Drought Occurrences and Its Implications on the Households in Yobe State, Nigeria Jude Nwafor Eze

Eze Geoenvironmental Disasters (2018) 5:18 Geoenvironmental Disasters https://doi.org/10.1186/s40677-018-0111-7 RESEARCH Open Access Drought occurrences and its implications on the households in Yobe state, Nigeria Jude Nwafor Eze Abstract The study assesses the extent of droughts and its implications on the households in the study area. This is to highlight the need to integrate drought adaptation options into the government development plans. Strategies for drought adaptation options in the study area have often been made without experimental foundations placed on the extent of drought and its implications on the households. To achieve this, the study employed Normalized Rainfall Index (NRI) to determine the extent of droughts and its implications on the households, which has much to offer in terms of policy decisions. The study also utilized questionnaire administrated to 400 households to determine the annual income from different occupations that yielded more income to the people in the study area using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The NRI shows that the study area was characterized by mild to severe drought events. The first (1986–1995) and third (2006–2017) decades experienced high incidences of droughts, while the second decade (1996–2005), witnessed the least incidences of droughts. The result of the economic activities of the households reveals that 65% of the total household respondents were involved in farming, while 35% were involved in non-farming activities as their major source of livelihood. The analysis of variance on the economic activities that generated more income to the households in Yobe State shows that farming activities provided more opportunities for income generation. Consequently, agriculture in the study area is currently being constrained by the frequent occurrence of droughts. Thus, there is a need for integrated development schemes aimed at livelihood diversification and increasing the adaptive capacity of households to drought in the study area. Keywords: Drought, Desertification, Vulnerability, Normalized rainfall index Background National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Drought is one of the most globally recognized hazards shows that about 900,000 km2 of former savanna grass- that damage an environment. It occurs when there is land in the region of Africa has been severely decertified significant rainfall deficit that causes hydrological imbal- between the early 1960s and 1986 due to persistent ances and affects the land productive systems. Drought drought occurrences (O'Connor 1995). Moreover, Bates practically occurs in all climatic regions with both high et al. (2008) state that one-third of African population and low mean rainfalls (Um et al. 2017). It can result in lives in drought-prone areas. The drought has become a damage to agricultural production as well as to the nat- recurrent event in many parts of Africa, after the ural environment and human society (Gidey et al. 2018). drought of the early 1970s that devastated the Sahel re- Drought is considered to be a natural disaster that dif- gion. Dai et al. (2004) have shown that there is about fers from other natural disasters because it has a gradual 40% decline in annual rainfall total in West Africa, from creeping feature (Ayoade 1988; Yue et al. 2018). Liu et the year 1968–1990 as compared with the 30 years be- al., (2018) opine that drought develops slowly with pro- tween 1931 and 1960. Thus, frequent drought occur- longed effects that gradually increases in severity and rences are threatening the human existence in African tends to persist over a long period of time even after it savanna regions and consequently making the house- has stopped. Analysis of the orbital photographs from holds highly vulnerable to drought. In Northern Nigeria, there are several records of Correspondence: [email protected] drought occurrences which resulted in famines, such as Farming System Research Programme, National Cereals Research Institute, the droughts of 1903 and 1911–1914 (Shiru et al. 2018). Badeggi P.M.B 8, Bida, Niger State, Nigeria © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Eze Geoenvironmental Disasters (2018) 5:18 Page 2 of 10 Other droughts occurred in 1919, 1924, 1935 (Tarhule States of Gombe to the southwest, Bauchi to the west, and Woo 1997), 1951–1954, 1972–1973, 1984–1985 Jigawa to the northwest, Borno to the east, and to the (Mortimore 1989), 2007 and 2011 (Abaje et al. 2013). North by the Niger Republic. The study area has a popu- Consequently, the situation is being exacerbated by the in- lation of 2,532,395, according to 2006 census, and a land creasing human population, overgrazing, over-cultivation, mass of 47,153 km2. The density is