Naturalizing Anthropomorphism: Behavioral Prompts to Our Humanizing of Animals
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EMDR Protocol Anger, Resentment and Revenge June 2014
EMDR Protocol Anger, Resentment and Revenge June 2014 Prologue In order to carry out the protocol in a responsible way, it is above all very important to have a thorough knowledge of the target group. Secondly, it is recommended to have participated in a workshop practising the protocol. And thirdly, one need knowledge of applying cognitive interweaves (as taught in an accredited EMDR training), because the presented procedure can also be used as cognitive interweave within the EMDR Standard protocol. Applying the protocol as a cognitive interweave: see addendum. Introduction The rationale of coping with Anger, Resentment and Revenge can be explained as follows: When people are reminded of disturbing memories or certain persons, it can lead to fierce emotions; sometimes “ the bucket will even overflow”. There are two kinds of emotions which can still be triggered by thinking of those negative experiences or persons. Therefore, there are also two buckets which can overflow. draw a bucket titled “Powerlessness and Fear” draw another bucket titled “Anger, Resentment and Revenge” One bucket contains all emotions concerning powerlessness, grief, fear and fright; all vulnerable, internalized emotions. The other bucket is filled with emotions like anger, resentment and sometimes even revenge; all ‘external directed’ emotions. When we look at the Powerlessness and Fear bucket, how full is it at this moment? When we look at the Anger bucket, how full is it at this moment? draw the levels indicated by the patient or let the patient draw the indicated levels Emptying which bucket would give the most relief? if the patient chooses the Powerlessness and Fear bucket, use the standard EMDR protocol if the patient chooses the Anger bucket, follow the next procedure Inventory To empty the bucket, we will not discuss the disturbing experiences you had, but we will focus on the persons who have treated you wrongly or who have damaged you. -
Ransom Is a Story of Vengeance Clashing with Grief.’ Discuss
‘Ransom is a story of vengeance clashing with grief.’ Discuss. In his lyrical novel, Ransom, David Malouf reimagines the final book of The Iliad, and in doing so, highlights the futility of countering grief with vengeance. He asserts the pointlessness of such vengeful actions, examines the role of the ‘rough world of men’ in creating it, and notes its cyclic nature, leaving many readers disheartened. However, Malouf also demonstrates how grief can be overcome with honourable actions. Malouf demonstrates to readers the uselessness of trying to assuage grief with acts of revenge. He introduces this concept right from the outset of the novel through his characterisation of Achilles. Malouf moves away from the traditional portrayal of Achilles as the most formidable of the Greeks and instead describes him as hollow and like a dead man. This new perspective of Achilles depicts him as lacking balance and feeling trapped in a clogging grey web due to his grief over the death of his soulmate Patroclus. Once Malouf describes Achilles’ barbaric actions in dragging around the corpse of Patroclus’ killer, Hector, it becomes clear to readers that Achilles is attempting to assuage his grief with violence and brutal, callous actions. Malouf uses imagery to depict Achilles as already dead himself as he continues to desecrate Hector’s body, by describing him as caked with dust like a man who has walked out of his grave. Thus, Malouf asserts how Achilles’ act of revenge has only wasted his spirit and left him feeling that it was never enough; being unable to overcome his pain at the loss of his friend. -
Observation of Behavior, Inference of Function, and the Study of Learning
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 1994, 1 (1), 73-88 Observation of behavior, inference of function, and the study of learning WILLIAM TIMBERLAKE and FRANCISCO J. SILVA Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana Before the present century, the primary means of studying animals was observation of the form and effects of their behavior combined with presumption of their intent. In the present century, ethologists continued to emphasize observation of form and replaced presumption of intent with the study of proximate function and evolution. In contrast, most learning psychologists mini mized both observation of form and presumption of intent by defining behavior in terms of sim ple environmental effects and establishing intent by deprivation operations, We discuss advan tages of the use of observation in the study of learning, examine arguments that it is unnecessary, irrelevant, and unscientific, and consider some practical considerations in using observation. We conclude that observation of the form of behavior and concern with its ecological function should be an important part of the arsenal of techniques used to study learning. Observation has been the dominant method of study imals (Warden, 1927), anthropomorphically viewing the ing the behavior of animals since the beginning of re latter as partially disguised people enmeshed in a web of corded history (Warden, 1927). Observation provided the human goals, social relations, and rules (Aesop, approx underpinnings of the writings of systematists such as imately 620 B.C.; Selous, 1908). Other observers adhered Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Darwin (1859), story tellers to a more animal-centered description and inference of such as Seton (1913) and Kipling (1894), collectors of function (Craig, 1918; Huxley, 1914). -
