Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment

BUILDING RESILIENCE IN COMPLEX CRISIS (BRICC)

Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment A Report on Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment, Conducted in Damaturu, Potiskum, Yunusari, Geidam, Gujba and Gulani LGAs of Yobe State, Nigeria

DECEMBER 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 3 II. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES 4 III. KEY FINDINGS 5 IV. METHODOLOGY 6 V. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS 7 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 11 VII. CONCLUSIONS 12 VIII. ANNEXES 13

I. INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Yobe state endures through the impact of protracted crisis, which significantly contributes to its poor human development indicators. As one of the poorest states in Nigeria, with the poverty rate of about 60%, the security situation is still relatively stable, with accessibility to most communities across the state. However, reports still show that armed insurgent groups are known to be active in several communities, particularly in the northern and southern Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the state.

Forced displacements, intermittent cases of violence, various forms of abuse on community members coming from state and non-state actors and disappearances, still continue to have a profound impact on the people’s resilience capacities and psychosocial wellbeing. Large populations in the state have fallen into perpetual dependency on humanitarian assistance for survival and several stories are still heard of precarious conditions in which people live in host communities and upon their return back home. An uncertain future bedevils the people of Yobe, associated with their desire for a return back to days before the insurgency era, is an added factor to daily stresses.

Due to restrictions on their movements, most people are unable to pursue their legitimate and preferred livelihoods, leaving them almost entirely dependent on humanitarian assistance. And yet the few functional basic amenities are overstretched, water shortages are common, and sanitation is inadequate. As a result, there is a considerable upsurge in people, resort to harmful coping mechanisms such as survival sex, kidnapping, theft, drug use, street begging etc. This is exacerbating vulnerabilities and putting already vulnerable families at increased risk.

The “EU Support to Early Recovery and Resilience in Yobe State” opportunity aims to support affected and vulnerable communities, facilitate affected and vulnerable communities restore or create viable livelihoods, strengthen capacity for public financial management, facilitate dialogue amongst all stakeholders.

The EU holistic approach will enable local communities to build resilience to the impact of conflict in Nigeria by increasing people’s ability to not only cope with the shocks and stresses of conflict and complex crises, but to transform the underlying causal dynamics. In addition, the opportunity offers us the ability to support diverse livelihood strategies based on careful market analysis and a contextualized understanding of resilience.

An early recovery approach within the Yobe context should focus on identifying and responding to the strategic response "gaps" that have been identified in post-conflict settings. Priorities to address these gaps should fall within: Efforts to secure stability; efforts to establish the peace; efforts to resuscitate markets, livelihoods, and services, and the state capacities necessary to foster them; and efforts to build core state capacity to manage political, security, and development processes.

The European Union’s (EU)-Building Resilience is Complex Crisis (BRICC) programme builds on the absorptive and adaptive capacities of 28 675 households in Yobe state to be resilient to the shock and stresses of conflict, climate change and complex crises. The programme transforms the underlying causal dynamics to reduce the risks of future conflict by engaging communities and local leadership to create conditions to facilitate systemic change.

Mercy Corps and its partners Cooperazione Internationale (COOPI) and the Danish Refugee Council (DRC)’s under a consortium are implementing the BRICC program in 29 communities in 6 LGAs across Yobe State.

BRICC’s Theory of Change (ToC) is IF communities most affected by conflict in Yobe state have improved social protection delivered through responsive, capable government, access to essential basic services and improved livelihood supported by robust markets, and IF key community leaders and government institutions manage resources, services and conflict peacefully and equitably while addressing drivers of participation of violence, THEN communities will achieve increasing well-being over time and experience the impacts of conflict less severely.

The BRICC programme has two specific objectives that guided this assessment, which are:

1. Vulnerable and conflict affected households from targeted communities meet their basic needs, increase savings and have improved access to basic health, wash and nutrition services; and

2. Vulnerable and conflict affected households have restored and improved livelihoods that are more resilient to conflict and climate shocks and stresses

II. PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES Mercy Corps conducted a Conflict Sensitivity, Resilience and Market Systems Assessment in 2018, which helped to shape the design and rationale for the BRICC program. The learnings, findings and recommendations from that assessment, helped to shed some more light into some of the negative impacts of violent conflict and resilience capacities to build on to prevent a resurgence from a state or macro-level perspective. It highlighted the extent to which violence has affected the various aspects of human life in the state and the extent to which grievances have fed into the conflict situation across the state.

