DOCSLIB.ORG

Neuroethlogy NROC34 Course Goals How? Evaluation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neuroethlogy NROC34 Course Goals How? Evaluation Course Goals Neuroethlogy NROC34 • What is neuroethology? • Prof. A. Mason – Role of basic biology – Model systems (mainly invertebrate) • e-mail: – Highly specialized organisms – [email protected] – Biomimetics – [email protected] • Primary literature and the scientific process – No textbook – subject = NROC34 – But if you really want one, there are a couple of suggestion on the • Office Hours: Friday, 1 – 4:00 pm, SW566 syllabus • Basic principles of integrative neural function • Weekly Readings: download from course webpage – More on this a bit later www.utsc.utoronto.ca/amason/courses/coursepage/syllabus2012.html NROC34 2012:1 1 NROC34 2012:1 2 How? Evaluation • Case studies of several model systems – Different kinds of questions – Different kinds of research (techniques) • Weekly readings 5% – Sensory, motor, decision-making… • Mid-term 35-45% • Selected papers each week • Final Exam 45-60% – Read before, discuss during: usually readings are challenging and “discussion” means me explaining (so • Presentation (optional) 10% don’t be discouraged) • Most topics include current work • Weekly reading marks: each week several – Take you to the leading edge of research in selected people will be selected at random to areas contribute 3 questions about the papers. NROC34 2012:1 3 NROC34 2012:1 4 1 Information Neuroethology • Who are you people? • The study of the neural mechanisms • What do you expect to learn in this course? underlying behaviour that is biologically • What previous course have you taken in: relevant to the animal performing it. – neuroscience • This encompasses many basic mechanisms – Behaviour of the nervous system. • Is this a req’d course for you? • Combines behavioural analysis and neurophysiology NROC34 2012:1 5 NROC34 2012:1 6 Neurobiology Behavioural Science • What do I mean by “integrative neural function”? • What does the nervous system do? • Ethology • Psychology – detect information in the environment – biological behaviour – abstract concepts (e.g. – process the information to select appropriate behaviour – natural contexts learning, memory) – generate the appropriate behaviour – Lorenz, Tinbergen, – controlled conditions • How does the nervous system work? Von Frisch share • Why does it work that way? Nobel Prize 1973 NROC34 2012:1 7 NROC34 2012:1 8 2 Environment Organism Senory Neural Motor input processing output physiology Activate Information from Integrate & muscles etc. to the environment analyse multiple Sensory Stimuli Adaptive Behaviour inputs create actions nervous The flow of information through the nervous system system is the connection between stimulus and response. NROC34 2012:1 9 NROC34 2012:1 10 Behaviour • Early approaches – subjective, anecdotal, antrhopomorphic • Darwin – supplied a functional interpretation; did not have the immediate effect of stimulating more objective methods, but ultimately led Psychology, Ethology & Neurobiology in this direction. HISTORY – In the 20th century, application of objective methodology led to the development of scientific studies of animal behaviour in two major directions NROC34 2012:1 11 NROC34 2012:1 12 3 Pavlov’s Behaviour dog • Psychology – Concentrated on a reductionist analysis in controlled (laboratory) conditions – Ivan Petrovich Pavlov and conditioned reflexes Two main ideas: Skinner Box – Burrhus Frederic Skinner and operant Learning conditioning Stimulus‐response Skinner’s “Heir Conditioner” NROC34 2012:1 13 NROC34 2012:1 14 Behaviorist / comp. psych. Behaviorist / comp. psych. e.g. graylag goose egg-rolling Behaviour Entire sequence always completed once • Ethology it starts…Fixed Action Pattern – Emphasized natural (or seminatural) condition and behaviours – Konrad Lorenz – Niko Tinbergen Any vaguely egg‐like object will – Concentrated on "innate" behaviours. Fixed do…Sign Stimulus (Innate action patterns, innate releasing mechanisms, Releasing Mechanism) action-specific energy, etc. Innate Behaviour: nature/nurture debate NROC34 2012:1 15 NROC34 2012:1 16 Ethological 4 e.g. digger wasp homing Behaviorism behaviour • Habituation/dishabituation • Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning • Formation of new stimulus-response connections (or modification of existing ones) -- Learning NROC34 2012:1 17 NROC34 2012:1 18 Ethological Behaviorist / comp. psych. Ethology • Traditional ethology identifies “innate” or “natural” connections between stimuli and These are old-fashioned responses. concepts. Behaviour is almost always much more complex. NROC34 2012:1 19 NROC34 2012:1 20 Ethological 5 Back to the nervous system... Neurobiology • There are built-in mechanisms, activated by external stimuli, that generate the resulting • Traditionally disconnected from behaviour. – Anaesthetized animals (or pieces of them) behaviour. – Properties of small elements of the nervous system • Something changes as a result of experience • But there were some early efforts at inferring broader functions. that causes a modification of behaviour. – Charles Sherrington's Integrative Function of the Nervous System – emphasized reflexes as a fundamental functional unit • Both indicate there is something that could – nervous system acting to coordinate the action of many local be identified in the nervous system that reflexes (ie stimulus/response relationships) to guide to result is represents the physical basis of the overall goal-directedness of behaviour – Higher mental functions and emotions beyond the reach of behavioural phenomenon. mechanistic analyses. NROC34 2012:1 21 NROC34 2012:1 22 Neuroethology Other influences • Jakob von Uexküll – Umwelt – Interested in the animal’s “point of view” – Origins of the integrative view? Just as morphological adaptations evolve to match an organism to its environment... NROC34 2012:1 23 NROC34 2012:1 24 6 Neuroethology Neurophysiology Review Relating nerve cells to behaviour (the super-simplified view) • Nervous system is composed of neurons that share certain basic features. • Basic features of neurons are common across all animals. …the structure and physiology of the • Electrical activity is the currency of the nervous system have nervous system. evolved to match behaviour and context. NROC34 2012:1 25 NROC34 2012:1 26 http://www.artsci.uc.edu/collegedepts/biology/fac_staff/buschbeck/strepsiptera.aspx Neurophysiology Review Neurophysiology Review Measuring and manipulating Membrane potential electrical activity in neurons Semi-permeable membrane, intracellular recording opposing electrical and chemical gradients, amplifier -Volts+ electrode potential difference across membrane (inside negative re. outside) mV 0 -65 NROC34 2012:1 time 27 NROC34 2012:1 28 penetration 7 Neurophysiology Review Neurophysiology Review Action potential Synaptic transmission Electrical impulse that propogates along a neuron NROC34 2012:1 29 NROC34 2012:1 30 Neurophysiology Review Function of the nervous system Excitatory = depends on... depolarizing; tending to make post-synaptic cell fire an action potential • Connectivity (interconnections between neurons) Inhibitory = • Intrinsic properties of neurons hyperpolarizing; tending to stop post- synaptic cell from firing an action potential NROC34 2012:1 31 NROC34 2012:1 32 8 Connectivity Connectivity NROC34 2012:1 33 NROC34 2012:1 34 Connectivity Connectivity NROC34 2012:1 35 NROC34 2012:1 36 9 Modulation & Plasticity Intrinsic Properties Tonic Phasic NROC34 2012:1 37 NROC34 2012:1 (Aplysia…) 38 Identifying the neural basis of Behaviour + Neurophysiology behaviour • Correlation • “Natural” behaviour – what neural activity is reliably associated with - What the nervous system is “designed” to particular stimuli and/or responses? produce • Necessity – if neural activity is suppressed, is behaviour also suppressed? • Sufficiency – if neural activity is generated artificially, does it result in behaviour? NROC34 2012:1 39 NROC34 2012:1 40 10 e.g. crayfish tailflip Crayfish tail-flip circuitry Correlation Sufficiency Necessity NROC34 2012:1 41 NROC34 2012:1 42 Neural Circuitry Senory Neural Motor Neural input processing output processing Information from Integrate & Activate the environment analyse multiple muscles etc. to inputs create actions Motor output Senory input The flow of information through the nervous system Integrate & Activate is the connection between stimulus and response. Information from the environment analyse multiple muscles etc. to inputs create actions NROC34 2012:1 43 NROC34 2012:1 44 11 August Krogh Invertebrates • Krogh’s Principle: “For a large number of problems there will be some animal of choice on which it can be most conveniently studied.” NROC34 2012:1 45 NROC34 2012:1 Diverse and Specialized 46 Distributed, ventral CNS Invertebrate nervous systems • Ventral • Distributed, ganglia and connectives • Large neurons • Relatively simple circuits (“identified neurons”) • Very robust NROC34 2012:1 47 NROC34 2012:1 48 12 Identified Neurons Large Neurons N. Hatsopoulos, F. Gabbiani and G. Laurent (1995). Elementary Computation of ObjectApproach by a Wide Field Visual Neuron, Science,270:1000-1003. NROC34 2012:1 49 NROC34 2012:1 50 Very robust • Detailed analyses • Fundamental mechanisms – neurophysiology – neuroethology - link between behaviour and underlying mechanism • Understanding and application... NROC34 2012:1 51 NROC34 2012:1 52 13 Fundamental Mechanisms Caenorhabditis elegans 959 cells (302 neurons) NROC34 2012:1 53 NROC34 2012:1 54 Applications It’s not only invertebrates Toad Frog NROC34 2012:1 55 NROC34 2012:1 56 14 Topics • Hearing – Cricket phonotaxis • Vision – Bee navigation – Fly motion detection • Olfaction – Locust smell processing • Pattern generation – Neural networks •Others? – Electroreception – Echolocation – Robotics NROC34 2012:1 57 NROC34 2012:1 58 15.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Sensory World of Bees
    June 2015 in Australia ccThehh senseeory mmiissttrryy world of bees chemaust.raci.org.au ALSO IN THIS ISSUE: • One X-ray technique better than two • Haber’s rule and toxicity • Madeira wines worth the wait The tale in the Working and sensory lives DAVE SAMMUT g sBY tin of bees 18 | Chemistry in Australia June 2015 Bees have a well-earned reputation for pollination and honey-making, but their lesser known skills in electrocommunication are just as impressive. ccording to the United Nations, ‘of Once the worker bee’s honey stomach is the 100 crop species that provide full, it returns to the hive and regurgitates the 90 per cent of the world’s food, partially modified nectar for a hive bee. The A over 70 are pollinated by bees’ hive bee ingests this material to continue the (bit.ly/1DpiRYF). It’s little wonder, then, that conversion process, then again regurgitates it bees continue to be a subject of study around into a cell of the honeycomb. During these the world. More surprising, perhaps, is that so processes, the bees also absorb water, which much remains to be learned. dehydrates the mixture. Bee-keeping (apiculture) is believed to Hive bees then beat their wings to fan the have started as far back as about 4500 years regurgitated material. As the water evaporates ago; sculptures in ancient Egypt show workers (to as little as around 10% moisture), the blowing smoke into hives as they remove sugars thicken into honey – a supersaturated honeycomb. In ancient Greece, Aristotle either hygroscopic solution of carbohydrates (plus kept and studied bees in his own hives or oils, minerals and other impurities).
