Photoperiodic Properties of Circadian Rhythm in Rat
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Reproductive Seasonality in Captive Wild Ruminants: Implications for Biogeographical Adaptation, Photoperiodic Control, and Life History
Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2012 Reproductive seasonality in captive wild ruminants: implications for biogeographical adaptation, photoperiodic control, and life history Zerbe, Philipp Abstract: Zur quantitativen Beschreibung der Reproduktionsmuster wurden Daten von 110 Wildwiederkäuer- arten aus Zoos der gemässigten Zone verwendet (dabei wurde die Anzahl Tage, an denen 80% aller Geburten stattfanden, als Geburtenpeak-Breite [BPB] definiert). Diese Muster wurden mit verschiede- nen biologischen Charakteristika verknüpft und mit denen von freilebenden Tieren verglichen. Der Bre- itengrad des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes korreliert stark mit dem in Menschenobhut beobachteten BPB. Nur 11% der Spezies wechselten ihr reproduktives Muster zwischen Wildnis und Gefangenschaft, wobei für saisonale Spezies die errechnete Tageslichtlänge zum Zeitpunkt der Konzeption für freilebende und in Menschenobhut gehaltene Populationen gleich war. Reproduktive Saisonalität erklärt zusätzliche Varianzen im Verhältnis von Körpergewicht und Tragzeit, wobei saisonalere Spezies für ihr Körpergewicht eine kürzere Tragzeit aufweisen. Rückschliessend ist festzuhalten, dass Photoperiodik, speziell die abso- lute Tageslichtlänge, genetisch fixierter Auslöser für die Fortpflanzung ist, und dass die Plastizität der Tragzeit unterstützend auf die erfolgreiche Verbreitung der Wiederkäuer in höheren Breitengraden wirkte. A dataset on 110 wild ruminant species kept in captivity in temperate-zone zoos was used to describe their reproductive patterns quantitatively (determining the birth peak breadth BPB as the number of days in which 80% of all births occur); then this pattern was linked to various biological characteristics, and compared with free-ranging animals. Globally, latitude of natural origin highly correlates with BPB observed in captivity, with species being more seasonal originating from higher latitudes. -
Myers, N. (1976). the Leopard Panthera Pardus in Africa
Myers, N. (1976). The leopard Panthera pardus in Africa. Morges: IUCN. Keywords: 1Afr/Africa/IUCN/leopard/Panthera pardus/status/survey/trade Abstract: The survey was instituted to assess the status of the leopard in Africa south of the Sahara (hereafter referred to as sub-Saharan Africa). The principal intention was to determine the leopard's distribution, and to ascertain whether its numbers were being unduly depleted by such factors as the fur trade and modification of Wildlands. Special emphasis was to be directed at trends in land use which may affect the leopard, in order to determine dynamic aspects of its status. Arising out of these investigations, guidelines were to be formulated for the more effective conservation of the species. Since there is no evidence of significant numbers of leopards in northern Africa, the survey was restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. Although every country of this region had to be considered, detailed investigations were appropriate only in those areas which seemed important to the leopard's continental status. Sub-Saharan Africa now comprises well over 40 countries. With the limitations of time and funds available, visits could be arranged to no more than a selection of countries. The aim was to make an on-the-ground assessment of at least one country in each of the major biomes, viz. Sahel, Sudano-Guinean woodland, rainforest and miombo woodland, in addition to the basic study of East African savannah grasslands discussed in the next section. Special emphasis was directed at the countries of southern Africa, to ascertain what features of agricultural development have contributed to the decline of the leopard in that region and whether these are likely to be replicated elsewhere. -
Photoperiodism in Hamsters: Abrupt Versus Gradual Changes in Day Length Differentially Entrain Morning and Evening Circadian Oscillators
