Human Ethology Bulletin

VOLUME 11, ISSUE 1 ISSN 0739-2036 MARCH 1996

© 1996 The International Society for Human Ethology

Thomas Bouchard (University of Minnesota): SOCIETY NEWS "Twin studies and human behavior."

Vienna Congress Update Sue Carter: (University of Maryland) "Influence of hormones on human behavior."

The 13th biennial conference of the Siegfried Frey (Universitat Duisburg): "Non- International Society for Human Ethology is semantic approach to nonverbal behavior: scheduled for S-10 August 1996 at the Cartographic methods." Biological Sciences site of the University of Vienna, Austria. Glenn Weisfeld (Wayne State University): "Research on emotions and future developments The conference will be dedicated to in human ethology." direct observation of human behavior. Themes will be gender advertisement, mate selection, Delegates who wish to present research environment-behavior interactions, nonverbal must submit an abstract along with their communication, evolution and cognition, registration. Participants are limited to a behavior genetics, development, psychiatry, Single oral or poster paper; authors are and hormonal control of behavior. In addition, requested to indicate their preference, but workshops on epistemological issues in decisions rest with the Organizing Committee. ethology and sociobiology and on digital image Talks are limited to 15 minutes plus 5 minutes analysis will be held. for discussion. Posters must not exceed 120 em. x 90 em. TIley will be on display throughout the conference. Poster talks, Wednesday afternoon, Opening address: lrenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt are limited to 2 minutes, with no more than one (Max-Planck-Gesellschaft): "Vienna: Cradle of slide or overhead. ethology." Abstract Instructions Keynote address: Robin R. Baker (University of Manchester): "Cupulation, masturbation, and Send your abstract on paper and infidelity: State of the art." diskette or e-mail. Abstract, including title and name, most not exceed 200 words. Use Times Plenaries: Roman 11 font for text. Title (in bold face) should be no more than 60 spaces, in Times 12 Peter K. Smith (University of London font. AUtllorS' full names should be in capitals, Goldsmiths' College): "Observational and with the presenter's name underlined. Title reported data: Children's rough-and-tumble and authors should be centered. Text should be play." left- and right-justified, with no paragraph indentations. A maximum of six (capitalized) Robin Dunbar (University College London): keywords should follow. Lastly, the authors' "The language evolution story." addresses (including fax and e-mail) should appear. On abstract, indicate "pJ/ for poster or Karl Sigmund (Universitat Wien): "Games "0" for oral presentation. If you wish compete evolution plays: Mathematical basics of for the Young Investigator Award (see cooperation. fI following article), mark your abstract title 2

with uYIA". Payment must accompany the conference registration form. There is a second Importallt Dates registration form, for travel, hotel, and social programs. Both forms may be obtained from Abstracts are due on 1 May 1996; send to and must be returned to the Conference Bureau: Dr. Alain Schmitt, LBI for Urban Ethology, cia WKV-Wiener Kongress Management Inst. f. Humanbiologie, Univers!tat Wien, cia Wiener Medizinische Akademie Althanstr. 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria; e-mail Alser Str. 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria [email protected]. Notification of Tel. 43-1-42-71-65; fax 43-1-42-13-83-23. acceptance will be 1 July. Deadline for reduced registration fees is - 1 April; for regular Again, the abstract must be sent to Alain registration fees, 1 May. The opening address Schmitt. will be at 18:00 on 5 August; program will end at 13:15 on 10 August. Deadline for housing reservations is 28 June, but payment of deposit Bulletin Submissions and Duplication should accompany your registration form. Anything that might be of interest to lSHE Hotels melubers is welcome: Society matters; articles; replies to articles; suggestions; Rates given on the registration form announcements of meetings, journals or include breakfast and taxes. On the professional societies; etc. These sorts of registration form, check the left-hand box for a submission should be sent to the editor. Book single room or double (give name above if you review inquiries should go to the have a rOOlnmate). Then indicate preferred appropriate book review editor (Linda hotel category, from posh ('***) to spartan Mealey, the chief book review editor, covers ('*). Prices for each hotel category are given on books in English). Submission should be in the Slln1C line for a single and a double, along English, on paper and, if possible, also on with the required deposit. A **** single costs diskette (MS Word 5.0 preferred). Shorter 1,300 ATS per night, and a double 1,810, Witl1 a reviews are desirable (less than 1000 words). 1,500 deposit for either. A *** single costs 975, Please include complete references for all a double 1,280, deposit of 1,200. a ** single costs publications cited. For book reviews, please 470, a double 760, deposit of 700. These are include publisher's mailing address and the maxinlum rates. You will receive a hotel price of hardback and paperback editions. voucher about three weeks before the congress, There usually is not time to consult with indicating where your hotel is, and will settle reviewers about editorial changes, but most your balance with the hotel upon arrival. The of these are minor. travel agency Mondial Congress offers package Submissions are usually reviewed only by deals for air fare, hotel, and transportation to the editorial staff. However, SOUle and from airporls: Faulmanngasse 4, A-1D40 submissions are rejected. Political censorship Vienna, tel. 43-1-588-04-0, fax 43-1-586-91-85. is avoided, so as to foster free and creative exchange of (even outrageous) ideas among Registmtioll scholars. The fact that material appears in the BIIl/etin never implies the truth of those All payments must be in Austrian ideas, ISHE's endorsement of them, or schillings (about ten to the US dollar). stipport for any policy implications that may Payment may be by Eurodleque (max. 2500 ATS be inferred from them. per cheque) or banker's check payable to "13th Bulletill content may be reproduced without ISHE Conference Vienna"; bank transfer to the limit for scholarly (but not commercial) Raiffeisenbank Wien (bank code 32900), purposes. That is, no one may be charged for without charges for the recipient; receiving the content, without first obtainng Eurocard/Mastercard, Visa, Diners or American permission from the Editor or ISHE President. Express (150 ATS charge per payment). Please Sample copies of the Bulletin are available bring receipts to the conference to help correct from the Editor. Send number of copies any errors. desired and the date required. 3

Registration includes a welcome on clarity of presentation (written and oral). cocktail, a buffet dinner one evening and a For additional details, contact Cail Zivin, Heuriger (traditional Austrian tavern meal Dept. of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, with wine) on another), and a one-week ticket Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson for unlimited local transportation, Lunch is University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA; tel. available at 120 ATS per day; reserve your 1-215-247-1895, fax 1-609-488-0925; e-mail meal tickets on the registration form. [email protected], Restaurants are within walking distance for those who prefer to lunch there, and for other Award: The winner will receive a free Society dinners. Registrants and accompanying persons nlembership, free registration at the Biennial may also sign up for an extensive cultural Congress following the one at which 11,e Award program. was won, a coveted book, and a certificate of award, Registration fees: ISHE members: 2650 before 1 April; 3150 after Nonmembers: 3150 before; 3650 after Students under 30 years of age: 1650 before; 1950 after On site: add 100 ATS. Accompanying persons: 1000 before; 1200 after; Membership Directory this includes all of the above amenities. Corrections For more information, consult the ISHE bulletin board on the World Wide Web at A copy of the 1996 Membership http://evolution.humb.univie,ac.at. Director, prepared by Membership Chair Nancy Segal, should have been received by Illfanllatioll submitted by Bill Charlesworth every member in good standing as of last alld the Orgallizillg Committee: Klaus December. Please inform the Editor if you did Atzwallger, Karl Gmllllller, Katrill Schafer, not receive yours and ,,,,ere paid up at that time. alld Alaill Schmitt. Those who join the Society subsequently will receive a Directory also.

Announcement ofthe First Inevitably, some errors and omissions occurred, for which we apologize. Please Biennial Competition for Young inform Nancy Segal of any errors in your entry Ethological Scholars (her address is in the Officers' Box in this issue). The corrections received thus far are reported below. You may wish to make these By Gail Zivin, Chail', Ad Hoc manges in your copy. Committee on Young Scholars Competition BIOTEC SA tel. 32-16-46-04-03 Eligibility: Any graduate student whose degree 110 fax number is not yet awarded by the end of the spring of the year that the paper is submitted. Braza, Francisco (incorrectly listed under Lloret) Length: Five pages double spaced (maximum). Estacion Biologica de Doi\ana Adpo.1056 Fonn of Presentation: Initial submission will be 41080 Sevilla, Spain in writing (3 copies) to be read by 3 judges at tel. 34-5-4232340 least 8 weeks before the next Congress of the fax 34-5-4621125 International Society for Human Ethology. The e-mail [email protected] student will orally present the paper at that area of expertise: development of next Congress. human behavior, preschool peer interactions, sex differences- Criteria: Papers will be judged on substance and socialization, parental investment 4

Membership Renewals for 1996 Pontius, Annelise tel. 1-212-371-3506 It is time to renew your membership for 1996 if fax 1-617-724-3727 you have not already done so. Membership is area of expertise: neuro-ethology in by calendar year, so dues are to be paid by the forensic psychiatry and in hunter- first of the year. If the date on your mailing gil therers (limbic aggression, evolving label is earlier lhan 1996, it is lime 10 renew spatial skills and literacy) your membership. For financial reasons, renewal notices are not usually sent. Those Smith, Peter K. (new address:) who do not renew their memberships will be Department of Psychology removed from the membership list. Please Goldsmiths' College report errors, changes of address, etc. to the University 01 London treasurer. Be sure to inform her if you movej New Cross the U.S. Post Office no longer returns London SE14 6NW, England undelivered Bulletins with the recipient/s new address. Current dues and directions for Zivin, Gail payment are given on the last page. Please office tel. 1-215-233-9127. allow four weeks for recording changes of address or payment of dues.

Braza, Paloma Dept. Psicologia Evolutiva y Educaci6n Call for Nominations Campus del Rio San Pedro Universidad de Cadiz It is time to elect two officers: Vice- 11SlO Puerto Real (cadiz), Spain President/President-Elect and Treasurer. leI. 34-56-834152 Under our current by-laws, Charles Crawford fax 34-56-835163 becoITles the new President 1 January 1997. His area of expertise: developmental eurrenl position of Vice-President/President- psychology, educational psychology, Elect therefore comes vacant at that time. preschool peer interactions, Nominations are to be submitted to the socialization, sex differences Secretary, Karl Grammer (see Officers' Box for address), by 1 June. Karl will ensure that the Eggert, Frank nominee is indeed willing to stand for office. Department of Psychology Self-nominations are welcome. There is no University of Kiel liInit to the number of terms one may serve, Oishausenslrasse 62 except that the President may not serve D-24098 Kiel, Germany consecutive terms. Barbara Fuller is the current tel. 49-431-880-3470 or -2981 Treasurer, and is eligible to run again. Each fax 49-431-880-3470 or -1559 term of office is three years, except for the e-mail [email protected] Vice-President for Information / Bulletill area of expertise: behavioral ecology, Editor, who is appointed by the other officers evolutionary psychology every two years. Glenn Weisfeld's current term ends 1 January 1997. In the past there has been Herrmann-Pillath, Prof. Dr. Carsten a tradition to maintain some geographic and East Asian Economic Studies disciplinary diversity among the officers, but Gerhard Mercator Universitat there is no set rule about this. There is also no Bldg. SV, Mulheimer str. 212 requirement that there be any particular 0-47048 Outsburg, Germany number of nominees for each position. The teo 49-203-3789-189 terms of the Secretary and the Treasurer expire fax 49-203-3789-157 1 January 1998, so they will be elected in 1997. 5 Missing Members A national survey found a large minority of men and women who survive severe traumas The following members in good standing report periods of partial or complete memory have moved and cannot be located. If you can loss concerning those events (148 : 135). provide any information about their current whereabouts, please contact Barbara Fuller or Alcoholics exhibit either strikingly low or Glenn Weisfeld. slightly elevated concentrations of dopamine in their brains, according to a study that Elena Alvarez rekindled debate over possible genetic Catherine E. Hill contributions to alcoholism (148 : 20). Karen Olson J. C. Rouchouse Evidence suggested that a virus which causes Martina Saurignani neurological disease in some animals may play a role in human mood disorders (147: 132). Please ren1ernber to inform us if you move. The US Postal Service no longer returns Biology mlsaddressed mail to the sender with the new address indicated. A second study linked male homosexuality to the X chromosome (148 : 295).

