn Wtht Arn: Crtl I". Arn hlt. (2 4:6, 26.

Mllr, G.A. "h Ml br Svn, l r Mn : lt n r pt fr prn nfrtn." hll v. (6 6, 8.

Mllr, . Stt f Mnd. Yr: nthn . (8.

Mlnr, ., S. Crn, & .. br. "rthr nl f th hpppl n ndr: 4 r fllp td f .M". rphlv. (68 6, 224.

MnrWll, M. A SnrtEnlh tnr Etlll nd hllll Arrnd th pl rfrn t nt IndErpn n. Oxfrd, En. 8 2nd d., (0 0 Mr, . "Attntn n dht ltnn: fftv nd th nfln f ntrtn". Qrtrl rnl f Exprntl hl. , 660. Mrtn, . "Wht d n b n?" hvrl nd rn Sn. (86 ,4. Mvth, M. "Mltpl dtn f fntn n An". n Mr & An. (Ed. .S. Cr. lldl, ..: rn Erlb At. (82, 0.

Mlln, . "fn, dr nd rtnlt." Svnth. (8 :8204.

, Gdn M. "r Mdh t Y r n nl f MMK, v.8 & M." rnl f Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (, 2:. , Gdn M. "h ddht Wrld Eldtd n th hrtr hr nd t Sl." Etrn ddht (8, 6:, 8.

lv, . . l f th Unn: h nhntd frntr. (Ed. brt G. Cldn (trn. A.. Yrh hldlph: ISI r, (82.

tl, h. "Cnn." Arn hlt." (8, 064. vn, . "On dtrnn ht nn nd ht prptn." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86 , 444.

ln, .0 rnl f Exprntl hl n rnn Cntn. (8 4, 4.

hl, Mr. "Ennr f th Mnd." Mln (88, Apr..

ln, S.. & I.G. Srn. "Etn, prnlt, nd ltv ttntn". rnl f rnlt nd Sl hl. (8 4, 460.

btt, .E. & n ll. "rbl prt Abt Cl Infln n Sl dnt: prvt vr pbl thr." rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. ( :, 6624.

btt, .E. & .. Wln. "lln r thn n n: rbl rprt n ntl pr". hll v ( 84, 22. 0

btt, .E. & .. Wln. "h l Efft: Evdn fr nn ltrtn f dnt". rnl f rnlt & Sl hl. (b , 2026.

Oln, brt. "Cndrrt Crt f jnvd." hlph Et nd Wt (4 24:40.

Oh A. :n Clltv Unnn nd th Alvjn." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (86 6:. .. O, A. "Wht th nt b dtrn th Alvjnn?" rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (8 2:. p, K.. "h fltrn f rn nd lt b tn." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86, .

l, n Y. "h Strtr f Cnn n rrth rprtd rl". hlph Et & Wt. (8 :, 2. l, n Y. hlph f Mnd n 6th Cntr Chn:

rrth Evltn f Cnn. Stnfrd: Stnfrd r, (84. rr, nd rn . "h Evltn f ddht Stt fr th ddh t bndh." h Etrn ddht. (82 :2. rr, Cpbll & nh rn. "Mntl prn td f Arn: th Cntrbtn f rd nd nt." h Unn ndrd. (Ed K.S. r nd . Mhnb. Yr: hn Wl & Sn. (84, 48. trfrnd, E. "Infrtn, t, nd phnl." hll I, Mnr. 226. Yr, Intrntnl Unvrt r. (.

ln, M. h t nn. Grdn Ct, ..: bl & C. (64. nr, M.I. "Attntn & ntn Cntrl". .. Sl (Ed. Infrtn rn & Cntn: th l p. lldl, ..: Erlb. (.

nr, M.I. Chrntr Explrtn. Enld Clff, ..:rntll. (.

rbr, Krl . "h Cntv nd Mndrn I." Arn hlt. (86, 4:.

dhrhnn, S. nd Chrl S. Mr, Ed., A Sr n Indn hlph. rntn: rntn Unvrt r, (. br, A.S. "Iplt rnn f Artfl Grr". rnl f rbl rnn & rbl hvr. (6 , 886. br, A.S. "Iplt rnn f Sntht n: th rl f Intrtnl St". rnl f Exprntl hl: n rnn & Mr. (6 2, 884. br, A.S. & . Alln. "Anl & Abtrtn Strt n ntht rr lrnn: fntnl ntrprttn". Cntn. (8 6, 822. br, A.S. & S. . "Iplt rnn: n nl f th fr & Strtr f bd f t Knld". Cntn. ( , 6.

