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Observation of Behavior, Inference of Function, and the Study of Learning
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1994, 1 (1), 73-88 Observation of behavior, inference of function, and the study of learning WILLIAM TIMBERLAKE and FRANCISCO J. SILVA Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Before the present century, the primary means of studying animals was observation of the form and effects of their behavior combined with presumption of their intent. In the present century, ethologists continued to emphasize observation of form and replaced presumption of intent with the study of proximate function and evolution. In contrast, most learning psychologists mini mized both observation of form and presumption of intent by defining behavior in terms of sim ple environmental effects and establishing intent by deprivation operations, We discuss advan tages of the use of observation in the study of learning, examine arguments that it is unnecessary, irrelevant, and unscientific, and consider some practical considerations in using observation. We conclude that observation of the form of behavior and concern with its ecological function should be an important part of the arsenal of techniques used to study learning. Observation has been the dominant method of study imals (Warden, 1927), anthropomorphically viewing the ing the behavior of animals since the beginning of re latter as partially disguised people enmeshed in a web of corded history (Warden, 1927). Observation provided the human goals, social relations, and rules (Aesop, approx underpinnings of the writings of systematists such as imately 620 B.C.; Selous, 1908). Other observers adhered Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Darwin (1859), story tellers to a more animal-centered description and inference of such as Seton (1913) and Kipling (1894), collectors of function (Craig, 1918; Huxley, 1914). -
The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta Africana)
Winthrop University Digital Commons @ Winthrop University Graduate Theses The Graduate School 8-2017 The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana) Caroline Marie Driscoll Winthrop University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses Part of the Biology Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Driscoll, Caroline Marie, "The Behavioral Effects of Feeding Enrichment on a Zoo-Housed Herd of African Elephants (Loxodonta africana)" (2017). Graduate Theses. 71. https://digitalcommons.winthrop.edu/graduatetheses/71 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the The Graduate School at Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Winthrop University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FEEDING ENRICHMENT ON A ZOO- HOUSED HERD OF AFRICAN ELEPHANTS (LOXODONTA AFRICANA) A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in the Department of Biology Winthrop University July, 2017 By Caroline Marie Driscoll ii ABSTRACT A comprehensive study on the behavioral effects of feeding enrichment was conducted on six African elephants housed at the North Carolina Zoological Park in Asheboro, NC. The herd is comprised of are two adult males, three adult females, and one subadult female. The study was conducted over a 10-month period and consisted of focal sample observations across three conditions. Observations were recorded during the baseline condition (June to September) and continued through the introduction of feeding enrichment. -
Adaptability of Innate Motor Patterns and Motor Control Mechanisms
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1986) 9, 585-638 Printed in the United States of America Adaptability of innate motor patterns and motor control mechanisms M. B. Berkinblit," A. G. Feldman," and O. I. Fukson" "Institute of Information Transmission Problems, Academy of Sciences, Moscow 101447, U.S.S.R. and "Moscow State University, Moscow 117234, U.S.S.R. Abstract: The following factors underlying behavioral plasticity are discussed: (1) reflex adaptability and its role in the voluntary control of movement, (2) degrees of freedom and motor equivalence, and (3) the problem of the discrete organization of motor behavior. Our discussion concerns a variety of innate motor patterns, with emphasis on the wiping reflex in the frog. It is proposed that central regulation of stretch reflex thresholds governs voluntary control over muscle force and length. This suggestion is an integral part of the equilibrium-point hypothesis, two versions of which are compared. Kinematic analysis of the wiping reflex in the spinal frog has shown that each stimulated skin site is associated with a group of different but equally effective trajectories directed to the target site. Such phenomena reflect the principle of motor equivalence - the capacity of t h e neuronal structures responsible for movement to select one or another of a set of p o s s i b l e trajectories leading to the goal. Redundancy of degrees of freedom at the neuronal level as well as at the mechanical level of the body's joints makes motor equivalence possible. This sort of equivalence accommodates the overall flexibility of motor behavior. -
Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 2007 Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals Alexandra C. Horowitz Barnard College Marc Bekoff University of Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_habr Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Comparative Psychology Commons, and the Other Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Horowitz, A. C., & Bekoff, M. (2007). Naturalizing anthropomorphism: Behavioral prompts to our humanizing of animals. Anthrozoös, 20(1), 23-35. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals Alexandra C. Horowitz1 and Marc Bekoff2 1 Barnard College 2 University of Colorado – Boulder KEYWORDS anthropomorphism, attention, cognitive ethology, dogs, humanizing animals, social play ABSTRACT Anthropomorphism is the use of human characteristics to describe or explain nonhuman animals. In the present paper, we propose a model for a unified study of such anthropomorphizing. We bring together previously disparate accounts of why and how we anthropomorphize and suggest a means to analyze anthropomorphizing behavior itself. We introduce an analysis of bouts of dyadic play between humans and a heavily anthropomorphized animal, the domestic dog. Four distinct patterns of social interaction recur in successful dog–human play: directed responses by one player to the other, indications of intent, mutual behaviors, and contingent activity. These findings serve as a preliminary answer to the question, “What behaviors prompt anthropomorphisms?” An analysis of anthropomorphizing is potentially useful in establishing a scientific basis for this behavior, in explaining its endurance, in the design of “lifelike” robots, and in the analysis of human interaction. -
Hutnan Ethology Bulletin
Hutnan Ethology Bulletin VOLUME 12, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1997 © 1997 The International Society for Human Ethology obviously not in the interests of the slaves. Why don't they go on strike? Because the slaves are not genetically related to anything that comes out of the nest where they are now working. Any gene that tended to make them go on strike would have no possibility of being benefited by the striking action. The copies of their genes, the ·copies of these striking workers genes, would be back in the home nest, and they would be being turned out by the queen, which the striking workers left behind. So there would be no opportunity for a phenotypic effect, namely striking, to benefit germ line copies of themselves. You also write about an ant species called Monomorium santschii in which there are no workers. The queen invades a nest of another species, and then uses chemicals to induce the An Interview of workers to adopt her, and to kill their own queen. How is it possible that natural sdection Richard Dawkins did not act against such incredible deception and manipulation, which must have been going By Frans Roes, Lauriergracht 127-II, 1016 on for millions of years? RK Amsterdam, The Netherlands In any kind of arms race, it is possible for one Richard Dawkins is a zoologist and Professor of . side in the arms race to lose consistently. Public. Understanding of Science at Oxford Monomorium santschii is a very rare species. If University. Of his best-selling books, The you look back in the ancestry of the victim- Selfish Gene (1976) probably did most in species over many millions of years, many of bringing the evolutionary message home to both their ancestors may never have encountered a professional and a general readership. -
Subject Index
Subject Index Action-specific energy, 29, 135, 152 table 6.1, Aggressive behavior (aggression). See also 154, 247. See also Ethology; Surplus Energy Playfighting; Serious fighting Theory development in, 220, 347–348, 365–367 Adaptive function (value), 11, 121 fish, 347 ethological aim three, 11–12, 15 table 1.1, 18, frog, 310 70 human, 383 methods, basic means of studying, 114–117 and play scales, 68 Addictions. See also Brain areas; Dopamine recreational, 388, 401 drugs, 383, 390–392, 398, 404 redirected, 332, 338 gambling, 7, 10, 13, 24–25, 39, 391–393 sex differences, 53 rewards systems, 391–393 and social isolation, 388 Affect. See Emotion Appetitive behavior, 40, 134, 402. See also Amphetamines Instinctive behavior depression, treatment of, 39 and behavioral and drug addictions and stereotypies, 62–64 Aristotle’s four causes, 13 use, 59, 60 Autotelic Theory, 40–41, 102, 108, 136 Animal behavior, 6, 13, 133, 186 Animal Mind (Washburn, Margaret Floy), 186– Batesian mimicry, 363 189 Behavioral catalog. See Ethogram Animal welfare, 