Photoperiodism in Hamsters: Abrupt Versus Gradual Changes in Day Length Differentially Entrain Morning and Evening Circadian Oscillators Michael R. Gorman,*,‡,1 David A. Freeman,§,2 and Irving Zucker*,† Departments of *Psychology and †Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720; ‡Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and §Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 Abstract In studies of photoperiodism, animals typically are transferred abruptly from a long (e.g., 16 h light per day [16L]) to a short (8L) photoperiod, and circadian oscillators that regulate pineal melatonin secretion are presumed to reentrain rapidly to the new photocycle. Among rats and Siberian hamsters, however, reentrainment rates vary de- pending on whether additional darkness is added to morning or evening, and a subset of hamsters (nonresponders) fails ever to reentrain normally to short photoperiods. The authors assessed whether several short-day responses occurred at different rates when darkness was extended into morning versus evening hours and the effectiveness of abrupt versus gradual shortening in day lengths (DLs). Entrainment patterns of photoresponsive hamsters also were compared to those of photononresponsive hamsters. Responsive hamsters transferred on a single day from 16L to 8L underwent more rapid gonadal regression, weight loss, decreases in follicle-stimulating hormone titers, and expansion of nocturnal locomotor activity when darkness was added to morning versus evening. When the dark phase was extended gradually by 8 h over 16 weeks, short-day responses occurred at the same rate whether darkness was appended to morning or evening or was added symmetrically. -
From Darkness to Daylight: Cathemeral Activity in Primates
JASs Invited Reviews Journal of Anthropological Sciences Vol. 84 (2006), pp. 1-117-32 From darkness to daylight: cathemeral activity in primates Giuseppe Donati & Silvana M. Borgognini-Tarli Dipartimento di Biologia, Unità di Antropologia, Università di Pisa, Via S. Maria, 55, Pisa, Italy, e-mail: [email protected] Summary – Within the primate order, Haplorrhini and Strepsirrhini are adapted to diurnal or nocturnal lifestyle. However, Malagasy lemurs exhibit a wide range of activity patterns, from almost completely nocturnal to almost completely diurnal, while others are active over the 24-hours. Cathemerality, the term minted by Tattersall (1987) to define the latter activity style, has been recorded in Eulemur and Hapalemur, as well as in some populations of the New World monkey Aotus. As most animals specialize in a particular phase of the 24- hour cycle, the cathemeral strategy is expected to be the consequence of powerful pressures. We will review hypotheses and findings on ultimate reasons of primate cathemeral activity, present proximate factors shaping the activity cycle and discuss the possible roles of feeding competition, food shortage and dietary quality, thermoregulation, and predation in making this activity advantageous. Overall, we will see how unstable environments and various community characteristics would tend to select for a flexible activity phase. Most attempts to explain cathemerality have relied on adaptive explanations, which assume that this activity is stable and deep-rooted. In contrast, some researchers have suggested that cathemerality represents a non-adaptive transitional state between nocturnality and diurnality. Chronobiology studies indicate that cathemeral species should be considered as dark active primates, thus favouring a recent origin. -
Photoperiodism in Pigs
Photoperiodism in Pigs Studies on timing of male puberty and melatonin Hikan Anderson Department of Clinical Chemistry Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics Doctoral thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2000 Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae Veterinaria 90 ISSN 1401-6257 ISBN 91-576-5901-X 0 2000 HBkan Anderson, Uppsala Tryck: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2000 Abstract Andersson, H. 2000. Photoperiodism in pigs. Studies on timing of male puberty and melatonin. Doctoral thesis ISSN 1401-6257, ISBN 91-576-5901-X. The routine castration of male piglets, which is performed in many countries to avoid boar taint in meat, is a cause for great concern in terms of animal welfare. Castrates also have reduced feed efficiency and more fat than do entire males. More of the ingested energy therefore goes to fat tissue than to muscle tissue. The European wild boar is a seasonal short-day breeder and although domestic pigs breed all year round there are indications that they remain responsive to photoperiod. Since boar taint is closely associated with male sexual maturation, the use of artificial light regimens to delay puberty could be a non-invasive method of reducing boar taint in entire males. Therefore, a series of experiments were performed in order to study photoperiodism in young pigs. In two experiments, matched winter-born siblings of crossbred males were allocated after weaning to either one of two light-sealed rooms with high-intensity light regimens or a conventional stable environment. In the first study, groups subjected to an 'artificial autumn' treatment and an 'artificial spring' treatment were compared with a 'natural spring' group. -