br, A.S., . Alln & S. n. "Sntt rnn & dnt: tll nn nd tll btrt". rnl f Exprntl hl: nrl. (8 4, 24. br, A.S., Sl M. Kn, Sln nd Gr Cntr. "On th ltnhp tn Iplt nd Explt Md n th rnn f Cplx l Strtr". rnl f Exprntl hl, rnn, Mr nd Cntn. (80 6, 4202. br, Arthr S. "Iplt rnn f Sntht n: th rl f ntrtnl t". rnl f Exprntl hl: n rnn nd Mr. (6, 2, 884. nbh, t. Mnd n btn ddh. d. Elzbth ppr. ndn: dr & C., (80.

zn, l. rd nd llr. Yr: Knpf. (. , I. An Intrdtn t prptn. Yr: Mlln. (. thbr, nld. "hlphl ndtn f rnprnl hl: An ntrdtn t b ". rnl f rnprnl hl. (86 8:.

zn, . "h vltn f ntlln nd t th ntv nn". In E. Stllr & .M. Spr (Ed., r n hbl nd phll hl. Sn , C.A.: Ad r. (6 6, 24280. 2 ll, Elbrt W. "Cnn nd th Unn: Etrn Mdttv nd Wtrn hthrpt Apprh." rnl f rnprnl hl. (86 8:. S, dnr S. " Arprvrtthr n dr Yrbh." Alt nd Indh Stdn .40 I,II, rnz Stnr rl Stttrt. (0.

Srhhndr, Edrvr . "r bndh t Sntrt." rnl f Indn hlph. (6 4:60. Srbrh, .., . Grrd, & C. Crt. "An xl r: h trnfr f rd rpttn fft r t nd dlt". Mr nd Cntn. ( , 2.

Shtr, .., rbl, .. nd Mhln, .. "trvl tht rlltn: n xprntl nl f r n. rnl f rbl rnn nd rbl hvr. (84 2, 6. Shtr, nl . "Iplt xprn f r n rn n: rnn f n ft nd tn". n rbl. (8 6,08.

Shtr, nl . "Iplt r: tr nd rrnt tt". rnl f Exprntl hl: rnn, Mr, nd Cntn. (8b , 08. Shtr, nl . "On th ltn tn Mr nd Cnn: bl Intrtn nd n xprn". rt f Mr nd Cnn. (Ed. nr . dr, III nd r I.M. Cr. lld, r: rn Erlb At. (8.

Shtr, nl . "rn f ld nd n nld n n ptnt nd nrl bjt". Annl f th Yr Ad f Sn. (8 444, 4.

Shtr, nl . "h hl f Mr". Mnd nd rn: dl n Cntv rn. Ed. .E. x & W. rt. Yr: Cbrd Unvrt r. (86 824.

Shtr, nl . "rd Cntv rphl f Arn: Iplt Knld & Ann". rnl f Clnl & Exprntl rphl. (0 2, 8. Shtr, nl . & . Grf. "rrvd lrnn n n ptnt: rptv fr rrh n drt prn". rnl f Clnl nd Exprntl rphlv. (86 8, 24. Shtr, nl ., M.. MAndr, nd M. Mvth. "A t Cnn: dtn btn plt nd xplt Knld". hht Wtht n. (Ed. . Wrntz. Oxfrd: Clrndn r. (88. Shthn, brt. "On th prbl f th rltn f prtl prt nd phlphl thr n ddh." Grn Shlr On Ind. Cntrbtn t Indn Std, . b: ht bltn. (6. Shthn, brt. "r trtrhht dr Altrn YrShl." thrt dr thn Mrnlndhn Gllhft. thrft Spplnt , (II thn Orntltnt. (6 2:882.

Shthn, brt. Alvjnn rt I. : h Intrntnl Inttt fr ddht Std. (8. Shthn, brt. Alvjrn rt II. : h Intrntnl Inttt fr ddht Std, (8. Shpnhr, A. h Wll t v: Sltd Wrtn. Yr: rdr Unr. (0. Sn, .G., . rd, & .M. Kff. "Afftv drntn f Stl tht r nt rnzd: fft f hdn, n, nd rbrl ltrlt". rnl f Exprntl hl: rnn, Mr, nd Cntn. (8 , 44 . Sekea G.. Mll. (Ed "Alvjnn". Enlpd f ddh. (64 . rt III.