The human mouth produces infection-fighting SCIENCE NEWS peptides (147: 166). Nature uses symmetry to signal the well-being Science News is" weekly digest of of an individual (147 : 46, 60). articles on the natural sciences, with behavior heavily represented. Subscription rates are Pospartum depression may stem from a $49.50/yr., $88/2 yrs. Write to Sciel1ce News, temporary hormone deficiency (148 : 15). 231 W. Center St., P. O. Box 1925, Marion, OH 43306-2025 USA. The year-end summary of Dominant female baboons don't ahve the major 1995 articles included these: reproductive advantages once thought (147 : 28), and seals don't deserve their reputation as Anthropology polygynists (148 :7).

Investigators reported that complex cultural Viruses revealed the brain circuits behind the behaviors arose in Africa 90,000 or more years flight-or-fight response (148: 276). ago, long before similar advances in Europe (147 : 260; 148 : 378). A gene controls whether an immature brain cell will become a neuron or a support cell (148 Explorers in France found an underground cavern 284). containing a huge array of the world's oldest known wall paintings, rendered about 30,000 Biomedicine years ago (147 : 52). Doctors advised that infants be laid on their A Spanish cavern yielded evidence of human backs or sides to prevent sudden infant death ancestors who lived at least 780,000 years ago, syndrome (147: 151). much earlIer than most estimates of Europe's first colonization (148 :100). Birth control pills boost young women's breast cancer risk (147 : 356); taking protestin fails to reduce breast cancer risk associated with Behavior estrogen replacement therapy (147: 375; 148 : 94). Long-term investigations indicated that impulsive, low-IQ children experience a strong Bacteria that cause ulcers and stomach cancer pull toward a lifetime of hard-core delinquency may be spread through drinking water (147 : (147: 232). 367). 6

Human Ethology--Still behind this present condition, in my estimation, has to do with the current a Good Idea for the Zeitgeist of the behavioral sciences. Behavioral Sciences First let me describe an historical and Society antecedent of this Zeitgeist because it has been in many respects quite different from what we are experiencing today. The By William R. Charlesworth was that of the triumph of SCIentific thinking. We are all familiar with Institute of Child Development it. It rested upon at least three welI- University of Mim1esota established scientific belicfs--(l) that there Minneapolis, MN 55455 U5A is an objective world which can be known; (2) that it is possible to have reHable knowledge The folIowing is an abbreviated, o! thIS world; and (3) that the scientific somewhat altered version of the Presidential method, broadly defined, is the principal Inaugural Address given at the 12th Congress means of acquiring this knowledge. Operating of the International Society for Human on these beliefs, scientists have at least three Elhology in Toronto 6 August 1994. The gist of goals--(a) to produce the best approximations this address was that there appears to be a to empirical truths possible; (b) to construct current research trend away from the use of logically consistent laws to account for these behavior observation toward greater reliance truths; and (c) to make and test novel upon verbal (interview, questionnaire) and predictions from these laws. There are several archival methods. This trend is illustrated prerequisites for achieving these goals--first, below by a content analysis of articles in methodological rigor that ensures obectivity Ethology ond Sociobiology. I view this trend by establishing valid and reliable detection as disturbing in that it may ultimately and measurement techniques to study the undermine one of ethology's distinctive phenomena of interest; second, clarity and contributions to the behavioral sciences, preCiSIon of theoretical concepts; and, third, namely, to provide observational data on logical coherence of explanation and prediction, everyday behaviors and their stimulus contexts related to individual adaptation. In my opinion such data provide the most By the end of the 19th Century the convincing tests of evolutionary hypotheses scienfic belief system had come to create the about human behavior. Current Zeitgeist sciences. Psychologists, espeCIally anxlOUS to dissociate themselves conditions related to this trend are discussed below and a suggestion is made on how to from a long tradition of speculation, embraced strengthen human ethology as a theortically the scientific method with great zeal. Important and socially practical scientific Subsequently, 20th Century philosophers of discipline. SClence (c.g., positivists and their program of verification; Popperians and their insistence Current Conditions on falsification) helped psychologists to clarify and articulate their effort--not to It's no news that some behavioral everyone's satisfaction but sufficiently to give sciences today are in great disarray-- then scientific endeavors epistirnological theoreticalfy, motivationalfy, and support. In general such support consisted a! methodologicalfy. Anthropology, for strong emphasis on objective, value-free example, currently faces a serious challenge as methods of obtaining data, on quantifying an empirical science (O'Meara, 1989). vanables whenever possible, on using Ethology and sociobiology, having expanded appropriate sampling methods and control over the last several decades into domains groups in experiments, etc.--in short, an examined by anthropologists, are becoming emphasis on freeing empirical research from enmeshed in this disarray. A major reason sources of subjective bias and methodological error. 7

Closer to home, early ethologists, as more powerfully than culture. we well know, already subscribed in principle to the same belief system. Although most of How this feature of the curren t them engaged heavily in qualitative research Zeitgeist came into being is a long, (descriptive and experimental), they did so complicated story which I can only touch on presumably with the understanding that here. Sometime after World War II a wave of quantification would eventually ensue after a challenges began breaking over Western sufficient foundation of description had been science. Some of these challenges had their laid. origins in popular beliefs, one of the most publicized of them expressing the revolutionary fervor of the 1960's and early Today's Zeitgeist, however, is in 70's. Proponents of this fervor for various many crucial respects very different from that reasons viewed much of science as dangerous or of the first half of this century--if not for the useless. More recently, science has been viewed physical sciences, certainly for most of the as an expression of paternalism and a social sciences and especially for masculine Eurocentric strategy serving anthropology, sociology, and social Caucasians and men. Evolutionary science is psychology, disciplines very close to the felt by many critics to be especially dangerous human ethologist's interest. A feahlre of much because it not only contains arguments for of today's Zeitgeist is the belief that current biological determinism but also has a history behavioral science cannot develop an of supporting eugenics and racial superiority adequate picture of human behavior because (Degler, 1991). llllieh of human behavior is saturated with subjective and cultural factors. Because such in addition to mounting ideolological factors often escape direct observation, they objections to behavioral science, an require interpretation rather than epistemological attack was launched in the itemization, categorization and enumeration, middle of his century which was just as methods usually applied to the study of vigorous as the others and in one sense more animals. dangerous. Part of the rationale underlying this attack has its roots in early theories of In the context of anthropology, for language and culture. Contrasting with example, Shweder (1984) argues that current traditional structural approaches to language behavioral sciences cannot deal objectively which view language and culture as separate with human behavior and culture, and entities, a whole discipline of linguistics therefore have to turn to the humanities and developed out of the Sapir-Whorf theory of adopt 'a more subjectively interpretative linguistic relativity. A minor axiom of their ("romantic") stance toward studying humans. theory was that the way we perceive and Because most interesting human behaviors construe (and consequently behave toward) tl,e often have non-evident and multiple world is shaped by the structure of the meanings, those studying behavior from the language we speak. Cultures with different outside frequently cannot detect these languages, therefore, require different meanings. If behaviorists by chance do detect perceptions and conceptions to understand these meanings, they are liable to misconstrue them. Ergo, cultures can have as many them (so the argument goes) because their different sciences as their are interpretations conceptualizations of behavior are usually too of them, and one science is as good as another. theory-laden. Methods employed from a TIle implications of this theory for a science of biological perspective are espeCially Homo sapiens are Significant to say the least: inadequate to study human behavior and its Being guided by language, human behavior is w1derlying significance. A subjective approach governed predominantly by cultural norms entailing complete immersion in the meanings rather than genetic predispositions inherited of the culture being studied is necessary. The by all members of Homo sapiens. Therefore, interpretive approach also requires those studying cultures can give up any hopes relinquishing a theory of biological of finding species-wide, biological universals. determinism because for the vast majority of anthropologists nothing determines behavior The confrontation between Zeitgeist 8

relativism and ethologicallsociobiological negalively or simply ignored. Many of those research, however, does not stop here. behind the ideological challenge are clearly Subjective approaches to culture and behavior not friends of lhe behavioral/biological belong to a larger family of ideas dominating sciences. But many of them are persuasive segments of 20th Century thinking. Ideas from writers, and their thoughts are being taken hermeneutics and seriously by laypersons and students. For constructivism have been offered as legitimate example, I have met students who believe alternatives to the behavioral sciences. In the that an Objective science of human behavior same vein poststructualists or (such as ethology) is impossible. For them, deconstructionists such as Derrida and subjective bias, cultural relativism, and I;oucault have argued that knowledge, unobservable meanings make a behavioral especialIy scientific knowledge, cannot depict approach to humans obsolete. Others believe or represent reality because its so-called that a science of eU1010gy is possible, but feel "truths" are actually mental, emotionally- ethologists have to relinquish sale dependence inspired, idiosyncratic constructs that cannot on observation and become more depict universal realities. Given this, science "psychological" (focus more on subjective needs to be viewed as a conscious or W1conscious states of cognition and meani.ng). A few sec attenlpt to construct reality along lines value in observation but feel it is not favorable to scientists themselves. econonlical in time and effort cOlllpared to interviews and questionnaires. To make matters nlare complicated, the claim that culture, ideology, social agendas, and Defore going further, let me make one individual subjective factors condition all historical point about human ethologlsts. All scientific efforts is not the only threat to the of us were aware three decades ago of the integrity of science. Sciences that rely heavily obvious danger of misunderstanding upon verbal reports and perforce cognitive culturally-specific meaning and of deception processes are especially vulnerable to on the part of informants. As a consequence, distortion. This notion is familiar to us. As Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Ekman (as well as others evolutionary ideas about commlmication (e.g., at the Hnle) conducted much of their empirical Dawkins & Krebs, 1978) point out, effort by concentrating almost solely upon communication frequently serves to protect the nonverbal behavior. However, as Blurton Jones sender, nul the receiver. Thus, research (1981) pointed out, it wasn't long before human subjects may view misinforming others about ethologists appeared to be conducting their past events, current conditions, personal research "as if people could not talk." But attitudes and values, and future plans as questions surrounding this problem still necessary to protect their own interests. persist: How should human language he construed by ethologists? Structurally, what To make matters even more complicated, units should we use; functionally, how should -'m:'t11lunication that relics almost solely upon we evaluate a verbally reported contribution memory is especially risky. As Bernard et al. (if any) to adaptation; and methodologically, (1984) point out, informant accuracy how can we determine the validity of the (especially that involving introspection) is a units we use? very serious pboblem for those sciences that rely on and questionnaires. Their Even if partial answers to these survey of a substantial corpus of literature questions are pussible with the help of more reveals that in ffiuny studies what people say subtle interview and questionnaire techniques, about things in the distant and even trai.ned interpreters and informants, dc., in my immediate past very frequently bears no opinion we would still have to obtain resemblance to the truth of the matter as objective and representative measures of obtained by more objective measures. behaviors and the stimulus contexts in which they occur. This is not an idle, theoretically- To sum up, then, human ethology faces irrelevant requirement. Behavior in the two major challenges--ideological and appropriate stimulus context makes the major methodological. Most of us have long taken difference in the individual organism's the methodological challenge seriously. But survival and reproduction. Hence it is· U1e ideological challenge is often responded to imperative that students of adaptation obtain 9