    [Show full text]
  • Waveform Sensors: the Next Challenge in Biomimetic Electroreception
    International Journal of Biosensors & Bioelectronics Mini Review Open Access Waveform sensors: the next challenge in biomimetic electroreception Abstract Volume 2 Issue 6 - 2017 The interest in developing bioinspired electric sensors increased after the rising use Alejo Rodríguez Cattaneo, Angel Caputi and of electric fields as image carriers in underwater robots and medical devices using artificial electroreception (electrotomography and electric catheterism). Electric Ana Carolina Pereira Dept Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto images of objects have been most often conceived as the amplitude modulation of the de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Uruguay local electric field on a sensory mosaic, but recent research in electric fish indicates that the evaluation of time waveform of local stimulus can increase the electrosensory Correspondence: Ana Carolina Pereira, Department of channels capacities and therefore improve discrimination and recognition of target Neurociencias Integrativas y Computacionales, Instituto de objects. This minireview deals with the present importance of developing electric Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Av Italia 3318 sensors specifically tuned to the expected carrier waveforms to improve design of Montevideo, Uruguay, CP11600, Tel 59824871616, artificial bioinspired agents and diagnosis devices. Email [email protected] Keywords: Electroreception, Waveforms sensors Received: June 25, 2017 | Published: July 13, 2017 Introduction signal vanish when
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Ecology
    AP BIOLOGY BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY 1. Define the following terms: Ethology Behavior 2. Match the description/example with the correct behavior category. A. Classical conditioning E. Insight B. Fixed-action pattern F. Instinct (innate) C. Habituation G. Observational learning D. Imprinting H. Operant conditioning Behaviors that are inherited Performed virtually the same by all individuals regardless of environmental conditions In mammals, the female parent cares for offspring Highly stereotyped sequence of behaviors that, once begun, is usually carried to completion Triggered by a sign stimulus When a graylag goose sees an egg outside her next, she will methodically roll the egg back into the nest. The egg outside the nest is the stimulus. Even if the egg is removed or slips away, she completes the behavior by returning an “imaginary” egg to the nest Male stickleback fish defend their territory against other males. The red belly of males is the stimulus for aggressive behavior. Nikolass Tinbergen discovered any object with a red underside triggers the same aggressive behavior Learning that occurs during a specific time period; generally irreversible Konrad Lorenz discovered that during the first two days of life, graylag goslings will accept any moving object as their mother (even a human) Association of irrelevant stimulus with a fixed physiological response Animal performs a behavior in response to a substitute stimulus rather than the normal stimulus Pavlov’s dogs; dogs were conditioned to salivate in response to a bell Trial and error learning
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 51 Animal Behavior
    Chapter 51 Animal Behavior Lecture Outline Overview: Shall We Dance? • Red-crowned cranes (Grus japonensis) gather in groups to dance, prance, stretch, bow, and leap. They grab bits of plants, sticks, and feathers with their bills and toss them into the air. • How does a crane decide that it is time to dance? In fact, why does it dance at all? • Animal behavior is based on physiological systems and processes. • An individual behavior is an action carried out by the muscular or hormonal system under the control of the nervous system in response to a stimulus. • Behavior contributes to homeostasis; an animal must acquire nutrients for digestion and find a partner for sexual reproduction. • All of animal physiology contributes to behavior, while animal behavior influences all of physiology. • Being essential for survival and reproduction, animal behavior is subject to substantial selective pressure during evolution. • Behavioral selection also acts on anatomy because body form and appearance contribute directly to the recognition and communication that underlie many behaviors. Concept 51.1: A discrete sensory input is the stimulus for a wide range of animal behaviors. • An animal’s behavior is the sum of its responses to external and internal stimuli. Classical ethology presaged an evolutionary approach to behavioral biology. • In the mid-20th century, pioneering behavioral biologists developed the discipline of ethology, the scientific study of how animals behave in their natural environments. • Niko Tinbergen, of the Netherlands, suggested four questions that must be answered to fully understand any behavior. 1. What stimulus elicits the behavior, and what physiological mechanisms mediate the response? 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals
    Jelle Atema Richard R. Fay Arthur N. Popper William N. Tavolga Editors Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris Tokyo JELLE ATEMA, Boston University Marine Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA Richard R. Fay, Parmly Hearing Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois 60626, USA ARTHUR N. POPPER, Department of Zoology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA WILLIAM N. TAVOLGA, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida 33577, USA The cover Illustration is a reproduction of Figure 13.3, p. 343 of this volume Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sensory biology of aquatic animals. Papers based on presentations given at an International Conference on the Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals held, June 24-28, 1985, at the Mote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota, Fla. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Aquatic animals—Physiology—Congresses. 2. Senses and Sensation—Congresses. I. Atema, Jelle. II. International Conference on the Sensory Biology - . of Aquatic Animals (1985 : Sarasota, Fla.) QL120.S46 1987 591.92 87-9632 © 1988 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc. x —• All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York 10010, U.S.A.), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of Information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, Computer Software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • The Shark's Electric Sense
    BIOLOGY CREDIT © 2007 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. LEMON SHARK chomps down on an unlucky fish. THE SHARK’S SENSE An astonishingly sensitive detector of electric fields helps sharks zero in on prey By R. Douglas Fields menacing fin pierced the surface such as those animal cells produce when in KEY CONCEPTS and sliced toward us. A great blue contact with seawater. But how they use ■ Sharks and related fish can shark—three meters in length— that unique sense had yet to be proved. We sense the extremely weak homed in on the scent of blood like a torpe- were on that boat to find out. electric fields emitted by animals in the surrounding do. As my wife, Melanie, and I watched sev- Until the 1970s, scientists did not even water, an ability few other eral large sharks circle our seven-meter Bos- suspect that sharks could perceive weak organisms possess. ton Whaler, a silver-blue snout suddenly electric fields. Today we know that such elec- ■ This ability is made possible thrust through a square cutout in the boat troreception helps the fish find food and can by unique electrosensory deck. “Look out!” Melanie shouted. We operate even when environmental condi- structures called ampullae both recoiled instinctively, but we were in tions render the five common senses—sight, of Lorenzini, after the 17th- no real danger. The shark flashed a jagged smell, taste, touch, hearing—all but useless. century anatomist who first smile of ivory saw teeth and then slipped It works in turbid water, total darkness and described them. back into the sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethology of Geese; Fixed Action Patterns and The
    9.20 M.I.T. 2013 Class #5 Ethology of geese Fixed Action Patterns and the Central Nervous System 1 Video: Konrad Lorenz and his geese, recorded from WGBH-TV, “Wild, Wild World of Animals” • Discovery of imprinting • Nature of imprinting • Natural responses to predators by geese • Imprinting and development of social life by geese 2 Video: Konrad Lorenz and his geese, recorded from WGBH-TV, “Wild, Wild World of Animals” • Discussion: Is the response of geese to an aerial predator innate? – Experiments with exposure of naïve geese to a moving silhouette: 3 Video: Konrad Lorenz and his geese, recorded from WGBH-TV, “Wild, Wild World of Animals” • Discussion: Is the response of geese to an aerial predator innate? – Experiments with exposure of naïve geese to a moving silhouette: Moved in this direction: Fear/ mobbing response Turkeys and chickens appeared to be sensitive to shape, as shown. Geese were not. They respoinded to overhead movement that is slow with respect to size (calm gliding) like the appearance of a hunting white-tailed eagle. Moved in this direction: No such responses Cf. ducks: Their innate releasing mechanism appeared to be tailored more to falcons. 4 A more recent analysis: Schleidt, W., Shalter, M. D., & Moura-Neto, H. (2011, February 21). The Hawk/Goose Story: The Classical Ethological Experiments of Lorenz and Tinbergen, Revisited. Journal of Comparative Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/a0022068 Conclusion: Although there appear to be some innate reactions of these birds, the major differences in observed reactions of geese, ducks, turkeys, and chickens to gliding hawk and goose shapes can be explained as the result of differences in the relative novelty of stimulus encounters.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanosensory Hairs in Bumblebees (Bombus Terrestris) Detect Weak Electric Fields