This follow-on assessment, provides a more in-depth understanding of some of the grievances which exist at a micro or community level and other shocks and stressors which have the potential to further exacerbate the fragile situation in the respective communities. This follow-on analysis strives to address gaps earlier identified and help validate or challenge previous findings. This new and additional learning from conducting a second assessment, helps ensure that the BRICC program starts to apply location-specific, conflict-sensitive approaches through the implementation of the program

This Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment is grounded by the principles of inclusivity, equitable participation, cultural sensitivity, critical valuing of knowledge and approaches within target contexts of the communities covered under the assessment. The assessment attempted to incorporate

gender-specific and age appropriate approaches and analysis to capture the relevant unique exposure, vulnerabilities, constraints, capacities and solutions for the respective groups.

The BRICC programme aims to transfer and enable access to resources, build or restore community assets and strengthen community and government structures. In the process of implementation, the program will potentially influence and be influenced by existing conflict-related tensions and relations. In addition, the programme may create new dimensions of conflict that could potentially affect access and participation by different stakeholders. By adopting a DNH approach, the program will work to ensure that both new and existing conflict dynamics do not significantly impact on the programmes’ expected outcomes.

The Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment also aims to better understand the specific relationships and interactions existing in each specific context. More significantly, how conflict manifests from location-to-location and how communities can be resiliently managed starting from the lower levels of the society.

Through the Conflict Analysis and Sensitivity Assessment the program teams can begin to engage diverse interest stakeholders and institutions at the community, state and local levels to generate evidence on their perspectives, demands and needs and how these can be used in the determination of the peace building priorities, participation and targeting by the BRICC programme

For effective and conflict –sensitive implementation of the BRICC program, contextual information should inform program approaches, design of specific activities and program initiatives that are based on up to date, sound contextual analysis.

Specific conflict analysis and sensitivity objectives helps provide an opportunity to understand the current trends by identifying, which community groups (including youth) are organizing and mobilizing, prevailing community divisions and connections amongst various stakeholders and their patterns of their involvement in violence. Perceptions of gender roles in the community, resiliency factors which unite them around conflict prevention The role that women and young girls play in peace and violence

III. KEY FINDINGS ● Insurgent attacks on communities. This remains the major conflict and threat to peace and security in communities. Respondents reported this to be the major cause of other conflicts and social problems in their respective communities. The hit and run tactics by insurgents, leading to persistent fear of the unknown in communities has also led to consistent suspicion and lack of trust amongst community members. Between September – December 2019, there was a gradual increase in violent attacks by insurgents, which heightened tensions in and around communities.

● High level of Kidnapping in communities. Respondents reported a high level of kidnapping cases in communities when compared to early 2019. Many of the reported kidnap incidents were followed by a demand for ransom by the kidnappers in which some demanded for as much as N5 million. While it is not clear if the kidnappers are insurgents or just criminal groups, it is feared that these kidnappers might have links with insurgent groups within and outside the state. In Gujba and Gulani LGA, drug abuse was identified to be a major driver to both kidnapping and rape.

● Increased Sexual and gender based violence. Across the program communities, respondents identified the rape as a type of conflict in communities. They further added that the reported number of rape cases are high, in which young women and girls are the victims of such act. No action or weak responses to reported cases of rape in communities is also a major concern that needs to be addressed. Aside rape, sexual exploitation such as sex for food and work is reported rampant in the communities. Communities have also reported the high emergence of commercial sex workers in their communities, especially in communities where there are security forces formation and barracks, which for them contributes to the increase of sexual exploitation and violence.

● Lack of trust between adult males (elders) and youth in communities. Adults in the communities perceive youth as largely the problem, in some instances victims-but not part of the solution of conflicts. The clash between the youth and adults are based on differing world views. Poor parenting and lack of inter-generational dialogues, presents an avenue for adults to prescribe the most fundamental and cherished assumptions about the best way to live for their youth and this may differ radically from the values held by them.

● Cultural and ideological differences are the main dividing lines across the communities and this also hinders good governance, security, education, livelihoods and access to resources. As conflict escalates, tangible issues seem to be embedded within a larger set of values, beliefs, identities, and cultures. Young people have less historical and ideological suspicions amongst their peers. The current drivers in the communities that help fuel the cycle of conflict are largely just a reproduction of issues that exist among the elderly. Young people believe that because their parents’ generation are not yet religiously reconciled, it influences some to adopt this disunited position.