observational evidence of this context. By classified more or less reliably by the method themselves, retrospective, verbal reports are used below. The research approaches not enough. represented were divided into "Empirical," "Theoretical" and "Methodological." But we also cannot ignore what people Approaches clearly employing two or more of feel and think about past behaviors and their these categories were labeled as "Mixed." contexts. Unobservable meanings do condition Justification for this division was partly behavior and structure stimulus contexts, so we inspired by Bunge's (1977, 1983) distinction need know them as well. So the conclusion I've between two fundamental categories of come to (and it is hardly new) is that we need knowledge--"perceptional" and "ideational." a mixture of observational data and verbal reports. (Most anthropologists have this The empirical ("perceptional") mixture but lack an evolutionary framework to studies were coded as such if their provide a theoretical structure for it.) If we predominant emphasis was upon data. look back again to the early history of human Empirical methods themselves were divided ethology, we discover that many human into three subcategories: (1) those that were ethologists relied upon a mixture of both predominantly "Behavior Observational" approaches (Blurton Jones, 1972; Archer, 1992). (field or staged natualistic, direct or from film But the recognition of the necessity of such a or video); (2) those that were predominantly mixture appears to be diminishing. Also, the "Verbal" (interviews and questionnaires, mixture we do have appears to have many hence mostly introspective, but some also fewer observational data than verbal reports. current psychometric, I.e., using immediate Let me give some empirical evidence for this. language as an assessment probe), a few studies using blood sampling, physiognomic Evidence traits, androstenol sensitivity, etc. were included here, under a subcategory of physical To get evidence I looked at sixteen assessment; and (3) those that used years of research as documented in the journal predominantly "Archival" methods, analyses Ethology and Sociobiology. I conducted a of empirical information from existing studies, survey using categories specifically often collected by others (demographic data, constructed to test my idea. As a mostly one- records from various agencies, and person job, I realize, such an effort is suspect, genealogical data). The total number of but skeptics can easily repeat the methods empirical studies was 175, or 68% of the 259 used if they take the time. I did, however, selected for categorization. make a quick check of inter-coder agreement. A colleague and I independently agreed on 16 The remaining 84, or 32%, theoretical out of 18 codings of articles using the categories studies were divided into those that were I supplied him by mail. I also realize that it predominantly "Conceptual" ("ideational"), is dangerous to excrapolate from one journal to I.e., analyses and discussion of theory or the whole field. However, it is difficult to theoretical concepts; and those predominantly imagine that entries in EtilOlogv and Modeling (model building, usually as more Sociobiology are not diagnostic of something precise tests of theory). Many of the significant going on in the field. theoretical studies, it should be emphasized, referred to data obtained by the researcher The survey consisted of categorizing from archival sources or other empirical every empirical research article appearing in studies. Ethology and Sociobiologv since the appearance of its first issue in 1979 through The "Methodological" studies were the July issue of 1994. Editorial comments, broken down into methods for ethogram letters to the editor, book reviews, abstracts construction (or an approximation thereof), and announcements were excluded, leaving 275 observation procedures, development of original substantive studies for analysis. categories for behavior/stimulus contexts, and These studies were then categorized in terms "Other." The first three are self-evident· the of the predominant research approach they "Other" is a minor miscellaneous employed. Of the 275 selected, 259 could be Only 2 (less than 1%) of the total number of 10 studies were exclusively or predominantly Sociobiology published in 1995. Of the 19 methodological, hence they were not included original substantive studies identified, 14 in the analysis. Parenthetically, that this Dculd be classified as empirical; 4 were percentage is so small says mudl about our primarily conceptual (contained no new discipline which I cannot go into here, other empirical data); one was a mixture of both. Of than to say that a young discipline that does the 14 empirical studies, one contained not concentrate on improving its old methods original observational data; the remaining 13 and developing new ones may well exhaust contained verbal or archival data. These itself prematurely. Of course, methods articles findings are in line with the previous may very well be published elsewhere, 50 I analysis. may be unnecessarily concerned about this issue. I find this trend disturbing in that it suggests an increasing reliance by human The "Mixed" studies constituted ca. 6% ethologists upon verbally based data and of the 275 articles and consisted of empirical data collected by others. If ethology is moving (new data) and lheoretical approaches. nlore toward unobservables (toward the Attempts to weigh and contrast their "ideational" and verbal), we should ask what ernpirical and theoretical emphases were this means for the future of our discipline. difficult. As a result, I dropped from analysis Will we be distinguishable from the other 16 studies from the 275 that 1 had first social sciences? selected. The main fea tures of the great majority of studies in the analysis, however, If you think my nervousness is vv€rc unambiguous, and reilable enough to unwarranted, keep in rnind who in the science reveal any trends. of ethology (and primatology) have made the strongesl contributions to our current As the results indicated, empirical undersanding of animal behavior. In the early articles constituted the great majority of days of ethology we had field behavior studies published (as already noted, 68%). observation giants--Tinbergen, Lorenz, von What is interesting to note is that 71% of all Frisch, Leyhausen, and Marler. In articles published between 1979 and 1986 (the primato!ogy the work of Altmann, Kummer, first half of the period covered) were Crook, Goodall, Hinde, and Fossey created empirical; this percentage declined to 64% major breakthroughs in our understanding of between 1987 and 1994. Conversely, during this primate behavior. In the field of same period theoretical articles increased invertebrates and non-primate vertebrates we from 29% to 35%. This may reflect a gradual have Wheeler, E.O. Wilson, Lack, Schaller, shift from less empirical to more theoretical, etc. When we turn to humans, we have Eibl, but it is obviously much too early to tell at McGrew, Blurton Jones, Freedman, Omark, and this point. Strayer. And most recently, we have the stunning achievements of Peter and Rosemary Of more pertinent interest are the Grant on Galapagos Their efforts are results having to do with methods employed clearly a prime example of first-rate field in the empirical studies. While behavior observalion that has allowed an impressive observational studies constituted 39% of the test of Darwin's notion of natural selection. studies in the first half of the 16-year period, they declined during the second half to 18%. Suggestions for a Solution In contrast, verbal studies constituted a relatively small percentage of the total I noted earlier that I would propose a during the first half (14%), after which they step toward a solution to the present problem. showed a solid increase during the second half A more detailed description of this step can be (37%). Archival studies show a similar, but found in paper 1 wrote on cognition not as dramatic, shift (34% to 41%). 1£ we (Charlesworth, 1995). It is a simple step combine verbal and archival studies, we have requiring developing a habit of perception. a shift from 49% to 77%. The gist of it is that we should develop a serious habit of looking at the phenomenon of I followed up this survey by examining our research inlerest 1110re synoptically, that the first five issues of Ethology alld is with a broader view, than we normally do. 11

This habit can be developed with what I caIl of the species studied), as well as with other a "synoptiscope/ a simple process that generations of the same and different species. produces a diagramnlatic overview of all Investigating relationships of things outside major and minor factors or variables (and their of the particular phenomenon under study relationships) associated with the requires different ways of perceiving, phenomenon we are interested in, The different instruments, and different methods-- overview is represented in a resultant all backed by the drive to get the whole "synoptigram." Such an effort means crossing picture. Observation helps immensely in theories and disciplines. For example, if we getting this picture. are interested in sex, we would include everything ranging from its evolution (r and K strategies, etc.) to its hormonal basis, The maln point of all this is that development aver ontogeny, variations in its ethologists, as evolutionary theorists, are, in individual and cultural expression, and its my estimation, obligated to seek the broadest, phenomonology. Such a view will invariablv most complete picture of the phenomenon in ensure that we include observational studie;, which they are interested. They seek its as well as everything else related to sex--a nature in other species, at different tall order to be sure, but we are working with ontogenetic stages, under different ecological a very complicated species. conditions, and as it is expressed as different forms of adaptation. To achieve this picture, The historical precedent for the the ethologist must be open to a wide range of synoptic approach lies, most impressively, research strategies and melhods and, \'Vhen it \vith Danvin. A cursory look at his efforts is too impractical to engage in the full range, will reveal that he had an enormous variety to be open to the work of others studying the and number of empirical targets for same phenomenon. However, no matter how investigation. His panoramic view of life broad their view, if ethologists omit forced him to rely on a wide range of naturalistic observation data, their methodologies to produce new data and check conclusions will never be completely adequate hypotheses. Besides observation and for an evolutionary argument. experimentation, which he began on the Beagle voyage and finished with his work on Conclusion earthworms at the end of his life, he relied on material including travelogues and diaries, The claim that human ethology is a scientific papers on animal and plant breeding good idea for the behavioral sciences and data, guided conversations with others, and society holds now more than ever. The human anecdotes. He realized early on that studying behavioral sciences, in general, lleed many the most minute phenomenon in terms of the luore data on actual behavior and the bigger picture would Sooner or later release an environmental circumstances in which it explosion of qUL:stions and searches for marc occurs. Such data are indispensable for those phenomena, related and unrelated to the interested in testing evolutionary hypotheses original one. about adaptation and fitness. Verbal reports or test measures are not enough. Darwin's srategy represents a great contrast to the great majority of what is being However, we need objective done today in the behavior sciencet'i as well as observation for more than theoretical retlsons. in human ethology. There are exceptions, Society needs to know what is happening in though, to this in circumscribed research areas the everyday life of humans for very practical which I carulol gu into here. For the most part, reasons. For example, concern for the welfare however, many researchers in the behavior of non-mainstreanl populations which are sciences select a narrow-band topic and necessary targets for testing hypotheses about piecemeal it to death with one published variations in human adaption demands that study after another. Obviously, in-depth scientists tell it as it is, not solely as what specialization is necessary. Darwin knew that infornlants say it is. Practitioners also need the truth was in the details but it was also in detailed data on the environmental conditions relationships the details had with other facing humans today. Only trained observers phenomena (within and outside of the limits can get these data. 12

The genius of our discipline is that we Degler, C. N. (1991). III search of Illlman potentially have the broadest view of all of nature: The decline and revival of Darwinism the behavioral sciences--we look at today's ill American social tllOughl. Oxford: Oxford human behavioral adaptations historically University Press. (evolutionarily), developmentally, and comparatively as well as currently and O'Meara, J. T. (1989). Anthropology as proximately. As far as I can determine, no empirical science. American Psvc1lOlogist, 91, other behavior science does this because none 354-369. other has the conceptual, methodological and theoretical equipment to do so. Ehology has Shweder, R.A. (1984). Anthropology's all three. Now the question is whether we romantic rebellion against the enlightenment have the will to carry out that part of our or there's more to Ulinking than reason and methodology that is the most inconvenient evidence. In R. A. Shweder & R. Levine (Eds.), and most expensive--namely, to make the Culture theory: Essays 011 milld, self, and observations and do the documentations and emotioll (pp. 27-66). Cambridge: Cambridge descriptions necessary to build an empirical University Press. foundation of everyday human adaptation comparable to what we now have for many other species.