Light Signals and Flowering
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 57, No. 13, pp. 3387–3393, 2006 Major Themes in Flowering Research Special Issue doi:10.1093/jxb/erl071 Advance Access publication 15 September, 2006 Light signals and flowering Brian Thomas* Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35 9EF, UK Received 14 March 2006; Accepted 31 May 2006 Abstract considered both with regard to light acting directly through photomorphogenetic mechanisms, or alterations in photo- Physiological studies over a long period have shown synthetic assimilation or as part of the more complex that light acts to regulate flowering through the three regulatory mechanisms of photoperiodism. Much of the main variables of quality, quantity, and duration. body of literature on physiological studies will be assumed Intensive molecular genetic and genomic studies with although it is worth noting that many of the revelations the model plant Arabidopsis have given considerable from recent molecular genetic studies were presaged by insight into the mechanisms involved, particularly careful whole plant studies. Thus, concepts of photoper- with regard to quality and photoperiod. For photo- iodic control of flowering, based on physiological studies, periodism light, acting through phytochromes and envisaged an external coincidence circadian model with cryptochromes, the main photomorphogenetic photo- multiple photoreceptors acting in the leaf to generate receptors, acts to entrain and interact with a circadian a complex mobile flowering signal (Thomas and Vince- rhythm of CONSTANS (CO) expression leading to Prue, 1997). The explosion of knowledge and resources in transcription of the mobile floral integrator, FLOW- Arabidopsis thaliana has resulted in much of the fine detail ERING LOCUS T (FT). -
Role of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
Brain Research Reviews 49 (2005) 429–454 www.elsevier.com/locate/brainresrev Review Circadian regulation of sleep in mammals: Role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus Ralph E. MistlbergerT Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, Canada BC V5A 1S6 Accepted 7 January 2005 Available online 8 March 2005 Abstract Despite significant progress in elucidating the molecular basis for circadian oscillations, the neural mechanisms by which the circadian clock organizes daily rhythms of behavioral state in mammals remain poorly understood. The objective of this review is to critically evaluate a conceptual model that views sleep expression as the outcome of opponent processes—a circadian clock-dependent alerting process that opposes sleep during the daily wake period, and a homeostatic process by which sleep drive builds during waking and is dissipated during sleep after circadian alerting declines. This model is based primarily on the evidence that in a diurnal primate, the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus), ablation of the master circadian clock (the suprachiasmatic nucleus; SCN) induces a significant expansion of total daily sleep duration and a reduction in sleep latency in the dark. According to this model, the circadian clock actively promotes wake but only passively gates sleep; thus, loss of circadian clock alerting by SCN ablation impairs the ability to sustain wakefulness and causes sleep to expand. For comparison, two additional conceptual models are described, one in which the circadian clock actively promotes sleep but not wake, and a third in which the circadian clock actively promotes both sleep and wake, at different circadian phases. Sleep in intact and SCN-damaged rodents and humans is first reviewed, to determine how well the data fit these conceptual models. -
Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course. -
Circadian Systems in Development and Photoperiodism in Japanese Quail
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1983 Circadian Systems in Development and Photoperiodism in Japanese Quail. Albert C. Russo Jr Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Russo, Albert C. Jr, "Circadian Systems in Development and Photoperiodism in Japanese Quail." (1983). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 3907. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/3907 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)”. If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. -
VERNALIZATION and PHOTOPERIODISM