● Perceived Injustice leading to more violence. Disruption of economic activities like market closures, poor civil-military relationships, kidnapping and crime, perceived bias and injustices by aid and relief agencies are some of the drivers that allow insurgent groups to thrive in several communities. Because the desire for justice is one that people tend to be unwilling to compromise, assertions of injustice often lead to protracted conflict as well. Communities' sense of justice is connected to the norms, rights, and entitlements that are thought to underlie decent human treatment.

When people believe that they have been treated unfairly, they may try to "get even" or challenge those who have treated them unjustly. Indeed, a sense of injustice often motivates aggression or retaliation. Individuals may come to view violence as the only way to address the injustice they have suffered and ensure that their fundamental needs are met.

Those who feel they have been the victims of injustice or unfair treatment may grow aggrieved and feel justified in seeking revenge in any way they can or they may shove the blame elsewhere, denigrate them as morally inferior, paving the way for more violence. Sadly, both youth and elders in communities share the same view of perceived injustice done to communities by the government, security forces and even aid workers.

● Politicization of traditional leadership and its institutions, further impedes the ability of local mechanisms for the dispute resolution to be effective and for community cohesion to thrive. In spite of efforts being made by community and traditional leaders in preventing and managing conflicts, the negative perception and views of community members on the politicization of the traditional institutions have continued to weaken and even undermine the legitimacy of these institutions in managing conflicts. Respondents have observed with dismay how traditional leaders have been corrupted by the political elites in the state who use them for their own selfish interest. This in turn drives tensions in the respective communities as community members see this as an unholy union between the duo.

● Communities seem largely unaware of recruitment strategies and pathways to violence, so they do not have the capacity to prevent it. This has led to even nonchalant and ‘I don’t care’ attitude from communities. This is partly why communities seem to be continuously helpless in preventing extremism and violence. Many communities studied cannot really identify the indicators and signs of extremism. Where some signs are even identified, they cannot analyze to know what it means and appropriate response to take.

IV. METHODOLOGY The approach adopted for this assessment focused on providing a comprehensive view of conflict dynamics within the BRICC communities and the ethical relationships in a given area. The study should be used through the programmes’ implementation in order to adapt approaches accordingly to the local context.

A mix-method approach and methodology was adopted in the compilation of this assessment. The methodologies included: two 2-day participatory workshops with community and local government stakeholders, Focus Group Discussions (FGD) and Key Informant Interviews (KII).

Over the 2-day workshops, the facilitators worked with the participants through various analysis tools, to collectively diagnose a range of issues to help answer key questions through the lens of resilience and comprehensive peace. Some of the information presented in this assessment was collated through observation from the workshop to elaborate the answers to the key questions. A detailed desk study to revisit the findings from the Yobe Conflict Sensitivity, Resilience and Market Assessment and A desk study will review the literature, and, where appropriate, the secondary data will be included in the final assessment report. In other words, information that is readily available and published within the last 3 years will be used as complementary information.

Also, interviews were conducted with male and female youth, who were omitted from both trainings. This critical information will help the program to better understand the needs and wants of key groups within

the context. Also, efforts that have been done for conflict transformation and other influencers from these locations.

This information will be used in making programmatic decisions. Adopting this approach provides better understanding of the complexity of the conflict situation and prepare for fruitful, evidence based and sustainable solutions, as well as understand how to critically consume conflict-related information within the context of Yobe state.

V. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS Understanding the conflicts and how they manifest in communities will be important for successful implementation of development programs such as the BRICC program. Though there is not a clear cut interpretation of causes and problems/issues per community, there is a general understanding coming from the communities about the effects and what they currently live through. The pyramid here attempts to present the conflict dynamics within the 6 target LGAs

Conflict Causes, Drivers and Effects Pyramid

Community Groups and Organizations National Union of Road Transport Workers, Farmers association, Keke Napep riders, Vigilante, Myetti Allah, Market association seems to be the dominant groups that exist across the program local 1 government areas . Each of the groups have different levels of relationships amongst themselves and thus different levels of conflict. In Damaturu for example, while there seem to be a strong relationship between the National Union of Road Transport Workers and the Keke Napep union, there is also a non-visible conflict between the two groups. This conflict is said to be as a result of the curfew imposed on the Keke Napep union, who are to stop their activities from 6pm in the evening – 6am in the morning. While this is generally seeming as a good step to securing and mitigating attack from Boko Haram, it is also perceived

1 See annex for the stakeholders’ analysis table for the breakdown of the groups per LGAs 9

to be a strong move to allow taxi owners to make more profit during those curfew hours (as only commercial taxis are allowed to operate).