References BOOK REVIEWS

Archer, J. (1992). Ethology and hwnan development. Herlordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf (also Savage, MD: Barnes and Homo Aestheticlls Noble). By Ellen Oissanayake. Free Press, 866 Third Bernard, H.R., Killworth, P., Kronenfeld, D., Ave., New York, NY 10022 USA, 1992, $24.95 & Sailer, L. ( 1984). The problem of informant (hdbk.). accuracy: The validity of retrospective data. Annual Rev.iew of Anthropology, 13, 495-517. Reviewed by Gordon M. Burghardt, Department of Psychology, University of Blurton Jones, N. (Ed). (1972). Ethological Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. studies of child behaviollr. London: Cambridge University Press. The subtitle of this fascinating book is Where Art Comes From and Why. Thus it --- (1981). Human ethology: The study of concerns questions of both origins and function. people as if they could not talk? EtilOlogv and This critical distinction is lacking in many <:;nr;abiology. 2 .51-53. recent writings where answering questions about adaptation is viewed as virtually equivalent Bunge, M. (1977, 1987). Treatise in basic to revealing origins. In addition, evolutionary philosophy (VoIs. 3, 5, 6). Dordrecht: accounts often are limited to Western cultures or Netherlands . a single nonwesten group. These are not problems here because the author has long had Charlesworth, W. R. (1995). An evolutionary professional and personal contact with approach to cognition and learning. In C. A. ethological and evolutionary science, has been Nelson (Ed.), Basic and applied perspectives a teacher of art history, and has lived in 011 learning, cognition, and development: The several nonwestern countries (Sri Lanka, Mill/lesota Symposia on Child PsycilOlogv (pp. Nigeria, Papua New Guinea) where she 175-217). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum obviously observed the inhabitants and Associates. explored the diverse modes of artistic expression in depth. Dawkins, R., & Krebs, J.R. (1978). Animal signals: information or manipulation. In J. R. Oissanayake has set out to develop a Krebs & N. B. Davies (Eds.), Behavioral comprehensive model of artistic expression, and ecologv: An evalutiol1ary approach (pp. 282- while I found some points to quibble about, her 309). Oxford: Blackwell. approach is one that makes sense of the great 13 diversity of art around the world, This species-centric view of art as a biological diversity is too often seen as culturally induced, phenomenon and provide a review of arbitrary, and nonfunctional. She makes evolutionary approaches to human behavior in mincemeat of the pretensions of the humanists ethology, anthropology, psychology, and and art snobs who separate Ule high or fine arts philosophy, They effectively show that the from mere craft or decoration, All people have history that led to a neglect of evolutionary a biological need to engage in artistic factors in art may finally be overcome, endeavors, as she defines them. OUf modern Throughout the book are many wonderful and Western cornpartnlentalization of life is quotable passages on the need for an what is artificial and even hurtful to human evolutionary approach, One example: "The happiness, although she does not summarize truly distressing enemies of Darwinism are the her views quite this starkly, Oissanayake's many 'educated' people who have renounced argument begins with "three critical keys to supernatural bases for their theories and understanding where art comes from and why'7 explanations, who espouse objectivity, who (p, xii), These are the differences among accept 'Darwinian evolution' in a broad, cultures in what is practiced and revered, the general, zoological way, but yet who dismiss it tension between the given or natural and the out of hand witl10ut trying to grasp its exciting cultural, and the great human interest in the and revolutionary implications for unusual and extra-ordinary. This plays out in understanding human thought and behavior" her book as an extended argument that artistic (p, 13), She advocates tracing human behavior differences across cultures are, like languages, to a comnlon period of evolutionary adaptation- strongly shaped by "a natural, general -and art is a behavior, potentially available to proclivity" that results in culturally learned everyone, that had survival value. Art as an specifics, abstract phenonlenon unrelated to function is a recent conception tied to the rise of a rarified The problem with art studies is that aesthetic theory, art is viewed by biologists as useless and thus even less important than play behavior, but The next three chapters outline ignored for similar reasons. In the humanities, Dissanayake's theory and constitute the heart art was first hijacked by high art types who of the book, Her extended argument derives thought they should only study the work of from the view that the core of art is "making geniuses. Postmodernists question this elitism, speciaL" Thus, just as in play, novelty and a position Dissanayake agrees with, but unpredictability may be sought (within rules), postmodernists then constructed a confusing, so art consists of putting individuality on objects irrational theory that (she is kind here) is and events, While making special is not "more arcane and impenetrable" than anything always art, "art is always an instance of written by high art theorists, Dissanayake making special (p, 92)," But more than that, knows she is trying to wend her "vay between art is a molder of feelings, Plays, dance, two influential groups of art theorists with poems, music, stories, painting, sculpture, and views often considpr'cd heretical by both camps, even architecture "structure the viewer's She fears her views will be opposed as trivial, response and give a form to feeling" (p, 46), boring, or reductionistic by humanists of all Ceremonies and rituals also aim to emphasize stripes, while biologists will be wary about the the extraordinary, This tendency to "insubstantiality" of art talk. Much of the differentiate the mundane from the special is book is directed at the art world andpacked the source for the origin and function of art with quotations from art theorists of various behavior. More than that, it also leads to persuasions that indirectly support her humans attempting to transcend their analysis, Thus the book has to be seen as humanity through art, induding trances, oriented towards the art world rather than emotional states, and the urge to create other human ethologists or evolutionary worlds, The origins of art and religion are psychologists, Yet there is much here for inseparable, readers of the Bulletill, 'Making special' begins as a consequence The book is composed of seven chapters, of taking important activities seriously, be Darwinism, evolution, and ethology figure they making a tool or taking part in a rituaL It prominently, The first two chapters argue for a is also a way of exerting "some measure of 14 control over the untidy material of everyday could have been more discussion of how life (p. 79)." The fact that this taps into the environnlental differences affect the evolution deepest emotional reservoirs of people is the of artistic expression in different locales. hallmark of art behavior and the responses of both creator and audience. Thus, by 'making Regardless, this is a breakthrough special' ordinary sensory elements all around us treatment and a provocative look at behavior (shapes, colors, sounds, and movements), early usually considered immune from science and humans created group activities or markers biology. It may be directed mainly at the art that united them and thus aided survival. world, but the extensive discussion of art theory Beyond this, when disasters occur, doing will make human ethologists vividly aware of something, and thus controlling one's own the nature of the debates to be expected as behavior, is better than doing nothing, for it evolutionary thought moves in on the provides the useful illusion that "the humanists' last stand. This is a fascinating provoking situation is also under control "(p. book to read. I encourage human ethologists 78). Along with anthropological examples, plumbing aggression, power, and sex to broaden Dissanayake uses the example of the orchestra their perspective with this enjoyable book. playing as the Titanic sank, which presumably helped people cope with a disaster. Given the recent reappraisal of group selection in human behavior, this aspect of the argument cannot be dismissed out of hand. Theprocess and need to Ethology ofthe Naked Ape: engage in ritual are called Dromena and are Two Books by Desmond Morris related to the universal tendency to separate oneself and tike-minded others on some basis, Babywatching. Crowne Publishers, P. O. Box which goes far beyond ethnocentrism or 688, Southbridge MA, 01550 USA, 1992, $15 nationalisnl. Finally, art is a means of (hdbk.). enhancement. Even "adornment," as in wearing fine clothes and jewelry, is not trivial and The Human Animal: A Personal View of the superficial, but a clear instance of the making Human Species. Crowne Publishers (see supra), special process. These chapters aim at 1994, $25 (hdbk.). reconciling culture and nature. Reviewed by Thomas R. Alley, Department of The book concludes with its longest Psychology, Clemson University, Clemson, SC chapter by bringing in psychobiological 29634-1511, USA. findings to support a revamped "empathy" theory of aesthetics. This theory views art as Zoologist Desmond Morris is a prolific grounded in basic evolved links between events author. His many previous books include one in our environment and emotional responses. that is probably the all-time bestseller in h.:ls been lost in modern urt theory is the human ethology, The Naked Ape (1967), as realization that art gratifies the body as well well as the more recent Mamonlchillg (1977). as the soul. In this section recent work on brain mechanisms (e.g., Gazzaniga), perception (e.g., Babywalcltillg is intended as a guide J. J. Gibson), language development, human for parents to the first year of human life. The universals, emotion (e.g., Tomkins), and other book focuses on normal infants and their areas are integrated into a picture of the mothers beginning at birth. Morris asks, what proximate mechanisms involved in aesthetic is it like to be a baby and what does this in1ply responses. The final chapter returns to debates for parenting? His concise answers prOVide a about modernism, postmodernism, and good synthesis of contemporary perspectives on traditional theories of art. age-old questions about human infancy, many of which are surrounded by misconceptions or Dissanayake brings together a wealth superstitions. Indeed, Morris frequently of scientific, artistic, critical, and cultural addresses false beliefs and parental anxieties information with copious notes and citations; about such things as natal teeth, whether or the nuances of her arguments cannot be not to respond to crying, and circmncision. articulated here. Sexual selection could have been accorded a more prominent role, and. there Each of the book's chapters is directed 15

