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NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course. Also, there will be tutorial classes that are related to this course, where you can interact with your facilitators and other student. Please I encourage you to attend these tutorial classes. This course exposes you to Animal Behaviour, a very important and interesting field in Biology. Course Aims (1) This course aims to enable you to understand the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. (2) Behavioural Patterns (3) Mechanism of Adaptation Course Objectives To achieve the aim set above, there are objectives. Each unit has a set of objectives presented at the beginning of the unit. These objectives will give you what to concentrate focus on while studying the unit and during your study to check your progress. xii i The Comprehensive Objectives of the Course are given below. By the end of the course/after going through this course, you should be able to: 1. Explain emotion in animals under ethology and examples. 2. Explain different views on emotion in animals with examples. 3. State the Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson view with examples. 3.0 Distinguish between intraspecies and interspecies communication. 4. Explain forms of communication with common examples. 5. Explain other aspects of communication like evoluation of communication, human communication and cognitive communication and how to assess cognitive functions. 6. State the component of nervous system. 7. What is phototaxes? List and explain eight types of taxes. 8 What do you understand by negative phototaxis and postive phototaxis. Give related examples of each. 9 Explain the following taxes according to their response to stimulus: Klinotaxes, tropotaxes and telotaxes. 10 Define biological clocks. 11 Differentiate between exogenous and endogenous rhythm Working through the Course To successfully complete this course. You are require to read each study unit, read the textbooks materials provided by the National Open University. Reading the reference materials can also be of great assistance. Each unit has self –assessment exercise which you are advised to do at certain periods during the course you will be required to submit your assignment for the purpose of assessment. There will be a final examination at the end of the course. The course should take you about17 weeks to complete. This course guide provides you with all the components of the course how to go about studying and how you should allocate your time to each unit so as to finish on time and successfully. xii i The Course Materials The main components of the course are: 1 The Study Guide 2 Study Units 3 Reference/ Further Readings 4 Practical Sections- by getting animals such as rats and mice etc and study their behavior pattern 5 Assignments 6 Presentation Schedule Study Units The study units in this course are given below: xii i Module 1: History of Ethology Unit 1: Ethology Unit 2: Emotion in Animals Unit 3: Animal Communication Module 2: Reflex and Complex Behavior Unit 1: Nervous System Unit 2: Pheripheral Nervous System Module 3: Orientation and Taxes Unit 1: Orientation in Animal Behaviour Unit 2: Taxes Module 4: Fixed Action Pattern, Motivation and Drives Unit 1: Fixed Action Pattern Unit 2: Motivation and Drives Module: 5 Display, Displacement Behaviour and Conflict Behaviour Unit 1: Display and Displacement Behaviour in Animals Unit 2: Conflit Behaviour MODULE 6: LEARNING, COMMUNICATION AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR Unit 1: Categories of learning namely: habituation, classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning, latent learning and insight learning. Unit 2: Communication in animals Unit 3: Social behavior and living in groups; advantages and disadvantages Unit 4: Examples of various documented behaviors in animals MODULE 7: SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OF PRIMATES Unit 1 : Basic Concepts in the Study of Social Behavior of Primates and Social Structure xii i Unit 2:Non-human primate social group composition Unit 3: Various forms of social behavior found among primates MODULE 8: HIERARCHICAL ORGANIZATION Unit1: Definition, Visualization and Common models of hierarchical organization Unit 2: Studies of hierarchical organizations, Criticism and alternatives; Simple illustration of hierarchical and Dominance Hierarchies MODULE 9: PHYSIOLOGY OF BEHAVIOR Unit 1: Proximate and ultimate causes and four approaches to animal behavior Unit 2: Development of behavior MODULE 10: HABITAT SELECTION, HOMING AND NAVIGATION Unit 1: Habitat Selection Unit 2: Homing and Navigation Unit 3: Behavioral and Mechanisms of Homing and Migration/Navigation in Birds MODULE 11: COURTSHIP AND PARENTHOOD Unit 1: Animals Displaying Homosexual Behavior Unit 2: Sexual Selection for Cultural Displays Unit 3: Animals Displaying Homosexual Behavior Module 12 BIOLOGICAL CLOCKS Unit 1: Biological Clock Unit 2: Sleep In Module One, unit one deals with the historical aspects of ethology, the second unit focuses on the emotions in animals, how it arises in the mammalian brain and other animals. Unit three focuses on the forms of communication in animals, in general how animal respond to emotions through communication. xii i Module Two is concerned with the reflex and complex behavior in animals; unit one and two focuses on the function of nervous and peripheral nervous system in reflex and complex behavior in animal. Module Three, unit one and two deals with orientation and taxis, the behavioral stimulus to response and sexual orientation were focused on. Module Four is concerned with fixed action pattern and motivation and drivers. Unit one, deal with a fixed action pattern (FAP) focus on instinctive behavioral sequence of animal. Unit two deal with motivation and emotion aspect of animal behavior, and theory of motivation by different scientist. Module Five is concerned with the display, displacement and conflict behavior. Unit one and two deal with physiological and emotional response of animals to conflict. In Module six, unit one gave an expository discussion on the categories of learning, unit two elaborate on different types of communication in animals and unit three focuses on social behavior of animal species. In Module seven, unit one, two and three deals with various forms of social group found among primate and their social structure. Module Eight and Nine focus on with hierarchical organization of animals and Physiology of Behavior in animals respectively. Module Ten, Eleven and Twelve focus on Habitat Selection, Homing and Navigation,Courtship and Parenthood and Biological Clocks repectively. Each unit will take a week or two.Lectures will include an introduction, objectives reading materials, self assessmentquestion, conclusion, summary, tutor marked assignment (TMAs), references and other reading resources. There are activities related to the lecture in each unit which will help your progress and comprehension of the unit. You are required to work on these exercises which together with the TMAs will enable you to achieve the objective of each unit. Presentation Schedule There is a time-table prepared for the early and timely completion and submissions of your TMAs as well as attending the tutorial classes. You are required to submit all your assignments by the stipulated date and time. Avoid falling behind the schedule time. Assessment There are three aspects to the assessment of this course. 1) The first one is the self-assessment exercises. 2) The second is the tutor-marked assignments 3) The written examination or the examination to be taken at the end of the course. xii i Practical classess attendance will also be taken. Do the exercises or activities in the unit applying the information and knowledge you acquired during the course. The tutor-marked assignments must be submitted to your facilitator for formal assessment in accordance with the deadlines stated in the presentation schedule and the assignment file. The work submitted to your tutor for assessment will account for 30% of your total work. At the end of this course you have to sit for a final or end of course examination of about a three hour duration which will account for 70% of your total course mark. Review Review of the performances of test with students which tends to improve their performances in the exam. Tutor Marked Assignment This is the continuous assessment component of this course and it accounts for 30% of the total score. You will be given four (4) TMAs by your facilitator to answer.
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