386 Behavioral ecology (ists), 12, 133–134, 286, Anthropomorphism(ic), 73, 92, 184–189 385 approach to play, 13, 109 Behavioral repertoire and bird play, 246–247, 272 instinctive, 170–171 critical, 67, 178, 186, 189 fiddler crabs and, 370 and fish play, 316, 319, 326, 331, 357 genes of play, 380 and invertebrates, 359, 370 keas and, 257 and locomotor play, 84, 276 octopuses and, 372 by omission, 187 snakes and, 291 and parental care, 51 species characteristic, 30, 83, 135, 149, and play signals, 92 385 uncritical, 6, 26, 246, 328, 374 and surplus resource theory, 165, 129 492 Subject Index Behavioral study, 48–49 Cognitive development, 41–42 operational definitions, 48 Piagetian stages of, 36, 96–99, 131 Behavioral systems Comparative biology(ists), 3, 10 and motivation, 133–138 Comparative psychology, 10, 12, 24, 48, 145, play types, 150 185, 315, 362. -
Human Ethology Bulletin
Human Ethology Bulletin VOLUME 11, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1996 © 1996 The International Society for Human Ethology Thomas Bouchard (University of Minnesota): SOCIETY NEWS "Twin studies and human behavior." Vienna Congress Update Sue Carter: (University of Maryland) "Influence of hormones on human behavior." The 13th biennial conference of the Siegfried Frey (Universitat Duisburg): "Non- International Society for Human Ethology is semantic approach to nonverbal behavior: scheduled for S-10 August 1996 at the Cartographic methods." Biological Sciences site of the University of Vienna, Austria. Glenn Weisfeld (Wayne State University): "Research on emotions and future developments The conference will be dedicated to in human ethology." direct observation of human behavior. Themes will be gender advertisement, mate selection, Delegates who wish to present research environment-behavior interactions, nonverbal must submit an abstract along with their communication, evolution and cognition, registration. Participants are limited to a behavior genetics, development, psychiatry, Single oral or poster paper; authors are and hormonal control of behavior. In addition, requested to indicate their preference, but workshops on epistemological issues in decisions rest with the Organizing Committee. ethology and sociobiology and on digital image Talks are limited to 15 minutes plus 5 minutes analysis will be held. for discussion. Posters must not exceed 120 em. x 90 em. TIley will be on display throughout the conference. Poster talks, Wednesday afternoon, Opening address: lrenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt are limited to 2 minutes, with no more than one (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft): "Vienna: Cradle of slide or overhead. ethology." Abstract Instructions Keynote address: Robin R. Baker (University of Manchester): "Cupulation, masturbation, and Send your abstract on paper and infidelity: State of the art." diskette or e-mail. -
The Scope of Neuroethology
THE BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (1984) 7, 367-412 Printed in the United States of America The scope of neuroethology Graham Hoyle Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oreg. 97403 Abstract: Neuroethology, an interdisciplinary subdivision of neuroscience, has emerged in recent years. Since 1976 there has been a regular session under this heading at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience. In 1980 two introductory texts in English were published on the subject (Ewert 1980; Guthrie 1980), and a third (Camhi 1984) was published recently. There is widespread interest in neural mechanisms underlying behavior, but they encompass such a vast array of often unrelated topics that proponents do not share common goals. This article describes the emergence of ethology as a discipline, pointing out that its practitioners were successful because they confined their research to stereotyped, complex, nonlearned, innate behavioral acts. A limited number of profoundly significant principles emerged. Each of these is redefined. The major concepts of earlier ethology were embodied in a simple hydraulic model used by Konrad Lorenz in 1949 (Lorenz 1950). It is pointed out that this model implies the existence of common neurophysiological mechanisms and neuronal circuitry. This model has now been made obsolete by neurophysiological progress, but with appropriate ~nodificationsan updated version may still be useful in focusing attention on possible principles. The initial aim of neuroethology should be to examine the neurophysiological events in a variety of behaviors, exhibited by diverse animals from different phyla, which meet the criteria of innate behavioral acts. The behaviors should be sufficiently complex to interest ethologists, yet they should be addressable with neurophysiological methods down to the cellular level. -
Evolution and Animal Welfare Author(S): Marian Stamp Dawkins Source: the Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol
Evolution and Animal Welfare Author(s): Marian Stamp Dawkins Source: The Quarterly Review of Biology, Vol. 73, No. 3 (Sep., 1998), pp. 305-328 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3036918 . Accessed: 19/07/2013 06:03 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Quarterly Review of Biology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.67.117.205 on Fri, 19 Jul 2013 06:03:00 AM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions VOLUME 73, No. 3 THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY SEPTEMBER 1998 EVOLUTION AND ANIMAL WELFARE MARIAN STAMP DAWKINS Departmentof Zoology, Universityof Oxford Oxford,OX] 3PS United Kingdom E-MAIL: [email protected] ABSTRACT Animalwelfare is a tbpicoften thought to reside outside mainstream biology. The complexity of themethods used to assess welfare (such as health,physiology, immunological state, and behavior) requirean understandingof a widerange of biological phenomena. Furthermore, the "welfare" of an animal providesa frameworkin whicha diversityof its responsescan be understoodas fitness-enhancingmechanisms.Different methodsfor assessing animal welfare are discussed, with particularemphasis on therole of an animal's own choicesand reinforcementmechanisms. -
Animal Umwelten in a Changing World
Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Tartu Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Animal umwelten in a changing world: Zoosemiotic perspectives represents a clear and concise review of zoosemiotics, present- ing theories, models and methods, and providing interesting examples of human–animal interactions. The reader is invited to explore the umwelten of animals in a successful attempt to retrieve the relationship of people with animals: a cornerstone of the past common evolutionary processes. The twelve chapters, which cover recent developments in zoosemiotics and much more, inspire the reader to think about the human condition and about ways to recover our lost contact with the animal world. Written in a clear, concise style, this collection of articles creates a wonderful bridge between Timo Maran, Morten Tønnessen, human and animal worlds. It represents a holistic approach Kristin Armstrong Oma, rich with suggestions for how to educate people to face the dynamic relationships with nature within the conceptual Laura Kiiroja, Riin Magnus, framework of the umwelt, providing stimulus and opportuni- Nelly Mäekivi, Silver Rattasepp, ties to develop new studies in zoosemiotics. Professor Almo Farina, CHANGING WORLD A IN UMWELTEN ANIMAL Paul Thibault, Kadri Tüür University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” This important book offers the first coherent gathering of perspectives on the way animals are communicating with each ANIMAL UMWELTEN other and with us as environmental change requires increasing adaptation. Produced by a young generation of zoosemiotics scholars engaged in international research programs at Tartu, IN A CHANGING this work introduces an exciting research field linking the biological sciences with the humanities. Its key premises are that all animals participate in a dynamic web of meanings WORLD: and signs in their own distinctive styles, and all animal spe- cies have distinctive cultures. -
Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. a Pilot Study Involving Giraffes
animals Article Assessing Animal Welfare in Animal-Visitor Interactions in Zoos and Other Facilities. A Pilot Study Involving Giraffes Simona Normando 1,* ID , Ilaria Pollastri 2, Daniela Florio 3, Linda Ferrante 1, Elisabetta Macchi 3 ID , Valentina Isaja 4 and Barbara de Mori 1 1 Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell’Università 16, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; [email protected] (L.F.); [email protected] (B.d.M.) 2 Department of Veterinary Science, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; [email protected] 3 Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40126 Bologna, Italy; daniela.fl[email protected] (D.F.); [email protected] (E.M.) 4 Zoom Turin, Strada Piscina 36, 10040 Cumiana, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-049-641-231; Fax: +39-049-641-174 Received: 8 July 2018; Accepted: 27 August 2018; Published: 30 August 2018 Simple Summary: A pilot test of a six-step protocol to evaluate animal-visitor interactions was developed on a “giraffe feeding” program in a zoo. The steps devoted to animal welfare’s assessment are presented in this paper. We observed the giraffes’ behaviour, evaluated the suitability of the area in which the interactions took place, and assessed the intensity of various hazards for animal welfare. The long-term goal of this research project is to test a protocol for the overall evaluation of the quality of animal-visitor interactions in zoos and other facilities. -
Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course.