at a different question, and often includes a It help parents to better understand infants at suitable photo of a cute baby. A wide variety the same time that it fosters an appreciation of of topics are covered, including neonatal many of their remarkable characteristics. It sensory abilities, language acquisition, the may even promote nl0re and better parent- cranial "soft spot", and all of the most obvious infant interaction. Consequently, it can be infant activities -- e.g., sleeping, reflexes, recommended as a fine gift for parents of an crying, laughing, crawling, walking, and even infant or for expectant parents. burping. Several oddities are covered as well, such as the tradition of new fathers passing out Morris' The H1l11Ill/l Animal is a cigars and the origins of the stork legend. cOlllpanion volume to a six-part SBC television series with the same title, This book is The evolutionary and comparative divided into six chapters which, like the BBC perspective adopted by Morris sees human series, deal with (1) nonverbal communication; infants as possessing numerous adaptive (2) humans as hunters; (3) territoriality, urban physical and behavioral characteristics. For life, and our tribal heritage; (4) the biology of instance, their "irresistible appeal" helps to love and sex; (5) birth, parenting, and old age; elicit the parental care they require. He and (6) art and play. Each of the six one- hour sometimes goes too far, committing the programs was based on one of Morris' earlier adaptationist fallacy of believing too many books: Mamoatching, The Naked Ape, The biologically determined traits to be as they are Humall Zoo, Intimate Behaviour, because they are adaptive (see Gould & Babywatchil1g, The Book of Ages, and The Lewontin, 1979). The wildest example of this Biol0S'J of Art, respectively. may be when he describes the limited visual abilities of neonates as optimal because their The first chapter of the book, "The poor distance vision serves as a "valuable anti- Language of the Body", focuses on facial anxiety device" and "avoids the confusion of expressions and hand gestures. Some of these being able to see things that are of no are presented as species-typical behavIOrs but importance to it" (p. 49). considerable attention is paid to cross-cultural variation in gestures and personal space. There Written as a child care guide, anyone is a fascinating examination of the historical picking up BabywatchiJ1g as a scholarly roots of several hand gestures. On the down resource will be disappointed. No references side, Morris presents some dubious accounts of are provided, not even when Ivlorris gives the origins of certain gestures and facial details fronl specific scientific studies. expressions. For example, he claims that the Furthermore, !vlorris occasionally makes claims "hand shrug" (which involves curled fingers on that go beyond current research data or are hands held palms up in front of the body) sterns based on unrepresentative samples of existing from the full shoulder shrug and, therefore, studies. For instance, he states that "prolonged conveys a similar negative message (p. 37). contact during the first crucial days of maternity is important [but not essential] in The next chapter, on humans as "The strengthening the parent-offspring bond" (p. Hunting Ape", is more provocative. Morris 17), whereas careful reviews of the research defends Hardy's aquatic theory of human literature conclude that there is no convincing evolution, arguing that our ancestors, unlike evidence of posit!ve lasting effects on the those of other primates, passed through a parent-infant bond (e.g., Lamb, 1982). water-living stage. The evidence consists of Furthermore, the book contains some factual about 13 human features--including fat errors, such as his claim that the four basic deposits, hairlessness, nose shape, and the taste qualities include "acid" rather than water baby phenomenon--that appear salty, and that all tastes except mother's milk compatible with a period of aquatic life in our are "intensely disliked" by neonates (p. 63). relatively recent past. While his case is strong enough to encourage serious consideration of Nonetheless, Babywatching should adaptation to aquatic environments as a serve quite nicely as intended, as a guidebook significant factor in I.still for parents. The book is written in a casual find the aquatic theory Itself ImplaUSIble. style and prOVides answers to over 50 common Indeed, evolution may well have favored questions without recourse to technical terms. human ancestors who were better fit for aquatic 16

environments (e.g., had better breath control) women's lips have evolved to mimic genital even though these ancestors were primarily labia. Fortunately, Morris' discussion of other terrestrial. A second problem with his case for sex-linked physical traits and their the "sea ape" theory is the neglect of enhancement (e.g., female hips) treats them alternative explanations, most notably the straightforwardly as gender signals without important process of neoteny (d. Gould, 1977). reference to self-mimicry. The chapter Finally, there are some weak arguments. For continues with entertaining discussions of instance, Morris notes that many people love homosexuality, pair-bonding and adultery, the water and a few have set impressive harems, and sex differences in mating swimming records, but swimming is a learned strategies. skill and most people are poor swimmers, perhaps no better than many non-human Chapter 5 opens with a misleading primates. treatment of genetic lineage in which Morris

This chapter does a reasonably good job states that reproduction is the only means to of revealing such evolutionary effects of pass on our genetic inheritance. Is it possible hunting as division of labor, improved that Morris, a zoologist, is unaware of kin communication, and foresight. There is also selection? some entertaining speculation on modern "hunting substitutes" such as some jobs, sports, Much of Chapter 5 is an abridged collecting and gambling. version of Babywatching, concentrating on the topics of birth, neonates' sensory abilities, and The third chapter focuses on the parent-infant bonding. The pedantic flavor of problems created by urbanization for our tribal a parenting guidebook is retained here, but left species. Much of the discussion concerns behind when Morris extends his examination of territoriality and social hierarchy and their human development beyond infancy. He does a direct effects on aggression, with particular good job in this later section of presenting many attention paid to urban gangs. Morris traces developmental highlights of the entire life many urban problems to the increase in span in just a few pages. Morris also discusses encounters with strangers as local populations various ways humans refuse to accept death as increase. In some cases he again overlooks final, including beliefs in an afterlife and alternative explanations. For instance, the cryonics. The chapter closes with a listing of lack of response to a stranger in need (commonly traits common in very long-lived people. known as bystander apathy) is attributed to an "anti-stranger defence mechanism" developed The last chapter presents a biological in response to urban life. This may be part of and historical perspective on art. The the explanation, but psychologists have shown presentation ranges from prehistoric cave >hat diffusion of responsibility plavs a major paintings to cubism and surrealism, and from role yet it IS never mentioned. children's art to decorations of human bodies. Morris also reports on the artistic output of a The chapter on sex uses cross-species captive male chimp. This output revealed the comparisons to highlight the uniqueness of chimp'S intrinsic motivation to paint, but also human sexuality. Our unusual traits include his very limited artistic ability and failure to concealed ovulation, increased sexual attain pictorial representation. The chapter frequency, prolonged courtship and copulation, and book end with well-written passages tying and continuous sexual receptivity. As Morris man's highest processes--those involving play, puts it, we are "the sexiest primate." Like curiosity and creativity--back to an past in some other ethologists before him, Morris which our ancestors evolved into bipedal claims that female breasts evolved as cooperative hunters capable of symbolic imitation buttocks. Although breasts evolved representation. as sexual signals, the buttock imitation theory is not necessary and has no additional support This book has a number of admirable beyond some rough morphological similarity. qualities. It is generously illustrated with It seems more prudent to view breasts as signals full-color photos. Also, the book will help of gender identity and fertility. The same communicate the serious problems entailed by criticism applies to the subsequent claim that overcrowding and population growth. Keeping 17 in mind that this book is intended for a general The Neurotransmitter audience largely unfamiliar with biological perspectives on human one may Revolution: Serotonin, Social forgive Morris for many Instances .of Behavior and the Law simplification of complex or controversial issues. Similarly, his speculations on such Edited by Roger D. Masters and Michael T. matters as the significance of home interior McGuire. Southern Illinois University Press, colors can be taken as thought-provoking if not P.O. Box 3697, Carbondale, IL 62902-3697,1994. always believable. Reviewed by Linda Mealey, Dept. of Nonetheless, this book presents a Psychology, St. John's University, misleading portrait of human behavior far too Collegeville, MN 56321 USA. often to merit an enthusiastic recommendation. Even though written for the general public, it This book consists of sixteen can be hoped that Morris will take more care to contributions organized into five parts. Part 1, avoid neglecting important research results the "Introduction", consists of an introductory and plausible alternative theories in future essay by each of the editors, and a synopsis of books. the book by Roger Masters. Part 2, "Serotonin and Behavior," contains a very technical References discussion of the neurochemistry of serotonin, a chapter relating serotonin to suicide, and four Gould, S. J. (1977). Ontogeny and Phylogeny. reprinted articles on the relation of serotonin to Cambridge: Harvard University Press. aggression, arson, and seasonal affective disorder. Part 3, "Factors Influencing Serotonin Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. c. (1979). The Function," comprises three chapters, each of spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian which attempts to illustrate the complexity of programme: A critique of the adaptationist the neurotransmitter-behavior link. Part 4, fallacy. Proceedings of the ROlfal Society of "The Challenge to Legal Concepts," presents London, 2S0: 281-288. two opposing views on the question of whether the "neurotransmitter revolution" of the book's Lamb, M. E. (1982). Early contact and title is indeed a revolution and if so, whether maternal-infant bonding: One decade later. its discoveries are relevant to the legal system. Pediatrics, 70 : 763-768. Part 5, "Implications for Law and Policy," includes two chapters which have absolutely Morris, D. (1967). The Naked Ape. New York: nothing to do with the rest of the book: one on McGraw-Hill. how ganle theory might be used to analyze the strategies of lawyers, and one addresing the Morris, D. (1977). Manwatchillg. New York: issue of whether the u.s. President should H. N. Abrams. have a line-item veto. It also contains one very good but very short chapter, by David B. Wexler, which tries to delineate the questions Correction and options raised by all the other contributors, and a closing chapter in which Masters presents The December 1995 Bulletin contained a review his own conclusions and suggestions. of David Rowe's The Limits of Family Influence. A statement on p. 154 to the effect The hope of the editors was that this that the minister might want to stop the collection would initiate a dialogue among marriage of two identical twins whose parents biologists, lawyers, and other interested are themselves all divorced, given the parties on the subject of how to integrate the presumably high risk of divorce in such unions. exponentially increasing knowledge of the This remark was intended to be humorous, but brain into an established and conservative was interpreted as revealing eugenics intentions legal system. Unfortunately, in my view the by the reviewer. The editor apologizes for volume will not achieve its intended goal for faHin" to detect this humorous intent. several (related) reasons. 18