Shll, . & E. Sffrn. "xl prn n th bn f xplt rd dntftn: Evdn fr lttrb lttr rdr". Cntv rphlv. (86 , 42 428.

Sh, Mrnd. "Wll & Ylr hlph." hlph Et & Wt. (8 :, 22244.

Shvrn, . "rn Wv Crrlt f Sblnl Stltn, Unn ttntn, rr nd Sndrpr hnn, nd prvn." hll I (, 8:2. Shvrn, . "Evd tntl Evdn fr Unn Mntl r: A rv f th ltrtr." In A.S. rnhvl,A.E. Shrz & .. n (d h Unn: tr, fntn, thd f td. bl: Mlnrb, (8. 4 Shvrn, rd nd Stt n. "h hll Unn: A nr ptn fr ll phll thr?" Arn hlt. (80 :, 4244. Shp, brt. "rd n Cn nd Unn Intntn." Inr. (0 : 4. Sht, . "Knld nd rnndn: Mdrn Idlt hlph & Yr ddh (rt ." pn rnl f l Std. (84 :, . Sht, . "Knld nd rnndn: Mdrn Idlt hlph & Yr ddh (rt 2." pn rnl f l Std. (84 :2, 64. Slr, rdr A. "Unn Intntn." Inr (6 0, 226.

Snh, rj M. "h Abhdhr tn f jrn nd t Strll Snfn." rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (80 :, 46. Sprh, Grth. On f Eln. Yr: Sn. (2. Spnbr, Aln. "n brtn n Yr ddh." rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std. (, 2:. Spnbr, Aln. h jWpttr ddh f th Chn Mn KCh (A.. 62682. UC h drttn (. Stnvh, K.E. nd n G. rll. "rn tht rn: Wht ll th f bt?" hvrl nd rn Sn. (86.

Sthrbt, h. "Ubr dn rff vjn n ddh." thrft fr Indl nd Irnt. (2 , 6. Sthrbt, h. h Cntrl Cnptn f ddh nd th nn f th rd hr". ndn: l At St (2. Stl, brt S. "hnl nd rnt." Intrntnl v f hnl. ( 6, 84.

Strn, phl. (Ed. hr f th Unn nd hr f th Slf. lldl, ..: h Anlt r. (8.

Str, Stphn. "Mdttn." Glb & Ml. (8 Ot. . , d. "h npt f n n th nvtr." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (8 8:2. h, Sh. "hnn nd lt n jMpttr hht." (Ed. l S. Kr & Kth Stt. ddht hht nd An Cvlztn. Ervll, C.A.: hr blhn, (, 2426. rt, Chrl . "h tr f Altrd Stt f Cnn: A t pprh. rnl f rnprnl hl. (6 8:.

rthn l, nph. "A f Mnd." rnl f rnprnl hl. (6 8:.

t, thl. Abhdhrbh 4v. btnSnrt Wr Sr, . . tn: rd l rh Inttt. (6. lr, En I. "hl f ln nd An Std: th Wll ." (8. h, . "h dhttv Mtphr t n Cnpt t Slf." h Etrn ddht. (82 :2.

thnr, . "h Sh f Intrptn." Arn rnl f hl. (2 2, 4808. , Ghn. "p hht th ntnn f Ann." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (86 6:. , Ghn. "h Alvjnn f th Srddhtpd." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. (4 4:. l, rnnd nd Crn rntt. "h rvblvr f bndh." rnl f Indn hlph. (8 :. rnl, . & , A.. "Knld tht rn: n ndx f fl rntn b prpn". Sn (8 228, 444. rn, A.M., . Sr & . Grn. "Snt prn n dht ltnn? A rpltn". Mr & Cntn. (4 2, 64646.