thus 29.92 persons and high poverty rate (Eze 2017). The predominant eco- per square kilometre. nomic activity in the region is farming. Moreover, the re- The climate regime of the study area is characterized gion is known for its grain products such as maize, millet, by single long dry season followed by a shorter wet sea- sorghum, and wheat (Eze 2017). Agricultural production son. In the Sahel, mean annual rainfall is less than in Nigeria particularly in Northern Nigeria is mainly 500 mm and may fall to 250 mm (Ayoade 1988). In the rain-fed and naturally prone to vagaries of rainfall variabil- Sudan savanna, it is 800 mm to 1000 mm. The number ity (Tiamiyu et al. 2015). During the years of abundant of wet months is about 4 months in the northern guinea rainfall, households in the region experience bumper har- savanna zone to less than 2 months in the Sahel savanna vest from both crop and livestock productions. Con- zone (Folland et al., 1986; Anyadike, 1993). Mean annual versely, during the years with rainfall deficit, the temperature is 26oC increasing towards the Sahel zone. households experience crop failure, poor crop yield, lead- Potential evapo-transpiration exceeds rainfall except for ing to famine, hunger, and death, including livestock (Eze the few months. Vegetation of the study area is divided et al. 2018). Khalil (1974) shows that about 300, 000 live- into the Wooded Tropical savanna, Mixed combratac- stock died during the drought that occurred in the year eous woodland and wooded savannah. The Wooded 1972 to 1973. The number of livestock that died during tropical savanna also known as Sahel savanna is found in this period represents about 13% of the total livestock the northern part of the state, where rainfall is less than population in the north-eastern part of Nigeria (Khalil 500 mm per annum. The vegetation consists of thorn 1974). Moreover, in the year 1987, towards the end of the bushes and small trees which grow under dry conditions. growing season, huge crop losses to drought were re- Mixed combrataceous woodland covers the central part corded in many parts of northern Nigeria, particularly, in of the study area. It has more rainfall than the wooded the Sahel region (Mortimore 1989). tropical savanna and it consists of scrub vegetation inter- Studies on the impact of drought have been undertaken spersed with tall trees (Nwaka, 1991). The wooded sa- in various parts of the world (Oladipo 1993; Obaje et al., vanna covers most of the southern part of the state, with 2013; Wu et al., 2015a, 2015b;Olagunju2015; Hosseiniza- a higher grass growth. It is also known as northern deh et al. 2015;Umetal.2017;LIUetal.2018;Yueetal. guinea savanna. The main trees are the isoberlina spe- 2018). Majority of the studies concentrated on the impact cies. Administratively, there are seventeen Local Govern- of drought on agriculture, health, water resources, causes ment Areas (LGAs) in Yobe State. The semi-arid zone in and effects on the land, mitigation and the extent of the study comprises of the Sudan and the Sahel regions, drought. Little or no work has been done in the study area which by its nature and characteristics are susceptible to to determine quantitatively drought occurrences and its im- drought and desertification. These zones are most vul- plications on the households using Normalized Rainfall nerable to drought and desertification because the pre- Index (NRI), which has much to offer in terms of policy de- dominant economic activity of the people in the cisions. Oladipo (1993) argues that the degree of impact of communities is farming (Musa and Shaib 2010). a particular drought on the environment and the extent to which it may affect the households depends on the length Study design of the period separating the drought event from the previ- The study adopted the survey design. The study popula- ous one. Moreover, Abaje et al. (2013) state that there is a tion consists of 443,375 households in Yobe State (Na- need for appropriate techniques to be used to determine tional Population Commission 2006). Out of this drought occurrence so as to reduce its impact on the envir- number, 400 households were proportionally selected onment. Against this background, the research seek to de- and interviewed based on the relative population of each termine quantitatively the drought occurrences and its of the 17 LGAs using Yamane (1967) sample size selec- implications on the households, in order to provide the tion method (Table 1). basis for the design and mainstreaming of drought adapta- The data utilized for this study were obtained from tion into the development process in the study area. primary and secondary sources. The primary data were obtained through an administered questionnaire and Materials and methods in-depth interviews.

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