In communities (like those in Yunusari and Potiskum LGA) where farmer – herder conflicts are evident, inter-group relations between farmers’ association and the herding community have continued to be soared by the persistent conflict over encroaching of farmlands and farming on cattle routes. Despite the persistent conflicts, these two groups have continued to relate with each other, while adopting avoidance as mitigating strategy.

Vigilante groups across the LGAs have remained a very dominant force in securing communities from violent attacks by Boko Haram. The vigilante groups have been known to be strong partners to Nigerian Security Forces in securing communities and providing intelligence were necessary. In spite of the group being challenged by lack of logistical support, they are still able to provide the requisite support in communities.

Community Patterns of Violence It is widely acknowledged that insurgency has affected most communities in BRICC targeted local government areas of Yobe state and some communities are still experiencing violent attacks from the group. However, with these comes also a variety of other conflicts and problems as reported in the assessment, which has led to lack of trust amongst community members, community – security forces, community – government and international/non-governmental organizations. Across all the communities studied, there are reported cases of kidnap and rape. While in some communities, the intentions for kidnap 2 were not clear unlike others were those kidnapped were for ransom . This has also led to communities living in constant fear of the unknown, as not knowing who might be kidnapped next. Women and young girls have continued to remain victims of sexual based violence and exploitation, such as rape.

Lack of trust between community members, especially between the elders and youth have continued to widen the divide in communities. This further exacerbates existing violence in communities and giving rise to new ones. For example, some respondents observed that ‘Lack of understanding as a result of miscommunication amongst the different groups in the community is said to be a driver of conflicts in the 3 communities’ . In some cases, dispute over family inheritance is beginning to be evident on a wider scale, as reported in communities of Gulani LGA. Which if not addressed could lead to a series of generational disputes within families, clans and lineages.

Lack of job opportunities for the teeming youth would continue to be a driver for many youth to engage in social vices such as stealing and other forms of conflict, which is further exacerbated by lack of education by many in the community.

Community Roles to Prevent and Manage Conflict In most communities, the traditional method of dispute resolution (especially through the community leader) is adopted to prevent and mitigate conflicts. Though some conflicting parties (such as farmers and herders) use either avoidance or outright confrontation to manage their conflicts. In communities where Vigilante groups are present, the group are being invited to settle disputes, especially in conflicts that are security or criminal related. In spite of challenges being faced and perceived politicization of

2 Some of the kidnappers demanded a ransom of N5,000,000. 3 FGD Male Youth Respondents 10

traditional/community leaders, they are still seen as major key players and influencers, as communities have continued to rely on them to manage conflicts. In order to complement efforts of other stakeholders in preventing and managing conflicts, youth of some communities are in the process of creating an association (like a youth vanguard) to respond to various threats that confronts them. In some other communities, the establishment of religious groups like HISBAH within the Muslim community have been applauded and commended for maintaining law, order and fostering peace. Though some have observed that the creation of the body might create new conflict in the nearest future, there are concerns that the ongoing insurgency within Yobe state seems to have weakened cooperation between religious leaders of different faith in communities such as Buni Yadi.

Community Perceptions of Violence As far as the male youth respondents are concerned, politicians are the major stakeholders that exacerbate the conflict in Buni yadi community. Youth on the other hand have also been accused of also exacerbating the conflict. Though reasons for youth exacerbating the conflict is not really known but it might not be too far from the fact that most of these youth are idle, as such could be easily recruited into violent groups or engage in social vices that could threaten the peace and security in the community. Like in other local governments and communities, security forces are very much applauded for managing conflicts in the community.

As a result of the conflict in the community, poverty, unemployment and sexual exploitation is reported to have increased, which has negatively impacted on the community. Women and young girls are also said to be the major victims of these vices in the community. When asked about some new trends or dynamics that are emerging that could create new conflicts, kidnapping, establishment of mammy market (which has also led to the presence of sex workers) were identified. Both male and female respondents observed that these trends are impacting on youth boys and girls. While the establishment of religious groups like HISBAH within the Muslim community have been applauded and commended for maintaining law, order and fostering peace. A Christian respondent has observed that the creation of the body might create new conflict in the nearest future. The ongoing insurgency within Yobe state has weakened cooperation between religious leaders of different faith in Buni yadi.