rnp, C. "h Grnd nd th Eht Cnn." Grd (6 4, 64. lvn, E. nd rltn, . "Avlblt vr Ablt Infrtn n Mr fr Wrd." rnl f rbl rnn & rbl hvr. (66 , 8. n, n . "rrt rh n xprntl phl: E.. thnr lbrtr nvttn, 82." n hl n th ntth Cntr hht 6 nd St. (Ed. Mthl G. Ah nd Wll . Wdrd. Yr: Cbrd Unvrt r. (8, 2. Ud, Yhf. " Mn Str f hht n YWr hlph." hlph Et nd Wt (6 :6. rd, Alfn. ltl Apt n ddht hht (Std n Snpn Mhn Idl. Et An Sr, n.8 rn: Unvrt f Kn r, (4. vn Wrht, .M., K. Andrn nd U. Stnn. "Gnrlztn f Cndtnd GS n dht ltnn". .M.A. btt nd S. rn (Ed. Attntn & rfrn. Yr: Ad r. (. Whtl, l . "h nnnd nn pr." Cndn hl. (8 28:2, 008. Wldrn: Wll S. " A Cprn f th Alvjnn th rd & n hr f th Unn". n Shn ddht Cprhnv rh Annl Mr 6 (88, 00. Wrrntn, E.K. & . Wrntz. " Mthd f ttn ln tr rtntn th pl rfrn t n ptnt". tr (68 2, 24. Wrrntn, E.K. & . Wrntz. "h fft f prr lrnn n bnt rtntn n n ptnt". rphl (4 2, 4428. Wn, Alx. "h ddht "t th, t th"." hlph Et nd Wt. (6 :. Wn, Alx. "h Yr Idl." hlph Et nd Wt. (6, :.

Wn, Alx. "Yr nd th ddht n." h rnl f th Intrntnl Atn f ddht Std ( 2:, 68.

Wn, Crnl. hnl nd Cntv hl. ndn: Ad r. (8. Wrntz, . "S ntrbtn f nrphl f vn nd r t th prbl f nn". Cnn n Cntprr Sn. (Ed. A.. Mrl & E. h. Oxfrd Unvrt r. (88, 8.

Wrntz, . lndht. Yr: Oxfrd Unvrt r. (86. Wld, hn. "Mdttn nd th Unn: A n rptv." rnl f rnprnl hl. : (. Wht, nlt. "Unn." Enlpd f hlph. (6 :88. Wht, nlt. h Unn fr rd. Yr: In., (60. Wlbr, Kn. "A vlpntl f Cnn." rnl f rnprnl hl. (0 :. Wlbr, Kn. "hl rnn: h ptr f Cnn." rnl f rnprnl hl. :2 (.

Wl, Kthln . " ,h, dh, , nd nn." Cnn n Cntprr Sn. Oxfrd: Clrndn r. (88 642. Wll, n n. On Knn lt: th ttvrth Chptr f An dhttvbhU. Yr: Clb r. (. Wln, rnfrd r. h Mnn f Mnd n th Mhn ddht hlph f MndOnl (Ctttr. rt & 2 Ann Arbr, Mhn: Unvrt Mrfl Intrntnl. (84. Wd, .O. "hnlt hr f th Unn." Enlpd f hlph. (6 :84.

Wlfrd, G. "A v f th trtr th nd tht rn." hvrl nd rn Sn. (86, .

Wlr, r . Othr v, Othr lv. nt : Yr. (88.

Wrtn, C. & ft, E.. hl (4th d. MGrll: Yr. (2.

Wl, rrll . "A Stndrd St f btn rnrptn." rvrd rnl f At Std. ( 22:2626. Yd, S. "h thtGrb nd th Clltv Unn." rnl f Indn nd ddht Std. ( :2, 660.

Yn, A. & E... d n. "ndr f vrt rntn n prpn." Cntv rphl. (88 , 6. 8

jn, .. "ln nd hnn." Arn hlt. (80 :2, . AEI: h Ehtfld rf f th lvjnn

h Snrt vn hr tn fr thl t [6] dtn f th Abhdhrbh. h txt l rprnt tht tn f th YrbhU ll nrhn. h btn trnltn f bth th AbhdhrYbh nd th YIIrbhl r l t dntl nd Sthrt, rfr xpltl t th nrhp n h txt. I hv d th btn nd pn trnltn f th p v b [8] nd Grffth [86]. h htfld prf bn th r vr (ddn, prd th brf ttnt f h f th ht rnt nd thn v dtld prnttn f h rnt. Sr r

pltt `d pOtv bj r n jt Knbhvtt ptt t tth Intrdtn ..". tbhr Irr lvpnntt prttv tdthlntrnllvjnn ( Ir8pdn2bhvtr (2 dprvrttpbhvth ( ptprvrttbhvt (4 bjtvbhvth ( rvbhvtll (6 Inbhvbhvt ( ttpttbhvt (8 vjnntbhvt trnltn: On hld ndrtnd (prttv th xtn f (tt th lvn n ht (tbhr rr. ht (tdthI: f thr r n lvn (ntrnlvjln th flln ht llnn ft ld b pbl (n jt:

( hr ld b n pprprtn f [phl] b. (2 hr ld b n [Ern f] n ntl (d [fntn f nn]. ( hr ld b n [Ern f] lrt (pttv. (4 hr ld b n ndtn f bn "d" (bj. ( hr ld b n tn (rn. (6 hr ld b n rprl xprn (Snbhvh. ( hr ld b n [ nd] f ndl dttv brptn (tt ptt. (8 hr ld b n [nn tht] p (t. 20 rf n (ptt, x (nbhvh, vn (tt ptt, nd ht (t r ll nrnd th th t pt f lvrn: t fntn f pprprtn th bd t th nt f nptn f pn t pprprtd, hl nd thrht lf .., vn n nn brptn f n t prn n th bd flt b rprl ntn vn n th bn f ttl nprptn nd f rdll bndnn th bd t dth.

h ntrdtn lt h f th ht rnt hh ll b lrfd b th flln dtld prnttn. h Ipblt f Apprprtn hl r n lrnnlrpdn jt? h pbhh rnh tthIh trnltn:

ht rn [f thr r n Ilvlrn], t pbl (n jt t t [phl] b (ãrpdn? r (nr (h: d t th flln fv rn (prbhh rnh.

lvjrn Urvrht rdprvrttvpn pnr vrtnprtht tht "ndrvnrvd vjrnn prvrttr bhvt"t vtrn d prth lrn trnltn:

hl th Ilvjn d (ht b prv frtv fr (prvr hl th n nn r fr prnt frtn, "th rn ntn (prvrtt vjnn, t d [n tr] n dtl (t vtrn" fll: th pr f (vd n rn (ndr n bjt (v, nd ttntn (nMr, ntn, (th tvt (prvrtth f (vjnn nt bn (bhvt. h x n nn r n th b f ntn. h (d th frt rn (prth rn. ( p llh d vjnn plbhntd dvt rn trnltn:

Mrvr (p th t f x [n] prptn (d vjMnl r xprnd (plbhnt vrt (l r nnvrt (. h th nd rn (dvt rn. 2 ( p nnn vvnn tr nplbht vrtvpIrht td trt rn

trnltn:

rthr (p , fr th t f x tr f [n] prptn (nn vjrnSrp, thn hh nldd (rht n th trtn f ht ntrl [.. nthr vrt nr nnvrt] (vrtvp nt xprnd. d trt rn h th thrd rn (trt Yn.

(vp prtntIrh d vlrnl prvrtnt, ttr n nrn d vjn6h prvrtt td v tn4tt d vtnptttt n jt, ptttp n jt vnvrhtt d trth rn

trnltn:

Mrvr (p , th t f x [n] prptn (d vjnnAh fntn (prvrtnt th th dfnt (prvrtt phl b (6rh, (ttr n nrn d vjh prvrtt [.. ht prt nl n th , hrn n th r, t.]. And t nt prpr t (n jt thr ( tht prtlr nprptn pprprt nl tht phl b (ttr n nrn d vijnanam prvrtt td v tnpltt n vrt f hh t fntn nd tht thr ht b n pprprtn f th rndr (vt r ( tht thr ht b pprprtn n th bn f nn (vjnvrhtld trth rn h th frth rn.

(v p pnl pnr rpdndh prjt thh rvn d prvrtt d n prvrtt v vtn d pn rn

trnltn:

rthrr (p t ld b rdd t brdt (prjt [f th t f x t th bd] thr ld b th fl (dh tht [n n lf] bd ld b tn n t (pnh pnr rpdn. h b (tthh th prptn (rvrn t r (d prvrtt nd t d nt r (d n prvrtt.d pA rn h th ffth rn.