The first problem is that the book is in problem" to be addressed (p. 227) and that the essence a collection of contributions to a 1988 contributors (with the exception of the editors) conference. Some of the contributions were truly want a dialogue. The main message written well before the conference took place. coming from the biologists seemed to be that the chemistry of the brain is so complex Ulat Second, while the book is out-of-date we can never really understand it, and that, with respect tD the timing of the original therefore, lawyers cannot and should not conference, the conference itself was well attempt to integrate reports from biological ahead of its time. The sponsor (the Gruter science into law. (Perhaps this is just careful Institute) and the conference organizers are to scientific conservatism, but I read it as be congratulated for their foresight, but what defensiveness and a fear of being attacked by this means in terms of the book is that there the self-assigned protectors of the concept of really is no clear tl''1eme or organization. It was free will.) 11,e main message coming from U,e a very good idea to begin a dialogue, but I do not lawyers (with one exception--the chapter on think that the inchoate stages are necessarily the medicalization of crin,e by C. Ray Jeffery) worth printing. Future dialogue will be much seemed to be that since the law uses different more informed than what is presented here. methods than science,and has its own traditions, it doesn't want or need science to Third, because the book is cross- inforn1 its decision-making. Both groups disciplinary, the editors chose to allow each seemed to agree that it would be "dangerous" to contributor to use the style and technical format apply our knowledge of biology to law--a appropriate to his own (yes, all the conclusion I found to be very disappointing. contributors are male) field. The editor's preface gives a rationale for this choice (that What I learned from this book is that readers from the different disciplines must the gap between science and law really is as big start to familiarize themselves with the style, as I had thought it was; the valiant effort of rules and traditions of the others), but I found it the conference organizers was doomed to fail. I extremely difficult to switch back and forth am, however, fundamentally a pessimist. If between styles. Perhaps if we were further there are readers of another ilk who have been along in the dialogue, so that U,e gaps between inspired by this book, then I encourage them to disciplines were not so huge, this might have speak up. Dialogue, after all, is what the been an interesting--even wise--decision; but editors hoped to encourage. under the current circumstances, I think it \vould have been better if the editors had taken a stronger role in organizing and connecting the very disparate contributions. Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life HistoYlJ Perspective Fourth, even after acknowledging the .1ifficlllty of.. and making allo\vances fOf, the By J. Philippe Rushton. Transaction tentative, incipient nature of this endeavor, I Publishers, Rutgers University, New still feel that the editors should have been Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA, 1994, $34.95 (hdbk.). more concerned with the actual content of the book. Three of U,e sixteen chapters simply do Reviewed by Frank Salter, Research Center for not relate to anything else in the book and Human Ethology, Max Planck Institute, von- should not have been included, and the der-Tann-Str.3-5, 82346 Andechs, Germany. technical level of most of the scientific papers is such that the editors speculate (p. 230) that J. Philippe Rushton first came to my most of the legal scholars and other non- attention as the subject of a radio documentary, scientists reading the book will skip them. If broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting U,e goal of U,e book was to encourage dialogue Corporation's Science Show in 1989. The between two extremely busy groups of people documentary, a rebroadcast of a Canadian who rarely talk to one anoU,er, why make it so production, ended with Rushton speaking at difficult? the 1989 AAAS meeting where he first presented his r-K theory of racial differences. Having read each contribution, I am His voice was overplayed by circus lTIusic. It still unsure that there really is an "urgent will corne as no news to readers of theBulletin 19 that Rushton tends to raise passions, in this force that created universal fixed dispositions case to the extent of causing opponents to forgo in modern humans. For Rushton's theory is that their professional responsibilities and to adopt in the relatively brief time since HOJllo sapiells' the tactics of propaganda. Such an emotionally emergence from Africa, significant group charged set of ideas is a thorny object to review. differences have evolved. Of course, the non- scientific relevance of this book concerns etlmic The book is a formal exposition of conflict. This and other evolutionary research and ideas Philippe Rushton has been contributions provide much-needed remedial developing for more than ten years. In that information to counter the biological illiteracy time he has been prodigious in developing and of accepted sages on nationalism such as empirically refining his similarity theory and historian E. J. Hobsbawm (1990). I suspect that evolutionary theory of racial differences. The Rushton's lasting contribution to the momentous extensive bibliography contains 38 references problem of inter-ethnic conflict will be his with him as either sole or first author. This insistence that biology, and especially focused line of inquiry in the Galton tradition of evolution, not be overlooked and, more to the psychology makes the book an invaluable point, that the distinction be maintained annotated bibliography of data and analyses of between social and genetic utility. individual and group differences as addressed in psychometrics, behavioural genetics, and Criticisms of Rushton's ideas are physical anthropology. largely discussed in Chapter 12, towards the end of the book. This has the advantage of In Rushton's approach, findings from allowing a systematic exposition of alternative these disciplines are plugged into views, but has the deleterious effect of sociobiological theory of the Wilson-Lumsden separating them from contexts in which they school, as opposed to the R.ichard Alexander would most effectively help readers to weigh school, which makes more extensive use of the developing argument. The similarity anthropology. The latter tradition is not theory set out in Chapter 4 would have been favoured by Rushton (Alexander receives only enlivened by inclusion of more critical responses two mentions compared with Wilson's 16 text from peers. This is not to deny that positioning citations, the latter often accompanied by critical discussion can be difficult, and Rushton quotations). seems to have opted for the legitimate approach of making his theory as clear as This research is less ethological than possible before exposing it to full critique. 'evolutionary psychological'. Ethologists Chapter 12 goes to considerable length typically pay more attention to cross-cultural reporting and answering data and arguments universals than individual and group contradictory of his theory. differences, and the latter themes predominate in the present case. Other ethological To give an idea of the breadth of this signature tunes are absent. To give an example, volume, consider Chapter 5, which presents a racial differences in size of genitalia, buttocks, necessarily spotted history of the race concept and breasts are documented without any and of racism. The problem of classification is systematic treatment of the signalling functions given a useful, succinct treatment. However, of these organs. The propositional steps linking the history of this subject is so vast that a one- these to different group locations on an r-K chapter survey is bound to be patchy. Rushton's dimension do not involve the causal "pull" of solution is to open a succession of windows onto releasing stimuli but rest on the "push" of the topic by summarizing ideas on race developmental hormones as part of life-history advanced by Linnaean taxonomy, traditional strategies. Islamic ethnology, European colonialists, Enlightenment thinkers, and post-Darwinian Nevertheless, the book is relevant to theorists. The result is one of the most that side of human ethology concerned with interesting chapters in the book, ,affording phylogeny and selective processes. The text accessible summaries of thinkers such as sympathizes with those who see evolution as a Camper, Voltaire, Hume, Kant, Soemmering, living force shaping human nature and society. Agassiz, Broca and others. In the present It will challenge those who believe evolution century Rushton offers accounts of ·major was important only in the distant past as a scientific dissenters, often with their data re- 20 analysed. The sheer scale of scholarship is opposition to "mentalistic" views that see impressive. culture as having emergent properties, with no connection between thought processes and the Arguments for racial differences in biological organ they take place in. intelligence and other valued qualities such as "law abidingness" are bound to be abrasive and To some extent, Nyborg is setting up a controversial. As Rushton notes, this tends to straw man. Few social scientists vvill deny the compromise scientific standards in race biological antecedents of culture, no more so research (p.1). Such arguments can also be than chemists will deny the existence of insulting in their own right. However, it quarks. It is only for the purposes of their work strikes me as unreasonable to label this work that chemists treat protons, neutrons, and "anthroporn" as did one critic (p.243), or as electrons as indivisible units. Similarly, most essentially matching "racist stereotypes" physicists prefer Newtonian to Einsteinian (p.236). Race, Evolutioll, alld Behavior is physics, the former providing an acceptable, written in succinct prose unadon1ed by rhetoric and simpler, approximation to reality. or apology. Furthermore, it emphasizes the large overlap between races on performance But why should culture be emergent? measures, and places the author's own racial The human mind's algorithms contain both group on the second rung of the "K-selected" "hardwired" and "softwired" portions. The ladder, hardly marks of white supremacist former l1ave their information encoded in the ideology. genome. The latter must encode their information during development, i.e., through This book is mandatory reading for pre-natal conditioning, imprinting, learning by scholars wishing to keep up to date with trial and error, imitation of conspecifics, and research and debates involving genetic language-mediated instruction. In humans, similarity theory (for assortative mate and encoding is greatly enhanced by language, friend choice, and ethnic favouritism) and the which makes possible not only translnission but evolutionary study of group differences. also storage of information in oral or written tradition for later generations. This is culture. Reference Although it evolves within biological constraints and is subject to analogous Hobsbawm, E. J. (1990). Natiolls alld Darwinian processes, culture differs from nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, biological systems in its potentially faster rate reality, Cambridge University Press, of change. Hence, cultural evolution is Cambridge. different from biological evolution. This is what social scientists mean when they say culture has emergent properties. Hormones, Sex, and Society: My (lengthy) second criticism focuses on The Science ofPhysicology Nyborg's linking of mentalism to qualitative research methods: "The choice is between (1) By Helmuth Nyborg. Praeger Publishers, 88 the quantitative approach preferred by most Post Road West, P.O. Box 5007, Westport, CT natural scientists, (2) the less stringent 06881-5007,1994,256 pages; $55.00. qualitative approach of much of psychology, sociology, and cultural anthropology, or (3) the Reviewed by Peter M. Frost. Departement rational/speculativelformalistic approaches d'Anthropologie, Universite Laval, Ste. Foy, of philosophy. If mind is tl,e brain, a natural Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada. science approach probably would suffice. If mind, on the other hand, is a nonphysical This book begins with a plea made by phenomenon, application of the methods of many others, from Ernst Haeckel to Daniel physics would be inappropriate" (p. 4). Dennett: The workings of the human mind should be understood as an unbroken chain of The quantitative approach was cause and effect from the simplest developed for phenomena that could be studied physical!chemical events to the most complex repeatedly using large sample sizes under behaviours. The author makes this plea in controlled homogenous conditions. Not all 21 phenomena meet these criteria, not even in the place at any and all levels from subatomic natural sciences, e.g., case studies, observations particles, to molecules, cells, organs, and of uncommon events or objects. Read the organisms, to interacting systenls, and again to "discussion" section at the end of any journal tl,e survival and death of stars, solar systems, article and you will see a lot of non- and even the universe" (p. 25). Darwinian quantitative comparisons and lumping of selection certainly applies to these. Evolution, disparate research findings. Yes, the however, also requires replication of the quantitative approach is less frequent in the selected entities and enough variability in the social sciences than in the natural sciences. next "generation" to make another round of This is largely because of the ethical and selection possible. Unless the process of practical problems inherent in examination of selection - replication - selection is sustained, human populations under controlled conditions. there can be no evolution. So social scientists have to make do with conditions produced by the vagaries of climate, Nyborg states "there is no proof time, and migration. Moreover, history does whatsoever for selection for thoughts, ideas, not repeat itself and data that have survived hopes, fears, or desperation. They are inferred the passage of time are usually frogmentary hypothetical constructs, not attributive objects, and disparate. It would be nice to rerun the and it is entirely impossible to justify their Middle Ages over and over again with evolutionary history by known scientific different input parameters and using the latest means" (p. 26). Ideas can replicate themselves, observational techniques. Unfortunately, we their copies display variability, and the cannot. We have to play with the cards we're survival of these is non-random. All the dealt. conditions are in place for evolution to occur. More importantly, ideas have a history and It is largely because of these constraints their trajectory through time is often well that social scientists have to accept "soft" documented. We may be ignorant of their qualitative data. It is not because of a pro- actual physical/chemical configuration in the mentalist bias. In any case, many sociologists human brain, but this does not preclude study of and psychologists conduct quantitative how tiley evolve over time. analyses of behavior with no reference at all to the human mind as a biological organ. In the rest of his book, Nyborg fleshes Conversely, qualitative analyses are used in out the chain of cause and effect behind much of biology, especially in identification of new human behavior, particularly in the area of species and other exploratory work. behavioral endocrinology. Here, he is on firmer ground and his expertise is more than Both approaches have their place. evident. I have few criticisms, although I "Soft" qualitative methods push forward the would have appreciated some mention of the frontline of research into new territory. "Hard" research by Herdt (1988) on quantitative metl'ods make up the second pseudohermaphrodites, by Feinman and Gill wave, consolidating captured positions and (1978) on sex differences in the evaluation of mopping up pockets of resistance. Emphasizing physical characteristics, and of Surbey (1990) the second approach to the detriment of the on the effects of family composition on timing of first tends to make research more conservative: sexual maturation. Preference is given to phenomena whose parameters have already been sketched out; References funding is provided to established research programs, which usually bow to the pressures of Feinman, S. and G.W. Gill (1978). Sex peer review and political correctness. differences in physical attractiveness preferences. [oumal of Social Psychology, 105, On another note, Nyborg sees 43-52. Darwinian evolution as a theoretical framework for both biological and non- Herdt, G.H. (1988). The Sambia "Turnim-ma: biological systems: "the classical Darwinian Sociocultural and clinical aspects of gender model of evolution is a special case of a more formation in male pseudohermaphrodites with general principle of survival of the 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in Papua New economically most efficient and stable physico- Guinea. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 17, 33- chemical system" (p. 53). "Evolution takes 56. 22