On Seeing Human: a Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism
Psychological Review Copyright 2007 by the American Psychological Association 2007, Vol. 114, No. 4, 864–886 0033-295X/07/$12.00 DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.864 On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz, and John T. Cacioppo University of Chicago Anthropomorphism describes the tendency to imbue the real or imagined behavior of nonhuman agents with humanlike characteristics, motivations, intentions, or emotions. Although surprisingly common, anthropomorphism is not invariant. This article describes a theory to explain when people are likely to anthropomorphize and when they are not, focused on three psychological determinants—the accessibility and applicability of anthropocentric knowledge (elicited agent knowledge), the motivation to explain and understand the behavior of other agents (effectance motivation), and the desire for social contact and affiliation (sociality motivation). This theory predicts that people are more likely to anthropomorphize when anthropocentric knowledge is accessible and applicable, when motivated to be effective social agents, and when lacking a sense of social connection to other humans. These factors help to explain why anthropomorphism is so variable; organize diverse research; and offer testable predictions about dispo- sitional, situational, developmental, and cultural influences on anthropomorphism. Discussion addresses extensions of this theory into the specific psychological processes underlying anthropomorphism, applications of this theory into robotics and -
DEVELOPMENT and CORRELATES of ANTHROPOMORPHISM By
DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATES OF ANTHROPOMORPHISM by DENIZ TAHIROGLU A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Psychology and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy September 2012 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Deniz Tahiroglu Title: Development and Correlates of Anthropomorphism This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Psychology by: Marjorie Taylor Co-Chair Lou Moses Co-Chair Jennifer H. Pfeifer Member Lara Bovilsky Outside Member and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research & Innovation/Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded September 2012 ii © 2012 Deniz Tahiroglu iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Deniz Tahiroglu Doctor of Philosophy Department of Psychology September 2012 Title: Development and Correlates of Anthropomorphism One of the most heavily researched topics of cognitive development concerns children’s growing understanding of people’s behaviors as reflecting mental states such as beliefs, desires and intentions. Anthropomorphism is the overextension of this conceptual framework, referred to as “theory of mind”, to nonhuman animals and inanimate objects. In this dissertation, I investigate the development and correlates of anthropomorphism building on and extending past research with children and adults. In Study 1, I investigated the relation between anthropomorphism, social understanding, and social behaviors that are known to correlate with theory of mind, such as empathy, and prosocial attitudes in a college sample (N = 919). Contrary to my predictions, results showed that anthropomorphism is only weakly related to the measures of social understanding. -
The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: on Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love
WellBeing International WBI Studies Repository 12-2001 The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado Follow this and additional works at: https://www.wellbeingintlstudiesrepository.org/acwp_sata Part of the Animal Studies Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, and the Comparative Psychology Commons Recommended Citation Bekoff, M. (2001). The evolution of animal play, emotions, and social morality: on science, theology, spirituality, personhood, and love. Zygon®, 36(4), 615-655. This material is brought to you for free and open access by WellBeing International. It has been accepted for inclusion by an authorized administrator of the WBI Studies Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Evolution of Animal Play, Emotions, and Social Morality: On Science, Theology, Spirituality, Personhood, and Love Marc Bekoff University of Colorado KEYWORDS animal emotions, animal play, biocentric anthropomorphism, critical anthropomorphism, personhood, social morality, spirituality ABSTRACT My essay first takes me into the arena in which science, spirituality, and theology meet. I comment on the enterprise of science and how scientists could well benefit from reciprocal interactions with theologians and religious leaders. Next, I discuss the evolution of social morality and the ways in which various aspects of social play behavior relate to the notion of “behaving fairly.” The contributions of spiritual and religious perspectives are important in our coming to a fuller understanding of the evolution of morality. I go on to discuss animal emotions, the concept of personhood, and how our special relationships with other animals, especially the companions with whom we share our homes, help us to define our place in nature, our humanness. -
Imagining Others' Minds: the Positive Relation Between Children's Role Play and Anthropomorphism