t prrvrprvrttn prt[]http llltp tjjtnplbhtp prtntrtp pnhpnrpdndtp n jt

trnltn: 22

us (ii, [i ee wee o e o aayaii4a oe wou ae o asse a e se o si akes e oy. A sice, ee ae e oowig ie causes wy is is imossie] y easo o (eua eious acio (iiakama a ese coiios (aaamaa aaya. [Eye eceios a e oe aiiaa aise om e coiios a a]. 2 [e se o si cosciousess ae see o e] iuous a oiuous (kugaaakugaa aai. Aso oe [o si cosciousess] is see (aay auaamaoi (auaamaaai o e a so wic wou e caegoie as eig a mauaio wic is o a suec o moaiig (kugaaaksaaaai. 4 Aso [e se o si cosciousess oeae o] sicy eie susaa (aiiyaaEsayaaai ee is e au a agai a agai oe wou ake a oy (uauauaosaoi.

is is oo is iie io ie susecios. Secio (i ois ou a a caegoiaio o e causes o e aiiiaai ca e gie y isig ese o eceig ees, a a is eaes o ace o causaio y og as ees. I is e aaya wic oies o a accous o e seco ki o causaio. Secio (ii a (iii sae a uamea esuosiio o uis eoies aou kama a causaio: a e causa icie wic igs aou e mauaio o kamic eec is i ise eua. e si ucioig cosciousesses ae o eua u oigiae i eeiece wic as o aecie a moa oe. e agume goes a e aaya mus e osuae i oe o aow o e mauaio o kamic eec wic i ise as o moa oe. Susecio (i ois ou a e aoiaio o a ew ysica oy a e mome o a ew i wou o e ossie wiou a iakaiaa, a mauaio cosciousess wic ca oy e e aaya. is ecause e oe si cosciousesses cao aoiae e ysica oy as a woe sice eac o em as is ow seciic ysica asis o ocus (i.e. isua cosciousess is ocae i o ase o e eye a so o. Eac oe o e si aiiiMai eeoe aoiaes oy is ow seciic ysica asis. Someig moe is equie o aoiae e woe o e ysica oy a oce, a is, accoig o e oo, ca oy e e aaya.

2 Ipblt f Orntn nd Sltn ntnn f th Snnn Kea kaaeaiaisamao a yuyae sa ce ae yay aayaiAaam asi ea ayo iaaayo yugaa ai aisyai sa iam sya acaiyaaosa ea aa osasamii aiai aay ea ayo iaayo yugaa ai a kasya eo aa y ekayasya yugaa asukamasya yaa 2

AW vrtldttrtrvj nnprvrttr n jt tth h ttr nrp nrvtt ndr p vp trnltn: ht rn (n rn vr frt tvt f [nn] (dprvrtt pbl bhvhn jt? t d vdd lvjln t tn dvh vjAnh pt pvrttr bhvt If n prn ( d d vdd "f thr n lvjnn (d lvjfn t thn (tn t nn (dvh vnh ll nt bn (prvrttr bhvt ltnl (pt [n rpn] ld hld t h fll ( d d vnh: " r nn flt (djn hrn n flt t ll (d v bhvn." h b (tthh thr ndd (bhvt v th ltn prtn (pt prvrtth f t nn (dvr vjftnr. And h th ? (tt hth. (tthh th ltrnt (trtr tvt f nn fr th bnnn (dt ld b pbl (vjrnprvrttr n jt fr prn ltnl ntn t (t pd drt , nd frth, p t ntn t ntll n f thn (vd vjft [f thr r n lvjnn]. h b (tthh n h (ttr th ntl tttd (nrp, nflt (ndr nd l th bjt (vp [hh tvnn (prvrttvjnn hv n pl ftr (nrvt [hh ld n t f t brn bt n prtlr rlt].

If thr n nl b n nntrprt n n n ntn t n n t, thn, tht th Il thr n nl b n nd f nn n n n ntn t n n t. h l n t nntrprt fr ll th vr n nn t n nd thrfr ll fr bth thr ltn fntnn n nl nd nd fr th frt nt f prtlr nd f nn n vn nd. h pnt bt th nndtntn f ttntn (nr, n rn (ndr nd nbjt (v rl t tht th bd f nr nd ffnt ndtn fr th rrn f n ntnt f nnn (hh pl vlnt t ttntn, nrn nd nbjt ltnl prnt fr ll f th vrd n nn. hr thrfr n rn h th hld nt prt ltnl.