Surbey, M. (1990). Family composition, stress, Hoffman is concerned primarily with the and the timing of human menarche. In T.E. relevance of behavior genetics to evolutionary Ziegler et F.B. Bercovitch (Eds.) (pp. 11-32), processes, short shrift is given to humans; Socioendocrino!ogy of Primate Reproduction. instead, he illustrates the fact that closely New York: Wiley Liss. related species may have genetic differences which are responsible for their sometimes widely divergent behaviors. Evidence for the Behavior and Evolution interrelationship between genetics and the environment in development and evolution is Edited by P.J.B. Slater and T.R. Halliday. provided by descriptions of butterfly Cambridge University Press, 40 W. 20th St., oviposition and of shell banding patterns. New York, NY 10011-4211, 1994, $59.95 (hdbk.), $24.95 (ppr.). While I was fascinated by the section on behavior and speciation (chapter 3), I am too Reviewed by Willliam Abruzzi, 70 Bobwhite far removed from the field to assess its merits. Hill, Leicester, NC 28748 USA. Butlin and Ritchie discuss the effects of behavior on the fi1aintenance of species The Slater and Halliday volume addresses boundaries, concluding that evolutionary behavior genetics, the evolution of intelligence, processes result in changes in behavior patterns kinship, and altruism as they affect animal that are responsible for barriers to gene behavior. The book is a scholarly yet exchange, and that these, in turn, permit the fascinating description of the principles by origin of new species. The section on genetic which behavior is affected by evolutionary isolation resulting froll1 differences in mating forces and, in turn, feeds back to affect selection signals describes the problem of the spread of pressures. 11 may be somewhat technical for genetic mutations, reinforcen1ent models of the average reader, but the editors are careful speciation, and divergence in mating signal to note the limited readership for whom the systems. The conclusion here is that book is intended. populations adapt their signaling to the habitat, with resultant divergence in mating The first chapter, on genotype-environment signal properties and mating preferences. The interactions, demonstrates how behavioral interrelationships of sexual selection and differences among genotypes often depend on parasite/predator co-evolution are also the environment in which they are measured. addressed, using examples from frogs, spiders, This fact leads the potential researcher to and Drosophila. realize that the effects of genes on quantitative traits should be evaluated in a range of In chapter 4, Gittleman and Decker review environments if findings are to be extrapolated different phylogenetic classification to natural conditions. Similarly worthwhile techniques--from cladistics to Ridley's taxa are the discussions on gene exchange and counting to Maddison's test for directionality. barriers to gene exchange. Comparative studies lt is a very scholarly chapter, excellent for of displays are used to demonstrate convergence serious graduate and post-doctoral students. of behavior within species, divergence between The authors also remind us that we should keep species, and speciation itself. Lay readers will in mind the value of cOll1parative studies, appreciate the lucid explanation of the independent contrasts, and autoregressive difference between homology and analogy. methods.

While Hoffman (chapter 2) does a Chapter 5, by J.F. Harvey, provides an masterful job of reviewing the literature on excellent summary of variation in behavioral behavior genetics and tabulating data strategies, including a discussion of optimal demonstrating the genetic basis for individual foraging models, their history and their differences, it no longer seems necessary to criticisms. The greatest contribution of this prove a genetic component to behavioral chapter, though, is the clear and logical variation; it seems more important to depietion of the relationship between understand the consequences of behavioral behavioral strategy and fitness (as illustrated variation than simply to study the functioning by game theory models of evolutionarily stable of genes which underlie variation. Since strategies) and of frequency-dependent fitness. 23 Harvey covers the classic hawk-dove model, measures necessary to indicate that the and then models in which TIl0re than two development of intelligence is the result of strategies are employed, models in which selection pressure. Byme's discussion of the investment varies along a continuous scale, and definition of intelligence, its function, and the models in which the contestants are unequal in degree to which is controlled by resource holding power. One might not expect constraints is formidable. HIS conclUSIOn IS that reports of the mating patterns and that, with the exception of great apes and strategies of dragonflies or hedge sparrows dolphins, most animals do not possess the would be particularly gripping--but they are! flexibility required for SOCial learnmg to take

In keeping with the game theoretic Editorial Staff perspective, Harvey presents mating systems as the result of conflicts "between individuals Editor striving to maximize their reproductive Glenn Weisfeld success" (p, 149), His fascinating discussion of Dept, of Psychology monogamy, polygyny (dominance, harem- Wayne State University defense, lek, resource defense, and parental care Detroit, MI 48202 USA types), polyandry (prostitution, dominance, teL 1-313-577-2835, -2801, -8596 and resource defense types), parental care and fax 1-3132-577-7636 investment, and sexual roles is of great relevance to the study of human behavior as Current Literature Editor well as of animals. Robert M. Adams Dept. of Psychology Halliday (chapter 6) describes various Eastern Kentucky University forms of asexual and sexual repradtiction, Richmond, KY 40475-0937 USA providing insights into the development and maintenance of sexual uctian in reprod Chief Book Review Editor populations containing both sexual and asexual Linda Mealey forms, The advantages of the capacity to Dept. of Psychology develop genetically varied progeny, especially Queensland University where parasites and disease impose strong Brisbane 4072, Australia selection pressures, are outlined. In a section on fax 61-7-3365-4466 sequential hermnphrodites (animals that can e-mail [email protected]. change their sex), Halliday discusses a variety of examples of facultative changes in French Book Review Editor reproductive strategy in response to Peter LaFreniere environmental change. Halliday's discussion Universite de Montreal of mating systems and sexual selection is C P, 6128, succursale A perfect: brief, objective, and clear. Montreal, Quebec H3C 3J7, Canada

Chapter 7 provides a summary of kinship Gennan Book Review Editor and altruism and the levels at which selection Tvlontevideo, Uruguay may operate. Using examples in squirrels, Karl Granllller birds, mice, and other animals, Slater explains Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for the advantages of recognizing kin and the Urban Ethology/Human Biology methods of doing so. The section on nleasuring Althanstrasse 14 relatedness leads naturally to a discussion of A-1090 Vienna, Austria DNA analysis, Lastly, discussion of cooperation among non-kin (reciprocal altruism Spanish & Portuguese Book Review Editor and Axelrod's tit-for-tat) is also included. Eduardo Gudynas c/o ASMER Regional Office In Chapter 8 Byrne performs a useful Casilla Correo 13125 service by summarizing current insights on the Montevideo, Uruguay evolution of intelligence. I 'was particularly impressed by his outline (on p, 223) of the 24 place. Byrne also covers the roles of language food-finding, and social skill development i ANNOUNCEMENTS the phylogeny of cognition. Read this chapter for a rare elucidation of the evolution of intelligence, perspective-taking, social learning, and theory of mind. ASCAP Meeting

The final chapter in the book (by P.e. Lee) The annual meeting of the Across-Species begins with all illuminating description of the Comparison and Psychiatry society will take costs and benefits of social behavior. Lee's place on Sunday, 5 May 1996 in New York City. definition of social systems is based on The President of ASCAP, Leon Sloman, made relationships, not simple interactions: when a initial arrangements. The meeting is just prior society embodies stable social units, Lee argues, to the American Psychiatric Association individual relationship::; define its internal meeting there, which begins the evening of the structure. From Hinde, Lee derives tl1e concept 5th. Leon's Presidential address will be on that social strudure is built through individual "!\futual compatibility of attachment and actions as they occur in cooperative and agonistic models of depression." John Price will competitive relationships with others. The speak on "Resident-intruder animal model of differences between individuals--in age, sex, depression," Dan Wilson on "Entrapment and experience, strength, motivation, and social shanle processes in depression and mania," Kent supports--all affect the outcomes of Bailey on "Four factor model: Depression and interactions. These outcomes in turn influence other inhibition states," Russell Gardner on social structure. Systeols of dominance are "Sociophysiology as the basic science of discussed, as is, once again, parental investment sociophysiologial llledicine," and Aaron T. and the necessary prerequisites for the Beck on "Depression, anger, hostility, and development and maintenance of complex, long- evolution." For further infon11ation, contact term relationships in which individuals Russell Gardner, Jr., tel. 1-409-772-7029, fax 1- cooperate in infant care. According to Lee, the 409-772-6771, e-mail [email protected]. social structures which rnake this possible are monogamy and shared-care systems. Violence and Human Coexistence This chapter ends a valuable book with three paragraphs which should be required The Third World Congress of the International reading for all professionals in evolutionary Assocation for Scientific Exchange on Violence ecology and all those who hope to enter this and Human Coexistence will take place at field: A reductionist model for sociality is University College, Dublin, Ireland 17-21 proclaimed; the costs and benefits of that August 1996. The theme of the congress will be sociality are summarized; social options and "Violence and the future of society." One of the the factors that providE them are delineated; suggested section is "Darwinian and the en1phasis on individual interactions as approaches to the future of society." For essential in determining sociality are information contact Prof. Don Bennett, reaffirmed. Secretariat of the Third World Congress of ASEVICO, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland. Animal Behaviour