Community Pathways for Resilience to Conflict In spite the conflicts, challenges and social problems being faced, communities in one way or the other are able to cope and strive. As part of coping strategies, a number of youth are engaged in farming for commercial purposes. While some of the youth farm on family lands, some are hired to farm on other people’s farms (and are paid at the end of the day). Community leaders are reported to play major roles in supporting children’s education in different communities, despite the fact that some schools were destroyed as a result of the insurgency.

Football and traditional wrestling are reported to build social cohesion within the communities and a strong coping mechanism in spite of conflicts being experienced. These activities help build and strengthen relationships across divides and help communities cope with conflict. In some communities, it was observed that there were no social networks that brought people together as coping strategies. Platforms for facilitating joint problem solving between communities and formal authorities are absent across communities, in which respondents have identified as key to building peace in their respective communities. According to youth respondents, ‘politicians are doing everything possible to make sure it does not happen, because it will destroy their bad plans against the community’.

The study found out that all actors and stakeholders are willing to have dialogues with conflicting parties. This provides good opportunities for peace across communities and thereby strengthening community resilience. Community policing through the vigilante group should be encouraged in order to complement and support efforts of the military to secure communities. Information sharing between security forces and members of the community should be encouraged and supported.

VI. RECOMMENDATIONS ● Providing more access to socioeconomic activities and job opportunities. In spite of laudable programs, such as the BRICC program and other resilience programs that are aimed at providing socioeconomic activities and job opportunities in Yobe state, there is need for more of such programs in order to reduce the vulnerabilities of the youth bulge in communities. More youth needs to be meaningfully engaged and productive, bringing out the best of their potentials and harnessing their talents, catalyzing them as agents of development, reducing their vulnerabilities and exposure to extremist groups and ideologies.

● Intergenerational dialogues between adults (elders) and youth should be encouraged. In order to bridge the gap between the adults (elders) and the youth, build trust across different generations and government, concerted efforts must be made to improve youth engagement in the local governance processes. By providing more diverse spaces for dialogue, synergies between youth and other community members would be enhanced in order to build foundations and capacities for resilience. Again for the BRICC program, the establishment of the Community Resilience Groups with the inclusion of youth (18 – 24 years) into the group would help to bridge the gap between different generations and strengthen social ties in communities.

● The need for information sharing and communities being carried along in decision making processes that would help strengthen social cohesion in communities across the six LGAs. As a result of perceived neglect by residents in governance processes that affect their lives, the need for inclusivity in community governance becomes important in building and strengthening trust, social cohesion and resilient communities. For the BRICC program, this can be achieved through Bridging the gap that is currently widening amongst different groups as a result of perceived neglect and perceived hoarding of information, also making government programs receptive.

● Establishing and strengthening community security architectures to prevent and mitigate both violent attacks and kidnapping in communities. This provides an opportunity for collaborative approaches amongst community stakeholders to report, share and respond to early warning signs of violent attacks, abductions and kidnap. This will further strengthen civil-military relations, as most communities rely on both community vigilante groups and security forces to prevent attacks and rescue victims of kidnap. For this to be effective, community stakeholders must be trained on early warning signs of extremism and violence, in order for them to be able to easily identify, respond to them effectively and share information with other stakeholder groups.

● Involving women in peace and security processes. Substantive roles for women need to be identified and strengthened in communities, especially in responding to sexual and gender based violence issues, as women and young girls are mostly impacted in disasters such as violent

conflicts. It then becomes important to give women access to socioeconomic opportunities and space to prosper and absorb shocks. This would further build not only their resilience but the larger communities as well. This would also mean involving women and young girls in peace processes, such as dialogues and early warning and response mechanisms.

● Building community cohesion within and across communities is imperative in building community resilience. This can be done through cultural festivities, which will build new relationships and networks, strengthening interfaith dialogues. There is a need to encourage intra and inter-religious dialogues, as a continuous exercise aimed at demolishing misconceptions and enhancing empathy within religious groups. This will help build respect for dissent and differences of opinion and a space for popular participation in community life. ● More Intra and Inter-religious dialogues should be encouraged amongst the different religious groups in the state. This cannot be overemphasized as different organizations have commenced supporting communities in facilitating dialogues. Through these dialogues, violent conflicts could be easily prevented and managed, especially in communities where there is sharp division and manifest confrontation. This should be a conscious and continuous exercise aimed at demolishing misconceptions and enhancing empathy within different religious groups. This will also help build respect for dissent and differences of opinion, strengthening interfaith relationships.