h Ipblt f Clr Mntl Cnn

n Epnt pd vlnprvrtt nvjrn rdvjMnhlnr pttv n bhvt tthh n tt nbhlt vv nrt tn vpt nvjnnprr bhvt n t tth 1 aama-isayo maa-acgoisaso aai / aoi yugaa ai a yuyaeisasaam a mao-iaasya// trnltn: y wa easo (kea kgea e mao-iAga wic is accomaie y (saaucaasya e eye-cosciousess ec (caksu-ai-iga wou o oeae moe ceay (ie eceies ceay (sasaam a samaai i [ese wo cosciousess i o occu simuaeousy (asayam yugaa iiga-ayyam? Wy is is so (agi? Wie (yasmi samaye-asmi samaye e ucio o e mao-iIa (mao- iaa-acaa ecoecio a oec (isayam samausmaai eeiece eiousy (siam auuam y sese-cosciousess is o so cea (aiasa e ucio o mao-iga (maa- acaa owa e ese oec (aamaa-isaya is o ucea (a o aa aiaso aai [as i e ome case] eeoe (aoi i is ossie o maiai (yuyae o simuaeous aciiy (yugaaaii ucaiy (aiasaam o e mao-iga (mao-iOgasya 4 Ipblt f Mtl Sdn Kea kga9ea gaam a samaai saigm iaakayaam ayoyam/ aai kugaaaam akugaam uayae akugaaaaam kugaam auaygaaam aakam iaukgaaam mayaukam mayaaukIaaam amiaIukam eam aIaaukgaaam ya iaaukam sIsagaaam aIsaam agsa -iaaa sIsaam aukikgaaam okoaam okoagaaam aukikam/ a ca esam ag iaam yuyae/ igakIasamucciii ca samais ciea kea aaae asmg ai a yuyae // trnltn: y wa easo (kea kgea e se o si cosciousess (saam iga-kayaam ae o (a samaai a see-sae (iaam o eac oe (ayoyam? Sice (agi o-iues (akusaa come aou (uayae ae (aaaam iues (kugaa iues come aou ae o-iues a [sae o mi] a ae o a suec o moaiig (ayaka come aou ae o o ese (a-uayaikewise sice [saes o mi] e ie eam (aa-auka come aou ae ose i e a eam (ia-auka [saes o mi] i e ie eam come aou ae ose i e mie eam (maya-auka a so o ow o [saes o mi] i e a eam come aou ae ose i e ie eam; a sice coamiae (ssaa [saes o mi] come aou ae ucoamiae (aasaa oes asceea (okoaa [saes o mi] come aou ae woy (aukika oes a woy [saes o mi] come aou ae asceea oes i is imossie (a yuyae o ese o e see-saes (esam aa iaam Aso (asm ai i is 125 impossible (na yujyate) [for the set of six consciousness to be the location of seeds] because a [mental] continuum (samtati) that has been severed, even for an extended period (dirgha-kala- samucchina-api ca), comes forth after a long period of time (cirena kalena pravartate).

The idea that the six sense-consciousness can mutually 'see' one another is a Sautrantika . It is rejected in favour of the idea that the'glaya acts as the receptacle for all `seeds'--- future possibilities of action and sensation---even when the seeds have incompatible qualities.

h Ipblt f Atn

Kena kara engsatyam yugapad vijnanapravrttau karma na sambhavati / tathghi samgsatas caturvidham karma/ bhajanavigraptir guaiiiai aham iti viMptir visayavijriaptis ceti/ ea iaaya4 ksane ksane yugapat pravartaming upalabhyante/ na caikasya vijftnasyalksmin ksane idam evam-rripam vyatibhinnam karma yujyate// trnltn: By what reason (kena karanena) an action does not occur (karma na sambhavati), if a number of consciousness could not function simultaneously (asatyam yugapad vijiranapravrttau)? This is, in brief (samasatah) because action is fourfold (tathahi caturvidhamkarama): a) Perception of environment (bhajanavijriapti). b) Perception of basis, i.e. the physical body of oneself and others (gayaiiai. c) Perception of thinking "I" (ahamitivijnapti). d) Perception of objects (visayavij/rapti).

These [four kinds of] appearance or knowledge (eta vijiraptayah) are experienced (upalabhyante) as functioning conjointly (yugapta pravarta-mana) in every moment (ksane ksane): thus it is not possible (na ca - yujyate) that action (karma) analyzed in the [fourfold] manner (idam evam-rupam vyatibhinnam) should be attributed to a .tingle [sense]-consciousness in a single moment (ekasya vijnana-ekasmin ksane).