Animal Behaviour is published monthly by Academic Press for the Association for the ISHE ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARD: On Study of Animal Behaviour and the Animal the World Wide Web at Behaviour Society. (ISHE held many of its http://evolution.humb.univie.ac.at. Operated early meetings jointly with ABS.) Founded in by Karl. Grammer, e-mail 1952, Animal BellmJio1l1" publishes original [email protected]. research articles and critical reviews of general behavior interest, on all asapects of animal 25

behavior as well as reviews and notices of books, journals, videos, and software. There a Officers of the Society commentary section for discussion of theoretIcal psychology, behavioral sensory President behavior, and navigation and mIgratIon. Only William R. Charlesworth institutional subscriptions are sold for this Institute of Child Development jounal; therefore the rate is £365. For more 5] East River Road information Of a free sample copy, contact University of Minnesota Journals Marketing Department, Academic Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Press, 24-28 Oval Road, London NWI 7DX, tel. 1-612-624-6599 u.K., tel. 44-171-482-2893, fax 44-171-267-0362, fax 1-612-624-6373 e-mail [email protected]; or Academic Press Inc., 525 B Street, Suite 1900, 5an Diego, CA Vice-President! President-Elect 92101 USA, tel. 1-800-894-3434, fax 1-800-699- Charles B. Crawford 6742, e-mail [email protected]. Department of Psychology Simon Fraser University Ethological Youth Meeting Burnaby, B. C. V5A 156 Canada tel. 1-604-291-3660 fax 1-604-291-3427 The Fourth International Ethological Youth E-mail [email protected] Meeting will take place 21-31 July 1996 in Jakotpuszta, Hungary. It will be jointly Vice-President for Information sponsored by the Hungarian Biological SOCiety, Glenn Weisfeld G6d6116 University of Agricultural Sciences, and the Hungarian Ethological Society (whose Secretary President is ISHE member Vilmos Csanyi). The Karl Grammer meeting is open to young and old alike. Topics Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for will include the ethology of wild, Urban Etl1010gy /Human Biology domesticated, and captive animals; ethical Althanstrasse 14 issues; animal protection; behavior ecology; A-1090 Vienna, Austria and human ethology. Registration deadline is tel. 43-1-31-336-1253 30 May. Official languages will be German and fax 43-1-31-336-788 English. A variety of sports activities, Emailhttp://evolution.humb.univie. excursions, and social events are planned. aC.at (World Wide Web) Registration fee is US$50, guest houses in the village of Bercel is $5-12/day (single, double, Treasurer triple, quadruple), tourist accommodation at Barbara F. Fuller Jakotpuszta farm is $5-10/day (single, etc.), School of Nursing canlping with one's c-Wn tent is free, meals afe University of Colorado $10/day. Fees should be transferred to this 4200 E. Nintl1 Ave. account: "ETa" 1996, Budapest Bank Rt., 2101 Denver, CO 80262 USA G6d6ll6, Szabadsag ter, Switch code: Buda HU tel. 1-303-270-8929 HB, Account No. 10103836-07976439-0000007, fax 1-303-270-8660 Dr. Keszthelyi Tibor. Indicate preferred E-mail [email protected] language, field/ topic of ethology of interest, institution, address, etc. For further Membership Chair information contact Dr. Tibor at G6d6ll6 Nancy L. Segal University of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Department of Psychology Agricultural Engineering, Paler Karoly u. 1, H- California State University 2103 G6d6116, Hungary, tel. 36-28-310-200, fax Fullerton, CA 92634 USA 36-28-310-804, e-mail [email protected]. One- tel. 1-714-773-2142 page abstracts of papers, posters, and fax 1-714-449-7134 Videotapes and films should be sent to Dr. E-mail [email protected]. Tibor. Posters must be one meter square. 26

HANS: Humall Affail's and Natutal Bensing, J.M., Kerssens, ].r, & van der Pasch, M. Selection ComputeI' Pl'Ogtam (1995). Patient-directed gaze as a tool for discovering and handling psychosocial problems in general practice. Journal of This read-only program, operating under DOS, NOllvetbal Behaz'ior, 19, 223-24i. allows rapid access to over 200 evolutionary (Netherlands Institute uf Primary Health Care explanations of human behavior and (NIVEL), P.O. Box 1568, 3500 BN, Utrecht, the appropriate references. Developed by Frans Netherlands). Roes and Marco Bleeker, the program costs 65 Dutch guilders (approx. US$42). Pay by Birke, I.. (1995). Sociobiology, ideology, and international postal money order to the Dutch feminism. Politics & Ihe Life Sciences, 14, 165- postal giro No. 5274110 or by VISA or 166. (Univ. Warwick, Ctr. Study Women & Euro/Mastercard. Wrile to Dr. V. Falger, Dept. Gender, Coventry CV4 7AL, W. Midlands, of International Relations, University of England). Utrecht, Janskerkhuf 3, 3512 BK Utrecht, The Netherlands, fax 31-30-537067. Burley, N.T. (1995). On unnatural dichotomies, reproductive strategies, and the naturalness of reproduction. Polilics alld Ihe Life Sciellces, 14, 167-168. (Univ. Calif. Irvine, Irvine, CA., 92717, USA).

Calafate, L. C. (1995). Etologia e educa,ao: uma perspectiva ontogenetica do comportamento de ensino. a Professor, 47, 21- CURRENT 28. (Insituto de Botanica Dr. Gon,alo Sampaio, Universidade do Porto, R. do Campo Alegre, LITERATURE 1191,4100 Porto, Portugal)

March 1996 Campbell, B. C. (1995). HilI/ian Ecology (2I,d ed.). Aldine de Gruyter, 200 Saw Mill River Rd., Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA, $34.95 Interested in possibly reviewing one of the (hdbk.), $19.95 (ppr.). Needs Reviewer. books below or some other suitable book? Please contact the appropriate book review Campbell, B.C. & Leslie, P.W. (1995). editor (see Editorial Staff box). Reproductive eculogy of human males. In A.T. Steegmann, Yearbook of Physical Arnhart, L. (1995). Nature and culture in Anthtopology (PI" 1-26). New York: Wiley- teminist biology. Politics and the Life Liss, Inc. (Northwestern Univ., Dept. Sciences, 14, 163-164. (No. Illinois Univ., Dept. Anthropol., Evanston, IL, 60208, USA). Polit. Sci., DeKalb, IL, 60115, USA). Casimir, M·L & Rao, A. (1995). Prestige, Avilal, E., & Jablonka, E. (1996). Adoption, possessions, and progeny: Cultural goals and memes and the Oedipus complex: A reply to reproductive success among tlle I3akkarwal. Hansen. Animal Behaviout, 51, 476-477. (Cohn Humall Naillre, 6, 241-272. (Univ. Cologne, Institute for the History & Philosophy of Inst. Volkerkunde, Albertus Magnus PI. 0-50923 Science, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Cologne, Genmany) Israel). Chapais, B. (1995). Alliances as a means of Barber, N. (1995). The evolutionary competition in primates: Evolutionary, psychology of physical attractiveness: Sexual developmental, and cognitive aspects. In A.T. selection and human morphology. Ethology & Steegmann, Yeatbook of Physical Sociobiology, 16, 395-424. (Birmingham So. All tlll'opology (pp. 115-136). New York: Call., Box 549037, Birmingham, AL., 35254, Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Univ. Montreal, Dept. USA). Anthropol., Montreal, PQ H3C J7, Canada). 27 Charlesworth, W.R. (1992). Darwin and deCatanzaro, D. (1995). Reproductive status, developmental psychology: Past and present. family interactions, and suicidal ideation: Developmental Psychology, 28, 5-16. (P.O. Box Surveys of the general public and high-risk 18, Stockholm, WI, 54769 USA). (also in R.D. groups. Ethology and sociobiologJ}, 16, 385-394. Parke, P.A. Ornstein, J.J. Rieser, & C. Zahn- (McMaster Univ., Dept. Psycho!., 1280 Main Waxler (Eds.), A centllry of developmental St., W. Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada). psychology. Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association, 1994, pp. 77-102). de Vries, Han (1995). An improved test of linearity in donlinance hierarchies containing Charlesworth, W.R. (1994). Evolutionary unknown or tied relationships. A 11 i 111 a1 theory: Ethological and sociobiological Behavio"r, 50, 1375-1389. (Ethol. & Socio- aspects, Weinert, (Eds.) In/ematiollal ecol., Group, Utrecht Univ., Postbus 80.086, 3508 ellcyclopedia of edllcatioll (2nd ed.), p. 2167- TB Utrecht, The Netherlands). 2171. (see supra). Dienskie, H., Hopkins, B., & Reid, A.K. (1995). Charlesworth, W.R. (1995). An evolutionary Lateralisation of infant holding in approach to cognition and learning. In C. chimpanzees: New data do not confirm Nelson (Ed.), Basic alld applied perspec/i"es on previous findings. BelJa-uiollf, 132, 801. learning, cognitioll, and depelopl1lellf: The (Schelpenkade 35, 2313 ZW Leiden, Minllesota symposillm all child psychology, 28, Netherlands). 175-217. (see supra). Dunbar, R.I.M., & Spoors, M. (1995). Social networks, support cliques, and kinship. HlIIllall N a III re, 6, 273. (Univ, Liverpool, Dept. Psycho1., POB 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England).

Chisholm, J.S. (1995). Sociobiology, feminism, and morality. Politics & the Life Sciences, 14, 169-170. (Univ. Western Australia, Dept. Anat., & Human Bio1., Perth, WA, 6907, Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1996). LOlle and Hate: The Australia). nolllml hislory of behavior po Items. Aldine de Gruyter, 200 Saw Mill River Rd., Coe, K., & Steadman, L.B. (1995). The human Hawthorne, NY 10532 USA, $21.95 (ppr.), orig. breast and the ancestral reproductive cycle: A published in 1972. preliminary inquiry into breast cancer etiology. H"moll Natllre, 6, 197-220. (Arizona State Ellis, L. (1995). Dominance and reproductive Univ., Hispan. Pes. Ctr., Tempe, AZ, 85287, success among nonhuman animals: A cross- USA). species comparison. Ethology and Sociobiology, 16, 257-334. (Minot State Univ., Div. Social Cowlishaw, G., & O'Connell, S.M. (1996). sci., Minot, NO, 58707, USA). Male-male competition, paternity certainty and copulation calls in female baboons. Allimal Fairbanks, L.A., & McGuire, M.T. (1995). Behovio"r, 51, 235-238. (Department of Maternal condition and the quality of maternal Anthropology, Univ. College London, Gower care in vervet monkeys. BelzavioHr, 132, 733- Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.) 754. (Univ. Calif. Los Angeles, Dept. Psychiat. & Biobehav. Sci., Los Angeles, CA., 90024, Custance , D.M., Whiten, A., & Bard, K.A. USA). (1995). Can young chimpanzees (P all troglodytes) imitate arbitrary actions? Hayes Fausto-Sterling, A. (1995). Attacking feminism & Hayes (1952) revisited. Beha"io"r, 132, 837- is no substitute for good scholarship. Politics 860. (Univ. St. Andrews, Sch. Psycho1., aHd Ihe Life scieHces, 14, 171-173. (Brown Psycho!. Lab, Scottish Primate Res. Grp., St. Univ., Div. Bio1., & Med., Providence, Rl, Andews KY16 9JU, Fife, Scotland). 02912, USA). 28

Fernandez-Dols, J.M., & Ruiz-Belda, M.A. Haugschnable, G. (1992). Daytime and (1995). Are smiles a sign of happiness? Gold nightirne enuresis: A functional disorder and its medal winners at the Olympic games. Joumal ethDIDgical decoding. Behaviour, 232-261. of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1113- (Univ. Frankfurt, Gustav Emden Zentrum BiDI. 1119. (Univ. Autonoma Madrid, Fac. Psicol., E- Chern., Inst. BiDI 1, Res. Grp. Prof. Dr. B. 28049 Madrid, Spain). Hassenstein, W-6100 Frankfurt 70, Germany).

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