fpsyg-09-02140 November 9, 2018 Time: 16:30 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 13 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02140 Imagining Others’ Minds: The Positive Relation Between Children’s Role Play and Anthropomorphism Rachel L. Severson* and Shailee R. Woodard Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States Children’s role playing, whether personifying toys or imagining invisible friends, involves imagining others’ minds and internal states. Similarly, anthropomorphism – the attribution of internal states to non-human others (e.g., animals, inanimate nature, or technologies) – also involves imagining others’ minds and internal states. We propose that the imaginative process of simulating and projecting internal states is common to both role play and anthropomorphism. The current study investigated the relation between children’s role play and anthropomorphism. Ninety children (5, 7, and 9 years) were administered Individual Differences in Anthropomorphism Questionnaire – Child Form (IDAQ-CF), comprised of the technology-inanimate nature and animal subscales, and the Role Play Scale, which assessed (a) impersonation of animals, people, Edited by: and/or machines and (b) imaginary companions (ICs), including invisible friends and Gabriella Airenti, personified toys. Results indicated that the imaginative act of impersonating an animal, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy person, and/or machine was positively related to anthropomorphism, and specifically Reviewed by: Rebecca Ansley Dore, anthropomorphism of inanimate nature and technology. Second, anthropomorphism of The Ohio State University, animals was highest amongst children with invisible ICs, followed by those with toy ICs United States and those who impersonated. Finally, children who frequently engaged with an invisible Nathalia Gjersoe, University of Bath, United Kingdom ICs more readily anthropomorphized in general and technology and inanimate nature *Correspondence: in particular relative to all other children. -
Aspects of Grief After a Violent Death
Aspects Of Grief After A Violent Death PERSONS WHO EXPERIENCE A HOMICIDE OR OTHER VIOLENT DEATH TEND TO: • Experience the impact of a sudden, unexpected, violent death with the possibility of a mutilated body, or no body at all. • Feel insecure, fearful, and have concerns for their safety. • Question their own basic beliefs and values about the importance of human life and behaviors. • Experience tremendous family stress as each person is grieving differently and each needs additional support. • Have a great deal of guilt over not having protected their loved one. • Feel the stigma of having a family member murdered, with people believing that only criminal types are murdered. • Lose their support system because people don’t know what to say and tend to stay away. • Be ignored, mistreated and receive little information from law enforcement officials assigned to the case. • Postpone their grief until after the trail and sentencing. • Find that whatever the sentence the murder receives, it is not enough to compensate for their loss. • Become victimized as a result of media coverage, for months and sometimes years after the death. • Experience intense anger, rage and sometimes revenge, which is overwhelming and produces within them fear of their own response. Concerns For Children Who Are Affected By A violent Death Fear of the Death: • Their Own Death • Death of Those Who Protect Them, Such as a Parent • Death of Friends and Loved Ones Anxiety About: • Being Left Alone • Sleeping Alone • Leaving the Surviving Family Members Regression: • Clingy, Irritable Behavior • Need for More Holding, Hugs and Nurturance • Possible Bedwetting Sleep Disorder: • Nightmares • Fear of Going to Bed • Not Able to Get to Sleep of Waking Throughout the Night Somatic Complaints: • Stomachaches, Headaches, Heartaches Eating Habit Changes Reliving The Violent Experience In Play Or In Memory. -
Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge, and Forgiveness: an Interpersonal Script Approach
Betrayal, Rejection, Revenge, and Forgiveness: An Interpersonal Script Approach Julie Fitness Macquarie University Email: [email protected] In: Leary, M. (Ed.) (2001) Interpersonal rejection (pp. 73-103). New York: Oxford University Press. Acknowledgement: The author acknowledges the support of a Large ARC grant A79601552 in the writing of this chapter. 2 Introduction Throughout recorded human history, treachery and betrayal have been considered amongst the very worst offences people could commit against their kith and kin. Dante, for example, relegated traitors to the lowest and coldest regions of Hell, to be forever frozen up to their necks in a lake of ice with blizzards storming all about them, as punishment for having acted so coldly toward others. Even today, the crime of treason merits the most severe penalties, including capital punishment. However, betrayals need not involve issues of national security to be regarded as serious. From sexual infidelity to disclosing a friend’s secrets, betraying another person or group of people implies unspeakable disloyalty, a breach of trust, and a violation of what is good and proper. Moreover, all of us will suffer both minor and major betrayals throughout our lives, and most of us will, if only unwittingly, betray others (Jones & Burdette, 1994). The Macquarie Dictionary (1991) lists a number of different, though closely related, meanings of the term “to betray,” including to deliver up to an enemy, to be disloyal or unfaithful, to deceive or mislead, to reveal secrets, to seduce and desert, and to disappoint the hopes or expectations of another. Implicit in a number of these definitions is the rejection or discounting of one person by another; however, the nature of the relationship between interpersonal betrayal and rejection has not been explicitly addressed in the social psychological literature. -
Chihirosukikarathesis.Pdf (391.3Kb)