VERNALIZATION and PHOTOPERIODISM hy A. E. MURNEEK and R. O. WHYTE with H. A. Allard, H. A. Borthwick, Erwin Bunning, G. L. FuNKE, Karl C. Hamner, S. B. Hendricks, A. Lang, M. Y. Nuttonson, M. W. Parker, R. H. Roberts, S. M. Sircar, B. Esther Struckmeyer and F. W. Went Fore-word by Kenneth V. Thimann WALTHAM, MASS., U.SA. Published by the Chronica Botanica Company Marine Biological Laboratory July 19, 1958 Received _ Accession No. ^°^^^ P^ess Company Given By ' New York City" Place,_ — — : The Chronica Botanica Co., International Plant Science Publishers CHRONICA BOTANICA, an International Collec- LOTSYA — A Biological Miscellany:— tion of Studies in the Method and History of Biology l.MuRNEEK, Whyte, et al. : Vernalization and Photo- and Agriculture, founded and edited by Frans Ver- periodisra (p. 196, $4.50) doorn, is available at $7.50 a year to regular sub- 2. Knight; Dictionary of Genetics (p. 184, $4.50) scribers (postfree, foreign and domestic). —Regular 3.WALLACE, et al.: Rothamsted International Sympo- subscribers to Chronica Botanica receive Biologia sium on Trace Elements (in press) {cf. infra) free. 4.Vavilov's Selected Writings, translated by Chester Strong, buckram binding cases, stamped with gold, (in press) may be obtained for recent volumes (vols. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11/12) at $1.25 (postfree). 'A New Series of Plant Science Books': Vols. 1-3, Annual Records of Current Research, Activi- ties and Events in the Pure and Applied Plant Sci- Tree Growth (revised ed. in prep.) I.MacDougai.: ences, are still available at $9.00 a volume (paper), Pulp (revised ed., published abroad, 2.Grant: Wood or $10.50 (buckram). -
The Intra-Ocular Colour-Filters Of
Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.17.11.641 on 1 November 1933. Downloaded from THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY NOVEMBER, 1933 COMMUNICATIONS THE INTRA-OCULAR COLOUR-FILTERS OF VERTEBRATES' by copyright. BY G. L. WALLS and H. D. JUDD ANN ARBOR1 DETROIT2 PAGE INTRODUCTION - - - 641 TYPES OF FILTERS AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION - 642 http://bjo.bmj.com/ POSSIBLE INTERPRETATIONS - - - - - 654 Introduction Since the discovery of the coloured oil-droplets in the retinal cones of vertebrates by Valentin, and of their widespread distribution by Hannover (1840, 1843), a voluminous literature of interpretation has grown up about these structures. At the present time there is no general agreement as to their r6le in the physiological optics of on September 29, 2021 by guest. Protected their possessors. It is our purpose in the present paper to relate to the oil-droplets a number of facts, some long but little known, and others recently discovered, concerning the distribution, nature, and probable functions of several additional * This work was commenced under an Alfred H. Lloyd Fellowship held by the senior author at the University of Michigan in 1931-32 and completed during his tenure of a National Research Fellowship, 193243. Sincere thanks are herewith expressed to the administrators of these fellowships for the opportunity to make this investigation. 1 Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. 2 Associate in Physical Optics (with Dr. Ralph H. Pino), David Whitney Building, Detroit, Michigan. Br J Ophthalmol: first published as 10.1136/bjo.17.11.641 on 1 November 1933. Downloaded from 64-2 THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY types of natural intra-ocular colour-filters These various devices are quite strictly limited to vertebrate forms of similarly circumscribed visual habits. -
Genomic Response to Selection for Diurnality and Nocturnality in Drosophila
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/380733; this version posted August 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Genomic Response to Selection for Diurnality and Nocturnality in Drosophila Mirko Pegoraro1,4, Laura M.M. Flavell1, Pamela Menegazzi2, Perrine Colombi1, Pauline Dao1, Charlotte Helfrich-Förster2 and Eran Tauber1,3* 1. Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK 2. Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany 3. Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel 4. School of Natural Science and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF, UK Correspondence: [email protected] Keywords: Artificial selection, circadian clock, diurnal preference, nocturnality, Drosophila bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/380733; this version posted August 28, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. Abstract Most animals restrict their activity to a specific part of the day, being diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular. The genetic basis underlying diurnal preference is largely unknown. Under laboratory conditions, Drosophila melanogaster is crepuscular, showing a bi-modal activity profile. However, a survey of strains derived from wild populations indicated that high variability among individuals exists, with diurnal and nocturnal flies being observed.