VII. CONCLUSIONS From the above, it is clear that the conflict in Yobe remains multifaceted and needs a continuous multi sector approach to address the root causes and drivers of conflict in the state. It also remains pertinent to continuously understand the dynamics in the different communities in order to tailor context specific solutions to them. As programs such as BRICC is implemented, activities that addresses the identified conflicts and drivers in communities should be taken into cognizance in order to ensure that activities are both conflict sensitive and helps build their response abilities to conflicts and other forms of shocks they face and might arise. As the context in Yobe remains dynamic, at the least, an annual conflict assessment should be conducted to understand the change in conflict dynamics and emerging trends to the fragile peace in the state.

Bibliography Conflict Sensitivity, Resilience and Market Assessments, Yobe state, 2018, available at: https://drive.google.com/drive/u/0/search?q=Conflict%20Sensitivity,%20Resilience%20and%20 Market%20Assessments,%20Yobe%20state,%202018 Crisis Info: Borno and Yobe states, August 2019, available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/crisis-info-borno-and-yobe-states-august-2019 Potiskum is Boko Haram recruitment base – Army reveals, available at: https://dailypost.ng/2018/01/08/potiskum-boko-haram-recruitment-base-army-reveals/ Potiskum: A town where fleet of trailers gauges’ individual’s wealth, available at: https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/potiskum-a-town-where-fleet-of-trailers-gauges-individuals-wealt h.html The People of Potiskum, a city in Northern Nigeria, have found a way around the cash deficit caused by Boko Haram, available at: https://techcabal.com/2016/10/31/the-people-of-potiskum-a-city-in-northern-nigeria-have-found-a -way-around-the-cash-deficit-caused-by-boko-haram/

VIII. ANNEXES

BRICC Locations in Yobe State

LOCAL BRICC TARGET COMMUNITIES GOVERNMENT AREA (LGA) YUNUSARI ● Mairari ● Bultuwa/Mar ● Toshia ● Mozogun/Kujari

GEIDAM ● Futchimiram ● Asheikri Jororo ● Ma’anna ● Hausari

DAMATURU ● Nayinawa ● Kallalawa/Gabai ● Njiwaji/Gwange ● Murfa Kalam ● Damakasu

POTISKUM ● Mamudo; ● Bare-bare ● Yerimaram ● Hausawa Asibiti ● Dogo Tebo

GUJBA ● Gujba ● Goniri ● Buni Gari ● Wagir ● Buni Yadi ●

GULANI ● Gulani ● Bularafa ● Gabai ● Teteba ● Bara

OWN OF PARTICIPANTS DURING THE CONFLICT SENSITIVITY ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP

GENDER OLDER TYPE SPECIFIC STAKEHOLDER LOCATION CONSIDERATIONS GULAN DA GUJBA POTISKUM YUN GEIDAM I M T ASSOCIATION/COOPERATIVE

ATION/GROUPS GROUPS Adult Female (Gujba 1; Geidam 1); Adult Staple Crop Sellers (i.e. cereals and Male (Gulani 1, 1 1 1 1 1 legumes) Potiskum 1, Yunusari 1) Adult Female (Gujba Small Ruminant Sellers/Owners 1; Gulani 1, Potiskum 1 1 1 0 0 1 1, Geidam 1) Adult Male (Potiskum Livestock Sellers/Owners 2); Youth Male 0 0 2 0 0 1 (Geidam 1) Farmer Cooperative 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 5 2 0 4 BUSINESS

S Adult Male(Gulani 1; Input Sellers-seeds, fertilizers, Potiskum 2, 0 1 2 0 1 1 pesticides Damaturu 1; Geidam 1) Youth Female (Gujba Petty traders-hair stylist, food 1; Potiskum 1; 1 0 1 1 0 1 vendors Yunusari 1; Geidam 1) 1 1 3 1 1 2 TRADITIONAL AND OUS GROUPS RELIGIOUS GROUPS Adult Male(Potiskum Tsangaya 2, Damaturu 1; 0 0 1 0 1 1 Geidam 1) Adult Male(Potiskum Pre Khudba 0 0 1 0 0 1 1, Geidam 1) Adult Female FOMWAN (Potiskum 1, 0 0 1 0 1 0 Damaturu 1) Adult Male(Potiskum Shia 0 0 1 0 1 0 1, Damaturu 1) Adult Male(Potiskum JIBWIS 0 0 1 0 1 0 1, Damaturu 1) Adult Male(Potiskum Derika 0 0 1 0 1 0 1, Damaturu 1)