Here the term pratibhasa is used instead of vijiiapti and the four categories are artha (for bhajana), sattva (for 7A'raya), atma (for aham) and vijriaptit (for visaya). Despite the differences in terminology, the general point remains the same that is all experience in every moment, according to the Yoggcara, has these structures. 26 6 h Ipblt f hl Exprn

Kea kgaegsay_gayaiige kgyikouao (kgyikouaa a yuyae aayekayasya yoigo ayoigo a ciayao auiakayao a samiaceaso asamgiaceaso ye kgye kgyuag uayaekaia augaakgas o a aeyu uaayae ca asmg ay asy gayaiigam trnltn: Wee ee o e o gayaiaa (asay gayaiAga, wy ca ee e o (kea kaaeaa yuyae oiy eeiece (kayikouaa? is is so ecause (aay, o oe wo is ikig (ciaya o egage i mea aaysis (auiakaya coecy (yoiga o icoecy (ayoiga o oe wose mi is coceae (samaiaceas o ucoceae (asamaia ceas_[o a ese] ose maio (aekaia a aiegae (auagakgg [i ee wee o gayaiiiga],ese oiy eeieces o o occu. ey ae, owe2E, eeieia ac. eeoe (asmg ay ee is Iayaiaaiigam.

h Ipblt f Mndl Attnnt Kea kaegsay g"ayaiiiecig saiai a samaai

a. y asamiisamaaasya g ioasamaaasya a iigam ea kayg aakam sya gaakaam aa kgakiyaia ae yaokam agaagigam cgsya kgyg aakgam aaii trnltn: o wa easo (kea Kagea ee ca e o (a samaai miess aaime (acia samaai i ee is so ecause (aay, [i ee wee o gayaiiga], ee wou e e [asu] cosequece a e cosciousess (iaa o oe wo as aaie eie Asoio io e sae o a ucoscious eig (asamisamaaa o Asoio io cessaio (ioa samaaa wou ae eae om a esos oy (kyaaakaam sya. I i i o ea (aaakaam, e (aa e simy ies (kaakiyaiaae.

8 h Ipblt f th Kea kgaegsay gayaiige cyui (cyui ai a yuyae ai cyaamgasya iiaam iiaaeam (uaea a giikua iagi, aoeam (aoea g a ca mao iaam kaaci a aaae aoy gayaiigasyaia eoggakasy igam easiag (easiaa ua[a]yae eiaisameag (eaaisameaa ca a o mao vjrn (nvjnn t p n jt 2

trnltn: If thr r n lvjnn (t l vjnn, h n (n rn dth (t nt r (n jt? h b (tthh, th nn f n h dn (vn vjhn bndn (vjht, rn ld (t rvrvn thr fr th tp f th bd (rdhvrdh r th btt f th bd (dhdh. t thr nvr t ( n dn hn th mao-iiga is nt fntnn (nvjnn n prvrtt. S t b f (tp th dprtr f th lvAn (lvjlnvd, hh t pprprt f th bd (dhpdn, tht th ldn f th bd (dh"tt nd l f ntn (dh prtvdn r xprnd (pbht. It nt b f th dprtr f nvrn (n t nvjrn. hrfr (tp [dth] l nnt r (n jt [tht th Ilvn].

h tphr f th bd ln t th nt f dth thr fr th tp dn r fr th btt p rlt t th ddht d bt th ftr dtn f th dn prn. h prn ll thr prd, t n f th hvnl rl, r `dnrd, t n f th hll, dpndn n prtl ndtn nd th ht nd flvr f thr ltd r. In th frr , th prn d fr th ft prd th IlvjtIn nd thrh th tp f th hd n t t rbrth n hhr rl n th lttr, th prn d fr th hd dnrd. h pnt f th hth prf t dntrt tht dth dfnd th dprtr f nn fr th bd. 2 ll th bl tp f

nn th th xptn f th l vn r trhtfrrdl ntntnl .., th hv dtnt bjt nd dfnt d f fntnn. fll xplntn f th pr f dth rr th ptltn f tp f nn tht is nt ntntnl. 4 dth n nl b xplnd b ptltn th xtn f th aaya-iAga

Top View