Szent István University Faculty of Veterinary Science Budapest Institute of Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Laboratory Animal Science HOW THE DIFFERENT NOISE TYPES MAY INFLUENCE THE OPEN-FIELD BEHAVIOUR OF RATS ? by Chihiro Sukikara Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Sándor György Fekete , DVM, DSc SZIU Faculty of Veterinary Science - 2013 – 1 Table of Content Page Introduction 3 Review of the Literature 5 Own Investigations 9 Material and Methods 9 Results 11 Discussion 23 Conclusion 27 References 33 Acknowledgement 32 Summary 30 Összefoglalás 31 Author’s Declaration 37 Supervisor’s Allowance 38 2 Introduction It is said that the different tools of environmental enrichment influence the animal behaviour and/or physiological status. In the frame of the 3rd „R” (Refinement), the laboratory animal science focuses on the feeding and on the physical environment of the animals, which are related to sensory stimuli, like visual, olphactory, auditory and tactile (BAUMAN et al. 2011). Noise is also one of the elements of the environment. It has been thought as a powerful stressor. Generally, the acoustic environment does has an influence on the behaviour and physiological state of the humans and animals. Amongst those the different noises have an important role. According to the general definition the noise is the ratio of the meaningful signals and those, of carrying no information. In the bioacoustics, noise is equals to the unpleasant sounds. The noise music is an avangard music and sound art, which is akin to the futurism and dadaism. It is employing the elements of cacophony, dissonance, atonality, noise, irregularity and repetition. The manifesto of Luigi Russolo: The art of noise (1913) is considered as the first step of this movement. -
The Purpose of Studying Calendar Customs
UDC 398.332.000.141.4:281.9(497) Original Scholarly Work Dragoslav ANTONIJEVIC Institute for Balkan Studies Belgrade THE PURPOSE OF STUDYING CALENDAR CUSTOMS Abstract: Calendar customs are viewed in a new light, from the facets of theocentric and anthropocentric theoretical systems, which on the plane offeast-time, are brought into contact and interacted in concept and prac tice alike. On the basis of abundant ethnological material collected and pub lished thus far, and personal experience acquired in numerous field investi gations on popular religion, rituals and customs, I have devoted consider able attention to the study ofcalendar feasts and holidays among Serbs and other Balkan peoples. Altogether, with the use of written documents and more modern methodological approaches, I have observed that, evolving in internal and external reciprocal and intermittent processes, two essential patterns are intertwined during calendar feasts among Orthodox Christians in the Balkans, one theocentric, and the other anthropocentric, representing in conjunction the backbone of calendar (annual) feasts. More recently, similar views and ideas from new standpoints are to be found in works by Bojan Jovanovic. In postulating my thesis, I availed myself of the system theory, i.e. with the results of its authors: Rody, Michelson and Britten, which partly resembles the structuralism ofLevi Strauss, but not essentially. What is the essence of this theory? First of all, it transcends the limitations of simple functional cause-and-effect relations in feasts, the way they are most fre quently interpreted in ethnology. It accurately depicts a specific network of mutual causalities, in a special way. In that sense, the system theory offers a wide framework for the analysis offeast reality. -
Anthropomorphism in Building Brands
Anthropomorphism in building brands - the case of Frank the Cheap Sheep 1 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the appeal of anthropomorphism to marketers. This is done through reference to three relevant advertising models, the Symbolic Communications Model, the Symbolic Transfer Device Model, and the VisCAP Presenter Model, and one critical case study involving an anthropomorphized sheep presenter for a Swedish mobile telecommunications company. The advertising models are found to support the effectiveness of the symbolic presenter, Frank the Sheep, particularly explaining how meaning is transferred from the presenter to the brand, and the effects the presenter has on advertising communication effects such as brand awareness and brand attitude. We extend previous research on how linking anthropomorphic associations to brands can be employed to increase effectiveness of these common marketing communication tactics. We show that anthropomorphized animals can work effectively and quickly when presenting a new brand to the market, but also offer several cautions for managers. Summary statement of contribution We contribute to theory by drawing together three different but related strands of advertising to explicate how the anthropomorphic brand presenter can increase advertising effectiveness, particularly in quickly positioning or repositioning a brand and developing brand equity. We contribute to managerial practice by demonstrating, through the use of one critical case study, how the choice of anthropomorphic brand presenter must be a considered process, but is one that can add to advertising effectiveness if managed appropriately. Keywords Anthropomorphic marketing, brand meaning bundle, brand presenter effects, case study, communication effects, VisCAP presenter model 2 Introduction During the 2011 financial year, Disney, one of the world’s top 10 brands, generated $US38 billion: a success story that owes its success to an 83-year old anthropomorphized mouse, called Mickey (Donnolley, 2012).