    Mechanosensory hairs in bumblebees (Bombus SEE COMMENTARY terrestris) detect weak electric fields Gregory P. Suttona,1,2, Dominic Clarkea,1, Erica L. Morleya, and Daniel Roberta aSchool of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom Edited by Richard W. Aldrich, The University of Texas, Austin, TX, and approved April 26, 2016 (received for review January 29, 2016) Bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) use information from surrounding ecologically relevant magnitudes cause motion in both the antennae electric fields to make foraging decisions. Electroreception in air, a and body hairs, but only hair motion elicits a commensurate neural nonconductive medium, is a recently discovered sensory capacity of response. From these data we conclude that hairs are used by insects, yet the sensory mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we inves- bumblebees to detect electric fields. tigate two putative electric field sensors: antennae and mechanosen- sory hairs. Examining their mechanical and neural response, we Results show that electric fields cause deflections in both antennae and hairs. Bumblebee Hairs and Antennae Mechanically Respond to Electric Hairs respond with a greater median velocity, displacement, and Fields. The motion of the antennae and sensory hairs in response angular displacement than antennae. Extracellular recordings from to applied electric fields was measured by using a laser Doppler the antennae do not show any electrophysiological correlates to vibrometer (LDV) (Fig. 1). LDV measures the vibrational velocity these mechanical deflections. In contrast, hair deflections in response (v) of structures undergoing oscillations, which was transformed into to an electric field elicited neural activity. Mechanical deflections of displacement (x) and angular displacement (θ)(SI Results).
    [Show full text]
  • Animal Umwelten in a Changing World
    Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Tartu Tartu Semiotics Library 18 Animal umwelten in a changing world: Zoosemiotic perspectives represents a clear and concise review of zoosemiotics, present- ing theories, models and methods, and providing interesting examples of human–animal interactions. The reader is invited to explore the umwelten of animals in a successful attempt to retrieve the relationship of people with animals: a cornerstone of the past common evolutionary processes. The twelve chapters, which cover recent developments in zoosemiotics and much more, inspire the reader to think about the human condition and about ways to recover our lost contact with the animal world. Written in a clear, concise style, this collection of articles creates a wonderful bridge between Timo Maran, Morten Tønnessen, human and animal worlds. It represents a holistic approach Kristin Armstrong Oma, rich with suggestions for how to educate people to face the dynamic relationships with nature within the conceptual Laura Kiiroja, Riin Magnus, framework of the umwelt, providing stimulus and opportuni- Nelly Mäekivi, Silver Rattasepp, ties to develop new studies in zoosemiotics. Professor Almo Farina, CHANGING WORLD A IN UMWELTEN ANIMAL Paul Thibault, Kadri Tüür University of Urbino “Carlo Bo” This important book offers the first coherent gathering of perspectives on the way animals are communicating with each ANIMAL UMWELTEN other and with us as environmental change requires increasing adaptation. Produced by a young generation of zoosemiotics scholars engaged in international research programs at Tartu, IN A CHANGING this work introduces an exciting research field linking the biological sciences with the humanities. Its key premises are that all animals participate in a dynamic web of meanings WORLD: and signs in their own distinctive styles, and all animal spe- cies have distinctive cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Species: Choreographing Human And
    BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES JONATHAN OSBORN A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY GRADUATE PROGRAM IN DANCE STUDIES YORK UNIVERSITY TORONTO, ONTARIO MAY, 2019 ã Jonathan Osborn, 2019 Abstract BETWEEN SPECIES: CHOREOGRAPHING HUMAN AND NONHUMAN BODIES is a dissertation project informed by practice-led and practice-based modes of engagement, which approaches the space of the zoo as a multispecies, choreographic, affective assemblage. Drawing from critical scholarship in dance literature, zoo studies, human-animal studies, posthuman philosophy, and experiential/somatic field studies, this work utilizes choreographic engagement, with the topography and inhabitants of the Toronto Zoo and the Berlin Zoologischer Garten, to investigate the potential for kinaesthetic exchanges between human and nonhuman subjects. In tracing these exchanges, BETWEEN SPECIES documents the creation of the zoomorphic choreographic works ARK and ARCHE and creatively mediates on: more-than-human choreography; the curatorial paradigms, embodied practices, and forms of zoological gardens; the staging of human and nonhuman bodies and bodies of knowledge; the resonances and dissonances between ethological research and dance ethnography; and, the anthropocentric constitution of the field of dance studies. ii Dedication Dedicated to the glowing memory of my nana, Patricia Maltby, who, through her relentless love and fervent belief in my potential, elegantly willed me into another phase of life, while she passed, with dignity and calm, into another realm of existence. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my phenomenal supervisor Dr. Barbara Sellers-Young and my amazing committee members Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Behavioral Neuroscience Tali Kimchi [email protected]
    Behavioral Neuroscience Tali Kimchi [email protected] Lecture 1: Introduction to animal behavior- from classical ethology to neuroethology Lecture 2: Social behavior and brain sexual dimorphism- Hormonal and genetic regulation Lecture 3: The new era in the study of brain mechanisms underlying social behavior in animal models- pros and cons Behavioral Neuroscience Introduction to animal behavior: from classical ethology to neuroethology Why should we care for animal behavior Knowledge of animal behavior = human survival For example, understanding behavior of animals hunted for food * Cave animal paintings (ca. 30,000-10,000 BC) Why should we care for animal behavior May shed light on human beings behavior- many behaviors are conserved across species (e.g. territoriality/aggressive behavior, dominance hierarchy, sexual behavior) Conserved behavior: aggressive behavior- size comparison What is behavior? • The total movements made by the intact animal (Niko Tinbergen) • Anything an organism does that involves action (either alone or with other animals) and/or response to a stimulus" (Wallace et al 1991) -Stimulus can be external (environment) or internal. For example: Searching for food is triggered by food smell (external) when hormonal changes (internal) sign hunger state • Behavior can be defined as innate (e.g. reflex) or learned behavior What is behavior? • Behavior is crucial to the survival of the individual and of all species, serving a few main purposes that allow animals to: mate, find food (eat), avoid predators, raise
    [Show full text]
  • Bio 314 Animal Behv Bio314new
    NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: BIO 314: COURSE TITLE: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR xii i BIO 314: ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR Course Writers/Developers Miss Olakolu Fisayo Christie Nigerian Institute for Oceanography and Marine Research, No 3 Wilmot Point Road, Bar-beach Bus-stop, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Course Editor: Dr. Adesina Adefunke Ministry of Health, Alausa. Lagos NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA xii i BIO 314 COURSE GUIDE Introduction Animal Behaviour (314) is a second semester course. It is a two credit units compustory course which all students offering Bachelor of Science (BSc) in Biology must take. This course deals with the theories and principles of adaptive behaviour and evolution of animals. The course contents are history of ethology. Reflex and complex behaviour. Orientation and taxes. Fixed action patterns, releasers, motivation and driver. Displays, displacement activities and conflict behaviour. Learning communication and social behaviour. The social behaviour of primates. Hierarchical organization. The physiology of behaviour. Habitat selection, homing and navigation. Courtship and parenthood. Biological clocks. What you will learn in this course In this course, you have the course units and a course guide. The course guide will tell you briefly what the course is all about. It is a general overview of the course materials you will be using and how to use those materials. It also helps you to allocate the appropriate time to each unit so that you can successfully complete the course within the stipulated time limit. The course guide also helps you to know how to go about your Tutor-Marked-Assignment which will form part of your overall assessment at the end of the course.
    [Show full text]