Christian Association of Adult Male(Potiskum 0 0 1 0 1 0 Nigeria 1, Damaturu 1) Adult Male( Jama'atu Nasril Islam 0 0 0 0 1 0 Damaturu 1) Adult Male( Yunusari Da’awa 0 0 0 1 0 0 1) Traditional Leaders 5 5 6 5 5 4 5 5 13 6 12 6 COUNCIL

MENTS Department Social Non applicable 1 1 1 1 1 1 Welfare/Development Department of Agriculture and Non applicable 1 1 1 1 1 1 Rural Development Department of Water Resources Non applicable 1 1 1 1 1 1 Department of Women Affairs Non applicable 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 GROUPS Youth Male( Yan-Tasha/Market Tax collectors Damaturu 1, Gujba 1; 1 0 1 0 1 1 Potiskum 1; Geidam) Youth Male( Damaturu 1, Gujba 1; ECOMOG (Political Thugs) Potiskum 1; Geidam) 0 1 1 2 1 Youth Female (Damaturu 1) Youth Male( Gujba 1; Community Youth Associations Potiskum 1; Geidam 1 0 1 1 0 1 1; Yunusari 1) NURTW 1 0 1 0 1 0 3 1 4 1 4 3 GROUPS PLWD Non applicable 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

TOTAL PARTICIPANTS BY LOCATION: WORKSHOP 1 & 2 GULANI 13 GUJBA 16 51 DAMATURU 22 GEIDAM 19 62 POTISKUM 29

YUNUSARI 14

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WORKSHOP AGENDA

DAY 1 08:30 -09:30 Participants arrival, registration, pre-test 09:30 -10:00 Welcome and introductions BRICC Programme overview (MC, COOPI, DRC) 10:00- 11:00 Operational and conceptual framework: Understanding the conflict ● Conflict triangle ● Violence triangle ● Positive Peace vs. Negative Peace 11:00 - 11:30 Break 11:30 - 12:30 Introduction to Conflict Analysis: What and Why Conflict Sensitive Interventions and DNH ● Creating Analysis Groups SECTION 1: ISSUE RELATED AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS 12:30 - 13:00 Conflict Analysis Tool 1: Conflict Tree ● Theoretical overview of causes of conflict ● Practical, presentation and plenary

13:00 - 14:00 Lunch & Prayers 14:00 – 15:00 Conflict Analysis Tool 2: Dividers and Connectors Analysis ● Theoretical overview ● Practical, presentations and plenary 15:00 – 16:00 Conflict Analysis Tool 3: Threat Analysis: Immediate-Long threats and Vulnerabilities ● Theoretical overview ● Practical, presentations and plenary 16:00 – 16:30 Break, Prayers and Reflections for the Day DAY 2 08:30 – 09:00 Review of Day 1 09:00 – 09:45 Conflict Analysis Tool 4: Threat Analysis: Levels of Potential Change Exercise ● Group- Joint brainstorming sessions and plenary SECTION 2: ACTOR-ORIENTED ANALYSIS 09:45 – 10:45 Conflict Analysis Tool 5: Stakeholder/Actor Mapping ● Theoretical overview ● Practical, presentations and plenary

10:45 - 11:15 Break 11:15 – 12:30 Conflict Analysis Tool 6: Stakeholder Analysis ● Theoretical overview ● Practical, presentations and plenary 12:30 - 13:45 Lunch & Prayers 13:45 – 14:45 Comments, feedback and next steps. Evaluation and presentation of certificates

Focus Group Discussion Tool

Introduction: Thank the participants for coming and introducing yourself. Explain that MC/DRC/COOPI plan to work in the area, we understand that the community has been exposed to the impacts of violence in one way or the other. Specify the name of the community and confirm that it is correct. Explain that the purpose of the focus group is to understand the causes of conflict, the key people involved, and how it can be reduced. Remind the participants that there are no right or wrong responses; we are interested in their perception of the situation.

Before beginning collect: age, religious group, ethnic group but name and phone number can be optional (ask for it though!). Observe body language of the participants, consider collecting these details at the end of the survey, when they are more relaxed and mention that it is more for follow up purposes.

Read aloud: Let’s get started. This should only take about 30-45 minutes of your time. Thank you again for agreeing to talk. We just want to understand how various issues are addressed in your community.

NOTE TO INTERVIEWER: In the sections, we are attempting to learn how conflict has affected various groups in the community and types of interactions between the groups. We want to probe what the interviewer sees as reasons for the conflict and state of interaction with the conflicting group. Choose the best probes. Please use this form to record the proceedings of the focus group. Notes should be extensive and accurately reflect the content of the discussion, as well as any salient observations of nonverbal behavior, such as facial expressions, hand movements, group dynamics, etc.

Preparation: ● Note taker & Facilitator (even if there is a note taker, please record the discussions. Seek the consent of the participants for this. If there is any objection stick to the note taker only) ● Enumerators to lead each group, preferably an MC/COOPI/DRC staff to oversee and ask follow-up questions as necessary. # CATEGORY ANSWERS 1.1 Name of Facilitator 1.2 Name of Note taker 1.4 Respondents LGA 1.5 Respondents Villages/Community (please list the ● ● villages of the participants present) ● ● ● ● ● ● 1.6 Date / / 2019 1.7 Number of participants 1.8 Demographic Profile Youth Muslim Male 18-25 () Kindly tick the correct box of population group you Youth Muslim Female 18-25 () are discussing with. Christian Religious Leaders (where applicable)

I. Conflict Profile and Drivers: Say first of all, we would want to understand some of the grievances, frustrations and tensions {including violence} which currently exists in your immediate communities

a. Can you share with us some examples of key conflicts/tensions (probe for all types of conflicts-including grievances and frustrations that could potentially lead to violence)?

b. Who are the key stakeholder groups, including influencers and decision-makers present in your community (push for them to mention both the positive and negative groups based on the general perception). What about the youth groups if not previously mentioned? Probe for as many of these as possible both formal and informal.

c. What do you feel are the dynamics/issues/conditions that drive these conflict/grievances/tensions amongst these stakeholders you’ve mentioned? (Try to disaggregate the responses amongst the stakeholders they have identified)

d. What do you think are the factors that are currently driving or sustaining these conflict/grievances in your communities?

II. Resilience to Conflict? Now we want to understand how you and others deal and respond to these tensions, grievances and conflicts you’ve mentioned earlier

a. How have the different groups of people you’ve mentioned been impacted by the conflict? (Specifically, youth {boys and girls}, try and push explicitly for 18-24 demographic. Also be sure to include market and business groups as well. Formal and informal)

b. What are some of the new trends or dynamics you see emerging that might create new conflicts in your communities? (Specifically, among youth-boys and girls, try and push explicitly for 18-24 demographic. Also included market and business groups as well. Formal and informal)

c. What are these groups in your communities currently doing do to cope with the impacts of conflict? What has changed from what they previously use to do, before the conflict? Is there anything worthy to mention, that these groups adopted to just survive or continue their livelihoods during the height of the conflict? (Specifically probe to see if there are any differences across the youth groups mentioned and between the youth groups and other stakeholders)

d. Can you share with us some examples of coping strategies youth can adopt and you feel will work in your communities that will help support youths’ well-being into the future and strengthen the local systems they rely on?

e. Are there any internal and external stakeholder/groups managing or/also exacerbating these conflicting interests? Can you mention these groups (you can site BH as an example of a group exacerbating these interests)?

f. For those managing these interests, what support do you think they need to continue to do this peacefully and effectively going forward?

g. Can you share some examples of what people in your community do to cooperate effectively to manage conflict and competing interests {these competing interests could be social, political, economic, ecological etc.}? What relationships and networks are enabling people to cope with conflict? Do you feel new relationships and networks are required to enable these people to cope and adapt better? If yes, what types of relationships are required. If not, why so? What are the strengths and weaknesses of these relationships/networks?

h. Are you aware of any mechanisms in place to facilitate joint problem solving between communities and formal authorities (e.g., different levels and departments of government, security forces)? If so, how is that working and how effective has it been so far? If not, why so?

i. We want to get your advice, as community members, what can you do to help address the current drivers of conflict and to reduce support for and participation in violence? What about the emerging threats and risks? What can you do about it?

Thank you for your time! We really appreciate all your contributions!

CONTACT

Tog Gang Program Manager – Conflict Program [email protected]

Mathias Daji Yake Resilience and Conflict Mitigation Technical Advisor - BRICC [email protected]

ABOUT MERCY CORPS Mercy Corps is a leading global organization powered by the belief that a better world is possible. In disaster, in hardship, in more than 40 countries around the world, we partner to put bold solutions into action — helping people triumph over adversity and build stronger communities from within. Now, and for the future.

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